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WILLIAM S MARV OARLINGTOM
MEMORIM. LIGRAR*
UNIVERSITV Of PITTS3URGM
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AMERICAN STATE PAPERS.
CL.ASS V.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
VOLUME I.
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AMERICAN STATE PAPERS.
DOCUMENTS,
liEGISLiATIVE AJTD EXECUTIVE,
ONGMESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
FROM THE FIRST SESSION OF TlIE FIRST TO THE SECOND SESSION OF THE
FIFTEENTH CONGRESS, INCLUSIVE:
tOMMENCIlVG MARCH 3, 1?89, AND EjSmKG MARCH 3, 1819.
SELECTED AND EDITED, UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS.
BY WALTER LOWRIE, Secretary of the Senate,
AND
MATTHEW ST. CLAIR CLARKE, Clerk of the House of Representatives.
VOLilIME
WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY GALES AND SEATON.
1832.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
TOL.UME I.
1 Message of the President of the Uuited States, transmitting a statement of the troops in the service of the
United States, - - - - - - - - 5
2 Message of the President transmitting a report of the Secretary of War, proposing a plan for the organi-
zation of the militia of the United States, - - - - - - 6
3 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the troops and militia furnished by the several States, from time
to time, during the revolutionary war, - - - - - - 14
4 Proceedings of the court of inquiry into the conduct of General Harmar, as commanding officer of the
expedition against the Miami Indians, - - - - - - 20
5 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives on the causes of the failure of the expedition
against the Indians commanded by General A. St. Clair, - - - - 36
6 Letter from the Secretary of War to the House of Representatives, requesting an opportunity to exculpate
himself from certain allegations in relation to the defeat of the army under the command of General St.
Clair, - - - - - - - - - 39
7 Report of the Secretary of War, containing estimates of the expenses for the army for the year 1793, - 39
8 Organization of the army in 1792, - - - - - - 40
9 Report of the committee relative to the causes of the failure of the expedition agaiast the Indians in 1791,
commanded by General A. St. Clair, - - - - - "41
10 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the ordnance, arms, and military stores, December 16, 1793, 44
1 1 Message of the President of the United States, recommending the establishment of the office of purveyor
of public supplies, January 7, 1794, - - - - - - 61
12 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives, recommending the establishment of the office of
purveyor of public supplies, - - - - - - -61
13 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives respecting such ports and harbors as they deem
expedient to put in a state of defence, with estimates of the expense, - - - 61
14 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives on the subject of providing a supply of arms, and
erecting arsenals and national armories, March 5, 1794, - - - - 65
15 Report of a committee, March 24, 1794, on the subject of establishing a uniform militia throughout the
United States, - - - - - - - - 66
16 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives on increasing the army and calling 80,000 militia
into service, - - - - - - - -67
17 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the military force of the United States, June 5, 1794, - 67
18 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the military force, November 25, 1794, - . 68
19 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives on the expediency of completing certain fortifica-
tions, and the estimated expense for that object, December 4, 1794, - - - 68
20 Message transmitting a representation of the Secretary of the Treasury relative to the propriety of consti-
tuting the office oi purveyor of public supplies, - - - - - 69
21 Report of the Secretary of War respecting the difficulties attending the execution of the law establishing a
uniform militia throughout the United States, December 10, 1794, - - - - 69
22 Report of the Secretary of War, containing plans of fortifications to be constructed for the defence of the
■ports and harbors of the United States, December 19, 1794, - - - - 71
23 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to prepare a plan for organizing, arming,
and disciplining the militia, December 29, 1794, - - - - - 107
24 Report of estimates of sums necessary for fortifying certain ports and harbors of the United States, Janu-
ary 28, 1795, - . - - - . - - - 107
25 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the military force, arsenals, and stores, December 12, 1795, - 108
26 Description and progress of certain fortifications, January 18, 1796, - - - - 110
27 Report of a committee on the organization and distribution of the army, March 25, 1796, - - 112
28 Report ol a committee, showing the measures pursued for procuring proper sites for fortifications, and
replenishing magazines with military stores, and the expenditures necessary therefor. May 9, 1796, - 115
29 Report of a committee on the condition of the fortifications, &c. February 10, 1797, - - 116
30 Message of the President, returning to the House of Representatives, with his objections, the act to
reorganize the army and fix the military establishment of the United States, February 28, 1797, - 117
31 Report ol a committee, with estimates. &c. for fortifications, June 10, 1797, - - - 117
32 Report of a committee on the expediency of additional measures for protecting the commerce and coast
of the United States, and recommending the creation of a Naval Department, - - - 119
33 Report of a committee on the expediency of erecting fortifications, raising troops, and purchasing
ordnance stores, April 9, 1798, ------ i20
34 Communication of the Secretary of W"ar respecting contracts for the supply of cannon, - - 123
35 Report of the Secretary of War on the reorganization of the army, December 31, 1798, - - 124
36 Report of a committee on a claim of Captain White to the pay of an aid-de-camp, February i, 1799, - 129
37 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the expenses of the national armory at Springfield, and the state
of that establishment, ------- 130
38 Report of a committee on the subject of suspending the recruiting service, January 13, 1800, - 132
39 Report of the Secretary of War, recommending a military academy and the reorganization of the military
force of the United States, January 5, 1800, - - - - - 133
40 Communication from the Secretary of War, supplementary to his report on the reorganization of the army
and the establishment of a military academy, - - - - - 143
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
No. Page.
41 Report of a cotnmittae on the emoluments of certain staff officers, with the opinions of the Attorney
General and Secretary of the Treasury relative thereto, February 21, 1800, - - - 144
42 Message transmitting a return of the officers appointed under the act of J^ly 16, 1798, "to augment the
army of the United States, anil for other purposes," - - - - - 146
43 Report of a committee on the expediency of making further appropriations for fortifications, May 5, 1800, 152
44 Message of the President of the United States respecting the inconveniences arising from the want of a
competent general staflf of the army, February 23, 1801, - - - - 152
45 Message from the President on the number, magnitude, and cost of the fortifications commenced or
projected, December 8, 1801, - - - - - ' - 152
4C Report of the Secretary of War, showing the numerical force of the army of the United States, and the
posts and stations for which garrisons will be requisite, December 23, 1801, - - - 154
47 Message from the President, transmitting a return of ordnance, arms, and military stores, with estimates of
expenditures still required for the completion of fortifications, February 2, 1802, - - 156
48 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the several States, January 5, 1803, - - 159
49 Report of the Secretary of War respecting a complaint against certain officers of the army stationed at
Mobile, - - - - - - - - 163
50 Report of a committee on the militia laws of the United States, - - - - i63
51 Message transmitting the returns of the militia of the several States, March 1, 1803, - - 163
52 Message transmitting returns of the militia, March 22, 1804, - . - - 168
53 Report of the Secretary of War on the subject of commuted rations, January 15, 1805, - - 173
54 Memorial of certain officers of the army on the subject of the alleged disobedience of military orders by
Colonel Thomas Butler, ,.---.. 173
55 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the military force, posts where stationed, expenses of fortifica-
tions, arsenals, armories, and magazines, in 1803 and 1804. . - - . 174
56 Message transmitting returns of the United States' militia, February 28, 1805, - - - 184
57 Report of a committee on the organization and classification of the militia, January 2, 1806, - - 189
58 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the number of fire-arms fit for use, - - - 190
59 Report of a committee on the memorial of the merchants of New York, relative to the importance of
fortifying that port, - - - - - ^ " " 191
60 Message transmitting the names and description of fortifications, with a statement of the suras expended
and estimates of the expenditures still required on each, February 18, 1806, - - - 192
61 Report of the Secretary of War on the expediency of increasing the pay of the officers of the army, - 198
62 Report of a committee on the measures which may be necessary to complete the arming of the militia of
the United Slates, - - - - - - - - 198
63 Message transmitting a statement of the militia of the United States, April 2, 1806, - - 199
64 Report of a committee on the state of the fortifications, and the expediency of further appropriations to
put them in a state of defence, December 15, 1806, - - - - - 204
65 Report of a committee on the invasion of the territory of the United States by Spain, and recommending
measures of defence, - - - - . . - - - 204
66 Report of a committee recommending appropriations for fortifications and building gunboats, January 12,
1807, - - - - - - - - - 206
67 Documents relating to the defence of the Mississippi against invasion, January 15, 1807, ■■ - 206
68 Documents relating to a pecuniary compensation of the officers and men who composed the expedition to
the Pacific Ocean, under Lewis and Clarke, January 12, 1807, . - - - 207
69 Message transmitting returns of the militia of the several States, February 12, 1807, - - 210
70 Resolutions of the Legislature of the State of New York, relative to the defence of the city and harbor of
New York, - - - - - - - - 215
71 Report of a committee relative to the establishment of a cannon foundry at the city of Washington, No-
vember 19, 1807, - - - - - - , . - . - 215
72 Report of a committee on the expediency of placing the ports and harbors of the United States in a state
of defence, November 24, 1807, ...--. 217
73 Report of a committee on the expediency of increasing the army, marine corps, and navy, December 2,
1807, - - - ' - - - - - - 218
74 Report of a committee on the measures necessary to be adopted for the defence of the seaports and harbors
of the United States, December 2. 1807, - - - - - - 219
75 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the military force of the United States in 1807, - - 222
76 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the condition of the respective fortifications of the ports and
harbors, the sums expended, the balances of appropriations, and the additional appropriations required. 223
77 Report of the Secretary of War, transmitting the estimated expense of an army of 32,800 men, December
9, 1807, - - - - - - - - - 324
78 Message of the President, recommending an increase of the army, February 26, 1808, - - 237
79 Message of the President, recommending an extension of the Military Academy, ■ - - 228
80 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the United States, - - - - 330
81 Message recommending legislative measures for the removal of existing difficulties in procuring advan-
tageous sites for fortifications, ------- 235
82 Report of a committee recommending the raising of 50,000 volunteers, December 26, 1808, - - 235
83 Report of a commiltee on the militia system of the United States, January 3, 1809, - - 236
84 Message of the President on the progress and condition of the fortifications of the United States, January
6, 1809, - - - - - - - - 236
85 Report of the Secretary of War on the expediency of erecting fortifications and batteries at Wilmington
and Newcastle, Delaware. February 7, 1809, - - - - - 239
86 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the United States, February 25, 1809, - - 239
87 Communication from the Secretary of War, suggesting modifications of the laws relative to the militia
system of the United States, May 31, 1809, - - - - - 244
88 Report of the Secretary of War, containing estimates of appropriations for the completion of certain forti-
fications, June 6. 1809, - - - - - - - 244
89 Report of the Secretary of War on the state of the fortifications for the defence of the harbors of the United
States, - - - - - - .-. . - 245
90 Message recommending the continuance of the act authorizing a detachment of 100,000 militia, and the
adoption of measures to put the country in a state of defence, January 3, 1810, - - - 248
91 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the officers and cadets composing the Military Academy.
Januarys, 1810, - - - - - - - - 248
93 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the force and disposition of the army of the United States,
February 1, 1810, -------- 249
93 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the arms sold to the several States, February 17, 1810, - 255
94 Report of the Secretary of War, transmitting the result of an inspection of the armory and arsenal at
Springfield. February 28, 1810, - - - - - - 255
,95 Report of a committee on the militia system of the United States, March 6, 1810, - - 256
96 Report of the Secretary of War. proposing a reform in the quartermaster's department, March 12, 1810, - 256
97 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the United States, March 21, 1810, - - 258
98 Report of a committee adverse to any innovation in the existing militia system of the United States,
March 20, 1810, - - - - - - - - 263
TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii
No. Page.
99 Reportof the Secretary of the Treasury, exhibiting the annual amount of expenditure, in relation to the
military and naval establishments, from 1789 to the close of 1809, - - - - 2G7
100 Report of a committee on the mortality of the troops stationed for the defence of New Orleans, April 27,
1810, - - - - - - . - . - - 268
101 Report of the Secretary of War, transmitting a system of regulations for the militia, December 13, 1810, 295
102 Report of the Secretary of War, transmitting estimates for fortifications for 1811, January 8, 1811, - 296
103 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the several States, February 20, 1811, - - 297
104 Report of the Secretary of War, transmitting an account of the expenditures at the several armories,
March 2, 1811, - - - _ - - - - - 302
105 Report of a committee on the measures necessary to insure an adequate supply of cannon and other muni-
tions of war, December 16, 1811, - - - - - - 303
106 Report on the fortifications and defences of the United States, and an estimate of the sums necessary to
complete, man, and arm them, December 17, 1811, - - - . - 307
107 Report of a committee recommending provision to be made for the officers and soldiers wounded, and for
thefamiliesof those killed, in the engagements with the Indians on the Wabash in 1811, January 8, 1812, 312
108 Report of the Secretary of War, containing estimates for the military service of the United States, January
31,1812, - - '.".'..- " - 313
109 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the expenditures for national armories in 1811, and the number
of arms manufactured, February 19, 1812, - - - - - - 317
110 Resolution of the Legislature of Kentucky, urging tiie adoption of measures for providing an efficient
militia. March 6, 1812, - -..".. " . " " "318
111 Reportof the Secretary of War, showing the quotas ot militia to be furnished by the several States, under
the act authorizing a detachment of 100,000 men. June 1, 1812, - - - - 319
1 12 Report of the Secretary of W^ar on the number and equipments of the military force of the U. States in 1812, 319
113 Message of the President, recommending the commissioning of the officers of the volunteer corps, and that
provision be made for additional general and staff officers and engineers, June 30, 1812, - - 319
114 Reportof the Secretary of War on the defences provided for the tovvn of Newcastle, June 29, 1812, - 319
115 Message of the President of the United States, transmitting the refusal of the Governors of Massachusetts
and Connecticut to furnish their quotas of militia, November 6, 1813, - - - 319
116 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the arms provided for and issued to the militia, December 34,
1812, - - - - - - - - - 327
117 Communication from the Secretary of War respecting the appointment of an additional number of general
officers of the army, February 12, 1813, - - - - - - 329
118 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the several States, February 13, 1813, - - 330
119 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the sums drawn from the Treasury under the act for arming
the militia, March 3, 1813, - - - "."..". - 335
120 Memorial of certain officers of the army under the command of General Harrison, complaining of the mode
by which appointments and promotions have been made, June 16, 1813, - - - 336
121 Communication from the head of the ordnance department, recommending the extension of that depart-
ment, June 19, 1813, - - - " - - - - 336
122 Report of a committee of the House of Representatives on the due execution of the act for arming the
militia of the United States, July 8, 1813, - - - - - - 337
123 Report of a committee on the spirit and manner in which the war is waged by the enemy, July 31, 1813, ■• 339
124 Documents respecting the military defences for the protection of the seaboard, June 10, 1813, - 383
125 Register, rules, and regulations of the army for 1813, December 29, 1813, - - - 384
126 Report of a committee recommending that the term of service of the militia of the United States shall not
be limited to three months, .--.-.- 433
127 Message respecting the causes of the failure of the American army on the Northwestern frontier, Febru-
ary 2, 1814, - - - - - - - - 439
128 Report of a committee on the proper disposition to be made of flags, standards, and colors taken from the
enemy, February 4, 1814, ..-..--- 433
129 Report of a committee relative to the pay of the militia called into the service of the United States, by
their own authority, or detached by the authority of the several States, February 15, 1814, - 490
130 Documents communicated to the House of Representatives, exhibiting the manner in which the war has
been conducted by the army under the command of General Smyth, February 21, 1814, - - 490
131 Message recommending provision for the subsistence of the inhabitants of Michigan Territory, February
28, 1814, - - - -.-.■. ■ - 510
132 Documents showing the amount disbursed as bounties and premiums for recruits since January 27, 1814,
and the distribution of the same, October 27, 1814, - - - - - 511
133 Documents submitted by a committee of the Senate on the defects of the military establishment, and the
legislative provisions deemed necessary to remedy them, - - - - 514
134 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the number of enlistments in the year 1814, and the expenses of
the recruiting service, November 10, 1814, ..... 519
135 Documents exhibiting an apportionment of a detachment of eighty thousand militia calculated on different
data, - , - - - - ■ . . . - - - 523
136 Report of the Secretary of War respecting the adoption of a system of discipline for the army, November
23, 1814, • - - - - - - - 523
137 Report of a committee on the causes of the capture of Washington by the British forces in 1814, Novem-
ber 29, 1814, - - - - - - - - 524
138 Documents communicated to Congress on the best mode of subsisting the army, January 25, 1815, - 599
139 Memorial of the committee of vigilance and safety of the city of Baltihiore relative to measures of defence,
February 1, 1816, - - - - - - - - 602
140 Report of a committee adverse to the employment of veterinary surgeons in the army, February 9, 1815, 603
141 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the expenditures at the national armories, and the number of
arms manufactured, February 24, 1815, ...... 604
142 Report of a committee relative to powers of the General and State Governments over the militia, Febru-
ary 28, 1814, - - - - -.-...- - 604
143 Report of a committee respecting the payment of certain claims for services in the militia, January 11, 1816, 624
144 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the contracts made by the War Department in 1815, January
25, 1816, - - - - - - - - 624
145 Report of the Secretary of War, with an army register for 1815, - - . . 625
146 Report of the Secretary of War on the organization of the staff" of the army, December 27, 1816, - 636
147 Message transmitting statements of the militia of the United States, March 9, 1816, - - 636
148 Repm-t of the Secretary of War on the claims of certain States for the services of their militia, March 7,
1816, - - - - - - - .639
149 Report of the Secretary of War on the organization and discipline of the militia, December 13, 1816, - 642
150 Report of the Secretary of War on the expenses of subsisting the army under the command of General
Harris()n, while commanding the Northwestern army, December 31, 1816, - - - 614
151 Report of the Secretary of War, exhibiting the numerical force of the army of the United States, January
13, 1817, - - . - - - - - 661
152 Report of a committee on the classification and reorganization of the militia, January 17, 1817, - 6^3
153 Report of the Secretary of War on the amount paid for the services of the militia, January 23, 1817, - 666
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
No. Page.
154 Report of a committee on the conduct of General Harrison while commanding the Northwestern army,
January 23, 1817, - - - - - - - - 667
155 Report of a committee on the pay and emoluments incident to brevet rank, ... 667
156 Report of the Secretary of War on the claim of the State of Maryland for the services of militia, - 668
157 Report of a committee on a memorial praying indemnification for the penalty legally incurred by the en-
listing of a minor, -.-.-.. 669
158 Report of the Secretary of War showing the number and distribution of the army of the United States,
December 22, 1817, - - - - - - - 669
159 Report of the Secretary of War, with a list of brevet officers, December 23, 1817, - - 673
160 Report of a committee on the organization, arming, and government of the militia, January 9, 1818, - 675
161 Report of a committee of conference on a bill making an appropriation for the pay of brevet of&cers, Janu-
ary 12, 1818, - - - - - - - - 675
162 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the arms manufactured and delivered to the several States, - 677
163 Message respecting the war with the Seminole Indians, March 25, 1818, ... 680
164 Message transmitting documents relating to the war with the Seminole Indians, and to the trial and exe-
cution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, November 17, 1818, - - - - 681
165 Report of the Secretary of War, showing the organization and strength of the militia of each State and
Territory, 1818, - - - - - - - - 769
166 Report of the Secretary of War relative to tlie establishment of a national armory on the Western waters,
December 7, 1818, - - - - - - - 773
167 Message transmitting a report of the Secretary of War respecting the arrest of Captain Obed Wright, of
the Georgia militia, for destroying the Chehaw village in the Creek nation, December 12, 1818, - 774
168 Report of the Secretary of War on the reduction of the army, December 14, 1818, - - 779
169 Report of the Secretary of War transmitting estimates for the War Department for 1819, - - 810
170 Message transmitting a report of the Secretary of War respecting the numerical strength of the army, its
distribution, and number of ordnance, January 12, 1819, ... - 813
171 Report of the Secretary of War in relation to extra pay to soldiers on fatigue duty, January 15, 1819, - 822
172 Report of committee on the subject of improving the organization and discipline of the militia, January
22, 1819, - - - - - - - - 824
173 Report of the Secretary of War on the subject of an additional military academy, January 29, 1819, - 834
174 Message communicating a report of the Secretary of War, transmitting the rules and regulations observed,
and register of cadets, at the military academy, February 5, 1819, - - - 837
175 Report of the Secretary of War transmitting a statement of contracts made by the commissary general of
subsistence, the ordnance department, the commissary general of purchases, and the engineer depart-
ment, in 1818, February 24, 1819, - - - - - - 848
AMERICAN STATE PAPERS.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
1st Congress.] ]Vo. 1. [1st Session.
MILITARY FORCE IN 1789.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, ON THE IOtH OF AUGUST, 1789.
Gentlemen of the Senate:
1 HAVE directed a statement of the troops in the service of the United States to be laid before you. foi- your
information.
These troops were raised by virtue of the resolves of Congress, of the 20th of October, 1 786, and tlie 3d of Oc-
tober, 1787, in order to protect the frontiers from the depredations of the hostile Indians; to prevent all intrusions
on the public lands; and to facilitate the surveying and selling of the same, for the purpose of reducing the public
debt.
As these important objects continue to require the aid of the troops, it is necessary that the establishment thereof
should, in all respects, be conformed, by law, to the constitution of the United States.
GEO. WASHINGTON.
New York, August lOth, 1789.
A statement of the Troops in the service of the United States.
The establishment, as directed to be raised and organized by the acts of Congress, of .3d of October, 1787, to wit:
ONE REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, COnsisting of
1 lieutenant colonel commandant, 2 majors, 7 captains, 7 lieutenants, 8 ensigns, 1 surgeon, 4 mates.
Eight companies, each of which to consist of four sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, and sixty
privates, ------- - - - sgQ
ONE BATI'ALION OF ARTILLERY.
1 major, 4 captains, 8 lieutenants, 1 surgeon's mate.
Four companies, each of which to consist of 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, 2 musicians, and 60 privates, :280
Non-commissioned and privates, -----_. g^^
That the pay of the troops was fixed by the act of Congress, of the 12th of .\pril. 1785, and confirmed by rhe
acts of the 20th of October, 1786, and the 3d of October, 1787, to wit:
Lieutenant colonel commandant at $50 per month. Mate, at - $30 per month.
Major, - 45 do. Sergeants, - 6 do.
Captain, - 35 do. Corporals, - 5 do.
Lieutenant, - - 26 do. Musicians, - 5 do.
Ensign, - - 20 do. Privates, - 4 do.
Surgeon, - - 45 do.
That the subsistence to the officers, in lieu ot rations, are the same as during the late war, to wit:
Lieutenant colonel commandant,
Major, - $20 per month. Ensign, - $8 per month.
Captain, - - 12 do. .Surgeon, - 16 do.
Lieutenant, - 8 do. Mate, - 8 do.
That lieutenants, acting as adjutant quarter master and paymaster, are allowed, by the act of Congress, of tiie
13th of April, 1785, for their extra duty, $10 per month.-
That the allowance of forage is as follows:
3 Majors, each $12 per month,
1 Surgeon 6 do-
3 Regimental staflf, each $6 do.
2 m
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1790.
That, by the act of Congress, of the 31st July, 1787, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Harmar was promoted to
the rank of Brigadier General by brevet, with an allowance of the emoluments, but not the pay, of said rank.
Tliat the emoluments are as follows, to wit:
Subsistence, - ' - $64 per month,
Forage, - - 18 do.
That each non-commissioned officer and soldier is allowed, annually, one suit of uniform clothes, as follows:
One coat, 1 vest, 2 pairs woollen overalls, 2 pairs linen overalls, 1 hat, 4 shirts, 4 pairs shoes, 4 pairs socks, 1
stock. 1 stock clasp, 1 pair shoe buckles, 1 blanket.
That each non-commissioned officer and soldier is also allowed one ration per day, to consist of the following
articles:
1 pound of bread or flour, 1 quart salt, ~i
1 pound of beef or lib. of pork, 2 quarts vinegar, \ , . „„ nations
1 gill of con>mon rum. 2 pounds soap, f ^" ^"^^^ ^°° rations.
1 pound candles.J
That the troops in actual service are as follows:
Two companies of artillery, raised by virtue of the acts of Congress, of the 20th of October, 1786, and continued
by the act of Congress, of the 9th of April, 1787, one of which is stationed at the arsenal at West Point, on Hud-
son river, and the other at the arsenal at Springfield, on Connecticut river, . - . 76
Troops stationed on the frontiers, as follows:
At the various posts northwest of the Ohio, - - - - - - 596
672
Wanting, to complete the establishment, ---..- 168
Non- commissioned and privates, 840
That all the troops were enlisted for three years. _ ^^
That the engagements of the two companies of artillery, at West Point and Springfield, will expire tlie begin-
ning of the year 1790.
That, of the troops on the frontiers, enlisted by virtue of the acts of Congress, of the 3d of October, 1787, 528
non-commissioned officers and soldiers will have to serve, generally, to the middle of the year 1791; and two com-
panies, consisting of 68 non- commissioned and privates, until towards the month of May, 1792.
That the change in the Government of the United States will require that the articles of war be revised and
adapted to the constitution. That the oaths, necessary to be taken by the troops, be prescribed, and also the form
of the commissions which are to be issued to the officers.
\\\ which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.
H. KNOX.
War Office, Jlugvsl 8th, 1789.
1st Congress.] ' No. 2. [2d Session-.
ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, ON THE 21sT OF JANUARY, 1790.
Genilemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:
The Secretary for the Department of War has submitted to me certain principles to serve as a plan for the gen-
eral arrangement of the militia of the United States.
Conceiving the subject to be of the highest importance to the welfare of our countr}^, and liable to be placed in
various points of view, I have directed him to lay the plan before Congress, for their information, in order that they
mav make ;uch use thereof as they may judge proper-
GEO. M^ASHINGTON.
Uniti:j States, January 21, 1790.
War Office, January 18,1790.
Sir: Having submitted to your consideration a plan for the arrangement of the militia of the United States, which
I had presentail to the late Congress, and you having approved the general principles thereof, with certain e.xcep-
tions, I now respectfully lay the same before ycu, modified according to the alterations you were pleased to suggest-
It has been my anxious desire to devise a national system of defence adequate to the probable exigencies of the
United States, whether arising from internal or external causes; and at the same time to erect a standard of repub-
lican magnanimity, independent of, and superior to, the powerful influences of wealth.
The convulsive events, generated by the inordinate pursuit of riches or ambition, require that the Government
should possess a strong corrective arm.
The idea is therefore submitted, whether an efficient military branch of Govei nment can be invented, with safe-
ty to the great principles of liberty, unless the same shall be formed of the people themselves, and supported by
their habits and manners.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the most perfect respect, your most obedient servant,
H. KNOX,
Secretary for the Department of TVur.
The President of the United States.
THE INTRODUCTION.
That a well constituted republic is more favorable to the liberties of society, and that its principles give a higher
elevation to the human mind than any other form of Government, has generally been acknowledged by the unpre-
judiced and enlightened part of mankind.
But it is at the same time acknowledged, that, unless a republic prepares itself by proper arrangements to meet
those exigencies to which all States are in a degree liable, that its peace and e.tistence are more precarious than the
forms of Government in which the will of one directs the conduct of the whole, for the defence of the nation.
1790.] ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. 7
A government, whose measures must be the result of multiplied deliberations, is seldom in a situation to produce
instantly those exertions which the occasion may demand; therefore itought to possess such energetic establishments
as should enable it, by the vigor of its own citizens, to c(mtrol events as they arise, instead of being convulsed or
subverted by them.
It is the misfortune of modern ages, that governments have been formed by chance and events, instead of system;
that, without fixed principles, they are braced or relaxed, from time to time, according to the predominating power
of the rulers or the ruled: the rulers possessing separate interests from the people, excepting in some of the high-
tioned monarchies, in which all opposition to the will of tl'.e princes seems annihilated.
Hence we li)uk round Euraps in vain for an extensive government, rising on the power inherent in the people,
and performing its operations entirely for their benefit. But we find artificial force governing every where, and the
people generally made subservient to the elevation and caprice of the few: almost every nation appearing to be busily
employed in conducting some external war; grappling with internal commotion; or endeavoring to extricate itself
from impending debts, which threaten to overwhelm it with ruin. Piinces and ministers seem neither to have leisure
nor inclination to bring forward institutions for diffusing general strength, knowledge, and happiness; but they seem
to understand well the Machiavelian maxim ot politics— divide and govern.
May the United States avoid the errors and crimes of other governments, and possess the wisdom to embrace the
present invaluable opportunity of establishing such institutions as shall invigorate, e:calt, and perpetuate, the great
principles of freedom — an opportunity pregnant with thefateof millions, but rapidly borne on the wings of time, and
whicli may never again return.
The public mind, unbiassed by superstition or prejudice, seems happily prepared to receive the impressions of
wisdom. The latent springs of human action, ascertained by the standard of experience, may be regulated and
made subservient to the noble purpose of forming a dignified national character.
The causes by which nations have ascended and declined, through the various ages of the world, may be cahnly
and accurately determined; and the United States may be placed in the singularly fortunate condition of commenc-
ing their career of empire with the accumulated knowledge of all the Known societies and governments of the
globe.
The strength of the Government, like the strength of any other vast and complicated machine, will depend on
a due adjustment of its several parts: its agriculture, its commerce, its laws, its finance, its system of defence, and
its manners and habits, all requue consideration, and the highest exercise of political wisdom.
It is the intention of the present attempt to suggest the most efficient system of defence which may be compa-
tible with the interests of a free people— a system which shall not only produce the expected effect, but which, in its
operations, shall also produce those habits and manners which will impart strength and durability to the whole go-
vernment.
The modern practice of Europe, with respect to the employment of standing armies, has created such a mass of
opinion in their favor, that even philosophers and the advocates for liberty have frequently confessed their use and
necessity in certain cases.
But whoever seriously and candidly estimates the power of discipline, and the tendency of military habits, will
be constrained to confess, that, whatever may be the eflicacy of a standing army in war, it cannot in peace be con-
sidered as friendly to the rights of human nature. The recent instance in France cannot with propriety be brought
to overturn the general principle, built upon the uniform experience of mankind. It may be found, on examining
the causes that appear to have influenced the military of France, that, while the springs of power were wound up in
the nation to the highest pitch, the discipline of the army was proportionably relaxed. But any argument on
this head may be considered as unnecessary to the enlightened citizens of the United States.
A small corps of well disciplined and well informed artillerists and engineers, and a legion for the protection of the
frontiers and the magazines and arsenals, are all the military establishment which may be required for the present
use of the United States. The privates of the corps to be enlisted for a certain period, and after the expiration of
which to return to the mass of the citizens.
An energetic national militia is to be regarded as the capital security of a free republic, and not a standing army,
forming a distinct class in the community.
It is the introduction and diffusion of vice, and corruption of manners, into the mass of the people, that renders a
standing army necessary. It is when public spirit is despised, and avarice, indolence, and effeminacy of manners
predominate, and prevent the establishment of institutions which would elevate the minds of the youth in the paths
of virtue and honor, that a standing army is formed and riveted for ever.
While the human character remains unchanged, and societies and governments of considerable extent are formed,
a principle ever ready to execute the laws, and defend the state, must constantly exist. Without this vital principle,
the government would be invaded or overturned, and trampled upon by the bold and ambitious. No community
can be long held together, unless its arrangements are adequate to its probable exigencies.
If it should be decided to reject a standing army for the military branch of the government of the United States,
as possessing too fierce an aspect, and being hostile to the principles ef liberty, it will follow that a well constituted
militia ought to be established.
A consideration of the subject will shov/ the Impracticability of disciplining at once the mass of the people. All
discussions on the subject of a powerful militia will result in one or other of the following principles:
First, Either efficient institutions must be established for the military education of the youth, and that the know-
ledge acquired therein shall be diffused throughout the community, by the mean of rotation; or.
Secondly, That the mditia must be formed of substitutes, after the manner of the militia of Great Britain.
If the United States possess the vigor of mind to establish the first institution, it may reasonably be expected to
produce the most unequivocal advantages. A glorious national spirit will be introduced, with its extensive train of
political consequences- The youth will imbibe a love of their country; reverence and obedience to its laws; courage
and elevation of mind; openness and liberality of character; accompanied by a just spirit of honor: in addition to
which their bodies will acquire a robustness, greatly conducive to their personal happiness, as well as the defence
of their country; while habit, with its silent but efficacious operations, \w\\\ durably cement the system.
Habit, that powerful and universal law, incessantly acting on the human race, well deserves the attention of legis-
lators— formed at first in individuals, by separate and almost imperceptible impulses, until at length it acquires a
force which controls with irresistible sway. The effects of salutary or pernicious habits, operating on a whole nation,
are immense, and decide its rank and character in the world.
Hence the science of legislation teaches to scrutinize every national institution, as it may introduce proper or im-
proper habits; to adopt with religious zeal the tbrmer, and reject with horror the latter.
A republic, constructed on the principles herein stated, would be uninjured by events, sufficient to overturn a
government supported solely by the uncertain power of a slianding army.
The well informed members of the community, actuated by the highest motives of self-love, would form the real
defence of the country. Rebellions would be prevented or suppressed with ease; invasions of such a government
would be undertaken only by mad men; and the virtues and knowledge of the people ^^ ould effectually oppose the
introduction of tyranny.
But the second principle, a militia of substitutes, is pregnant, in a degree, with the mischiefs of a standing army;
as it is highly probable the substitutes from time to time will be nearly the same men, and the most idle and wortli-
less part of the community. Wealthy families, proud of distinctions which riches may confer, will prevent their
sons from serving in the militia of substitutes; the plan will degenerate into habitual contempt; a standing army will
be introduced, and the liberties of the people subjected to all the contingencies of events.
The expense attending an energetic establishment of militia may be strongly urged as an objection to the institu-
tion. But it is to be remembered, that this objection is levelled at both systems, whether by rotation or by substi-
tutes: for, if the numbers are equal, the expense will also be equal. The estimate of the expense will show its unim-
portance, when compared with the magnitude and beneficial effects of the institution.
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1790.
But the people of the United States will cheerfully consent to the expenses of a measure calculated to serve as a
perpetual barrier to their liberties; especially as they well know that the disbursements will be made among the
members of the same community, and therefore cannot be injurious.
Every intelligent mind would rejoice in the establishment of an institution, under whose auspices the youth and
vigor of the constitution would be renewed with each successive generation, and which would appear to secure the
great principles of freedom and happiness against the injuries of time and events.
The following plan is formed on these general principles:
First, That it is the indispensable duty of every nation to establish all necessary institutions for its own perfec-
tion and defence.
Secondly, That it is a capital security to a free state, fur the great body of the people to possess a competent know-
ledge of the military art.
Thirdly, That this knowledge cannot be attained, in the present state ot society, but by establishing adequate
institutions for the military education of youth; and that the knowledge acquired therein should be diffused through-
out the community by the principles of rotation.
Fourthly, That every man ot the proper age, and ability of body, is firmly bound, by the social compact, to per-
form, personally, his proportion of military duty for the defence of the state.
Fifthly, That all men, of the legal military age, should be armed, enrolled, and held responsible for different
degrees of military service.
And sixthly. That, agreeably to the constitution, the United States are to provide for organizing, arming, and
disciplining the militia, and for governing such a part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States;
reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, accord-
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
THE PLAN.
The period of life, in which military service shall be required of the citizens of the United States, to com-
mence at eighteen, and terminate ai the age of sixty years.
The men comprehended by this description, exclusive of such exceptions as the Legislatures of the respective
States may think proper to make, and all actual mariners, shall be enrolled for different degrees of military duty,
and divided into tnree distinct classes.
The first class shall comprehend the youth of eighteen, nineteen, and twenty years of age; to be denominated
the Mvanced Corps.
The second class shall include the men from twenty-one to forty-five years ot age; to be denominated the Main
Corps.
The third class shall comprehend, inclusively, the men from forty-six to sixty years of age; to be denominated
the Reserved Coi-ps.
All the militia of the United States shall assume the form of the legion, which shall be the permanent establish-
ment thereof.
A legion shall consist of one hundred and fifty-three commissioned officers, and two thousand eight hundred
and eighty non-commissioned officers and privates, formed in the following manner:
1. — The Legionary Staff.
One Legionary, or Major General.
Two Aids-de-Camp, of the rank of major; one of whom to be Legionary Quartermaster.
One Inspector and Deputy Adjutant General, of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
One Chaplain.
2. — The Brigade Staff.
One Brigadier-General.
One Brigade Inspector, to serve as an Aid-de-Camp.
3. — The Regimental Staff.
One Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Two Majors.
One Adjutant.
One Paymaster, or Agent.
One Quartermaster.
4. — Two Brigades of Infantry.
Each brigade of two regiments; each regiment of eight companies, formingtwo battalions; each company of a cap-
tain, lieutenant, ensign, six sergeants, one drum, one fife, and sixty -four rank and file.
5. — Two Companies of Riflemen.
Each company to have a captain, lieutenant, ensign, six sergeants, a bugle-horn, one drum, and sixty-four rank
and file.
G. — A Battalion of Artillery,
Consisting of four companies; each to have a captain, captaiii lieutenant, one lieutenant, six sergeants, twelve
artificers, and fifty-two rank and tile.
7. — A SquADRON or Cavalrk,
Consisting of two troops; each troop to have a captain, two lieutenants, a cornet, six sergeants, one farrier, one
saddler, one trumpeter, and sixty-four dragoons.
In case the whole number of the advanced corps in any State should be insufficient to form a legion of this ex-
tent, yet the component parts must be preserved, and the reduction proportioned, as nearly as may be, to each
part.
The companies of all the corps shall be divided into «ec«Jo«s of twelve each. It is proposed, by this division, to
establish one uniform vital principle, which in peace and war shall pervade the militia of the United States.
All requisitions for men to form an army, either for state or federal purposes, shall be furnished by the advanc-
ed and main corps, by means of the sections.
The Executive Government, or commander in chief of the militia of each State, will assess the numbers required,
on the respective legions of these corps.
The legionary general will direct the proportions to be furnished by each part of his command. Should the de -
mand be so great as to require one man from each section, then the operation hereby directed shall be performed by
single sections. But if a less number should be required, they will be furnished by an association of sections, or com-
panies, according to the demand. In any case, it is probable that mutual convenience may dictate an agreement with
anindividual to perform the service required. If, however, no agreement can be made, one must be detached by an
indscriminate draught, and the others shall pay him a sum of money equal to the averaged sum which shall be paid
in the same legion lor the voluntary performance of the service required-
1790.] ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA.
In case any sections or companies of a legion, after having furnished its own quota, should have more men willing
to engage for the service required, other companies of the same legion shall have permission to engage them. The
same rule to extend to the different legions in the State.
The legionary general must be responsible to the commander-in-chief of the militia of the State that the men
furnished are according to the description, and that they are equipped in the manner, and marched to the rendez-
vous, conformably to the orders for that purpose.
The men who may be draughted shall not serve more than three years at one time.
Reserved corps, being destined for the domestic defence of the State, shall not be obliged to furnishmen, except-
ing in cases of actual invasion or rebellion; and then the men'required shall be furnished by means of the sections.
The actual commissioned officers of the respective corps shall not be included in the sections, nor in any of the
operations thereof.
The respective States shall be divided into portions or districts; each of which to contain, as nearly as may be,
some complete part of a legion.
Every citizen of the United States, who shall serve his country in the field for the space of one year, either as an
ofiBcer or soldier, shall, if under the age of twenty-one years, be exempted from the service required in the advanced
corps. If he shall be above the age of twenty-one years, then every year he shall so serve in the field shall be
estir/iated as equal to six years' service in the main or reserved corps, and shall accordingly exempt him from every
service therein for the said term of six years, except in cases of actual invasion of, or rebellion within, the State in
which he resides. And it shall also be a permanent establishment, that six years' actual service in the field shall
entirely free every citizen from any further demands of service, either in the militia or in the field, unless incases of
invasion or rebellion.
Ml actual mariners, or seamen, in the respective States, shall be registered in districts, and divided into two
classes. The first class to consist of all the seamen from the age of sixteen to thirty years, inclusively. The second
class to consist of all those of the age of thirty-one to forty-five, inclusively.
The first class shall be responsible to serve three years on board of some public armed vessel or ship of war, as a
commissioned officer, warrant officer, or private mariner; for which service they shall receive the customary wages
and emoluments.
But, should the State not demand the said three years' service during the above period, from the age of sixteen to
thirty years, then the party to be exempted entirely therefrom.
The person so serving shall receive a certificate of his service, on parchment, according to the form which shall
be directed, which shall exempt him from any other than voluntary service, unless in such exigencies as may re-
quire the services of all the members of the community.
The second class shall be responsible for a proportion of service in those cases to which the first class shall be un-
equal. The numbers required shall be furnished by sections, in the same manner as is prescribed for the sections of
the militia.
OF THE ADVANCED CORPS.
The advanced corps are designed not only as a school in which the youth of the United States are to be instinct-
ed in the art of war, but they are, in all cases of exigence, to serve as an actual defence to the community.
The whole of the armed corps shall be clothed according to the manner hereafter directed, armed and subsisted
at the expense of the United States; and all the youth of the said corps, in each State, shall be encamped together,
if practicable, or by legions, which encampments shall be denominated the annual camps of discipline.
The youth of eighteen and nineteen years shall be disciplined for thirty days successively in each year; and those
of twenty years shall be disciplined only for ten days in each year, which shall be the last ten days of the annual
encampments-
The non commissioned officers and privates are not to receive any pay during the said time; but the commis-
sioned oflicers will receive the pay of their relative ranks, agreeably to the federal establishment for the time being.
In order that the plan shall effectually answer the end proposed, the first day of January shall be the fixed period,
for all who attain the age of eighteen years, in any part, or during the course of each year, to be enrolled in the ad-
vanced corps, and to take the necessary oaths to perform, personally, such legal military service as may be
directed, for the full and complete term of three years, to be estimated from the time of entrance into the said corps,
and also to take an oath of allegiance to the State and to the United States.
The commanding officer, or general of the advanced legions of the district, shall regulate the manner of the ser-
vice of the youth, respectively, whether it shall be in the infantry, artillery, or cavalry; but, after having entered
into either of them, no change should be allowed.
Each individual, at his first joining the annual camps of discipline, will receive complete arms and accoutre-
ments, all of which, previously to his being discharged from the said camps, he must return to the regimental quarter-
master, on the penalty of dollars, or months' imprisonment.
The said arms and accoutrements shall be marked, in some conspicuous place, with the letters. M. U. S. And
all sales or purchases of any of said arnis or accoutrements, shall be severely punished, according to law.
And each individual will also, on his first entrance into the advanced corps, receive the following articles of uni-
form clothing: one hat, one uniform short coat, one waistcoat, and one pair of overalls, which he shall retain in his
own possession, and for which he shall be held accountable, and be compelled to replace all deficiencies during his
service in the annual camps of discipline.
Those who shall serve in the cavalry shall beat the expense of their own horses and uniform helmets, and horse-
furniture; but they shall receive forage for their horses, swords, pistols, and clothing', equal in value to the infantry.
At the age of twenty-one years, every individual having served in the manner and for the time prescribed, shall
receive an honorary certificate thereof, on parchment, and signed by the legionary general and inspector.
The names of all persons to whom such certificates shall be given, shall be fairly registered in books, to be pro-
vided for that purpose.
And the said certificate, or an attested copy of the register aforesaid, shall be required as an indispensable quali-
fication for exercising any of the rights of a free citizen, until after the age of; years.
The advanced legions, in all cases of invasion or rebellion, shall, on requisition of lawful authority, be obliged to
march to any place within the United States; to remain embodied for such time as shall be directed, not to exceed
one year, to be computed from the time of marching from the regimental parades; during the period of their being on
such service, to be placed on the continental establishment of pay, subsistence, clothing, forage, tents, camp-equi-
page, and all such other allowances as are made to the federal troops at the same time, and under the same circum-
stances.
If the military service so required should be for such a short period as to render an actual issue of clothing un-
necessary, then an allowance should be made in proportion to the annual cost of clothing for the federal soldier, ac-
cording to estimates to be furnished for that purpose from the War Office of the United States.
Ill case the legions of the advanced corps should march to any place in consequence of a requisition of the Gene-
ral Government, all legal and proper expenses of such march shall be paid by the United States. But, should they
be embodied and march in consequence of an order, derived from the authority of the State to which they belong,
and for State purposes, then the expenses will be borne by the State.
The advanced corps shall be constituted on such principles that, when completed, it will receive one-third part
and discharge one-third part of its numbers annually. By this arrangement, two thirds of the corps will at all times
be considerably disciplined; but, as it will only receive those of eighteen years of age, it will not be completed until
the third year after its institution. Those who have already attained the ages of nineteen and twenty years will, in
the first instance, be enrolled in the main corps.
IQ MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1790.
But one half of the legionary officers to be appointed the iirst, and the other the second year of the establishment.
The officers of each grade in the States, respectively, shall be divided into three classes, which shall by lot be
numbered one, two, andi three, and one of tlie said classes, accordins to their numbers, shall be deranged every third
year. In the first period of nine years, one-third part will have to serve three, one-third part six, and one-third part
nine years. But, after the said first period, the several classes will serve nine years, which shall be the limitation of
service by virtue of the same appointment: and in such cases, where there may not be three officers of the same
grade the limitation of nine years' service shall be observed. All vacancies occasioned by the aforesaid derange-
ments', or any casualties, shall be immediately tilled by new appointments.
The captains and subalterns of the advanced corps shall not be less than twenty-one, nor more than thirty-five,
and the field officers shall not exceed forty-five years of age. , , ^,
Each company, battalion, and regnnent, shall have a fixed parade or place at which to assemble. 1 he companies
shall assemble at their own parade, and march to the parade of the battalion, and the battalions to the regimental
parade; and when thus embodied, the regiment will march to the rendezvous of the legion. Every commanding of-
ficer of a company, battalion, and regiment, will be accountable to his superior officer that his command is in the
most perfect order. . ,. ^ . . . . , . . , , ,
The officers to receive subsistence money, in lieuot provisions, in proportion to their respective grades, andthose
whose duties require them to be on horseback will receive Ibrage in the same proportion.
Every legion must have a chaplain, of respectable talents and character, who, besides his religious functions,
should impress on the minds of the youth, at stated periods, in concise discourses, the eminent advantages of free
governments to the happiness of society, and that such governments can only be supported by the knowledge, spirit,
and virtuous conduct of the youth— to be illustrated by the most conspicuous examples ot history.
No amusements should be admitted in camp, but those which correspond with war— the swimming of men and
horses, running, wrestling, and such ether exercises as should render the biidy flexible and vigorous.
The camps should, if possible, be formed near a river, and remote from large cities. The first is necessary for
the practice of the manceuvres, the second to avoid the vices of populous places.
The time of the annual encampments shall be divided into six parts or periods, of five days each; the first of
which shall be occupied in acquiring the air, attitudes, and first principles of a soldier; the second in learning the
manual exercise, and to march individually, and in small squads; the third and fourth, in exercising and manoeu-
vring in detail, and by battalions and regiments: in the fifth, the youth of twenty, having been disciplined during
the two preceding annual encampments, are to be included. This period is to be employed in the exercise and tac-
tic of the legion; or, if more than one, in executing the grand manoeuvres ot the whole body — marching, attacking,
and defending, in various forms, different grounds and positions; in fine, in representing all the real images of war,
excepting the effusion of blood. .
The guards, and every other circumstance of the camp, to be perfectly regulated.
Each State will determine on the season in which its respective aimual encampments shall be formed; so as best
to suit the health of the men, and the general interests of the society.
The United States to make an adequate provision to supply the arms, clothing, rations, artillery, ammunition,
forage, straw, tents, camp equipage, including every requisite for the annual camps of discipline; and also for the
pay and subsistence of the legionary officers, and for the following general staff": One inspector general, one adju-
tant general, one quartermaster general, with a deputy for each State.
Tnese officers will be essential to the uniformity, economy, and efficacy of the system, to be appointed in the
manner prescribed by the constitution of the United States.
The quartermaster general shall be responsible to the United States for the public property of every species,
delivered to him for the annual camps of discipline; and his deputy in each State shall be responsible to him.
At the commencement of the annual camps of discipline, the deputy quartermaster will make regular issues to
the legionary or regimental quartermasters, as the case may be, of all the articles, of every species, provided by the
United States. , .,,,,,., , . . , ^
The returns for the said articles to be examined and certified by the highest legionary or regimental officer, as the
case may be, who shall be responsible for the accuracy thereof-
At the expiration of the annual camps of discipline, all public property (clothing excepted) shall be returned to
the deputy quartermaster of the State, who shall hold the legionary quartermaster accountable for all deficiencies.
All the apparatus and property so returned, shall be carefully examined, repaired, and deposited in a magazine, to
be provided in each State fur that purpose, under the charge of the said deputy quartermaster, until the ensuing an-
nual encampment, or any occasion which may render a new issue necessary.
Corporal punishments shall never be inflicted in the annual camps of discipline; but a system of fines and im-
prisonment shall be formed for the regular government of said camps.
OF THE MAIN CORPS.
As the mam and reserved corps are to be replenished by the principle of rotation from the advanced corps, and
ultimately to consist of men who have received their military education therein, it is proper that one uniform arrange-
ment should pervade the several classes.
It is for this reason the legion is established as the common forinof all the corps of the militia.
The main legions, consisting of the great majority of the men of the military age, will form the principal defence
of the country.
They are to be responsible for their proportion of men, to fiirm an army whenever necessity shall dictate the mea-
sure; and on every sudden occasion to which the advanced corps shall be incompetent, an adequate number of non-
commissioned officers and privates shall be added thereto, from the main corps, by means of the sections.
The main corps will be perfectly armed, in the first instance, and will practise the exercise and manoeuvres, ibur
days in each year, and will assemble in their respective districts, by companies, battalions, regiments, or legions, as
shall be directed by the legionary general; but it must be a fixed rule, that, in the populous parts of the States, the
regiments must assemble once annually, and the legions once in three years.
Although the main corps cannot acquire a great degree of military knowledge in the few days prescribed for its an-
nual exercise, yet, by the constant accession of the youth from the advanced corps, it will soon command respect for
its discipline, as well as its numbers.
When the youth are transferred from the advanced corps, they shall invariably join the flank companies, the ca-
valry or artillery, of the main corps, according to the nature of their former services.
OF THE RESERVED CORPS.
The reserved corps will assemble only twice, annually, for the inspection of arms, by companies, battalions, or
regiments, as shall be directed by each State. It will assemble by legions, whenever the defence of the State may
render the measure necessary.
Such are the propositions of the plan, to which it may be necessary to add some explanations.
Although the substantial political maxim, which requires personal service of all the members of the community
for the defence of the State, is obligatory under all forms of society, and is the main pillar of a free government, yet
the degrees thereof raay vary at the dift'erent periods of life, consistently with the general welfare. The public con-
venience may also dictate a relaxation of the general obligation as it respects the principal magistrates, and the
ministers of justice and of religion, and perhaps some religious sects. But it ought to be remembered that measures
of national importance never sTiould be frustrated by the accommodation of individuals.
1790.] ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. H
The military age has eenerally commenced at sixteen, and terminated at the age of sixty years; but the youth of
sixteen (jo not commonly attain such a degree of robust strength as to enable them to sustain, without injury,
the hardships incident to the lield; therelore the commencement of military service is heiein fixed at eighteen, and
the termination, as usual, at sixty years of age.
The plan proposes that the m'ilitia shall be divided into three capital classes, and that each class shr.U be
formed into legions; the reasons for which shall be given in succession.
The advanced corps, and annual camps of discipline, are instituted in order to introduce an operative military
spirit in the community. To establish a course of honorable military service, which will, at the same time, moulci
the minds of the young men to a due obediente of the laws, instruct them in the art of war, and, by the manly ex-
ercises of the field, form a race of hardy citizens, equal to the dignified task of defending their country.
An examination into the employments and obligations of the individuals composing the society, will evince the
impossibility of diflfusing an adequate knowledge of the art of war, by any other means than a course of discipline,
during the period of nonage. The time necessary to acquire this important knowledge cannot be afforded at any
other period of life with so little injury to the public or private interests.
Without descending to minute distinctions, the body of the people of the United States may be divided into two
parts— the yeomanry ot the country, and the men of various employments, resident in towns and cities. In both
parts it is usual for the male children, from the age of fourteen to twenty-one years, to learn some trade or em-
ployment, underthedirectionof a parent or master. In general, the labor or service of the youlh,during this period,
besides amply re-paying the trouble of tuition, leaves a large profit to the tutor. This circumstance is stated to show
that no great hardships will arise in the first operations of the proposed plan; a little practice will render the mea-
sure perfectly equal, and remove every difficulty.
Youth is the time for the State to avail itself of those services which it has -a right to demand, and by wiiich it is
to be invigorated and preserved. In this season, the passions and affections are strongly infiuenced by the splendor
of military parade. The impressions the mind receives will be retained through life. The young man will repair
with pride and pleasure to the field of exercise; while the head of a family, anxious for its general welfare, and per-
haps its immediate subsistence, will reluctantly quit his domestic duties tor any length of time.
The habits of indHstry will be rather strengthened than relaxed by the establishment of the annual camps of dis-
cipline, as all the time will be occupied by the various military duties. Idleness and dissipation will be regarded as
disgraceful, and punished accordingly. As soon as the youth attain the age of manhood, a natural solicitude to es-
tablish themselves in the society, will occur in its full force. The public claims for military service will be too
inconsiderable to injure their industry. It will be sufficiently stimulated to proper exertions, by the prospects of
opulence attending on the cultivation of a fertile soil, or the pursuits of a productive commerce.
It is presumed that thirty days annually, during the eighteenth and nineteenth, and ten days during the twentieth
year, is the least time that ought to be appropriated by the youth to the acquisition of the military art. The same
number of days might be adcled during the twentieth as during the two preceding years, were not the expense an
objection.
Every means will be provided by the public to facilitate the military education of the youth, which it is proposed
shall be an indispensable qualification of a free citizen: therefore they will not be entitled to any pay. But the offi-
cers, being of the main corps, are in a different predicament. They are supposed to have passed through the course
of discipline required bythe laws, and to be competent to instruct others in the military art. As the public will have
but small claims for personal services on them, and as they must incur considerable expenses to prepare themselves
to execute properly their respective offices, they ought to be paid while on actual duty.
As soon as the service of the youth expires in the advanced corps, they are to be enrolled in the main corps. On
this occasion, the republic receives disciplined and free citizens, who understand their public rights, and are pre-
pared to defend them.
The main corps is instituted to preserve and circulate throughout the community the military discipline, acquired
in the advanced corps; to arm the people, and fix firmly, by practice and habit, those forms and maxims which are
essential to the life and energy of a free government.
The reserved corps is instituted to prevent men being sent to the field whose strength is unequal to sustain the
severities of an active campaign. But, by organizing and rendering them eligible for domestic service, a greater
proportion of the younger and robust part of the community may be enabled, in case of necessity, to encounter the
more urgent duties of war.
It would be difficult, previously to the actual formation of the annual camps of discipline, to ascertain the num-
ber in each State of which it would be composed. The frontier counties of several States are thinly inhabited, and
require all their internal force for their immediate defence. There are other inlant settlements, from which it might
be injurious to draw away their youth annually for the purpose of discipline.
No evil would result, if the establishment of the advanced corps should be omitted in such districts for a (ew
years. Besides, the forbearance in this respect would lessen the expense, and render the institution more compati-
ble with the public finances.
The several State Legislatures, therefore, as best understanding their local interests, might be invested with a
discretionary power to omit the enrolments for the advanced corps, in such of their frontier and thinly inhabited
counties, as they may judge proper.
If the number of three millions may be assumed as the total number of the inhabitants within the United States,
half a million may be deducted therefrom, for blacks, and, pursuant to the foregoing ideas, another half million may
be deducted, on account of the thinly settled parts ot the country.
The proportion of men of the military age, from eighteen to sixty years inclusively, of two millions of people, of
all ages and sexes, may be estimated at four hundred thousand. There may be deducted from this number, as ac-
tual mariners, about fifty thousand, and a further number of twenty-five thousand, to include exempts of religious
sects, and of every other sort whicli the respective States may think proper to make.
Three hundred and twenty-five thousand, therefore, may be assumed, as the number of operative, fencible men,
to compose the militia. The proportion of the several classes of which would be nearly as follows:
Firstly, The advanced corps, one tenth composed of the youth of the ages of eighteen, nineteen, and twenty
years, - - -..--... 32,500
Secondly, The main corps, six-tenths and one-twentieth, . . . . 211,250
Thirdly, The reserved corps, two-tenths and one-twentieth, . - - _ 81,250
325,000
The following estimate is formed for the purpose of exhibiting the annual expense of the institution of the ad-
vanced corps, stating the same at thirty thousand men.
Estimate of the expense of the annual camps of discipline, as proposed in the foregoing plan, arising on each of
the first three years, and, after that period, of the annual expense of the institution.
THE FIRST YEAR.
10,000 suits of unifonn clothing, stated at eight dollars, each suit of which shall serve for the three
years' discipline, - - - - - - - - - $80,000
10,000 rations per day, for 30 days, each ration at 10 cents, - - - - 30,000
The expense of four complete corps of legionary officers, of all descriptions, for 30 days, including
pay, subsistence, and forage, ._..-. 27,870
12
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1790.
Forage for the cavalry, - " , / , " ' " ' ' tt'ln^
Straw, camp kettles, bowls, axes, canteens, and fuel, - , ,. -., - r' ■^.. ' '
Annual proportion of the expense of tents for oflScers and soldiers, which may serve tor eight an-
nual encampments, .-..--- o'nnn
Four legionary standards, .----■-- ^,ouo
Regimental colors, -,",,„", " " . \ ^ ' i _^i' '
Consumption of powder and ball, shot, and shells, damage to arms and accoutrements and artil-
lery, and transportation of the same, stated at - - - - - - ^I'nnn
Hospital department, " . ,' , , '' ' " " ' " , I'lnil
Contingencies of the quartermaster's and other departments, - , ," . , T " Jx'nnn
General stafj; adjutant general, quartermaster general, inspector general, and their deputies, - 1^,000
Entire expense of the first year, ------- $225,670
ADDITIONAL EXPENSES ON THE SECOND YEAR.
10,000 rations per day, for 30 days, are 300,000 rations, at 10 cents, - - - $30,000
The expense of four complete corps of legionary officers, of all descriptions, for 30 days, including
pay, subsistence, and forage, ...---- ^o'nnn
Four legionary standards. - - - - - . - - 2,000
Regimental colors, - - - . - - " - " J'^OO
Forage for the cavalry, - - " , r ," ' " " ' ->n'nnn
Tents, straw, camp kettles, bowls, axes, canteens, and fuel, . - - - iO.OOO
Hospital department, -------- 5,000
Contingencies in the quartermaster's and other departments, - - - - 15,000
Ammunition, damage to arms and accoutrements, . . - . - 15,000
$120,670
Expense of the first year, . - - - ■ ... ^^5,670
Combined expenses of the first and second years, ... - - $346,340
ADDITIONAL EXPENSES ON THE THIRD YEAR.
The expense of 10.000 rations, for 10 days, is 100,000 rations, at 10 cents, . . - $10,000
Forage, - - - - - - " " ' ^^00
For the camp equipage, ----- r - - 10,000
Tents. - - - - - -'" " " " 1,500
Hospital stores, - - - - - - - - - 1.000
Ammunition, damage to arms and accoutrements, - - - - - 10,000
Contingencies in the quartermaster's and other departments, - - - - 10,000
$44,100
Combined expenses of the first and second years, . . . . . 346,340
The total expense of the first three years, ------ $390,440
It is to be observed, that the officers for four legions v/ill be adequate to command the youth of eighteen, who
commence their discipline the first year; and that the same number of officers will be required for the second year.
The youth of the third year may be incorporated by sections in the existing corps, so that no additional officers will
be required on their account.
Hence it appears that the expense of 10,000 men, for one year, amounts to . - - $225,670
20,000 for the second year, to ------ - 346,340
30,000 for the third year, to - - - " . . . ■ " " 390,440
If the youth of the three ages of eighteen, nineteen, and twenty, be disciplined at once, the last
mentioned sum will be about the fixed annual expense of the camps of discipline; from which,
however, is to be deducted 6,000 dollars, being the expense of the standards and colors, the for-
mer of which will be of a durable nature, and the latter will not require to be replaced oftener
than once in twenty years, ------- 6,000
The annual expense of the advanced corps, - . - - . - $384,440
Thus, for a sum less than four hundred thousand dollars, annually, which, apportioned on three millions of
■people, would be little more than one-eighth of a dollar each, an energetic republican militia may be durably es-
tablished, the invaluable principles of liberty secured and perpetuated, and a dignified national fabric erected on
the solid foundation of public virtue.
The main and reserved corps must be perfectly organized, in the first instance, but th.e advanced corps will not
be completed until the third year of its institution.
The combination of troops, of various descriptions, into one body, so as to inyest it with the highest and greatest
number of powers, in every possible situation, has long been a subject of discussion and difference of opinion. But
no other form appears so well to have sustained the criterion of time and severe examination as the Roman legion.
This formidable organization, accommodated to the purposes of modern wai-, still retains its original energy and su-
periority. Of the ancients, Polybius and Vegetius have described and given the highest encomiums of the legion-
The former, particularly, in his comparative view of the advantages and disadvantages of the Macedonian and Ro-
man arms, and, their respective orders of battles, has left to mankind an instructive and important legacy. Of
the moderns, the illustrious Mareschal .Saxe has modelled the legion for the use of fire arms, and strenuously urges
its adoption, in preference to any other form. And the respectable and intelligent veteran, late inspector general of
tl;e armies of the United States, recommends the adoption of the legion. *
" Upon a review," says he, "of all the military of Europe, there does not appear to be a single form which could
be safely adopted by the United States. They are unexcepti(mably different from each other; and, like all other
human institutions, seem to have started as much out of accident as design. The local situation of the country, the
spirit of the government, the character of the nation, and, in many instances, the character of the prince, have all
had their influence in settling the fimndation and discipline of their respective troops, and render it impossible that
we should take either as a model.
" The legion, alone, has not been adopted by any; and yet I am confident in asserting, that, whether it be exam-
ined as applicable to all countries, or as it may immediately apply to the existing or probable necessity of this, it
will be found strikingly superior to any other.
" 1st. Being a complete and little army of itself, it is ready to begin its operations on the shortest notice or slight-
est alarm.
" 2d. Having all the component parts of the largest army of any possible description, it is prepared to meet every
species of war that may present itself.
• vide letter addressed to the inhabitants of the United States, on the subject of an established militia.
1790] ORGANIZATION OF TH'E MILITIA. 13
" And, 3d, as in every case of detachment, the first constitutional principle will be preserved, and the etyibarrass-
ments of draughting and detail, which in armies differently framed, too often distract the commanding officer, will
be avoided.
" It may easily suggest itself, from this sketch, that, in forming a legion, the most difficult task is to determine the
necessary proportion of each species of soldiei-s which is to compose it. This must obviously depend upon what
will be the theatre, and what tne style of the war. On the plains of Poland, whole brigades of cavalry would be
necessary against every enemy; but, in the forests and among the hills of America, a siiigte regiment would be more
than sufficient against any. And, as there are but two kinds of war to which we are much exposed, viz. an attack
from the sea side, by an European power, aided by our sworn enemies settled (m our extreme left, and an invasion
of our back settlements by an Indian enemy, it follows, of course, that musketeers and liglit infantry should make
the greatest part of your army."
The institution of the section is intended to interest the patriotism and pride of every individual in the militia,
to support the le"al measures of a free Government, to render every man active in the public cause, by introducing
the spirit of emulation, and a degree of personal responsibility.
The common mode of recruiting is attended with too great destruction of morals to be tolerated; and is too un-
certain to be the principal resource of a wise nation in time of danger. The public faith is frequently wounded by
unworthy individuals, who hold out delusive promises, which can never be realized. By such means, an unprinci-
pled banditti are often collected, for the purpose of defending every thing that should be dear to freemen. The
consequences are natural: such men either desert in time of danger, or are ever ready, on the slightest disgust, to
turn their arms against their country.
By the establishment of the sections, an ample and permanent source is opened, whence the State, in every ex-
igence, may be supplied with men whose all depends upon the prosperity of their country.
In cases of necessity, an army may be formed of citizens, wliose previous knowledge of discipline will enable it
to proceed to an immediate accomplishment of the designs of the State, instead of exhausting the public resources,
by wasting whole years in preparing to face the enemy.
The previous arrangements, necessary to form and raantain the annual encampments, as well as the discipline
acquired therein, will be an excellent preparation for war. The artillery and its numerous appendages, arms and
accoutrements of every kind, and all species of ammunition, ought to be manufactured within the United States.
It is of high importance that the present period should be embraced to establish adequate institutions to produce
the necessary apparatus of war.
It is unworthy the dignity of a rising and free empire, to depend on foreign and fortuitous supplies of the essen-
tial means of defence-
The clothing for the troops could with ease be manufoctured within the United States, and the establishment in
that respect would tend to the encouragement of important manufactories.
The disbursements made in each State for the rations, forage, and other necessary articles for the annual camps
of discipline, vvould most beneficially circulate the money arising from the public revenue.
The local circumstances of the United States, their numerous sea-ports, and the protection of their commerce
require a naval arrangement. Hence the necessity of the proposed plan, embracing tlie idea of the States qbtaini'i^
men on republican principles for the marine as well as the land service. But one may be accomplished with mu i
greater facility than the other, as the preparation of a soldier for the field requires a degree of discipline, which
cannot be learned without much time and labor; whereas the common course of sea'service, on board of merchant
vessels, differs but little from the service required on board of armed ships; therefore, the education for war, in this
respect, will be obtained without any expense to the State. All that seems to be requisite on the head of marine
service is, that an efficient regulation should be established in the respective States, to register all actual seamen, and
to render those of a certain age amenable to the public for personal service, if demanded within a given period.
The constitutions of the respective States, and of the United States, having directed the modes in which the
officers of the militia shall be appointed, no alteration can be made therein. Although it may be supposed that some
modes of appointment are better calculated than others to inspire the highest propriety of conduct, yet there are
none so defective to serve as a sufficient reason for rejecting an efficient system tor the militia. It is certain that
the choice of officers is the point on which the reputation and importance of a corps must depend ; therefore, every
person who may be concerned in the appointment, should consider himself as responsible to his country for a proper
choice.
The wisdom of the States will be manifested by inducing ^those citizens of whom the late American, army was
composed to accept of appointments in the militia. The high degree of military knowledge which they possess was
acquiredattoo great a price, and is too precious, to be buriedjin oblivion. It ought to be cherished, and rendered per-
manently beneficial to the community.
The vigor and importance of the proposed plan will entirely depend on the laws relative thereto. Unless the
laws shall be equal to the object, and rigidly enforced, no energetic national militia can be established.
If wealth be admitted as a principle of exemption, the plan cannot be executed. It is the wisdom of political
establishments to make the wealth of individuals subservient to the general good, and not to suffer it to corrupt or
attain undue indulgence.
It is conceded that people, solicitous to be exonerated from their proportion of public duty, may exclaim against
the proposed arrangement as an intolerable hardship. But it ouglit to be strongly impressed'' that, while socie^ has
its charms, it also has its indispensable obligations. That, to attempt such a degree of refinement as to exonerate
the members of the community from all personal service, is to render them incapable of the exercise, and unworthy
of the characters of freemen-
Every State possesses, not only the right of personal service from its members, but the right to regulate the ser-
vice on principles of equality for the general defence. All being bound, none can complain of injustice, on being
obliged to perform his equal proportion. Therefore, it ought to be a permanent rule, that those who in youth decline
or refuse to subject themselves to the course of military education, established by the laws, should be considered as
unworthy of public trust or public honors, and be excluded therefrom accordingly.
If the majesty of the laws should be preserved inviolate in this respect, the operations of the proposed plan would
foster a glorious public spirit, infuse the principles of energy and stability into the body politic, and give a high de-
gree of political splendor to the national character.
14
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1790.
1st Congress.]
No. 3.
[2d Session.
TROOPS, INCLUDING MILITIA, FURNISHED BY THE SEVERAL STATES DURING THE
WAR OF THE IRE VOLUTION.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MAY 11, 1790.
War Office of the United States, May 10, 1790.
In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives, the Secretary of War submits the statement, here-
unto annexed, of the troops and militia furnished, from time to time, by the several States, towards the support of
the late v^ar.
The numbers of the regular troops having been stated from the official returns, deposited in the War Office, may
be depended upon; and in all cases where the numbers of militia are stated from the returns, the same confidence
may be observed.
But, in some years of the greatest exertions of the Southern States, there are no returns whatever of the militia
employed. In this case, recourse has been had to the letters of the commanding officer, and to well informed in-
dividuals, in order to form a proper estimate of tlie numbers of the militia in service; and although the accuracy of
the estimate cannot be leliecf on, yet it is the best information which the Secretary of War can at present obtain.
When the accounts of the militia service of the several States shall be adjusted, it'is probable that the numbers will
be belter ascertained.
There are not any documents in the War Office'from which accurate returns could be made of the ordnance
.stores furnished by the several States during the late %var. The charges made by the several States against the
United States, which have been presented by the commissioners of accounts, are, probably, the only evidence which
can be obtained on the subject.
All which is humbly submitted to the House of Representatives.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Ji Statement of the number of Non-commissioned Officers and Privates of the Regular troops and Militia furnish-
ed by the several Slates from time to time, for the support of the late war.
Statement of the troops furnished by the following States, taken from actual returns of the army, for the year 1775.
TROOPS FDBIflSHED.
STATES.
Number of
men in conti-
nental pay.
Number
of Militia.
New Hampshire, ..._---
Massachusetts, -.--.---
Rhode Island, - - - --
Connecticut, - • - -
New York, ....----
Pennsylvania, - - ... - . • -
3,824
16,444
1,193
4,507
2,075
400
27,443
27,443
N. B. The above troops were enlisted to serve to the last of December, 1775,
Conjectural estimate of Militia employed in addition to the above.
Virginia, for six months,
Do. State corps for eight months.
North Carolina, for three months.
South Carolina, for six months.
Do. State troops,
Georgia, for nine months,
-
2,000
1,180
3,180
-
-
2,000
-
2,500
- ■
1,500
4,000
-
;
1,000
Grand Total,
10,180
1812.]
TROOPS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
15
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from actual returns of the army, for theyear 1776.
STATES.
Numbers of
men in conti-
nental pay.
Numbers of
Militia.
Total of
Militia and
Continentals.
New Hampshire, -....-
Massachusetts, ---...-
Rhode Island, -..-.-
Connecticut, -------
Delaware, .......
Maryland, - - - - - - , -
Virginia, •■ - - - - -
North Carolina, • ......
South Carolina, ......
Georgia, -------
New York, ..-.---
Pennsylvania, - - - - - - -
New Jersey, -------
3.019
13,372
798
6,390
609
637
6,181
1,134
2,069
351
3,629
5,519
3,193
4,000
1,102
5,737
145
2,592
1,715
4,876
5,893
17,372
1,900
12,127
754
3,329
5,344
10,395
9,086
Grand Total,
46,891
26,060
72,951
Conjectural estimate of Militia employed, in addition to the above.
New Hampshire, averaged at four months,
Massachusetts, do.
Connecticut, do.
New York, do.
Virginia, do.
North Carolina, averaged at eight montlis.
South Carolina, do. six months,
Georgia, _ -
Do. State troops.
-
1,000
3,000
1,000
2,750
750
1,200
3,000
4,000
1,950
16,700
Grand Total, -
89,651
Quotas fixed by Congress, September, 1776, for three years or during the war.
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from the actual returns of the Army, for the
year 1777.
Quotas required.
Troops furnished.
STATES.
Total of Militia
Number of Bat-
Number of
Number of
Number of Militia
and Continentals.
talions, 680
men.
Continentals.
men each.
New Hampshire, - - -
3
2,040
1,172
1,111— 3 months.
2,283
Massachusetts, . - -
15
10,200
7,816
2,775—3 do.
10,591
Rhode Island, - . -
2
1,360
548
-
548
Connecticut, - - -
8
5,440
4,563
-
4,563
New York, - - . -
4
2,720
1,903
929—6 do.
2,832
New Jersey,
4
2,720
1,408
1,408
Pennsylvania, - . -
12
8,160
4,983
2,481—5 do.
7,464
Delaware, - - - -
1
680
299
-
299
Maryland, - - - -
8
5,440
2,030
1,535—3 do.
3,565
Virginia, - - - -
15
10,200
5,744
1,269—5 do.
7,013
North Carolina,
9
6,120
1,281
-
1,281
South Carolina, . - -
6
4,080
1,650
-
1,650
* Georgia, - - - -
1
680
1,423
and State troops.
1,423
Besides the above Congress autho-
rized the commander-in-chief, on
the 27th December, 1776, to raise
sixteen additional regiments of
infantry, - - - -
16
10,880
Returns of May, 1778, of artillery,
3
2,040
Cavalry, - - . .
"
3,000
107
75,760
34,820
10,100
44,920
* By the resolve of the 15th July, 1776, Georgia was authorized to raise in Virginia, North and South Carolina, two re-
giments of infantry, and also two companies of artillery, of fifty men each. These troops were chiefly enhsted for one year,
and the time expired in 1777.
16
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1790.
Conjectural estimate of Militia employed in addition to the above.
New Hampshire and Vermont, for 2 months,
Massachusetts, foi- 2 months,
Connecticut,
New York,
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
Maryland,
Virginia,
South Carolina, for 8
Georgia,
Rhode Island, for 6
for 2
do.
for 6
do.
for 2
do.
for 3
do.
for 2
do.
for 2
do.
for 2
do.
for 8
do.
do.
2,200
2,000
2,000
2,500
1.500
2,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
350
750
1,500
Grand Total,
23,800
68,720
February 26, 1778, Congress resolved to have the following number of "men furnished by each State.
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from actual returns of the Jirmy, for the
year 1778.
Quotas required.
Fui-nished.
Total of Mili-
STATES.
tia and Conti-
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
nental Troops
Battalions of
men.
Continental
Militia.
532 men each.
Troops.
New Hampshire,
3
1,566
1,283
1,283
Massachusetts, - - - -
15
7,830
7,010
* 1,927
8,937
Rhode Island, - . - -
1
522
630
12,426
3,056
Connecticut, . . . .
8
4,176
4,010
4,010
New York, - - . -
5
2,610
2,194
2,190
New Jersey, - - - -
4
2,088
1,586
-
1,580
Pennsylvania, - ... -
10
5,220
3,684
-
3,684
Delaware, - . - -
1
522
349
349
Maryland, including the German battalion, -
8
4,176
3,307
-
3,307
Virginia, . . - -
15
7,830
5,230
-
5,236
North Carolina, - - - -
9
4,698
1,287
1,287
South Carolina, - - - -
6
3,132
1,650
-
1,650
Georgia,
1
522
673
-
673
Total,
86
44,892
32,899
4,353
37,252
Total from returns, .-.-,--
Conjectural estimate of the Militia employed in addition to the above.
New Hampshire for 2 months, - . . - -
Massachusetts, 2 do.
New Jersey, - - ' i '
Virginia, - - 2 do.
Ditto, guarding convention troops, - - - r
South Carolina, - 3 months, -----
Georgia, 2,000 militia 6 months and 1,200 State troops.
Grand Total,
' Guarding Convention troops. f Short levies and militia for six months.
37,252
500
4,500
1,000
2,000
600
2,000
3,200
- 13,800
51,052
1790.]
TROOPS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY W^AR.
17
March 9, 1779, Congress resolved that the infantry of these States, for the next campaign, be composed of eighty
battalions, viz:
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following Stales, taken from actual returns of the Army, for the
year 1779.
Quotas r
equired.
Furnished.
STATES.
Number of
Number of
Number of
Militia.
Battalions,
men.
men.
522 men
each.
New Hampshire, ------
3
1.566
1,004
222
Massachusetts, ------
15
7,830
6,287
1,451
Rhode Island, ------
2
1,040
507
756
Connecticut, - - - - - - -
8
4,176
3,544
New York, -------
5
2,610
2,256
New Jersey, -------
3
1,566
1,276
Pennsylvania, . - . - - -
11
5,742
3,476
Delaware, -------
1
522
317
Maryland, --...--
8
4,176
2,849
Virginia, -------
11
5,742
3,973
North Carolina, (8 months) - - - - -
6
3,133
1,214
2,706
Georgia, -------
1
522
87
Total,
■80
41,760
27,699 .
5,135
Total from returns,
32,834
Conjectural estimate of Militia, employed in addition to the above.
New York, for 3 months,
Virginia, 2 do
Ditto, 6 do
Ditto, guarding convention troops.
North Carolina, for 8 months,
South Carolina, for 9 do
Georgia, - - .
January Mth, 1780.
Resolved, That the States furnish by draught, or otherwise, the deficiencies of their respective quotas of eighty
battalions, apportioned by a resolve of Congress of 9th March, 1779.
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from actual returns of the Army, for the
year 1780.
.
-
1,500
-
. - -
3,000
-
- - -
1,000
-
600
-
- - -
1,000
-
.
4,500
-
-
750
Total Conjectural,
12,350
Grand Total,
-
41,584
•
Quotas required.
Furnished.
STATES.
Number
of Batta-
lions of
522 men
each.
Number of
men.
Nimiber of
men.
Militia.
New Hampshire, -------
Massachusetts, ---.-.-.
Rhode Island, - - - -
Connecticut, - ^ . . . .
New York, --------
New Jersey, --------
Pennsylvania, --------
Delaware, --------
Maryland, ----.-..
Virginia, --------
North Carolina, --------
South Carolina, --------
Georgia, --------
3
15
2
8
5
3
11
1
8
11
6
6
1
1,566
7,830
1,044
4,176
2,610
1,566
5,742
522
4,176
5,742
3,132
3,132
522
1,017
4,453
915
3,133
2,179
1,105
3,337
325
2,065
2,486
760
3,436
554
668
162
231
Total,
80
41,760
21,015
5,811
18
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1790.
Total from returns,
Conjectural estimate of Militia employed in addition to the above.
New York, - - 2 months,
Virginia, - - 12 do.
Do. . . 3 do.
Nortli Carolina, average 12 do.
South Carolina, - 4 do.
Do. Do. - - 8 do.
Georgia, . . ..
Conjectural,
GrandTotal,
2,000
1,500
3,000
3,000
5,000
1,000
750
26,826
16,000
42,826
Arrangement 3d October, 1780.
Statement oj the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from actual returns of the Army, for the
year 1781.
Quotas required.
Furnished.
STATES.
Number of
Battalions,
576 men
each.
Number of
men.
Number of
men.
Number of
Militia.
New Hampshire, -....-
Massachusetts, (4 months' men) - . - -
Rhode Island, - - - - . -
Connecticut, (4 months' men) - . . -
New York, -------
New Jersey, -------
Pennsylvania, ------
Delaware, -------
Maryland, - - - - - - . -
Virgraia, -------
North Carolina, --_..-
South Carolina, ------
Georgia, -------
2
11
1
6
3
2
9
1
5
11
4
2
1
1,152
6,366
576
3.456
1,728
1,152
5,184
576
2,880
6,336
2,304
1,152
576
700
3,732
464
2,420
1,178
823
1,346
89
770
1,225
545
1,566
1,501
1,337*
2,894t
Total,
58
33,408
13,292
7,298
Total from returns.
Conjectural estimate of Militia employed in addition to the above.
Virginia, -
North Carolina,
South Carolina,
Georgia,
2,000") ,
3,000 5 +
Total Conjectural,
3,000
750
8,750
.
Grand Total,
29,340
• with General Green. f Before York Town.
t The average number employed during' ten months of the year may be estimated at six thousand.
1790.]
TROOPS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
19
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States,takenfromaclualreturnsof the Army, for the year 1782.
Quota Required.
Furnished.
STATES.
Number of
Battalions,
576 men
each.
Number of
men.
Number of
men.
New Hampshire, . . . - -
Massachusetts, . . - - -
Rhode Island, .-..--
Connecticut, . . - - -
New York, . . - . -
New Jersey, . , -
Pennsylvania, . . - - .
Delaware, - - - - .
Maryland, - - - - -
Virginia, . . - - .
North Carolina, . . - . „
South Carolina,
Georgia, - - - - ■ -
2
11
1
6
3
2
9
1
5
11
4
2
1
1,152
6,336
576
3,456
1,728
1,152
5,184
576
2,880
6,336
2,304
.1,152
576
744
4,423
481
1,732
1,198
660
1,265
164
1,280
1,204
1,105
Total,
58
33,408
14,256
Total, from returns.
Conjectural estimate of Militia, employed in addition to the above.
Virginia,
South Carolina,
Georgia,
Total, conjectural,
Grand total,
- 1,000
for 4 months, 2,000
750
14,256
3,750
18,006
Statement of the Troops furnished by the following States, taken from the actual returns of the Armv for
the year 1783. "' •'
Quotas required.
Furnished.
STATES.
Number
ofBattalions
of 576 men
each.
Number of
men.
Number of
Continental;.
Total number
of Continentals
and MUitia.
New Harapshir^i « - . . -
Massachusetts, -----
Rhode Island, -----
Connecticut, - - - . -
New York, - - - - -
New Jersey, - - - -
Pennsylvania, . - - - -
Delaware, - - - - -
Maryland, - - - -
Virginia, -----
North Carolina, - - - - -
South Carolina, •■ - - - -
Georgia, ------
2
11
1
6
3
2
7
1
5
11
4
2
i
1,152
6,336
576
3,456
1,728
1,152
5,184
576
2,880
6,336
2,304
1,152
576
733
4,370
372
1,740
1,169
676
1,598
235
974
629
697
139
145
Total,
58
33,408
13,476
13,476
N. B. The Army in the Northern Department discharged the 5th November, 1783, and that in the Southern
States, on the 15th November, 1783.
War Office of the United States, May 10, 1790.
H KNOX, Secretary of War.
20 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1790.
2d CoNGRESs.1 No. 4. [1st Session.
COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR.
Fort Washington, September 2i, 1791.
Sir:
I have the honor to enclose to your Excellency the proceedings of the court of inquiry which sat agreeably
to the general order of the 14th instant, " to inquire into the personal conduct of Brigadier General Harmar,
commanding officer on the late expedition against the Miami Indians."
The court have taken the utmost pains to investigate the subjects committed to them, and have expected that
some persons would have attended from Kentucky, on the occasion, as mentioned in your Excellency's letter of the
15th. Finding no personal evidence come forward from that quarter, have this day closed the proceedings, and
present to your Excellency their opinion as specially directed.
There are some depositions handed in, but, as they are not authenticated under the seal of any court of record,
or by the prothonotary of any county, the court conceive they can only subjoin them to the proceedings for informa-
tion to your Excellency, as they have been to the court. They are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.
1 have the honor to be, with great respect, your Excellency's most obedient servant,
RICHARD BUTLER, Major General, President.
His Excellency Major General Arthur St. Clair.
Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry, held at Fort Washington, September I5th, 1791, agreeably to the order of the
\Uh inst. of which the following is a copy:
" A court of inquiry, of which Major General Butler is appointed President, and Lieutenant Colonels Gibson
and Darke, members, will sit to-morrow, 12 o'clock, at the Southeast block-house, Fort "VVashington."
Major General Richard Butler, President.
Lieutenant Colonels George Gibson,! 7 A/ro.«K„..o
William Darke, i ^lembers.
.Sfter orders, September Hth, Head Quarters.
"Lieutenant Warren, of the 2d United States' regiment, is appointed to record the proceedings of the court of
inauiry directed to sit at Fort Washington, by the orders of this day."
W. SARGENT, Mj. General.
The court met, agreeably to the above order, and were duly sworn according to law. The following letter was
read, from his Excellency Major General St. Clair, directed.to Major General Butler, President of the court of
inquiry:
Fort Washington, September 15, 1791.
"The court, of which you are appointed President, is ordered for the purpose of inquiring into the conduct of
Brigadier General Harmar, the commanding officer upon the late expedition against the Miami Indians.
" In the course of your investigations, all the circumstances of the campaign, from the time the army departed until
it returned to Fort Washington, are to be taken into consideration. These will embrace the personal conduct of
the General; the organization of the army; the orders of march, encampment and battle; the motives which influ-
enced the detachments of the Hth, the 19ih, and the 21st of October, and whether the said detachments were duly
supported, and if not, the reasons which prevented the said support. The articles of war specify, that courts oY
inquiry shall not give their opinion on the merits of any case, excepting they shall be specially thereto required.
'This seems to be one of the cases in which an opinion is requisite; you will therefore please, sir, to take the opinion
fif the court on all, and every, of the points above specified, and convey the same to me when the inquiry shall be
cloS6(l .
" Some evidences have been expected from Kentucky; whether they will attend or not, I cannot inform the court;
but the principal officers of the militia who served in the army of General Harmar have had notice that the court
would meet this day. I have heard from none of them, excepting Lieutenant Colonel Trotter, who writes to me
that his attendance is doubtful; that Colonel Hall is gone to the Atlantic States, and he believes Colonel M'Mullen
likewise."
Brigadier General Harmar, being called upon for his evidences, furnished the court with a list of persons, where-
upon The cnurt ordered them to be summoned to attend. The court then adjourned to meet at 3 o'clock P. M.
Three o'clock P. M. — The court met, agreeably to adjournment.
The gentlemen vvlio were summoned, not being ready to give in their evidences, the court adjourned to meet at
9 o'clock to-morrow morning.
September 16th.
The court met, agreeably to adjournment, and Major Ferguson being called in and sworn, deposed as foUoweth:
That, sometime about the 15th July, it was determined to carry on an expedition against the Miami villages. One
thousand militia from Kentucky, and five hundred from Pennsylvania, with what could be collected of the 1st
United States' regiment, and one company of artillery, was to form the army. The militia from Kentucky began
'■ to assemble at Fort Washington about the middle of September; those were very ill equipped, being almost destitute
of camp kettles and axes; nor could a supply of these essential articles be procured. Their arms were, generally,
■ very bad, and unfit for service; that as he was the commanding officer of artillery, they came under his inspection, in
making what repairs the time would permit; and as'a specimen of their badnessj he informed the court, that a rifle
was brought to be repaired without a lock, and another without a stock. That he asked the owners what induced
them to think that those guns could be repaired at that time.' And they gave him for answer, that they were told
m Kentucky that all repairs would be made at Fort Washington. Many of the officers told him, that they had no
idea of there being half the number of bad arms in the whole district of Kentucky, as was then in the hands of their
men. As soon as the principal part of the Kentucky militia arrived, the General began to organize them; in this
he had many difficulties to encounter. Colonel Trotter aspired to the command, although Colonel Hardin
was the eldest officer, and m this he was encouraged both by men and officers, who openly declared, unless
Colonel Trotter commanded them, they would return home. After two or three days the business was settled, and
they vvere formed into three batalions, under the command of Colonel Trotter, and Colonel Hardin had the com-
mand of all the militia. As soon as they were arranged, they were mustered; crossed the Ohio, and, on the 26th,
marched, and encamped about ten miles from Fort Washington. The last of the Pennsylvania militia arrived on
the 25th September. These were equipped nearly as the Kentucky, but were worse armed; several were without
any. The General ordered all the arms in store to be delivered to those who had none, and those whose guns could
1791.] COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 21
not be repaired. Amongst the militia were a great many liardly able to bear arms, such as old, infirm men, and
young boys; they were not such as might be expected from a frontier country, viz. tlie smart active woodsman, well
accustomed to arms, eager and alert to revenge the injuries done tliem and tlieir connexions. No, there were a
great number of them subslif.utes, who probably had never fired a gun. Major Paul, of Pennsylvania, told him, that
many of his men were so awkward, that they could not take their gun-locks oif to oil them, and put them on again, ^
nor could theyput in their flints so as to be useful; and even of such material?, the numbers came far short of what
was ordered, as may be seen by the returns. That, on the 31st September, the General with the continental troops,
marched from Fort Washington, to join Colonel Hardin, vvfho had advanced into the country, for the sake of feed for
the cattle, and to open the road for the artillery. On the 3d October, the whole army joined, and was arranged in
order of march, encampment, and battle; these would appear by the orderly-book, with dtis difterence in the en- '
campment — the space they were to occupy, when in order of battle; which was to be open, was always to be fill-
led up with their fires, nor was any intervals to be left between battalions. This was done to prevent, in some
measure, the cattle and horses from getting out of camp; and the sentinels round camp had orders not to let the
cattle or horses pass out after dark, just before which time they were brought within their fires. Those precautions,
aided by the care and industry of Mr. Wells and his assistants, succeeded well in preventing loss of cattle — he was
informed there were only two oxen lost from the time the whole army took up the line of march, until it returned to
Fort Washington; but he was sorry to say, it was not the case of the pack-horses: the generality of the people em- - '
ployed in that department, were ignorant of their duty, indolent, and inactive; nor was it in the power of the Gen-
eral to remedy these defects. The shortness of the time for assembling and organizing the army put it out of his
power to look about and select fit characters; he was of course obliged to take those that offered. After he was in
the woods it was out of his power to exchange them for better, and punishments for neglect of duty \yas out of the
question. The principles upon which the horses were employed induced the drivers, who were chiefly parties in
the business, to lose and otherwise destroy them, lather than return them to their owners; by this means the pro-
prietors had a high appraisement paid them for their horses, and daily pay for services, until they were lost; by add-
ing to the above the negligence of sentinels, he accounted for the number of horses lost, which, in his opinion, it
was out of General Harmar's power to prevent.
After the army was arranged, they continued their march without any material occurrence, until the 13th, when
the horse fell in with two Indians, and took one of them prisoner, who informed that the Indians wei'e not in force
at the Maumee village. This day they reached a place called the French Store, at which place, a Frenchman, who
was then with the General as a guide, had lived. He informed that the village was about ten leagues distant. From
this place, on the morning of the 14th, Colonel Hardin was detached with six hundred men, to endeavor to surprise
the Miami village; the army moved at the same time, and although it rained the whole day, they continued their
march with diligence until late. The horse were ordered to be tied up this night, to enable the army to move early
the next day, wliich it did. This diligence of the army on its march induced him to believe, the General was en-
deavoring to guard against any disaster that might happen to Colonel Hardin, which he was of opinion would have
been in his power: for Colonel Hardin had not gain.ed more than four miles of the army, on the first day's inarch.
On the 17th, the army arrived at the Miami village; here were evident signs of the eneiny having quitted the place
in the greatest confusion. Indian dogs and cows came into their camp this day, which induced to believe the fami-
lies were not far off. A party of three hundred men, with three days' provision, under the command of Colonel
Trotter, was ordered, as he understood, to examine the country around their camp, but, contrary to the General's or-
ders, returned the same evening- This conduct of the Colonel's did not meet the General's approbation, and Col.
Hardin, anxious for the character of his countrymen, wished to have the command of the same detachment for the
remaining two days, which was given him. This command marched on the morning of the 19th, and was the same
day shamefully defeated. Colonel Hardin told him, that the number which attacked him did not exceed one hun-
dred and fifty, and that, had his people fought, or even made a show of forming to fight, he was certain the Indians
would have run. But on the Indians firing, which was at a great distance, the militia ran, numbers throwing away
their arms, nor could he ever rally them; Major Ray confirmed the same. He did not know what influenced the
detachment on the 21st. But, from the enemy being flushed with success on the 19th, it became necessary, if in his
power, to give them a check, to prevent the army from being harassed on its return; which they might have done,
will readily be granted by every one who has the least knowledge of the Indians, and an army encumbered witii
cattle and packhorses, much worn down; and although the detachment was not so fortunate, as was reasonably to
have been expected, yet he firmly believed it prevented the savages from annoying their rear, as they never made
their appearance after. With respect to supporting that detachment, v\jhich consisted of four hundred chosen troops,
he always believed them superior to one hundred and fifty Indians, which was the greatest number as yet discover-
ed, had it not been for misconduct and disobedience of orders by the officers who were on the command. He under-
stood that Major Ray's battalion had been advanced to cover them, which was as many as could possibly have been
spared, taking into view that those in camp could not be depended on, and many were without arms, having thrown
them away. To support with the whole army, was impracticable; the pack-horses being weak, and greatly reduced
in numbers; the artillery horses very much reduced, and unable to undergo much more fatigue, but at the certain
loss of the artillery; as it was, they were obliged to send to Fort Washington for horses to assist in hauling it in.
The inarch of the army was as regular and well conducted, as was passible to be done with militia. With respect to
the General's conduct, report says, that he was intoxicated all the campaign, and unable to execute the important du-
ties of his station. He had mentioned his commanding the artillery, which was posted at the head of the centre col-
umn, and here the General chiefly was, during the march; of course he had anopportunity of seeing, and being with
him through the day; in the morning he received his orders from him, and when they halted to encamp, he chiefly
pointed out the ground where the artillery should be posted; his duty called him often to his tent, before they
marched in the morning, and after they halted in the evening; in short, had he been given to drunkenness, he had as
good an opportunity of seeing it as any other officer in the army- Yet he declared, that, from their leaving Fort
Washington, until their return, he never sa\y General Harinar intoxicated, or so as to render him unfit for the exe-
cution ot any duties. In him, and his abilities, as an officer, he placed the greatest confidence, never doubting his
orders, but obeying with cheerfulness, being conscious they were the production of experience and sound judgment.
Question by the Court. What were your reasons for thinking punishment for neglect of duty out of the ques-
tion?
Answer. The state of the army being such, that it obliged the General not to do any thing that would tend to
irritate the militia.
Question by the Court. Is it your opinion that the organization of the army was a judicious one — such a one as
was well calculated for the security of the troops?
Answer. It is my opinion that it was the most judicious organization that could be made, and calculated for the
interest of the United States. *
Question by the Court. Is it your opinion that the order of encampment was a judicious one, and that the ex-
treme parts were so disposed as were calculated to give security to the army and its appendages?
Answer. I think no better disposition could have been made.
Question by the Court. Do you think the order of battle calculated so as to have been easy of execution and
easily formed?
Answer. I think it was the best that could have been formed, and well calculated for covering the appendages
of the army.
Question by the Court. Do you know the General's motives for making the detachments of the 14th, 19th, and
21st October?
Answer. I do not know the General's motives for making the detachment of the 14th, but I suppose it was for
the purpose of surprising the Maumee village, as we had taken an Indian the day before, who gave us information
that the Indians were in great confusion there, and that they were not in force, and very much divided in their coun-
sels. We expected to surprise them before they separated.
4 m
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1791.
y
Question by the Court. What were the movements of the army after that detachment was made?
Answer. We continued our march next day, until an express arrived to inform us that the Indians had evacu-
ated the village; when we halted.
Question by the Court. What was the distance between the main body and the detachment?
Answer. About four miles.
Question by the Court. Do you think that the army was within supporting distance when that detachment was
made?
Answer. On the first day we were.
Question by the Court. Do you know what induced the General to make the detachment of the 19th?
Answer. The day preceding that on which the detachment was made, Indian dogs and cattle came into our
camp, which led us to believe the Indians were near us, moie especially as they had left their village in such haste.
I suppose it was for the purpose of examining the country around the camp. A detachment of three hundred men,
/iiider the command of Col. Trotter, with three days' provision, was made on the 18th, with orders to continue out
three days, but which nevertheless returned into camp the same evening. The General appeared displeased at their
disobedience of orders. Col. Hardin, wishing to retrieve the character ot the militia, asked the General's permission
to take out the same detachment on the 19th, which was granted.
Question by the Court. What motives led Col. Hardin at such adistanceas fifteen miles from camp?
Answer- I understood that he got on the trails of the Indians, and that he had discovered an Indian on horse-
back, about one vnilefrom where he fell in with their main body.
Question by the Court. Upon hearing of the defeat of that detachment, did you understand that the General
ordered any support?
Answer. \ don't know that he did; the first intelligence of the defeat was brought us by those who were de-
feated, late in the evening.
Question by the Court. Do you know the motives for the detachment of the 21st, either from the General him-
self, or any of his confidential officers?
/ Answer. I do not know from the General, but it was my opinion, as well as that of other officers, that the de-
/ feat of the 19th had so panic struck the army, that, had the Indians attacked on the retreat, it might have been lost,
which induced the General to send the detachment in the rear.
Question by the Court. Had the General ordered another detachment upon the ground, where the defeat of the
19th happened, do you think the militia would have gone, or would they have mutinied?
Answer. I am rather inclined to think tliey would not have gone.
Question by the Court. With respect to the general conduct of General Harmar in the course of the campaign,
is it your opinion that it was judicious, and in every respect commendable?
Answer. I do think it was perfectly so; I have the greatest confidence in, and good opinion of, his ^military
abilities.
Captain Strong being sworn, deposed: That he knew of no circumstance during the whole campaign that could,
in his opinion, afreet the military character of the General. That the organization of the army appeared, to his
judgment, extremely judicious, and such he believed was the general opinion of the officers. That the order of
march seemed to him no less judicious and military in all its parts; that the order of encampment and battle met, if
he mistook not, wifh the approbation of every officer able to judge of it; that the motives which influenced the detach-
ments of the 14th, 19th, and 21st October, appeared to him to be a question that could only be answered by the Ge-
neral, or perhaps by his confidential officers, or those more immediately attached to his person; that he had reason
to believe, that those detachments were not properly supported, but it was his opinion, at the same time, that the
fault lay not with the General; who had given orders, in each case, that were not complied with, at least until it was
too late.
Question by the Court. With respect to support in the action of the 21st, was there any support ordered that you
Jcnow of?
Answer. I was present when the order ^vas given to Major Ray to move with his battalion to support Major
Wyllys.
Question by the Court. Do you know what distance they marched (or that purpose, or how long they were gone
from the army?
Answer. I do not recollect perfectly how long, but I think it was not long.
Question by General Harmar. Is it your opinion that the making the detachment under Major Wyllys was at-
tended with good consequences to the army, or not?
Answer. I think it was attended with useful consequences to the anny.
The Court then adjourned to 3 o'clock P. M.
Three o'clock P. M. The Court having met, agreeable to adjournment,
'Lieutenant Hartshorn was sworn, and deposed. That he knew of no circumstances, during the whole campaign,
that could in his opinion atfect the military conduct of the General; that the organization of the army appeared to
his judgment extremely judicious, and such, he believed, was the general opinion of the officers; that the order of
march seemed t;) him no less judicious and military in all its parts; that the order of encampment and battle met, if
he mistook not, with the approbation of every officer able to judge of it; that the motives which influenced the detach-
ments of the 14th, 19th, and 21st of October, appeared to him to be a question that could only be answered by the
General, and perhaps by his confidential officers, or those more immediately attached to his person; that as to the
question of support, he liad reason to believe the detachment was not properly supported; but it was his opinion at
the same time, thut the fault lay not with the General, who had given orders, in each case, that were not complied
with, at least until it was too late.
Question by the Court. Do you know, sir, in the course of the campaign, from the time the army left Fort
WaHhingtoi), until its return to that place, any circumstance that could militate against the military character of the
General?
Answer. I know of none.
Question by the Court. Do you know of any unnecessary delays?
Answer. None at all; far froui it, every thing was done to get forward the army.
Question by the Court. Does any instance of inebriety in the General come within your knowledge, during the
course of the campaign?
Answer. I know of none.
Question by the Court. So far as you are a judge of the organization of jthe army, do you think it was proper
and judicious?
Answer. So far as I could judge, I think it was extremely judicious.
Question by the Court. Had you any conversation with the officers of the army on the subject of the organization
of the army?
Answer. I had, and with those who I think were judges, who thought it to be very good.
Question by the Court. Did the arrangement of march appear to be so connected as to be able to support each
other in case of attack?
Answer. I think it did, and seemed no less judicious and military in all its parts.
Question by the Court. Did the extreme parts of the encampment appear to be so formed, as to be competent to
cover the main body of the army in case of attack by the enemy?
Answer. Perfectly so.
Question by the Court. Was you in the first engagement of the army?
Answer. I was in the action of the 19th of October.
Question by the Court. Was you in the detachment of the 14th?
Answer. I was
1791.] COURT OP INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 23
Question by the Court- Did the order of battle on the 19th appear to you to be a judicious one?
Answer. I think it was not a judicious one.
Question by the Court. Who was the officer who commanded the troops in that action?
Answer. Colonel Hardin.
Question by the Court. In what manner did you attack the enemy — was it in columns, or did you display in any
regular order?
Answer. We were attacked in front of columns.
Question by the Court. When you were attacked, were you ordered to display, or form in any regular order?
Answer. No.
Question by the Court. In what manner did you oppose the enemy when you were attacked?
Answer. By endeavoring to form the line to charge them.
Question by the Court. What troops came within your notice that attempted to form when charged?
Answer. Not more than thirty federal troops, and ten militia.
Question by the Court. How many militia had you? /
Answer. 1 don't know.
Question by the Court. What became of the rest of the militia?
Answer. They gave way and ran.
Question. Do you think that, if the militia in that action had been properly formed, and in time, they would
have been sufficient to have beat the enemy?
Answer. They were.
Question by the Court. Do you know the motives for making the detachment on the 14th?
Answer. It was supposed for the purpose of gaining the Maumee village before the Indians left it, as we were
informed they were preparing to leave it.
Question by the Court. Js that your own opinion?
Answer. It is, and was the general opinion in camp.
Question by the Court. What was the result of the action of the 19th — were the continental troops and the
ten militia defeated?
Answer. They were cut to pieces except six or seven.
Question by the Court. Do you know from head quarters, or from any principal officers of the army, what
were the motives for making the detachment of the 19th?
Answer. It was for the purpose of overtaking a party of Indians, whose trails had been discovered.
Question by the Court. Was there any attempt made to support that detachment from the main body?
Answer. Not that I know of.
Question by the Court. What was the distance between tlie main body of the army and the detachment attacked ?
Answer. Fourteen or fifteen miles.
Question by the Court. From the conduct of the militia, do you think that the General had a right to expect
any great support from them, if he had been attacked?
Answer. I don't think he had.
Question by the Court. Was you in the action of the 21st?
Answer. I was not.
Question by the Court. Do you know the motives for making the detachment of the 21st?
Answer. It was for the purpose of seeing if any Indians wer« in the village.
Question by General Harmar. Did you not think the detachment sent back under Major Wyllys competent to
engage any body of the enemy?
Answer. It was sufficient for any body of Indians in that country.
Question by General Harmar. To what cause was it owing, that the detachment did not succeed so perfectly
as I could have wished for?
Answer. Because they did not obey your orders; they did not march at the time they were directed.
Question by General Harmar. Upon the first intelligence do you recollect any support I ordered?
Answer. I recollect you ordered a battalion, I think under Major Ray.
Ensign Morgan being sworn, deposed as followeth: That, as lie did not join the army under the command of
General Harmar until the 13th October, he was unacquainted with its progress until that time, when the army ap-
peared in good order- As he was an ensign, and carried the standard every fourth or fifth day after his joining the
army, he was frequently near the General, and always observed, as far as he could judge, the greatest propriety of
conduct. As to the organization of the army, the order of march, encampment, and battle, they are perfectly ex-
plained in the general orders. As to the motives which influenced the General in sending out the different detach-
ments of the 14th, 19th, and 31st, he was unacquainted — the opinion he took up concerning the one of tlie 14th was,
that the General, finding the army discovered, resolved to make a push for the towns before they were abandoned,
and as he could not do it with his whole army, formed the detachment on the 14th under Colonel Hardin; the mo-
tive for the detachment on the 19th he was utterly unacquainted with, that of the 21st, as he supposed, was to pick
up any straggling Indians who might have come to the towns, to see what they had been about, but without an idea
ot the Indians being in force.
Question by the Court. Do you think that the party of militia that were attached to Major Wyllys' detachment
was sufficient to have defeated the Indians if they had done their duty?
Answer. If they had been together, I think they were.
Question by tlie Court- What time did you return to the army from the action of the 21st?
Answer. About 5 o'clock P. M. The action commenced soon after day-light.
Question by theCourt- Did you see any thing of the detachment under Major Ray, on your return.''
Answer. I saw only a party three miles from camp, under Captain Craig, that were going to our support.
Question by the Court. What was the disposition of the militia after you returned to the army — were they weH
affected to the service and orderly?
Answer. I think they were very disorderly, and very inattentive to their duty, and some appearances of mutiny
among them, with both officers and men; and turned out, upon one occasion particularly, to oppose a punishment that
had been ordered by the General.
Question by the.Court. Do you remember any thing of General Harniar's ordering his cannon to fire upon them?
Answer. 1 remember that General Harmar once said, that if the militia behaved again in so scandalous a man-
ner, that he would order his cannon to fire on them.
Ensign Britt being sworn, deposed : That with respect to the personal conduct of General Harmar, he knew that
he was indefatigable in making arrangements for the execution of the plans which had been formed for tlie expedition;
and he also knew that the difficulties were great which the General had to encounter in organizing the militia, and
in endeavoring to establish that harmony, which was wanting in their commanding officers. Colonels Hardin and
Trotter, which he accomplished apparently to their satisfaction; that he was at au times diligent in attending to
the conduct of the officers in the difterent departments of the army, and that he was always ready to attend to such
occurrences as were consequent to the same, and the necessary exertions to have his orders carried into execution
were not wanting; butthat there were great deficiencies on the part of the militia, either owing to the want of author-
ity in some of their officers, or from their ignorance or inattention; that the generality of them scarcely deserved the n
name of any thing like soldiers; that they were mostly substitutes for others, who had nothing to stimulate them to )
do their duty; that as to the dispositions for the order of march, form of encampment, and order of battle, they were I
matters which he, being a young officer, could say little about; he presumed they would answer for themselves; that
the General's motives for detaching Colonel Hardin on the 14th October, when they were told they were but ten
leagues from the Indian towns, he supposed to be, from information they received by a prisoner who was taken on the
13th, that the Indians at the Maumee village were in great consternation and confusion; and the prospects were, they
24 . MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1791.
might be easily defeated if found in that situation; that in order to support this detachment, the horses of the army
were ordered to be tied up at night, so that the whole army might be ready to march early in the morning, which was
done accordingly; and that when Colonel Hardin reached the village, the main body was not more than five or six
miles in his rear; that the detachment under Colonel Trotter was ordered to leconnoitre for threedays the neighbor-
- hood, to endeavor to find out the savages, who had fled from their towns; that this party returned the evening of
the same day they started, and next morning Colonel Hardin marched with the same party, and fell in with the Tin •
dians; that an engagement ensued, in which he was routed owingto the cowardly behavior of the militia underhis
command; that the motives which he conceived led to detaching tlie party under Major Wyllys on the 21st were,
that the Indians iiaving avoided engaging the whole army, would collect at their towns, and harass the rear and
flanks, as much as possible on its return, and a stroke at them before they could assemble in large bodies would
prevent tiieir doing it with much effect; that the party accordingly met with the Indians, and a battle followed, in
which numbers were killed on both sides; that the moment the news of this arrived in camp. Major Ray, with his bat-
talion of Kentucky militia, was ordered to march to the support of Major Wyllys, but that he did not proceed far
before he returned.
Question by the Court. Did you at any time, in the course of the campaign, perceive that General Harmar was
intoxicated?
Answer. .1 did not; I lived in the General's family, and should have known it had any thing of that kind hap-
pened.
Doctor Allison being sworn, deposed: That the organization of the army, the orders of march, encampment,
and battle, were ijuestions whicii would be more amply answered by a reference to the orderly book, than they
could be fiDui the mere relation of an individual, or from any other official information; that, as to the motives
which influenced the detachments of the 14th, 19th, and 21st October, those were questions which, if answered at
all, must be merely speculative opinions, which it was not always prudent to divulge, nor would they, in his judg-
Tnent, be admitted as evidence, or even perused by any tribunal, and therefore were nugatory; and, as he had not
the honor of iaeing in the cabinet, it was utterly out of his power to give any other; that, as soon as the news arrived
of the misfortune of the third detachment, a reinforcement was immediately ordered by the General, but whether
it actually set out, or what induced it to return, he could not say, or whether sufficiently strong, he did not conceive
himself a judge. His situation, as surgeon, prevented a minute attention to every, or, indeed, any of the arrange-
ments of the army; yet, as far as they came within his view, or knowledge, they were judicious and uniform; that
every attention was paid to the army by the General, in every situation; that every step was taken by him that
prudence and military knowledge could suggest, the circumstances of the army would permit, or that necessity
required.
Lieutenant Denny, being sworn, deposed: That General Harmar began his preparations for the campaign soon
after the 15th July, and that every day was employed in the most industrious manner; that the calculations for pro-
visions, horses, and stores, were immediately maile out, and orders given accordingly; that great exertions were
used by Captain Ferguson to get in readiness the artillery and military stores, and, indeed, every officer was busily
engaged, under the eye of the General, in fitting out necessary matter for the expedition, but particularly the quar-
termaster; not a moment's time appeared to be lost. Fifteenth and 16th September the Kentucky militia arrived.
/ but instead of seeing active riflemen, sucii as is supposed to inhabit the frontiers, they saw a parcel of men, young
/ in the country, and totally unexperienced in the business they came upon, so much so, that many of them did not
I even know how to keep their arms in firing order; indeed, their whole object seemed to be nothing more than to see
\ the country, without rendering any service whatever. A great many of their guns wanted repairs, and, as they
could not put them in order, our artificers were obliged to be employed; a considerable number carne without any
guns at all. Kentucky seemed as if she wished to comply with the requisitions of Government as ineffectually as
possible; for it was evident that about two-thirds of the men served only to swell their numbers. Nineteenth Sep-
tember, a small detachment of Pennsylvania militia arrived, and the 25th of September, Major Doughty, with two
companies of federal troops, joined them from Muskingum. Governor St. Clair had arrived from New York the
- 22cl, and the remains of the Pennsylvania militia came on the 25th. The militia, last mentioned, were similar to
the other, too many subsliMes. The General lost no time in organizing them, though he met with many difficul-
ties. The colonels were disputing for the command, and the one most popular was least entitled to it. The Gene-
ral's design was to reconcile all parties, which he accomplished, after much trouble. The Kentuckians composed
tiiree battalions, under the Majors Hall, M'Mullen and Ray, wth Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Trotter at
their head. The Pennsylvanians were formed into one battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Trubley and Major
Paul, the whole to be commanded by Colonel John Hardin, subject to the orders of General Harmar; that, on the
2Gth September, the militia marched on the route towards the Indian towns. The 30th, the General having got
forward all the supplies that he expected, he moved out with the federal troops, formed into two small battalions,
under the immediate command of Major Wyllys and Major Doughty, together with Captain Ferguson's company
of artillery, and three pieces of ordnance. On the 3d of October, General Harmar joined the advanced troops earl>;
in the morning; the remaining part of the day was spent in forming the line of march, the order of encampment and
battle, and explaining the same to the militia field officers. General Harmar's orders will show the several forma-
tions. On the 4th the army took up the order of march as is described in the orders. On the 5th a reinforcement of
horsemen and mounted infantry joined from Kentucky. The dragoons were formed into two troops; the mounted
riflemen made a company, and this smallj battalion of light troops were put under the command of Major Fontaine.
■ The whole of General Harmar's command then maybe stated thus:
3 battalions of Kentucky militia, ^
1 do. Pennsylvania do. > 1133
1 do. Light troops mounted do. j
2 do. Federal troops, - - 320
Total, 1453
The line of march was certainly one of the best that could be adopted, and great attention was paid to keep the
officers with their commands in proper order, and the pack-horses, &c. as compact as possible. The order of en-
campment appeared to be well calculated not only for defence, but to preserve tiie horses and cattle from being
lost; however, notwitiistanding every precaution was taken, and repeated orders given to tiie horse-masters, to hop"
pie well their horses, and directions to the officers and men not to suffer any to pass through-the lines, many of
them, owing to tiie carelessness of the militia, and the scarcity of food, (though great attention was paid in the choice
of ground) broke loose and strayed through the lines after night, and even passed the chain of sentries whicli encir-
cled the camp, and were lost. Patrols of horsemen were ordered out every morning by day-light, to scour the
neighboring woods, and to bring in any horses that might have broke through the lines; and a standing order directed
the pickets to turn out small parties, and drive in every horse. This was done, he believed, to expedite the move-
ment of the army. There was no less attention paid to securing the cattle every evening when the army halted; the
guard, which was composed of a commissioned officer and thirty or thirty-five men, built a yard always within the
chain of sentries, and sometimes in the square of encampment, and placed a sufficient number of sentries round the
enclosure, which effectually preserved them; there was not more than two or tiiree head lost during the whole of the
campaign. On the 13th of October, early in the morning, a patrol of horsemen captured a Shawanee Indian. On
the 14th October, Colonel Hardin was detached with 600 light troops, to push for the Miami village; he believed
that this detachment was sent forward in consequence of the intelligence gained of the Shawanee prisoner, which
was, that the Indians were clearing out as fast as possible, and that if they did not make more haste, the towns
would he evacuated before their arrival. As it was impossible for the main body of the army, with all their train,
to hasten their march muchj the General thought proper to send on Colonel Hardin, in hopes of taking a few, before
they would all get off. This night the horses were ail ordered to be tied up, that the army might start by day-light,
on purpose to keep as near Colonel Hardin as possible; the distance to the Indian towns, w-hen the detachment
1791.] COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 25
marched ahead, was about thirty-five miles. On the 1 5th, every exertion was used to get forward the main body
this day; they found that tlie advanced party had gained but very few miles. On the 16th, in the evening, met an
express from Colonel Hardin, who had got into the village, informing the General that the enemy had abandoned
everyplace. On the 17th, about noon, the army arrived at the Omee towns; on the 18th, Colonel Trotter was
ordered out with three hundred men, militia and regulars, to reconnoitre the country, and to endeavor to make
some discoveries of the enemy. He marched but a few miles, when his advanced horsemen came upon two Indians
and killed thein. The colonel was contented with this victory, and returned to camp. Colonel Hardin was dis-
pleased because Colonel Trotter did not execute his orders, and requested the General to give him the command of
the party; it was granted; and, accordingly, Hardin marched next morning; but, he believed he had not two thirds
of his number when two miles from camp: for, to his certain knowledge, many of the militia left him on the march,
and returned to their companies. Whether he knew it or not, he could not tell; but that he proceeded on with a
determination to trace some fresh signs of the enemy. He believed the plan was merely to gain some knowledge
of the savages. He at length came upon a party not exceeding one hundred, but was worsted, owing entirely, as
he was informed, to the scandalous behavior of the militia, many of whom never fired a shot, but ran oft' at the first
noise of the Indians, and left the few regulars to be sacrificed; some of them never halted until they crossed the
Ohio. The army, in the mean time, was employed burning and destroying the houses and corn, shitting their po-
sition from one town to another; that, on the 2lst of October, the army having burned five villages, besides the capi-
tal town, and consumed or destroyed near twenty thousand bushels of corn in ears, took up the line of march on
the route back to Fort Washington, and encamped about eight miles from the ruins; that, about nine o'clock, P. M.
the General ordered out four hundred choice men, militia and regulars, under the command of Major Wyllys, to
return to the towns, intending to surprise any parties that might be assembled there, supposing that the Indians
would collect to see how things were left. The General had feft the enemy, knew their strength, and calculated
much upon the success of this enterprise; that it was the general opinion the force of the savages was nothing equal
to this detachment, and unless by some such means, there was no possibility of getting any advantage of them; how-
ever, the best laid plan was in some measure defeated by the disobedience of the militia, who ran in pursuit of
small parties, and left Major Wyllys unsupported. The consequence was, that the Major, with most part of the
regulars, were killed; and our loss was equal, if not greater, than the savages; that the intention of this detachment
was evident to all the army, and would have answered the fullest expectations, provided a due obedience had been
observed on the part of the militia — to provide against disobedience of orders was what, he believed, no one wimld
think of, and had it not been the case, the Major, in his opinion, might have returned crowned with laurels. That
the main body waited for the return of this detachment, but, to their mortification, about eleven o'clock, A. M. of
the 22d, a fellow who ran back from the field, gave them information of Major Wyllys' misfortune. Geneial Har-
mar immediately despatched Major Ray, with his battalion, to the assistance of the parties, but the Major did not
get the length, before he met Colonel Hardin returning to camp with his wounded. He was led to believe that about
this time, the General lost the confidence he had in the militia; those of them among the dead, were of the best men;
that the effective strength was very much reduced by sickness and otherwise; tlie regular troops did not furnish
more than two hundred; they were, in his opinion, very insufficient, and he was also clearly olF opinion that, had
the enemy made an attack upon their camp that evening, or the morning following, the militia were so panic struck,
that very few of them would have stood; the consequences that would have happened, stared every person with hor-
ror; the sick and wounded, and all the stores, artillery, &c. would have fallen a prey to the savages. That this
was also the opinion of several of the principal officers, who advised General Harmar of the danger of attempting to
return to the towns, from the time it would take up, and the probability that the delay would give the savages time
to collect from distant quarters. He observed that the22d October was employed in fixing biers for the wounded,
and in making repairs. He also observed that the frost had destroyed the food early on their march out, and that
the horses of the army were now become very much reduced, so much so, that it was utterly impossible for the main
body to perform any thing rapidly, and to get back upon the road which thsy had so lately passed, was attended
with difficulty; he said that the greatest attention was paid, the little army was kept compact, and vigilance was
the word from all who had any reputation to lose. That the militia, on their return, began to be refractory, showing
great signs of a revolt, discharging their pieces in open defiance of the general orders; some of them, however, were
detected and punished, which gave umbrage, and was afterwards the cause of many illnatured reports, spread with-
out any foundation, to injure the General's reputation. He further observed that the army returned, by slow march-
es, back to fort Washington; that General Harmar's conduct during the campaign was observed to be sober, steady,
and attentive to the service, and as his duty required him to be frequently near the General, should certainly have
discovered it, had he been at any time intoxicated, as has been reported. Every evening, as duly as the army halt-
ed, the General made his remarks for that day, and issued orders for the movement and arrangements for the next;
and every morning he was found among the first prepared for the field.
The court adjourned to to-morrow morning, 9 o'clock.
. September 10th, 9 o'clock, A. M. The court met, agreeably to adjournment, and again adjourned to Septem-
ber 19th, at 3 o'clock, P. M.
Seftember 19th, three o'clock p. m.
The court having met again, adjourned to to-morrow morning, 9 o'clock.
September 20th.
The court having met, according to adjournment, ;
Major Zeigler, being sworn, deposed: That some time had elapsed before the different corps and battalions could
be organized, on account of rank — the militia officers disputing for the command; and, after a good deal of exertion
by General Harmar, they commenced their march on the 30th September, 1790, the militia, under Colonel Har-
din, having been sent on a few days before; and, on the 3d October, they joined the militia, and took up their line of
march, and encamped as mentioned in the General's orders. He observed that the orders of march and encamp-
ment, motions, &c. &c. were such as would have done honor to the first officers either in America or Europe. All
necessary precautions were observed, to gain the point General Harmar set out for. On the 14th of October he was
ordered to advance with Colonel Hardin, commanding fifty rank and file of the federal troops, being part of six- hun-
dred men; at ten o'clock they took up their march, and, before they left the ground, the rest of the army was or-
dered to parade and follow them, which he remembered to have seen the army from an eminence, as he inclined to-
wards the left with the column to which he was attached. The fifteenth, about three o'clock, P. M. they arrived at
the Miami villages, and, at the same time, Colonel Hardin sent an express to General Harmar, to inform him that
the villages were evacuated. It was his opinion that the motives for this Tnanoeuvre was in consequence of a Shawa-
nese which they took a few days before, and who acquainted the General that the Indians were ready to move away.
The army arrived the seventeenth, in the forenoon; and that day, as well as the rest, they were all busy in destroy-
ing the Indian corn, &c. &c. He further observed, that, on the eighteenth, Colonel Trotter was detached with three
hundred men of militia, including thirty federal troops, but that the Colonel returned the same day without bringing
any information, and that, on the morning following. Colonel Hardin took command of the same party and advanc-
ed, to procure some knowledge of the enemy, and on his discovering the enemy, those which were in the rear would
not come up and support those engaged in front, and very few of those in front stopped, but ran, and the militia fled
in a shameful manner, and the few federal troops, not supported, fell a sacrifice; the Major said, that a sergeant of
militia, behaving very improper at that time, could not be brought to trial, on account of a brother pf his being a cap-
tain, and who made parties that would have been attended vntn bad consequences, should he be punished, as his bro-
ther declared he would raise some men, and bid defiance. That, on the 21st of October, 1790, after they had de-
stroyed a great quantity of corn and five or six villages, they took up tiieir line of march towards Fort Washington,
and at night Major Wyllys was detached with four nundred choice men, in hopes to surprise a body that might be
at the ruins — this party was supposed to be sufl&ciently strong for any number of the enemy embodied. Major Wyl-
lys marched in three columns, with intention to join with the right and left columns at the Miami village, but that
26 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1791.
' the column under the command of Major M'Mullen fell iu with a small party of Indians; they followed them, and
disobeyed the orders of Major Wyllys, in pursuing them, and leaving the others unsupported, and so was the lelt
wing, which wouM not have been if they had joined them, as he supposed it to be sufficiently stipng for that party.
He also remembered very well being oii picket, or commanding one of the wings as Captain au Cawe, when the first
men arrived with tlie intelligence that their party had gained ground, and, at that very instant. General Harmar order-
ed Major Ray with his battalion to the assistance of those engaged, lest that information should not prove true, but
he went but two miles or two and a half, then meeting the scattered detachment, returned, to the great surpriseof Ge-
neral Harmar; that the success of the detachment was defeated in a great measure by the militia running a-head,''and
leaving Major Wyllys unsupported. The army remained this day in dressing and fixing the wounded — the militia
■y behaving so bad in several instances, destroyed every confidence the General had in them, otherwise he would have
returned with the army; but as things were situated, it would have been running too great a hazard. The army re-
turned back to Fort Washington; nothing appeared wanting on the part of the General; every attention was paid to
the army to guard against surprise. The Major observed that there had been very injurious reports spread about
General Harmar, but, if he was to be credited, he knew of nothing that could be alleged against him, or could th.xt
possibly injure his reputation in any respect — the good of the service appeared to be his constant study.
Question by the Court. I think, sir, you said, that,;,on the fifteenth, at three o'clock, P. M. you arrived at the
Miami village. What did you do after your arrival there — were the militia in good order?
Answer. Wlien we arrived we were very much fatigued; having marched twenty-eight miles that day, I direct-
ed that my own men should not go thirty yards from camp. The militia, like a rabble, strolled into the neighboring
villages, in parties of thirty or forty, after plunder — such was the situation that one hundred and fifty warriors might
have beat us off the ground.
Question by the Court. Did you see any desire in the militia to return to the ground where Major Wyllys was
defeated, or do you suppose they would have gone had they been ordered to go.?
Answer. I suppose they would not have gone — they appeared to be panic struck.
Question by tiie Court. Are you of opinion that the personal conduct of the'General was regular, steady, and
tended to the good of the service?
Answer. Undoubtedly so, and very much to the credit of the General. -
Question by the Court. From your long knowledge of service, do you think that, from the complexion of the
troops General Harmar had to organize, that the formation of the army was judicious?
Answer. I think it was.
Question. Do you think that the order of march, and encampment, was calculated to secure every part of the
army and its appendages?
Answer. Yes, very much so.
Question by the Court. From your experience, do you think that the order of battle directed by General Har-
mar was judicious?
Answer. Yes, perfectly so-
Captain Doyle, being sworn, deposed: That, previous to the campaign going out last fall, every day was employ-
ed in the most industrious manner; on the arrival of the Kentucky militia, tney were all much disappointed, that,
instead of seeing complete riflemen, many were armed with old muskets, much out of repair; the General immedi-
ately ordered them repaired with all expedition. He referred the court, as to the line of march, to the General's
orderly book, and informed the court, that the personal conduct of the General, through the campaign, was uniform
and steady, and that, had the General's orders been strictly obeyed, he was confident he must have come home with
honor. As to what influenced the General to make detachments he could not say; he was in the detachment of
the 14th October, and that the behaviour of the militia in that detachment was very disgraceful; they ran from town
to town in pursuit of plunder, contraiy to orders, and, on the arrival of General Harmar at the town, two-thirds of
them dispersed in the same manner. The General ordered cannon to be fired, merely to collect them, and he at the
same time harangued the officers, informing them of the ill consequences of such conduct. That the General's not
/ returning to the village, after the ill-success of the last detachment, he believed, was owing to his not having confi-
/ dence in his army. At that time there was afgreat rumor in camp; the general voice was for returning; their horses
/ were much worn down; and the militia showed great signs of revolt The reports that the militia circulated after
I their return home, and which was much to the prejudice of General Harmar, was, he believed, owing to the General's
having a few of them punished for disobedience of orders; he thought it certain that they had no grounds for their ill5
natured reports, and that General Harmarwould have been justifiable in arresting one or twoof the most popular field
officers, and sending them home with disgrace — but a thing of that kind he observed would have broke up the army.
He knew of no part of the General's conduct, during the whole of the campaign, that could be censured, without
it was showing too much lenity to the militia, and thanking them for their conduct, when they merited punishment.
Question by the Court. Do you think that the sending the detachment under Major Wyllys tended eventually
to the preservation of the army?
Answer. I think the Indians would have harassed us very much, on our return, if that detachment had not
been made. '
Question by General Harmar. Did the enemy annoy the army at all after that detachment was made?
• Answer. No, they did not.
Question by General Harmar. Did we see any Indians afterwards?
Answer. We did not.
Lietenant Sedam, being sworn, deposed: That he had the honor of serving under General Harmar, last fall, on
a campaign against the Indians of the Maumee village, and that he saw nothing in his conduct but what he thought
was very proper; that, relative to the organization of the army, he was but little acquainted, and therefore referied the
court to tlie General's orderly book; that he was entirely unacquainted with General Harmar's motives for sending
out the different detachments, and if those detachments were not properly supported, it did not appear to him to
be the fault of the General, for the militia were a poor set, and behaved very ill upon all occasions; that after the
first action, he heard Major Paul of the Pennsylvania militia say; he hoped General Harmar would not put any
confidence in them, for he was sure they would not fight.
Question by General Harmar. When I. was upon the return at Chillicothe, I ordered one of the militia to be
whipped; I was informed that Colonel Trotter and Major M'Mullen said I had no right to punish them; did you
hear me reprimand them for that conduct?
Answer. After the man was punished, I heard you say to Colonel Trotter and Major M'Mullen, that you would
send them both home with disgrace, for their bad conduct.
Ensign Armstrong, being sworn, deposed as follows: That the militia being ordered into battalions and organiz-
ed, in which he knew the General met with great difficulty; that the order of march and encampment could be better
ascertained by a reference to the orderly book, than any thing he could add on the subject; that the conduct of the
militia, in every instance, seemed calculated to obstruct every measure adopted by General Harmar; that the con-
duct of the General, in every particular, was perfectly consistent and uniform, and every step taken by him appear-
ed to be the dictates of prudence and sobriety; that what induced the General to send out the detachments was
wholly unknown to him. and, therefore, unanswerable by him.
Captain Armstrong, being sworn, deposed: That on report being made to General Harmar, by Major M'Mullen
and others, that the tracks of women and children had been seen on the route leading towards the Kickapoo towns.
a Northwest course, and supposing the enemy had left their families and baggage not far distant from camp. General
Harmar, on the morning of October 18th, detached Colonel Trotter, Colonel Hall, Major Ray, arid Major M^Mul-
len, with thirty federal troops, the mounted infantry, part of the cavalry, and a detachment of militia, amounting in
the whole to 300 men. After they had proceeded about one mile, the cavalry gave chace to an Indian, who was
mounted; him they overtook and killed; before they returned to the column, a second one appeared, on which the
four field officers left their commands, and pursued, leaving the troops near half an hour without any directions
ion.] COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 27
whatever. The cavalry came across the second Indian, and after wounding one of their party, killed him also.
When the infantry came up to this place, they immediately fell into confusion, which he gained permission to leave
them some distance on the road, where lie formed an ambuscade. After he had been some time at his station, a
fellow on horseback came to him, who had lost the party in pursuit of the first Indianj he was much frightened, and
said he had been pursued by fifty mounted Indians. That on his telling this story to Colonel Trotter, notwithstanding
his observations to him, he changed his route, marched in various directions until night, when he returned to camp.
That on their arrival in camp, General Harmar sent for him; and after answering him many questions, ordered one
subaltern and twenty militia to join his command. With those he crossed the river St. Joseph about ten at night,
and with a guide proceeded to an Indian town, about two miles distant, where he continued with his party until the
morning of the 19th. His party fired upon an Indian and retook from him two horses. About nine o'clock he joined
the remainder of the detachment under Colonel Hardin. They marched on the route Colonel Trotter had pursued
the day before, and after passing a morass about five miles distant, they came to where the enemy had encamped
the day before. Here they macle a short halt, and the commanding officer disposed of the parties at a distance from
each other; aftera halt of half an hour, they were ordered. to move on, and Captain Faulkner's company was left on
the ground: the Colonel having neglected giving him orders to move on. After they had proceeded about three
miles, they fell in with two Indians on foot, who threw off" their packs, and the brush being (hick, made their escape.
He then asked Colonel Hardin where Captain Faulkner was? He said he was lost, and then sent Major Fontaine
with part of the cavalry in search of him, and moved on with the remainder of the troops. That some time after, he
informed Colonel Hardin a gun had fired in their front, which might be considered as an alarm gun, and that he saw
where a horse had come down the road, and returned again; but the Colonel still moved on, giving no orders, nor
making any arrangements for an attack. That some time after, he discovered the enemy's tires at a distance, and
informed the Colonel, who replied, that they would not fight, and rode in front of the advance, until fired on from
behind the fires; when he, the Colonel, retreated, and with him all the militia except nine, who continued with him,
and were instantly killed, with twenty-fourof the federal troops; that seeing his last man fall, and being surrounded
"by the savages, he threw himself into a thicket, and remained there three hours in day-light; during that time he had an
opportunity of seeing the enemy pass and re-pass, and conceived their numbersdid not amount to one hundred men:
that some were mounted, others armed with rifles, and the advance with tomahawks only; lie was of opinion that
had Colonel Trotter proceeded, on the I8th, agreeably to his orders, having killed the enemy's sentinels, they would
have surprised their camp and with ease defeated them — or had Colonel Hardin arranged his troops, or made any
military disposition, on the 19th, that they would have gained a victoiy. Tlieir defeat he therefore ascribed to
two causes; the un-offjcerlike conduct of Colonel Hardin, (who he believed was a brave man) and the cowardly
behavior of the militia; many of them threw down their arms loaded, and he believed that none, except the party
under his command, fired a gun. What he saw of the conduct of the militia on that day, and what he felt by being
under the command of a man who wanted military talents, has caused him to determine, that he would not willingly
fight with the one, or be commanded by the other. That he referred the court to the orderly book, which pointed
out the line of march, encampment, and battle.
Question by the Court. Are you clearly of opinion that, if the militia had done their duty, they were fully
competent to have defeated the Indians.''
Answer. I think they were fully so.
Question by the Court. According to your ideas, as an officer of experience, was the formation and arrange-
ment of the different corps of the army by General Harmar, at the commencement of the expedition, judicious?
Answer. I think they were.
Question by the Court. Did the line of march appear to you to be a judicious one, calculated for the protection
of the army in all its parts?
Answer. I think so.
Question by the Court. Do you think the mode of encampment was calculated both for defence and protec-
tion?
Answer. As much so as any one that could possibly be adopted.
Question by the Court What was your opinion of the General's order of battle?
Answer. [ think it was a judicious one.
Question by the Court. Do you think that the making the detachment of the 21st was in its consequences useful
to the return of the army?
Answer. I can judge from circumstances only; that we were not harassed by the enemy afterwards.
Question by the Court. Do you know if any detachment was made for the purpose of supporting Major
Wyllys?
Answer. As soon as information of the Major's misfortune arrived in camp, the General ordered all the troops
under arms, but whether any detachment was made from them or not, I don't know.
Question by the Court. Do you suppose that if General Harmar had ordered the army back, the militia would
have gone?
Answer. I am of opinion that, if a serious attack had been made, in fifteen minutes the militia would have
deserted us, and left the federal troops and artillery to be sacrificed.
Question by General Harmar. Do you recollect the proceedings of (he militia at Chillicothe, on our return?
Answer. I recollect your saying to Colonel Trotter and Major'M'Mullen, that you would post them, in their
country, for their un-soldier-like conduct, and that they ought to be hanged.
Ensign Shamburgh being sworn, deposed: That the organization of the army under General Harmar was, as far
as he was capable ot judging in military affairs, exceedingly well; that the march, encampment, and order of battle,
were also, in his opinion, very well planned; that he was not capable of judging of the motives which influenced the
detachments of the 14th, 19th, and 21st October, but it was his opinion, at that time, that the General was apprehen-
sive, that, as the savages had been successful in the preceding engagements, they would harass his army on his
return; in consequencethereof he ordered the party commanded by Major Wyllys in order to check them, which
he believed had its effect; he recollected that the different detachments sent out were numerous, and he believed
auflScient to fight such number of Indians as were then together, if the commanding oificers thereof had taken more
precaution. He had been told at the time, that Major Ray was ordered to support Major Wyllys, but he could not
determine whether that officer had obeyed his orders. He observed that the loss of so many pack-horses was
owing to the neglect of horse-masters; notwithstanding the repeated orders of the General on that head, it appeared
to him as if they were parties concerned, and glad to lose their horses, because they had a very great appraisement
for the same. He observed that he did duty in the ordnance department at that time, and had fiity pack-horses under
his direction, which gave him an opportunity to know the negligence andincapacity of both horse-masters and drivers.
Question bi' General Harmar. Do you think after the last deia.chment was made under Major Wyllys, and
the remains of his party returned to camp, that the militia would liave gone back if they had been ordered?
Answer. I think not.
Question by the Court. Was the appearance of the militia, after the action of the 21st, orderly or disorderly?
Answer. Very disorderly.
Question by the Court. Was there any particular cause ascribed that you heard of for their disorderly con-
duct?
Answer. Not that I know of; the militia, both officers and men, seemed determined to go home, and said frequent-
ly, that ten federal regiments should not keep them.
Question by the Court. Did you observe whether the militia were as well treated as the federal troops?
Answer. Perfectly the same.
Ensign Gaines (who was captain of horse in General Harinar's expedition) being sworn, deposed : That, on the
expedition, he was almost every evening at General Harmar's tent until the 24th October, when he was detached tor-
wards to Fort Washington, and that, during the whole time, he did not see General Harmar in the least intoxicated
28 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [179^
with liquor, but that on the contrary the General conducted the armjr in a manner which in his estimation did him
great honor. He further observed, that he had served on a number ot' expeditions against the savages, undertaken
by the militia of Kentucky, and that he never saw in any of them, the like good order and military arrangement
which accompanied General Harmar's expedition; he also observed that the people in Kentucky never alleged
any charge against General Harmar, until Colonel John Hardin had acquitted liiinself, before a board of inquiry,
of several charges exhibited against him, respecting his conduct on that expedition; tiiat the populace finding
nothing they could say to the prejudice of the Colonel would be believed, levelled their malice at General Harmar.
He did not conceive that any thing would have been said against the General in that country, if a Baptist preacher's
son, who resides there, had not been whipped in the army tor disobedience of ordeis.
Question by the Court. I think you say you have been in several expeditions against the Indians — did the militia
who were with General Harmar conduct better, or worse, than those in other expeditions?
Answer. Much better, Sir.
Question by the Court. Was you in the action of the 19th?
Answer. I was.
Question by the Court. Is it your opinion that if the militia had been properly arranged in that action, and
would have fought, that they would have been sufficient to have defeated the Indians?
Answer. Yes: for it appeared to me that the Indians were surprised — that if Colonel Trotter on the preceding
day had not returned, he most certainly must have been in their camp, and completely defeated them: for I had taken
two of their spies the day before, which appeared to be the only two they had out.
Question by the Court. Do you think that if General Harmar had ordered the army back, after the action of the
21st, that the militia would have gone?
Answer- They would not have gone willingly. I think in that case there would have been danger of mutiny.
When the militia of Major Wyllys' detachment were ordered to march, they appeared to be unwilling to go, and
some were so much so, as to cry.
Question by the Court. Is it your opinion that the movement of the detachment under Major Wyllys, had a
good eflFect In securing the army from being attacked and harassed on its return?
Answer. I think it had a very good effect.
Question by the Court. Did the Indians ever attack you afterwards?
Answer- Not while I continued with the army.
Captain Asheton being sworn, deposed : That the organization of General Harmar's army was a source of trouble
and difficulty, arising from disputes among the militia officers for precedency; but when effected, was, in all its
parts, systematical; that the organization of the army, the order of march, encampment, and battle, when duly-
considered, cannot fail to raise the General in the estimation of every military man ; that it had been basely reported,
that the General was in a state of intoxication nearly the whole ot the campaign. This, he asserted tu be a mali-
cious falsehood; and he averred, that his personal conduct, during that time, will ever do him honor. He said, the
motives which influenced the detachments of the 14th, 19th, and -2 1st of October, could only be accounted for by
the General himself; but he supposed, that the detachment under Col. Hardin, was sent in consequence of informa-
tion gained from a prisoner taken on the morning of the 13th, and from a Frenchman employed as a guide, who re
ported, that it was something more than half a day's ride from a place called the French Store (at which place the
army encamped the night of the 13th) to the Maumee villages. This detachment was supported by the whole army,
and moved off the ground at the same time, with as much rapidity as possible, and arrived at the villages on the 17th.
where the army encamped. On the morning of the 18th, I mounted guard in front of the encampment. In the
course of that day, I was informed that a detachment of 300 men was ordered out under Colonel Trotter, with three
days' provision, with orders to scour the country; but they returned the same evening to camp, without effecting any
thing. Colonel Hardin, disgusted at the conduct of Colonel Trotter, and anxious to retrieve the lost honor of his
countrymen, solicited the same command, which was granted. He marched on the morning of the 19th, while he
was yet on guard, and was defeated the same day by the Indians. He could not say what influenced the General
to send out a detachment on the 21st; but he observed that the Indians were flushed with success in the action of the
19th. That it had become necessary to give them a sudden check, in order to prevent the army from being harassed
on its return; and that, if this was the General's intention, he was fully persuaded it had its desired effect. On the
21st, the army marched eight miles from the Maumee villages on its return. Late that night, a corps of 340 militia,
and sixty of the federal troops, under the command of Major Wyllys, were detached, that they might gain the vi-
cinity of the Maumee villages before the morning, and surprise any Indians who might be found there. The de-
tachment marched in three columns, the federal troops in the centre, at the head of which he was posted, with
Major Wyllys and Colonel Hardin in iiis front — the militia formed the columns to tiie right and left. From several
delays, occasioned by the militia's halting, they did not reach the banks of the Omee till some time after sun-rise.
The spies then discovered the enemy, and reported to Major Wyllys, who halted the federal troops, and moved
the militia on some distance in front, where he gave his orders and plan of attack to the several commanding officers
of corps. Those orders were not communicated to him. That Major Wyllys reserved the command of the federal
troops to himself. Major Hall, with his battalion, was directed to take a circuitous route round the bend of the
Omee river, cross the Pickaway Fort, (or St. Mary's) which brouglit him directly in the rear of the enemy, and
there wait until the attack should commence with Major M'Mullen's battalion. Major Fontaine's cavalry, and
Major Wyllys with the federal troops, who all crossed the Omee at, and near, the common ^fording place.
After the attack commenced, the troops were by no means to separate, but were to embody, or the battalions to sup-
port each other, as circumstances required. From this disposition it appeared evident, that it was the intention of
Major Wyllys to surround the enemy, and that, if Colonel Hall, who had gained his ground undiscovered, had not
wantonly disobeyed his orders, by firing on a single Indian, the surprise must have been complete. The Indians
then fled with precipitation, the battalions of militia pursuing in different directions. Major Fontaine made a charge
/'upon a small party of savages— he fell the first fire, and his troops dispersed. The federal troops, who were then
/ left unsupported, became an easy sacrifice to much the largest party of Indians that had been seen that day- It was
/ his opinion that the misfortunes of that day were owing to the separation of troops, and disobedience of orders.
After the federal troops were defeated, and the firing in all quarters nearly ceased, Colonel Hall and Major
M'Mullen, with their battalions, met in the town, and, after discharging, cleaning, and fresh loading their arms,
which took up about half an hour, proceeded to join the army unmolested. He was convinced that the detachment,
ifit had been kept embodied, was sufficient to have answered the fullest expectations of the General, and needed
no support; but that he was informed a battalion under Major Ray was ordered out for that purpose.
Question by the Court. Is it your opinion, that, if the General had ordered the army back, the militia would
have gone?
Answer. I do not think they would.
Lieutenant Kersey being sworn, deposed: That when the militia arrived at Fort Washington, they were formed
into battalions, and properly organized. He knew that General Harmar had a great deal of difficulty to get them
arranged : their arms and accoutrements were jn very bad order. He wished to refer the court to the General's
orderly book for information relative to the order of march. In his opinion, General Harmar's conduct was uni-
form, steady, and sober, during the whole expedition. He was also of opinion, that the detachment of the 14th
was in consequence of information received from a prisoner, taken the morning before; which was, that the enemy
were running away; and the detachment of the 19th, was to gain some knowledge of them; and the detachment of
the 21st, was to surprise and take advantage of them; which, in his opinion, would have happened, had the militia
attended to the directions and plan laid down for that enterprise. He observed, that the reduced state of the pack
horses, notwithstanding every attention was paid to secure and keep them in good condition, rendered it impossible
! for the army to take any advantage of the enemy. The militia had proved that they were not to be depended upon;
' their dastardly behavior, in three instances, destroyed every confidence the General had in them. He therefore de-
termined to return, and not to hazard another engagement unless the enemy came in reach of the main body. That
1791.1 COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 29
tiie army took up the march to return to Fort Washington, and it was with great difficulty that the General kept
them together until they arrived there.
Question by the Court. From your knowledge of service, is it your opinion that the organization of the array
was judicious.''
Answer. I think it was.
Question by the Court. Do you think that all the movements of the army were so connected, as to be able to
sustain each other in case of attack by the enemy.^
Answer. I think they were.
Question by the Court. Do you think, that, through the course of the campaign, the General's conduct was
open and decisive thioughout.'
Answer. I think it was.
Question by the Court. Was the conduct of the militia tolerably regular, on their advance towards the
Maumee towns.""
Answer. It was more reaiilar than it was on the return; but it was very irregular.
Question by the Court. Do you suppose it was necessary to make the detachment of the '21st, in order to pre-
vent the Indians harassing the army on its return.''
Answer. I think it was, and for that purpose.
Question by the Court. If the General had ordered the army to return to the towns, after Major Wyllys's
misfortune, would the militia have gone.''
Answer. I think they would not; they would have mutinied.
Question by the Court. Was the army harassed by the Indians after the 21st, on its return?
Answer. Not to my knowledge; I believe there was not one seen.
The court adjourned to meetat 9 o'clock to-morrow morning.
September 21.
The court met, according to adjournment. Major Heart was sworn, and deposed: That General Harmar's con-
duct on his expedition in October, 1790, was at all times steady, calm, and deliberate, and was always attentive to
the arrangements and applications made to him, and to the informations given, as far as came under his observation;
that he was often at his quarters and marched in front of the right column, which was generally within fifty yards of
him; that the organization of the army being published in the daily orders, would speak for itself; he however never
heard an individual find fault with it, during the campaign, or point out any defects, except in the commissary and
pack-horse departments, and in those the execution, and not the arrangements, were found fault with; that the or-
der of march was in three columns, covered with front, rear, and flank guards, which order was generally preserv-
ed, and as well executed as could be expected with a body composed mostly of militia, and embarrassed with
pack-horses; that the encampment was in a square, with the baggage, horses, cattle and stores in centre — guards
were posted in such manner as to form a line of sentries round the whole, field officers appointed to dispose those
guards, and to see duty well done, and they were so disposed as to prevent surprise, and had the horse department
followed orders, would have secured thehorses. As they had not occasion to form the line of battle, he could not de-
termine how it would have been executed, but it was simple, easy to be understood, and universally approved.
With respect to making the detachments, he had never been in council, and could only assign such motives as offer-
ed themselves at the time from a concurrence ot circumstances. The detachment of the 14th, he presumed, at that
time, was made in consequence of information obtained from a prisoner, that the Indians were confused and dis-
tracted in their counsels, and was designed to surprise them, prevent their concerting measures to unite, and attack
them, and not give them time to secure their provisions and property, and that the desired effect was answered, so
far as to prevent their securing so much as they would otherwise have done. The whole army was put in motion the
moment the detachment moved off, and followed with as much rapidity as artillery and stores w'ould admit of, to
support the detachment; that the detachment of the 19th was made m consequence of repeated information of having
discovered a trail of men, women, and children, and on the fullest assurance, as he was then informed, that the de-
tachment was adequate for attacking the party they were in quest of a corps de reserve was ordered, but never came
up. It was dark before information was brought to the General that the party were defeated, and a support could not
be sent that night; a detachment was ordered to march next morning, but for what purpose, he could not say. The
detachment of the 21st, he had every reason to believe, was made on the general system, viz: to find the enemy, and
give them a check, to prevent their attacking and harassing the army on the retreat, and on that principle the de-
taching was inevitable; he did not know that any support was ordered; he was on the left, but he knew that the
greater part of the detachment came in very soon after the intelligence of the defeat was brought, and it M'as too
late for giving any assistance. He did not expect that the General would make a detachment to support them, after
the repeated proofs that the militia would not stand, and he presumed the situation of the horses would not admit
of returning with the army. He supposed the detachment calculated to cover itself, and doubtless would have
happdy succeeded, had the right and left columns obeyed the orders which it is said Major Wyllys had given. He
knew of no one circumstance in the General's conduct, during the expedition, which ought to injure his reputation;
and though the misfortunes of the 21st were to be lamented, yet he believed the salvation of the remainder of the
army, the baggage, and stores, were due only to the making that detachment.
Question by the Court. On the arrival of the troops in camp, who were defeated on the 21st, do you think, from
the state of mind the militia were in, that if the General had ordered the army back the militia would have gone.'
Answer. I do not know whether they would or not, but if they had gone, and not having any place to retreat to,
I am of opinion they would have fled as soon as they were attacked, and have left the federal troops to be sacrificed, j
The court then adjourned to to-morrow morning nine o'clock-
September 22.
The court having met according to adjournment, directed the recorder to write the following letter to his Ex-
cellency General St. Clan-:
Fort Washington, September 22, 1791.
Sir:
I am directed by the court of inquiry, now sitting in this place, to inform your Excellency, that the court
have gone through the examination of all the witnesses that have been adduced, and that those from Kentucky, that
were referred to in your Excellency's letter to the president of the court, have not appeared; the court are now
ready to close their proceedings, unless your Excellency has information of any further evidence being ready, of
which the court beg to be informed.
I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect, your Excellency's most obedient servant,
WINSLOW WARREN, Recorder to the Court.
To his Excellency General St. Clair.
To which letter his Excellency General St. Clair sent the following answer:
Fort Washington, September 22, 1791.
Sir:
You will please to inform the court that I know of no evidences here, other than those that have been be-
fore them, and that it is not probable those from Kentucky will come forward; I therefore see no reason why the
proceedings should not be closed.
I am, sir, your very humble servant,
AR. ST. CLAIR.
Mr. Warren, Recorder to the Court of Inquiry.
5 m
so MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1791.
Soon after the following letter was received:
September 22, 1791.
Sir:
Since I wrote to you a moment ago, I have been informed that it is probable more testimony will be offered to
the court in the course of this day. If the court then have not already closed their proceedings, ( wish they would
be pleased to defer it until to-morrow morning, of which you will please to inform them.
I am, sir, your humble servant,
AR. ST. CLAIR.
Mr. Warren.
To which the following answer was returned:
Fort Washington, September 22, 1791.
Sir:'
I am directed, by the president of the court of inquiry, to iniorm your Excellency, that, in consequence of
the last letter with which you was pleased to honor them, they have adjourned, to meet to-morrow, 9 o'clock A. M.
I have the honor to be, your Excellency's most obedient servant,
WINSLOW WARREN.
His Excellency General St. Clair.
The court then adjourned to September 23d, 9 o'clock, A. M.
September 23d.
The court met, according to adjournment, and no further evidences appearing, came to a resolution to close
their proceedings.
The court having deliberately considered the evidence before them, separately and aggregately, are unanimous
in the following opinion:
First, That the personal conduct of the said Brigadier General Harmar was irreproachable.
Second, That the organization of the army was calculated to support harmony, and give mutual contidence to
the several parts.
Third, That the order of march (a copy of which is annexed to these proceedings) was perfectly adapted to
the country through which the army had to pass.
Fourth, That the order of encampment and battle (plans of which are also subjoined) were judicious, and well
calculated to give security to the camp, energy to the troops in case of attack, and simple in its execution.
Fifth, That there were just reasons for the detachments of the 14th and 19lh of October; that the detachment of
the 21st was made on good principles, and had the designed effect of securing the return of the army, and prevent-
ing the enemy from harassing their rear. That the General had ordered support for the said detachment in time,
but that his orders were not properly executed; and that the conduct of the said Brigadier General Josiah Harmar
merits high approbation.
RICHARD BUTLER, Major General, President.
Attest, WiNSLOw Warren,
Lieutenant, and Mjutant to 2d United States Regiment, Recorder to the Court.
The depositions No. 1, 2, 3, 4, have been handed in and read to the court; they have thought proper to subjoin
them to their proceedings, for your Excellency's information.
1791.]
COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR.
31
GENERAL ORDERS.
Camp about thirty- one miles from Fort Washington, on the 7
Waters of the Little Miami, October 3, 1790. 5
As the army is now assembled, the following line of march is to be observed, viz:
ORDER OF MARCH.
Spies and Guides.
Advance Company.
Pioneers.
Cavalry. • • Cavalry.
McMullen's Battalion of Kentucky Militia.
FEDERAL TROOPS-
^ -I-
=: o
■< o
Ammunition.
Officers^ Baggage, Sfc-
Flour and Salt.
Cattle.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
HalVs Battalion of Kentucky Militia.
Bear Guard.
32
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1791.
THE FOLLOWING IS THE ORDER OF ENCAMPMENT.
Cavalry.
Front Guard,
of 30 Militia.
M'MuUen's Battalion.
Cavalry.
2
l>.D.
Military Stores.
OB C
^1
Flour, &c.
Cattle.
b3
s2
Major Hall's Battalion of Militia.
Rear. Guard,
of 30 Militia-
1791.]
COURT OF INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR.
THE FOLLOWING IS THE ORDER OF BATTLE.
■ In case of an Mtack in Front.
Truby & Paul. Major Wyllys. Major M'MuUen. Major Doughty.
. II - - =^^=^=^^^ o — o =^=^=::^:^:=
Major
+
Mounted Cavalry.
Riflemen.
Cavalry. Mounted
Pack Horses and Cattle.
Major Hall's Battalion.
Riflemen.
s ::
* * # #
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•j{j|BAB3
S IS
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>,
60
3
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Q
03
o
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^ II 11 II II
I II II II II
I II II II II
I II II II II
X
3
H
b
'^
g
c
o
O
o
O
S IS
Cavalry.
In case of an attack at night, the
troops form inside the fires.
Cavalry.
^
g
Ui
o
3
a
a.
'^
^ s
fea
•uorpjtoff s^udijni/\[Oi^
•U9U13{}l'y^
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p8;unoj\[
PUOIOQ
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34 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1791.
No. 1.
Territory qf the United States Northwest of the river Ohio.
Caleb Worlej;-, of the county of Fayette, in the district of Kentucky, lieutenant in Colonel Paterson's batta-
lion of Kentucky militia, maketh oath and saith: That this deponent served, as lieutenant, in a battalion of Ken-
tucky militia, commanded by Major M'Mulien, on the late expedition undertaken against the savages of the Omee
towns, and that he, this deponent, had very frequent opportunities of seeing and conversing with Brigadier General
Harmar, who commanded the whole forces so employed. And this deponent saith, that he never did, to the best of
his knowledge, see the said General Harmar in a state of intoxication, nor wanting in that duty and attention which
he owed to the safety and order of the troops under his command. And further saith not.
C. WORLEY.
Sworn the fifth day of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, at Cincinnati, in the county of Ham-
ilton, before me, George Turner, one of the judges in and over the territory aforesaid.
G. TURNER.
No. 2.
Territory of the United States Northwest of the river Ohio.
John Thorp, superintendent of artificers, in the army of the United States, now serving at Fort Washington,
in the county of Hamilton, maketh oath and saith: That he, this deponent, commanded the corps of pioneers on the
late expedition against the Omee towns, under the command of Brigadier General Josiah Harmar; that, during the
whole march of tlie forces so under the said General Harmar's command, both advancing and returning, it appear-
ed to him, this deponent, that the said General conducted himself in a regular and truly military manner; that the
General's deportment was, on all occasions, no less regular, becoming, and military, while in camp, than on the
march, to the best of this deponent's knowledge and belief; and that, although it was a part of this deponent's duty
to attend personally on the General early every morning, and also at the encampment every night, yet he, this depo-
nent, does not remember that he ever perceived the said General Harmar in a state of intoxication during the whole
expedition, but, on the contrary, verily believes that the said General Harmar's conduct, throughout the expe-
dition, was marked with great sobriety and eminent vigilance.
JOHN THORP.
Sworn at Fort Washington, aforesaid, the twenty -seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord]one thousand
seven hundred and ninety-one, before me, one of the judges in and over the territory aforesaid.
G. TURNER.
No. 3.
Territory of the United States Northwest of the river Ohio, ss.
William Wells, of the North Bend, in the county of Hamilton, Esquire, one of the judges of the common
pleas held in and for the said county, and superintendent of commissary's stores during the late expedition against
the Omee savages, being duly sworn, maketh oath, and saith as follows, that is to say: First, this deponent saith,
that the duties of his late appointment, as superintendent aforesaid, required him to be about the person of the Gene-
ral commanding the troops on that expedition, every morning and night, and that the said commanding General
(Josiah Harmar, Esquire) uniformly appeared to him, this deponent, in a state of sobriety, competent to the trans-
action of any business pertaining to his station. And further this deponent saith not.
WILLIAM WELLS.
Sworn at Cincinnati, in the county ot Hamilton, and territory aforesaid, this nineteenth day of May, one thou-
sand seven hundred and ninety-one, before me, George Turner, Esquire, one of the judges in and over the said
territory.
No. 4.
The affidavit of Colonel John Hardin, taken in consequence of a court of inquiry to he held at Fort Washington,
respecting the conduct of Brigadier General Harmar, on the expedition against the Maumee towns, in Octo-
ber, 1790.
This deponent being first sworn, deposeth and saith: That, on his arrival with the Kentucky militia, at the
mouth of Licking, he commenced an acquaintance with General Harmar; found, from his conversation, that he had
the good of his country, and the expedition, very much at heart; business was carried on regular, and with as much
expedition as the nature of the case would admit- About the first of October we proceeded on our march; after the
line of march was formed, the General issued his orders regularly, and observed, very strictly, that they were exe-
cuted. On our march there was an Indian prisoner taken, who gave information that the Indians and French were
repairing the old fort at the Maumee town, and that the Indians were not likely to get any of the neighboring tribes
to join them; this prisoner also informed us they did not know that General Harmar had any artillery. After receiv-
ing this information, the General, and this deponent, consulted upon the matter, and it was agreed to detach six
hundred men, leaving all their heavy baggage, and march rapidly to the towns, lioping that the enemy would fly to
their fort, provided the artillery was not discovered, and that six hundred rank and file would be sufficient to
keep them in their fort until General Harmar arrived with the artillery and balance of the army. Accordingly, when
the General was informed, by the guides, that they were within thirty or thirty -five miles of the towns, there was a
detachment ordered to make ready, with all possible expedition. Those orders were so pleasing to the officers that
they disputed who should go; and some cast lots, in order to settle the dispute. This deponent being honored with
the command, left the General with his detachment, and saw him no more until he arrived at the Maumee village,
which, bethinks, was about three or four days after he left him, during which time he heard no complaints of General
Harmar. After the General's arrival at the Maumee village, and the Indians all fled, he expressed a very great desire
to make his route by the Wea towns on the Wabash; forthispurposethere wasacouncil ordered to be held;but, before
the council met, finding the Indians had stole, the night before, a number of the pack horses, and some of the light-
horsemen's horses, there was a stop put to the business, and the thoughts of the route by the Wea towns laid
aside- There was an old French captive that was taken, informed us that the Indians were scattered in the woods,
and were not able by any means to fight us, and that they had not got any assistance from other tribes; this induced
this deponent to solicit the General for a command of about three or four hundred men, to range the woods for ten
or twelve miles, which he granted, and ordered the three hundred men to be furnished with three days' provisions.
These orders were as pleasing to the ofiicers and soldiers as the former. Colonel Trotter insisted he had been pro-
mised a command, and as it appeared this would be productive of something very clever, he wished to be indulged
with the command of the detacnment then ordered out; which was granted oy the General, this deponent consent-
ing thereto. Col. Trotter marched on the morning of the 18th of October, equipped for a tour of two or three days,
in order to hunt up Indian camps. He returned on the evening of the same day, at the time the General and the de-
ponent was about fixing of guards in order to captivate any of the enemy that might come to steal horses. The
General appeared mucn displeased with the conduct of Colonel Trotter, and ordered the same party out again that
1791.] COURT O.F INQUIRY ON GENERAL HARMAR. 35
evening, and for this deponent to go next morning and take charge of them. This deponent, agreeable to the orders
given, collected what he could of the party next morning, and alter proceeding about ten miles, fell in with a party
of Indians, who began a very brisk fire on the detachment, who retired without making but very little resistance,
notwithstanding all exertions to prevent them. This deponent, when he returned to camp, informed the General
what had happened— that it was owing to the cowardly behavior of the militia; and insisted on another party's be-
ing sent to the battle ground. The General informed this deponent he would let him know in the morning. Ac-
cordingly, he told him that he had not completed the object that he was ordered to do, and that, if any thing should
happen to prevent him, he should be reHected on, as he had been in the possession of the towns so long, and had not
destroyed them; that he would first give orders for that purpose, and then he would be better able to judge what
was best to be done. On the morning of the 20th, orders were given for destroying of the towns, which was
executed accordingly; at this time tlie men appeared more timid than before. The General told this deponent he
thought it would not answer a good purpose to go to the battle ground, as the men's spirits appeared to be very low
at the hearsay of so jnany men being killed, and that the sight of the mangled bodies would make them much more
so, and the Indians, if not able to fight us, would be gone, and that he should give orders to take up the line of march
to Fort Washington. Accordingly, on the morning of the 21st, we left the towns, and began our march for the
mouth of Licking, in about eight or nine miles encamped. The night being very clear, and the moon giving light,
this deponent informed the General, that he thought it would be a good opportunity to steal a march on the Indians,
as he had reason to believe they returned to the towns as soon as they knew the army had left it. The General did
not appear fond of sending a party back; but this deponent urged the matter, informing the General, that as he had
been unfortunate the oth'er day, he wished to have it in his power to'pick the militia, and try it again, and at the
same time endeavored to account for the men's not fighting, and desired an opportunity to retrieve tlie credit of the
militia. The General appeared not to be of opinion the enemy would return so soon, but told this deponent he
might take about one hundred men and go back. This deponent replied, he did not wish to go back with less than
five or six hundred men; the General answered, that the troops were very much fatigued, and that it would not an-
swer any valuable purpose to send so many men. This deponent then left the Geiieral. In about half an hour he
was sent for, when the General informed him that he intended to send Major Wyllys back, with all the federal
troops that could be spared, saying, at the same time, they were the men that would stand to the work, and that he
wanted about one hundred of our best militia. After some conversation between the General and this deponent,
the latter went to Major Wyllys, and told him he did not like his going back with so few men; the Major also
thinking the number too few, wished this deponent to speak to the General on the subject, which was done. Major
M'Multen and Major Hall were then sent for, and the design made known to them; they both appeared well pleas-
ed with the affair- It was then proposed what number of men would be sufficient; this deponent recommending
from four to six hundred; they both concluded that four hundred men was fully sufficient; the General seemed
perfectly satisfied that any number of troops that were thought adequate to the purpose should be ordered; accord-
ingly, four hundred men, consisting of sixty regulars, three hundred foot militia, and forty horsemen, rank and file,
properly officered, were ordered to be ready to march at midnight. This deponent was honored with the command
of the militia. The troops marched agreeable to orders, about two o'clock, and after proceeding to the towns,' they
fell in with a party of Indians; a battle ensued (the result of which is generally known) as they returned, about one
and a half miles before we got to camp. This deponent sent a horseman forward to inform the General what was
done; and very shortly after he had despatched this horseman, met Major Ray, with about thirty men, who informed
him there had come a horseman into camp, and had acquainted the General that the party was nearly all cut off; that
the General had sent him with what men he could get out of the militia, to meet what had escaped of the detach-
ment; that those with him was all that would turn out. This deponent informed the Major otherwise, and re-
quested him to wait until Major M'MuUen, Major Hall, and Major Ormsby, should come up; that they were but a
small distance behind, and he would go forward to the General. When this deponent arrived at camp, and inform-
ed the General what was done, he appeared to be well satisfied: he also asked the General if he would not send
back another party to keep possession of the battle ground; he replied he would not divide his army any more.
When this deponent insisted on the whole army's marching back, (no person being present except the General,
Major Doughty, and this deponent) the General answered — you see the situation of the army; we are now scarcely
able to move our baggage; it will take up three days to go and return to this place; we have no more forage for our
horses; and if the Indians intend to collect, which he apprehended they would, from their success on the 19th, it
would give them a great opportunity; that they had got a very good scourging, and he would keep the army in per-
fect readiness to receive them, should they thmk proper to follow; and finally concluded, that, under the present
circumstances, it was best to move forward to fort Washington, and if the Indians did follow, he would make every
exertion in his power to defeat their intentions. Major Doughty appeared perfectly to agree with the General in
opinion. The bounds of the camp were made less; the army continued at the same camp until next morning. Or-
ders were given to march at the usual hour, which was eight o'clock; during this time this deponent never heard any
person express a desire to go back to the towns, except two soldiers of Major Ray's party, by the names of Miller
and Hammond. Next morning, at the hour appointed to march, the General moved with the front of the aimy,
and halted at a very small distance, litters not being ready for all the wounded. This deponent, with the rearguard,
and many others, did not leave the camp until ten o'clock, when they moved on and joined the army; the whole
then proceeded on towards fort Washington, with as much regularity as was observed in going out, untd we came to
the old Chillicothe, on Little Miami, when a number of the militia, contrary to orders, fired on their guns. This de-
ponent endeavored to put a stop to such disorderly behavior, and commanded that those offenders that could be
taken should be punished agreeable to general orders; and having caught a soldier himself in the very act of
firing his gun, ordered a hie of men to take him immediately and carry him to the six pounder, and for the
drummer to tie him up and give him six lashes; this deponent was shortly after met by Colonel Trotter and
Major M'MuUen, and a number of militia soldiers, who in an abrupt manner asked him by what authority he or-
dered that soldier whipped; he replied, in support of general orders; on which a very warm dispute ensued be-
tween Colonel Trotter, Major M'MuUen, and this deponent. The General being informedjof what had happened,
came forward, and gave Colonel Trotter and Major M'MuUen a very severe reprimand, ordered the federal troops
to parade, ana the drummer to do his duty, swearing he would risk his life in support of his orders: the man
received the number of lashes ordered, and several that were confined were set at liberty; numbers of the militia
seemed much pleased with what was done. This intended mutiny being soon quashed, the army proceeded in good
order to Fort Washington. When the army arrived at the mouth of Licking, the General informed this deponent he
had determined to arrest some of the mUitia officers'. for their bad conduct, and send them home with disgrace; but
this deponent opposed his intention, alleging that it would be a disgrace to the whole militia; that he would perhaps
stand in need of their assistance on some future occasion, and it would sour their minds and cause them to turn out
with reluctance; and that his discharging them generally with honor perhaps would answer a better purpose; the
General readily indulged the request of this deponent. This deponent further observes, that during the expedition
he never heard officer nor soldier find fault, or give the most distant hint of being displeased, with the General's con-
duct in any respect, nor charge him with cowardice or drunkenness, and expected the General had given general
satisfaction; and what more confirmed his opinion, was, after their arrival at iFort Washington the General invited
all the field and some other officers to dine with him, amongst whom was Colonel Trotter, Major Doughty, Major
Hall, and Major M'MuUen; dinner being over, wine was introduced. The General stepping out on some occasion,
Major Hall proposed drinking his health; it was unanimously agreed to, and with as much cheerfulness as any other
health that was proposed; this deponent continued at Fort Washington a few days after, and never lieard any per-
son speak a disrespectful word of General Harm^-, or find fault in the least with his conduct whilst on tlie expedi-
tion. When this deponent returned home in Kentucky, hearing such reports respecting the expedition, was much
amazed, but concluded it arose from a want of knowledge and proper information, or from prejudice. This deponent
further saith, that he looked on General Haimar to be a very brave and experienced officer. And further saith not.
JOHN HARDING.
55 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1792-
Nelson, ss.
This day came Colonel John Hardin before me, a justice of the peace for said county, and made oath that the
above affidavit was just and true, to the best of his knowledge, and subscribed his name in my presence. Given
uuder my hand this fourteenth day of September, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one.
JOHN CALDWELL.
I have read the above affidavit, and what comes within my knowledge of it, I know to be true, and the rest I be-
lieve to be true. Given under my hand this fifteenth of September, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one.
STEPHEN ORMSBY.
Sworn to before me, a justice of the peace for Nelson county.
BENJAMIN FRYE.
2d Congress.] No. 5.* [Ist Sessiom.
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS, IN 1791, UNDER
THE COMMAND OF MAJOR GENERAL ST. CLAIR.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 8tH OF MAY, 1792.
Mr. FiTzsiMONs, from the committee appointed to inquire into the causes of the failure of the late expedition under
Major General St- Clair, reported that the committee had, according to order, proceeded to examine all the pa-
pers furnished by the Executive Department relative thereto, sundry papers and accounts furnished by the Trea-
sury and War Departments, with explanations of the same by the heads of those departments in person, to hear
the testimony of witnesses upon oath, and written remarks by General St- Clair, upon the facts established by the
whole evidence, and that, as the result of their inquiries, the committee had agreed to the following report:
The contract for the supplies of the army on the route from Fort Pitt, was made by Theodosius Fowler, with the
Secretary of the Treasury, and bears date the twenty-eighth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and
ninety; that at the same time a bond, in the'penalty of one hundred thousand dollars, with Walter Livingston and
John Cochran, securities thereto, was entered into for the due execution of the contract.
That, on the third day of January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, the contract was wholly trans-
ferred from the said Fowler to William Duer, a copy of which transfer was lodged in the office of the Secretary of
the Treasury; that, by letter from the Secretary of War, bearing date the twenty-fifth of February, one thousand
seven hundred and ninety-one, addressed to William Duer, it appears that he was considered as the contractor; that
no correspondence appears to have taken place subsequently to that time, between Theodosius Fowler and either the
Treasury or War Departments; that, on the sixth day of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, a con-
tract was entered into by William Duer with the Secretary at War, for supplying the troops with provisions until
their arrival at Fort Pitt, and at Fort Pitt; a bond was at the same time entered into by the said William Duer for
the due execution of the said contract, in the penalty of four thousand dollars, without any security whatsoever.
That the act making provision for the defence of the frontiers received tiie signature of the President of the
United States the third of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one. That General St- Clair was ap-
pointed commander-in-chief of the army destined for the expedition on the fourth day of the same month, and on the
twenty-eighth left Philadelphia for Fort Pitt, at which place he arrived tiie sixteenth day of April, and from thence
proceeded to Lexington, and from thence to Fort Washington, where he arrived on the fifteenth day of May. At
the time of the arrival of the General at Fort Wasiiington, the garrison there consisted of seventy-five non-commis-
sioned officers and privates fit for duty; the garrison at Fort Harmar of forty-five; at Fort Steuben of sixty-one; at
Fort Knox of eighty-three; and on the fifteenth day of July the whole of the first United States' regiment, amounting
to two hundred and ninety-nine non-commissioned officers and privates, arrived at Fort Washington, under orders
from the commander in chief. General Butler was appointed the second in command, in the month of March, and
immediately proceeded to make the necessary arrangements for the recruiting service; that he arrived in Baltimore,
in the State of Maryland, the twentieth of April, and continued there till the thirtieth of the same month; that he
arrived at Carlisle, in the State of Pennsylvania, on the ninth of May, and at Fort Pitt on the twenty-second of the
same month. It appears that no moneys for purchasing supplies were furnished at Carlisle, which was the place of
rendezvous, for the enlisted soldiery, on the ninth of May, and that Mr. Smith, agent for the contractor, was ac-
tively engaged in furnishing supplies for the troops, on credit.
It appears by letters from John Kean, another of the contractor's agents, that no moneys had been received by
him on the eighth of May, and it appears that, on the twenty-third of March, there was advanced to William Duer,
upon the last mentioned contract, from the treasury, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars; that there was advanced
upon the first mentioned contract, the sum of seventy thousand dollars, in the following sums, and at the following
dates, to wit:
March 22d, - - - - - - 10,000 Dollars.
April 7th, .--..-- 15,000 do.
April 25th, ..-.-. 15,000 do.
May 7th, -. . - - - - 20,000 do.
July 20th, .--... 10,000 do. •
It appears from the correspondence of General Butler with the Secretary of War, from the ninth of May to the
ninth of June, repeated complaints were made of fatal mismanagements and neglects, in the quartermaster's and
military stores department, particularly as to tents, knapsacks, camp kettles, cartridge boxes, packsaddles, &c. all
of which articles were deficient in quantity and bad in quality.
The packsaddles, particularly, were made in Philadelphia, which, with the transportation, amounted to more than
double the price at which they migiit have been procured at Fort Pittj and were found, upon examination, to be un-
fit for use; the arms sent forward appear not to have been duly exammedj and arrived at Fort Pitt extremely out of
order, and many totally unfit for use, which circumstance rendered repairs absolutely necessary, and addea to the
delay of the troops at Fort Pitt.
It appears that a great proportion of the powder supplied for the use of the army, was not of good quality, though
an experiment was made by Major Ferguson at Fort Pitt, with a howitzer, who reported in favor of the quality of the
powder. On the ninth of June General Neville, another of the contractor's agents, informed General Butler that he
had not, at that time, received any moneys from the contractors, for the purchase of provisions, &c. for the troops,
and was obliged to supply them on credit; that the country furnished provisions in abundance at a cheap rate, when
money was had for the purchase. That, shortly after this information was communicated to General Butler, at his
request four hundred dollars were advanced to General Neville by the quartermaster, for the purchase of provisions
for the troops. The troops arrived at Fort Pitt in the following order, to wit:
• See Nos. 6 and 9.
1792.] CAUSES OF GENERAL ST. CLAIR'S FAILURE. 37
May 16th. Captain Slough sixty-nine men;
May 18th. Captain Powers seventy-eight men;
May 19th. Captain Cribbs forty men; same clay, Captain Guthrie twenty-three;
May 25th. Captain Armstrong seventy-six; same day, Captain Kirkwood sixty-seven;
May 28th. Captain Snowden one hundred and one;
June 2d. Captain Sparks eighty-three;
June 3d. Captain Butler sixty-one; same day, Captain Brock eighty-two; same day, Captain Vanswearineen
eighty-eight; . "
June 5th. Captain Pike seventy-three; total, including officers and privates, eight hundred and forty -two; and
left that place in the following order: Major Ferguson, with Captain Aimstrong's company, about the first of June-
Captain Snowden, with the troops under his command, on the — —day of ; Major Gaither, with about five hun'
dred men, I2th of July; and on the 22d August the last of the troops under the command of Captain Phelon, and
Genei-al Butler, with the Quartermaster General, on the 26th of August.
It appears, that General Butler had orders from the Department of War to protect the frontiers with the troops
under his commaiid. and that the delays in sending forward the troops from Port-Pitt arose partly from that cir-
cumstance, and partly from the temporary want of supplies of provisions and other necessaries, and from the want
ofthe necessary boats for their transportation, which were not in readiness as soon as the troops were. It appears, that
General Butler acted with ability, activity, and zeal, in his command at Fort Pitt, and that the delays of the troops
there cannot be imputed to his want of judgment, or his want of exertion.
The troops met with considerable difficiilties and delays in going down the river from the low state of the water
and arrived at Fort Washington in the following order. Captain Mumford, from North Carolina, with about fifty men
on the dayof ; Major Ferguson, with Capt. Armstrong's company, on the day of ; Major Gaither,
with the troopsunder his command, on the day of ; Colonel Darke, with the troops under his command, on the'
day of ; and the Kentucky militia on the day of .
The army, consisting of about two thousand non-commissioned officers and privates, moved from Fort Wash-
ington, by orders from the commander in chief, to a place about five or six miles from thence, called Ludlow's sta-
tion, where they continued till the seventeenth day of September, at which time the whole army amounted to about
two thousand three hundred non-commissioned officers and privates fit for duty. That, the price of rations at
Fort Washington, agreeably to contract, was 6J90ths of a dollar per ration; the price of rations at Ludlow's station
was ]5j90ths of a dollar per ration.
That the inducements of the commander in chief to this movement appear to have been to furnish green forage
for the horses and beef cattle of the army, to instruct the soldiery in field exercise, and other necessary disciplin'e
and to deprive them of the means of intoxication, which were very plentifully supplied at Fort Washington, and
used to an excessive degree by the soldiery, to correct the excessive use of which the most rigid attention to dis-
cipline was found incompetent.
Mr. Hodgdon was appointed Quartermaster General in the month of March, and continued at Philadelphia until
the 4th of June, he then proceeded to Fort Pitt, where he arrived the tenth of the same month. No sufficient causes
have appeared to the committee to justify this delay, and his presence with the army appears to have been essentially
necessary previously to that time; the duties of the commander in chief were much increased in consequence of the
absence of the Quartermaster General, and after a continued expectation of his arrival at Fort Washington, for more
than six weeks, the commander in chief gave him express orders, by letter, to repair to camp without delay.
The receipt of the letter is acknowledged, but the orders contained therein were neither answered nor obeyed
and his arrival at caiM was not until the tenth of September. The commander in chief, until that time, in'additioii
to the duties of his ofnce, discharged those of the Quartermaster General, and the military stores furnished by that
department were so deficient, from mismanagement and neglect, that many things essential to the movements of the
army were either wholly made or repaired at Fort Washington, and even the tools fuv the artificers to work with:
the Quartermaster particujarly informed the commander in chief that two complete travelling forges were sent for-
ward, and, upon examination, both of them were found to be without an anvil; many other things equally necessary
were either wholly omitted, or unfit for their intended use. There were six hundred and seventy -five stand of
arms at Fort Washington the first of June, and most of those totally out of repair. The commander in chief appears
to have been correct and attentive in all his communications with the Secretaiy of War, and to have dischart^ed the
various duties which devolved upon him with ability, activity, and zeal. ^
The army moved from Ludlow's station on the seventeenth day of September, and arrived at the place where
Fort Hamilton is now erected, on the dayof ; they employed about fifteen days building that fort, and
then proceeded in their mardi to the plaie where Fort Jefterson is now erected, forty -four miles distant from
Fort Hamilton, where thev arrived on the twelfth day of October, and commenced tlieir march from that place on
the 24th of the same mqntn; that the army at this time consisted of about 1700 non-commissioned officers and pri -
yates tit for duty; at this time the army had not more than three days' supply of flour, and were sometimes at one
fourth, and sometimes at one half, allowance of that article, the deficiencies of which allowance were made up by
increasing the quantity of beef, with which they were plentifully supplied. The armyjwas delayed five or six days,
on the march from Fort Jeflerson, for the want of provisions, and the season was so far advanced that sufficient
green forage for the horses could not be procured, from which circumstance many of the horses were totally lost,
and others rendered unfit for service.
The orders to the commander in chief to proceed with the expedition were express and unequivocal, so much so
as, in the opinion of the committee, to preclude the commander in chief from exercising any discretion relatively to
that object.
On the 31st of October, about sixty ofthe Kentucky militia deserted in a body, and the first regiment, consisting
of about three hundred effective men, was detached with a view to cover a convoy of provisions which was expected,
and which it was supposed was in danger from the deserted militia, and to prevent farther desertions.
On the third of November, after detaching the first regiment, the army consisted of about fourteen hundred
eflFective men, and on the morning of the fourth, about half an hour before sunrise, a general attack was commenced,
and in a few minutes thereafter, nearly the whole array was surrounded by the enemy; the action continued about
four hours, during which several charges were made by part of the army, which caused the enemy to give way, but pro-
duced no good effect; the attack was unexpected, the troops having been just dismissed from the morning parade: it
commenced upon the militia who were in advance of the main army, and who fled through the main army, without
firing a gun; this circumstance threw the troops into some disorder, which, it appears, they never completely recov-
ered during the action; the fire of the army was constant, but tiot well directed, and it appears that a part of the
troops behaved asjwell as could be expected from their state of discipline, 'and'the mannerand suddenness of the attack;
the commander in chief appears to nave been cool and deliberate in the whole of the action, and the officers in gen-
eral active and intrepid; the whole order of march, as far as the committee are capable of expressing on opinion,
appears to have been judicious, and the ground for action well chosen; the retreat was disorderly in the extreme;
after it commenced no orders were obeyed, if any were given, the men having lost all regard to discipline or control;
all the precautions appear to have been taken for the safety and comfort of the wounded, which the circumstances
ofthe case would admit of.
The committee have had no competent evidence before them to ascertain the number of the enemy in action; there
were various conjectures as to the number from diffei-eiit persons, from five hundred the lowest, to one thousand or
twelve hundred the highest.
Mr. Barton, a witness examined by the committee, conversed with a chief at Niagara, who was in the action,
and was by him informed, that the number of the enemy in action was one thousand and forty, and that six hundred
more had convened, but were engaging in hunting at the time of the action. He was also informed that the enemy
had not collected in any considerable numbers, until a few days before the action. This information appears to
be corroborated by some other circumstances, sufficient to induce a belief of the fact in the committee.
6m.
38 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1792.
The contractors for supplies, agreeably to tlie terms of contract, were to furnish liorses, &c. for the transportation
of the supplies; in this condition of the contract there was a total failure, which compelled the commander in chief
to direct between six and seven hundred horses to be purchased by Israel Ludlow, one of the contractor's agents,
to draw bills on Mr. Duer, the acting contractor for payment, which bills were endorsed by the commander in chief,
to the amount of about seventeen thousand dollars, were protested by the contractor, and paid at the treasury; the
persons employed by the agents of tlie contractor to drive the horses appear to have been totally unacquainted with
that business, and from the want of bells, hopples, and other necessaries of that kind, as well as from other gross
mismanagement, many of the horses were lost, and others rendered unfit for service; from which causes there were
not packhorses ^sufficient to transport the necessary quantity of flour from Fort Washington for the use of the army
on their march;'this circumstance retarded the execution of the expedition.
The officers, agreeably to the terms of contract, had an election of drawing the whole of the rations, to which
their rank entitled them, or of receiving the contract price of them in cash; the contractor's agents, not being fur-
nished with money for this purpose, gave rise to a general order, by which the officer was directed to receive a cer-
tificate from the contractor's agent, called a due bill, of one of which bills the following is a copy: "Due Major '
H. Gaither, one hundred and seventy-three complete rations on the route to Miami village, as appears by Mr. Wil-
son's certificate."
MATT. EARNEST, for WM. DUER.
Fort Washington, November %lth, 1791.
This due bill issued upon the officers signing some acknowledgment of satisfaction for his whole retained rations,
which acknowledgment of satisfaction forms a voucher for settlement to the contractor, with the treasury depart-
ment; and the officer is refused payment for these due bills at the pay-office. All casualties, by \vhich these eviden-
ces of debt Ijecome lost or destroyed, are the gain of the contractor, and the loss of the officer.
It is suggested by the Secretary of the Treasury, though not with positive certainty, that a sufficient sum will be
found due from the treasury to the contractors, upon a final settlement, to cover all these debts to the officers; the
general order, \vhich had the operation before stated, continued in force about five or six weeks, and was abolished
about the 19th of October. The privates of the levies received but three dollars pay each, from the time of their
respective enlistments, to the time of their respective discharges, and were actually discharged without pay or set- .
tlement; notes of discharge were given them, specifying the time of their service, and bearing endorsatious, that
some advancements had been made to them in account, without stating the amount, the object of which is suggested
to have been to prevent transfers; the intended effect was not produced by the measure; the notes were sold for
trifling considerations, the real sums due on the notes were various, from ten to twenty-five dollars, and they were
frequently sold for one dollar, or one gallon of whiskey; the moneys for the pay of the levies did not leave Philadel -
phia till the 4th of December, nor arrive at Fort Washington till the 3d of January, 1792, some time after the last
enlisted levies were known to be entitled to their discharges; two reasons have been assigned by the Secretary of
"War for this ilelay of payment, the one, because there was no regular paymaster to the army, and the difficulties
of transmitting moneys to the army at so great a distance, in consequence of the want of such an officer; the other,
because it was supposed the army would be, at that time at the Miami village, so far advanced in the wilderness,' as
not to admit of the practicability of discharging the levies, the total defeat of the army not having been previously
counted upon.
The clothing for the levies appears to have been of a very inferior quality, particularly coats, hats, and shoes,
the last of which, in many cases, lasted not more than four days, and better clothing was furnished them upon their
enlistin" into the regular service, which was for a time countenanced by the commander in chief-
Various modes appear to have been pursued by the officers in enlisting the levies, which occasioned great un-
easiness and some confusion; a considerable part of the Virginia battalion was so enlisted, that the terms of their
enlistments appear to have expired the first of November; the orders to the recruiting officers appear not to have
been sufficiently explicit upon this point, whether the terms of enlistment were to commence at the time of enlist-
ment or at the arrival at a place of rendezvous. The militia appear to have been composed principally of substitutes,
and totally ungovernable, and regardless of military duty or subordination. It appears that the commander in chiet
had it in contemplation to commence the expedition at least one month earlier than it was commenced, with the
force he then had, which was not very dilFerent from the real force in actionj but was prevented for the want of the
quartermaster and contractor, and in consequence of the extreme deficiencies and derangements of the business of
those departments, the person sent forward by the Quartermaster being totally incompetent for the business, and
the contractor's agents not being sufficiently supplied with money to enable them to execute their duties.
It appears to the committee, that, in the wildernessj where vegetables are not to be had, and the duties of the sol-
dier uncommonly hard, the rations allowed by law, if completely supplied,' are insufficient. This circumstance,
with others, produced discontent and desertion among the soldiers.
It appears to the committee, that there were appropriated for the use of the War Department, for the year one
thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, the sum of six hundred and fifty -two thousand seven hundred and sixty-
one dollars and sixty-one cents, and that there have been advanced by the treasury to the War Department, upon
that appropriation, five hundred and seventy-five thousand nine hundred and six dollars and fifty-seven cents, to
Dolls. Cts.
1791 February advanced ------- 15,000 00
" March, do. -.-..-- 46,002 20
'• April, do. - - - - - - - 100,106 30
" May. do. ------- 30,109 80
" June, do. ,--.-.. 55,387 44
" July, do. -....-- 14,105 39
" August, do. ----.-- 14,554 59
" September, do. .----.. 14,796 53
" October, do. r - - - - - - 184 81
" November, do. ....... 107 28
1792 January, do. - - - - - . - - 33,753 00
" February, do. .... - . - - . 43,662 61
" March, do. ..---.- 1,741 16
Amotinting to, - - 419,311 01
To which add moneys borrowed from the Bank of North America, on loan, without interest, 156,595 56
575,906 57
And that the treasury has always been in readiness to make the requisite advances upon the request of the Se-
cretary of War. Itdoesnotappear to the committee, in what manner, anti to what amount, these advancements have
been disbursed, the accounts not having been yet settled at the treasury ; nor was it possible, from the nature of the
case that they could, at this time, have received any conclusive or satisfactory information on that point.
From the foregoing state of facts, the committee suggest the following as the principal causes, in their opinion,
of the failure of the late expedition under Major General St. Clair.
The delay in furnishing the materials and estimates for, and in passing the act for the protection oi the frontiers;
the time, after the passing of which, was hardly sufficient to complete and discipline an army for such an expedition,
during the summer months of the same year.
17-92.] ESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR 1793. 39
• The delays consequent upon the gross and various mismanagements and neglects in the Quartermaster's and con-
tractors' departments; the lateness of the season at which the expedition was undertaken, the green forage having
been previously destroyed by the frost, so that a sufficiency of subsistence for the horses necessary for the army could
not be procured.
The want of discipline and experience in the troops.
The committee conceive it but justice to the commander in chief, to say, that, in their opinion, the failure of the
late expedition can, in no respect, be imputed to his conduct, either at any time before or during the action; but that
as his conduct in all the preparatory arrangements was marked with peculiar ability and zeal, so his conduct during
the action furnished strong testimonies of his coolness and intrepidity.
The committee suggest, as reasons for leaving the numbers of troopas it particular periods, and the dates of some
facts blank, the want of sufficient time to complete the report with minuteness, and, m some instances, the want of
necessary evidence.
The said report being read.
Resolved, That this House will, early in the next session, proceed to take the same into consideration.
2d Congress.] No. 6.* [2d Session.
ST. CLAIR'S DEFEAT.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NOVEMBER 14, 1792.
War Department, 1st November, 1792.
Sir:
After the close of the late session of Congress, I saw, with much concern, the report of the committee ap-
pointed to inquire into the causes of the failure of the expedition under Major General St. Clair, of the 8th of May,
1792, which, having been presented to the House, in the last moments of its session, was, ordered to be printed,
and has since circulated in the public newspapers throughout the United States, containing suggestions, most of them
founded upon ex parte investigation, which have been understood in a sense very injurious to my reputation.
Learning that the present day was appointed for taking into consideration the above mentioned report, I have
waited, with anxious expectation, for some act of the House enabling me to attend the progress of the examination
upon which they are about to enter, for the purpose of furnishing such information and explanations as niight con-
duce to a right understanding of facts, in whicli 1 am so materially implicated. The failure of a proposition which,
I am informed, was made to the House, with that view, has added to my solicitude and regret. Thus situated, I
feel myself called upon to ask of the justice of the House, that some mode may be devised, by which it will be put
into my power to be present, during the course of the intended inquiry, as well to hear the evidence on which
the several allegations contained in the report are founded, as to offer the information and explanations to which I
have alluded. To this step I am impelled by a persuasion that an accurate and satisfactory investigation cannot
otherwise be had, with equal advantage, if at all. And my entire reliance upon the equity and impartiality of the
House will not permit a doubt to exist, on my part, that such an investigation will be exclusively the object of their
desire and pursuit.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest respect, your most obedient, humble servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The Speaker of the Honorable the House of Representatives of the United States.
2d Congress.] No, 7. [2d. Session.
ESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR 1793.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 12, 1792.
War Department, December II, 1792.
Sir:
The President of the United States has directed me to submit to the House of Representatives, in pursu-
ance of their resolve of the 4th instant, the enclosed papers containing certain materials whereon the estimate of
the contingenoies of the War Department, for the year 1793, has been founded; and, also, the explanation of cer-
tain heads of articles in the general estimate, called " conjectural."
I have the nonor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The Speaker of the Honorable House of Representatives of the United States.
Of the contingencies of the War Department, for the year 1793.
In estimating the expenses of any given corps of troops, in a stationary situation, or upon a peace establishment,
every probable demand may be foreseen, specified, and calculated. But, in estimating the expenses of an army, in
the tune of war, designed for offensive operations, the case is materially otherwise. For, after all the stated and pro-
bable expenses are estimated, there ought to be an allowance either to make up for short estimates of the several
heads of supplies, or to serve as a fund to defray moderate losses by casualties.
• See Nos. 5 and 9.
40 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1792.
All active armies are liable to the loss of provisions, the means of transportation, ammunition, clothing, &c;,
by numerous accidents attending on a state of war. But, in the case contemplated in the estimates, the chance of
such accidents is greatly increased by the subtlety and activity of the enemy, and our ignorance of the wilderness
in which the troops may operate.
It has generally been considered as wise to appropriate a sum for casualties, to be applied to the public service in
case of necessity. If no such case occurs, no expenditure will take place, and, of course, the money will remain in
the treasury. But, if no contingent fund be appropriated, the operations of an army may be arrested at a critical
moment, and the army itself lost, or the public service greatly injured, for the want of means which might be ac-
quired, if authority and provision existed for the purpose.
But futurity being inscrutable to the limited faculties for man, he is unable to ascertain the form or value of de-
. niands which have not, and which never may have, any existence.
All that can possibly be done, in the present case, is to exhibit the expenses of the late campaigns, and thence to
infer the sum which may be judged proper to appropriate for the contingencies of the future, the strength and time
nf service of the relative armies being cluly considered.
It will appear, by paper No 1. that the claims for allowance, and the accounts actually settled, at the treasury,
for the loss of horses, arms. &c. in the expeditinn under General Harmar, amount to seventeen thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty -four dollars two cents, for which sum an appropriation was contemplated, by the act of the Uth day
of February, 1791, embracing one hundred thousand dollars, for the said expedition.
The estimates presented for the services of 1791 were embraced by two appropriations, the first of the Uth day
of February, 1791, for fifteen thousand three hundred and six dollars, including the sum of ten thousand three hun ■
dred and six dollars, for the Quartermaster's department.
The other, of the 3d day of March, 1791, for twenty-five thousand dollars, amounting, in all, for the said year,
to forty thous;md three hundred and six dollars.
The stores and other property lost in the defeat of the 4th of November, 1791, as stated in the paper No. 2,
amount to thirty-two thousand eight hundred and ten dollars and seventy-five cents.
In addition to these losses, it appears, by paper No. 3, that the contractors have a claim at the treasury for pro-
visions and horses, amounting to fifty -four thousand six hundred and thirteen dollars and thirty-five cents, of which,
perhaps, the sum of ten thousand dollars may be estimated for contingencies, the articles having fallen into the
hands of the enemy. Whether this sum will exceed, or fall short of, the allowances which shall be made, will de-
pend upon the proofs which shall be produced at the treasury.
The other contingent expenses, for the year 1791, are contaiined in paper No. 4, amounting to nine thousand six
hundred and twenty-one dollars and twenty cents.
The total expenditures made, and allowances claimed, under the head of contingencies, for the year 1791, will
probably amount to fifty- two thousand four hundred and thirty-one dollars ninety-five cents.
The estimates for the services of the year 1792 also specified two sums for the contingencies of the War De-
partment. The first, of twenty thousand dollars, was authorized by the act which passed the 23d day of Decem-
ber, 1791, entitled "An act for making appropriations for the support of Government, for the year 1792."
The otiier sum of thirty thousand dollars was authorized by the act which passed the 2d day of May, 1792, en-
titled " An act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers, and for other purposes therein
mentioned," both sums amounting to fifty thousand dollars.
The expenses already under this heacf are contained in paper No. 5, amounting to ten thousand two hundred and
twenty-nine dollars nine cents.
It is to be observed, that the fund appropriated to the Indian department having been exhausted by goods given,
and payments made, to the Creeks, the Cherokees, the Choctaws, and Chickasaws, and also to the Six Nations, that,
in addition to the above sum, expended in the year 1792, as contingencies, twenty-four thousand seven hundred and
seven dollars and ninety-eight cents has been applied to the Indian department.
The expenses of the Indian department are, at this critical period, as diflBcult to be previously calculated as those
<jf the army, excepting the stipulated sums to the Creeks, Cherokees, and Six Nations, and the agents employed to
the several tribes. Besides the said expenditures, the contractors of the present year lost, about the 5th of October
last, one hundred horses, said to be captured by the Indians. If they prove this they will be entitled to an allow-
ance by the terms of their contract.
Hence it will appear, that the sum of fifty thousand dollars, requested to be appropriated for the year 1793, is not
inordinate.
For the sums which shall be expended vouchers will be required, in the usual manner of other accounts,' except-
ing, always, the sums which may be expended, by the commanding general, for secret services, in which it woujdbe
prejudicial to the public interests to disclose names- But this sum is notlarge, and his reputation stands pledged to
rthe public for its just appropriation.
H. KNOX, Secretary qf War.
Bd,C0NGRK33.] No. 8. [2d SeSSIOW.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY IN 1792.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR, DECEMBER 27, 1792.
The President of the United States, by virtue of the powers vested in him by law, hereby establishes the follow-
ing organization of the troops of the United States :
The commissioned officers hereinafter designated, together with the non-commissioned officers, musicians, and
privates, authorized by law, amounting to 5, 120, are to be denominated —
The Legion of the United States, which is to be divided into four sub-legions.
The liEGioNARV Staff.
One Major General, or Legionary General, One Quartermaster,
Two Aids-de-cair.p, One Deputy Quartermaster,
One Adjutant and Inspector, One Surgeon,
One Major Commandant of Cavalry, One Chaplain.
One Major Commandant of Artillery,
17-93.]
CAUSES OF GENERAL ST. CLAIR'S FAILURE.
41
The Sub-Legions-
Each Sub-legion to consist of the Officers hereinafter named, and 1,380 non-commissioned Officers, Musicians, and
Privates, to wit:
Staff.
One Brigadier, or Sub Legionary General,
One Aid-de-camp,
One Brigade, or Sub-Legionary Major and Inspectoi-,
One Quartermaster,
One Surgeon.
One Captain,
One Lieutenant,
One Cornet,
Six Sergeants,
Six Corporals,
One Captain,
Two Lieutenants
Four Sergeants,
0?»e Troop of Dragoons, consisting of
One Farrier,
One Saddler,
One Trumpeter,
Sixty- five Dragoons.
One Company of .Artillery, to consist qf
Four Corporals,
Two Music,
Fifty Privates, including ten Artificers.
Two Battalions of Infantry, and one Battalion of Riflemen, each consisting of
One Major,
One Adjutant,
One Quartermaster,
One Surgeon's Mate,
One Sergeant Major,
One Quatermaster Sergeant,
One Senior Musician, and
One Captain,
One Lieutenant,
One Ensign,
Six Sergeants,
N. B. The Rifle Companies, one Bugler and eighty-two Privates
Four Companies, each to consist of
Six Corporals,
Two Music,
Eighty- one Privates.
One Troop of Dragoons, ----..
One Company of Artillery, - - . - .
Four Companies of Rifle, (95 each) - - - .
Eight Companies of Infantry, (95 each,) - - -
Aggregate,
The Legion of the United States, non-commissioned Officers and Privates,
80
60
380
760
1,280
4
5,120
Summary view of the General, Field, Commissioned, and Staff Officers, of the Legion of the United States:
General Staff.
One Major General, or Legionary General,
Four Brigadiers General, or Sub-Legionary Gen-
erals,
One Adjutant,
Fourteen Majors, commissioned.
Fifty-six Captains,
Sixty Lieutenants,
Four Surgeons,
Twelve Surgeons' Mates,
Meld.
One Quartermaster,
One Deputy Quartermaster,
One Surgeon,
One Chaplain.
Forty-eight Ensigns,
Four Cornets.
Medical Staff.
Six Surgeons' Mates, for Garrison duty and
extra service.
N. B. The Aids-de-camps are included in the number of commissioned Officers.
The particular companies and Officers, who shall form the several Sub-Legions, respectively, will be pointed
«ut to Major General Wayne, in subsequent instructions, after the President of the United States shall have ap-
pnfved the same.
Sd Congress.]
No. 9.
[3d Session.
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS IN 1791, UNDER
THE COMMAND OF MAJOR GENERAL St. CLAIR.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 15, 1793.
Mr. Giles, from the committee to whom was recommitted the report of the committee, appointed to inquire into
the causes of the failure of the expedition under Major General St. Clair, together with the documents relating
thereto, including the letter from the Secretary of War, and the memorial of Samuel Hodgdon, have proceeded to
re-examine the documents formerly before them, as far as seemed necessary; to hear and examine other testimony
produced to them; to hear and consider the written communications, made by the Secretary of Wqf, Samuel
Hodgdon, and the commander in chief of the expedition; and, as the result of their further inquiries, made the
following supplementally report:
The original report commences in the follovnng words:
" The contract for the supplies of the army, on the route from Fort Pitt, was made by Theodosius Fowler with
the Secretary ot the Treasury, and bears date the twenty-eighth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and
ninety; that, at the same time, a bond, in the penalty of one hundred thousand dollars, with Walter Livingston and
42 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1793.
.Tohn Cochran securities thereto, was entered into for the due execution of the contract; that, on the third day of
January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, the contract was wholly transferred from the said Fowler to
William Duer, a copy of which transfer was lodged in tiie office of the Secretary of the Treasury; that, by letter
from the Secretary of War, bearing date the twenty-fifth day of February, one thousand seven hundred and nine-
ty-one, addressed to William Duer, it appears that he was considered as contractor; that no correspondence ap-
pears to have taken place subsequently to that time between Theodosius Fowler and either the Treasury or War De-
partments." , • . . ,
From ilocuments received by the committee, since their last appointment, it appears, that the copy of the before
mentioned transfer was not lodged in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, until the seventh of April, one
thousand seven hundred and ninety-one; at which time it was received by the Secretary of the Treasury, under co-
ver of a letter from William Duer. informing him of the circumstance of the said transfer, and making requisitions
for certain advances of money; that the Secretary of the Treasury, by letter in reply of the same date, agrees to
make the advances required to William Duer, as the agent of Theodosius Fowler.
It appears that all the warrants issued from the Treasury, for the purposes of this contract, were issued to Wil-
liam Duer, as the agent of Theodosius Fowler.
The Secretary of the Treasury has furnished the committee with the written opinions of the Attorney General
of the United States, and several other lawyers of eminence, all of whom concur in opinion, that the securities to
the bond, originally given by Theodosius Fowler, for the execution of this contract, are now responsible for all da-
mages consequent upon any breach of that contract.
The Secretary ot Wai-, who alone appears to have been the agent, on the part of the United States, in all things
relating to the execution of the contract has always conesponded with William Duer as the contractor, and his
correspondence commences at a date prior to that of the copy of the contract lodged at the treasury.
The original report proceeds: —
" That, on the sixth of March, one thousand seven and ninety-one, a contract was entered into by William
Duer with the Secretary of War, for supplying the troops with provisions until their arrival at Fort Pitt, and at
Fort Pitt. A bond was, at the same time, entered into by the said William Duer for the due execution of the said
contract, in the penalty of four thousand dollars, without any security whatsoever."
It appears, by a re-examination of the documents formerly before the committee, that the date and terms of the
last mentioned contract were misrepresented; the date being the twenty-sixth, instead of the sixth, of April, and
the terms of the contract being to furnish provisions for the troops until tlieir arrival at Fort Pitt, but not during their
continuance at that place, 'fhe first of these mistakes appears to have been merely casual; the second appears to
iiave arisen from paying greater attention to the manner in which the contract was really executed, than to the
terms of the contract itselt; it having been conceived, by the committee, that Colonel Neville, the agent for sup-
plying the troops during their continuance at Fort Pitt, acted under the last mentioned contract. This circumstance
is remlared the less material, from the consideration that, according to the plan of the campaign, no delay of the
troops at Fort Pitt was counted upon. The statement is otherwise correct.
The Secretary of War, in his communication, states, that it was not the custom of the office to require other se-
cu'ity than that of the contractor, for the due execution of contracts of small amount; and it appears, by a letter of
the Secretary of the Treasury, written since the former report, that the Secretary of War consulted with him upon
the- occasion alluded to, and that he agreed in opinion, that farther security was not necessary.
It is stated in the original report, after speaking of one of the contractor's agents, that
liim
tne
"It appears by letters from John Kean, another of the contractor's agents, that no moneys had been received by
m on eighth of May, and it appears that, on the SSd of March, there was advanced to William Duer, on the last
infioned contract, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars."
Upon re-examining the letters of John Kean, it appears that he had received the sum of four hundred and fifty
dollars, and no more, before the aforesaid eighth day of May, which was before overlooked by the committee. And
it appears, from documents received by the committee since their report, that the sum of fifteen thousand dollars
was not advanced to William Duer, on account of the last mentioned contract, on the 23d of March. The com-
mittee were led into this mistake, by a document received from the Treasurer, representing the fact as stated in the
original report, which document is still before the committee. The true state of this transaction, as recently stated,
''''^A warrant issued in favor of Joseph Howell, on.the twenty-third of March, for the sum of fifteen thousand dol-
lars" for the use of the War Department generally, and not for William Duer, as stated in the account rendered by
the 'rreasurer: of which sum, were advanced to William Duer, on the twenty-sixth of March, four thousand dollars:
on the eighth day of May following, were paid to James Smith, contracting agent for William Duer, one thousand
dollars; aiid between the twenty-first of May and the twenty-third of July, were paid to John Kean, another agent
for Wi'lliam Duer, four hundred and thirty -seven dollars and ninety-one cents; making the whole sum advanced on
the last mentioned contract, five thousand four hundred and thirty-seven dollars and ninety-one cents. The resi-
due of the fifteen thousand dollars is suggested to have been applied to the use of the War Department generally.
The original report states, that
'■ It appears from the correspondence of General Butler, from the ninth of May to the ninth of June, repeated
complaints were made of fatal mismanagements and neglects, in the Quartermaster's and military stores' depart-
ments particularly as to tents, knapsacks, camp kettles, cartridge boxes, packsaddles, &c. all ot which articles
were deficient in quantity, and bad in quality. The packsaddles, particularly, were made in Philadelphia, which,
with the transportation, amounted to more than double the price at which they might have been procured at Fort
Pitt, and were found, upon examination,to be unfit for use." . ,r,, -^ , .-c ^ ^ m ,
Mr Hodgdon has produced to the Committee a number of ex-parte affidavits and certificates, to prove, that
these several articles were furnished in sufficient quantities, and of good quality. Most ot these affidavits, however,
were made by the mnnufacturers of the respective articles, or persons in the employment ot Mr. Hodgdon, and gene-
rally written in a difterent hand writing from that of the subscribing deponents; and most of tne certificates, by per-
sons unknown to the committee. But tiie testimony formerly taken by the committee, and the corroboration of it
to the packsaddles, however, it is necessary to remark, that some quauncation oi me expression usea mxneougi-
Ti-il reoort would be proper. They appear to have been made of different sizes: those ot the largest size are proved
to have been wholly unfit for use, the horses used for packhorses being generally small. Some of the smaller pack-
saddles, however, appear to have been used in the campaign, and to have answered the intended purpose better
than was at first expected.
It is stated in the original report, that
" The ai-ms sent forward appear not to have been duly examined, and arrived at Fort Pitt extremely out of or-
der, and many totally unfit for use, which circumstaace rendered repairs absolutely necessary, and added to the de-
lav of the troops at Fort Pitt." , „ . , . , i, , ,1 1 • i. i-ii
The committee are led to conclude, from authentic information recently received, that the complaint ot the arms
intended tor the regular troops and levies is unfounded; some of the arms appear tohave been damaged, after they
were put into the hands of the troops, from their inexperience or carelessness, though delivered to thein in good or-
^"^The committee were induced to make the unqualified statement contained in the original report, from the un-
qualified manner in which (his subject is spoken of by some of the witnesses, formerly examined by the committee;
If93.] CAUSES OF GENERAL ST. CLAIR'S FAILURE. 4^
they not having stated, with suflScient precision, the causes of the arms being out of repair, nor specifying the proba-
ble number requiring repairs.
The original report proceeds with the following expression:
' ' It appears, that a gieat proportion of the powder, supplied for the use of the army, was not of good quality,
though an experiment was made by Major Ferguson, at Fort Pitt, with a howitzer, who reported in favor of the
quality of the powder.'-
The committee are satisfied, from experiments made since the ongmal report by Captain Ford, at Fort Wasii-
ington, upon request of the Secretary of War, and by samples of the powder from thence, actually furnished the
committee, that the powder was originally of good quality; but that a certain quantity of it was damaged by expo
sure to the air and moisture after being issued to the troops. And it appears to have been powder of this descrip-
tion, upon which experiments were made by some of the officers in the expedition, which produced unfavorable im-
pressions as to the quality of the powder in general; for it is certain, a belief was currently entertained amongst the
officers, that the powder in general was not of good quality. The insufficiency of the powder, after the army took
the field, is accounted for from the bad quality of the tents. It is in testimony to the committee, that great quanti-
ties of the fixed ammunition were actually rendered useless from that cause.
It is stated in the original report, that
" Mr. Hodgdou was appointed Quartermaster General in the month of March, and continued at Philadelphia
until the 4th of June, he then proceeded to Fort Pitt, where he arrived on the 10th of the same month. No sufficient
causes have appeared to the committee to justify this delay, and his presence with the army appeared to have been
essentially necessary previously to that time."
In this statement, the duration of Mr. Hodgdon's stay at I^ort Pitt was casually omitted, which appears to have
been from the tenth of June till the twenty-sixtli of August. The insertion of this fact will sufficiently explain the
sense of the committee, in the inference respecting the time, in which the presence of the Quartermaster General
was necessary at the army.
It is stated in tlie original report, that
" There were sis hundred and seventy-five stand of arms, at Fort Washington, on the first of June, and most of
those totally out of repair."
These arms, the precise number of which appears not to be accurately ascertained, are admitted, by the Secretary
of War, to have been at Fort Washington, in the situation described, but he suggests, that they were old and useless
arms, which had been collected at that place, and were not counted upon as any part of the supply of arms for the
expedition. It appears, that the regular troops and levies were completely supplied with arms, without recurrence
to this stock; but a number of them was repaired, by orders of the commander in chief of the expedition, with a
view, as he suggests, to arm the militia from Kentucky, who, it was expected, would arrive either insufficiently
armed, or not armed at all: and he did not conceive the arrangements made by the War Department competent to
arming the militia, together with the other troops.
The original report states, that
"The privates of the levies received but three dollars pay each, from the time of their respective enlistments to
the time of their respective discharges, and were actually discharged witliout farther pay or settlement; notes of
discharge were given them, specifying the time of their service, and bearing endorsations, that some advances had
been made to them on account, without stating the amount, the object of which is suggested to have been to
prevent transfers; the intended effect was not produced by the measure; the notes were sold for trifling considera-
tions, the real sums due on the notes were various, from ten to twenty-five dollars, and they were frequently sold for
one dollar, or one gallon of whiskey; the moneys for the pay of the levies did not leave Philadelphia, till the fourth of
December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, nor arrived at Fort Washington till the third of Jaimary
one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, some time after the last enlisted levies are known to have been entitled
to their discharges."
In addition to the reasons contained in the original report, respecting the discharging of the levies, without their
stipulated pay, which are admitted by the Secretary of War to have been justly stated, he has, in his late commu-
nication suggested to the committee,that, at thetime of the discharge of the levies, there was actually in the hands
of the Quartermaster General the sum of sixteen thousand two hundred ninety-two dollars and seventy cents, which
were subject to be applied to any object, agreeably to the discretion of the commander in chief of the expedition,
and might have been applied, if he thought proper, to the payment of the discharged levies, and would have been
sufficient for two months' pay to the officers, and four months' pay to the privates. This sum is admitted by the
Quartermaster General to have been in his hands at the time of the discharge of the levies, aud would have been
applied to their pay, if orders had been given by the commander in chief of the expedition for that purpose. But that
no such orders ever were received by him. The Secretary of War infers, from these circumstances, that no censure
should be imputed to the War Department for not having paid implicit attention to this subject.
The circumstances respecting this transaction have been attentively examined by the committee, and appear to
them to be the following: — The Quartermaster General, upon his leaving Philadelphia, was furnished with the sum of
twenty thousand dollars for the use of that Department. He was afterwards furnished with two other sums, to wit,
the sum of seventeen thousand eight hundred and forty four dollars and fifty cents, on the twenty-third day of July.
and the sum of two thousand two hundred and twenty four dollars and sixty cents, on the seventh day of July^
making together the sum of twenty thousand and sixty nine dollars and ten cents. It appears, by letter from
the Secretary of War, to the commander in chief of the expedition, that five thousand dollars of this sum were to be
applied to the pay of the regular troops, if the commander in chief should deem that a proper application of the
money, which, however, was not done. The remaining part of this money was intended to form a kind of military
chest, to answer contingent expenses; subject, however, to the control of the commander in chief. It appears that
the Quartermaster General, in additionlto these supplies of cash, was authorized to draw bills on the Secretary of War
with this restriction— that the commander in chief should approve of all drafts, and certify the necessity or pro-
priety of making them. The Quartermaster General commenced his drafts, at Fort Pitt, previously to his arrival
at head quarters, to the amount of two thousand six hundred dollars, and continued them after his arrival- but it
does not appear that those drafts were certified, or sanctioned, by the commander in chief: all which drafts were
honored by the Secretary of War.
It is suggested by the commander in chief, that he never considered the money, before mentioned, appropriated
to the pay ol the levies, upon their discharges, nor that it was ever intended to be applied to that object. He further
suggests a want of knowledge of the money, said to be on hand, at the time of the discharges of the levies, although he
admits, that the Quartermaster General, shortly after his arrival at head quarters, tendered him a statement of the
cash on hand, which he returned, without examination, observing, that he had already received sufficient informa-
tion relatively thereto, from the Secretary ot War; that he was informed of the amount of moneys originally received
by the Quartermaster General, and conceived that he could form some idea of the balance on hand, from the sums
disbursed in consequence of warrants drawn by him, which, he expected, were paid from that fund; that his want
of information, as to the real balance, arose from the circumstance of the bills drawn by the Quartermaster General
without his knowledge, or the requiste certificate from him, which bills operated as a relief to that fund, for their
amount. The commander in chief of the expedition further suggested, to the committee, in presence of the Quarter-
master General, that, upon making drafts upon the fund before alluded to, he usually inquired of the Quartermaster
Genera , whether it was sufficient for the purpose of answering the draft, and upon repeating this inquiry, just
before the discliarge of the levies, he received for answer," that the chest was very low." This statement was ac-
quiesced in, or, at least, not denied by the Quartermaster General.
44 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1793.
The Quartermaster General has furnished the committee with a statement of his account, by which, it appears,
that he had on hand, on the fifth day of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, cash to the amount
of fifteen thousand nine hundred and twelve dollars and forty-two cents, and two thirds ofacent, which, he suggests,
have been since applied to the use of his department. This balance is denied to have been on hand, by the comnian-
■der in chief, at that time; and he has furnished a statement of disbursements from the original fund, which leaves the
amount of the balance, at the time of the discharge of the levies, of one thousand four hundred eighty-three dollars
eighty-six cents, exclusive of five thousand dollars appropriated to the pay of the old troops.
The commander in chief further suggests, that there was no paymaster to the army, nor any person authorized
to settle the accounts of the soldiers, and ascertain the real balances due to them, until the arrival of Mr. Swann, on
the third day of January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two; and infers, that he had no authority to direct a
settlement and order pay to the soldiers, until he was informed of the arrangements made at the War Office, relatively
to that object. This suggestion is strongly confirmed by a letter from the Secretary of War, addressed to the com-
mander in chief, and forwarded by Mr. Swann, which designates Mr. Swann as paymaster, and contains instructions
relatively to the terms of settling the accounts of the soldiery. The same letter serves to show, that the twenty thou-
sand and sixty -nine dollars and ten cents, put into the possession of the Quartermaster General, were not conclusively
destined for the pay of the levies, nor so considered by the Secretary of War, because it is assei-ted in the letter,
that Mr. Swann is furnished with a sum of money sufficient for the whole pay of the levies, without making any
deduction in consequence of the moneys furnished the Quartermaster General.
It is asserted by the Secretary of War, in his communication to the committee, that the time of the service of the
levies did not expire until after the arrival of Mr. Swann at Fort Washington, particularly Gaither's and Rhea's
battalions, the term of their enlistments having been to serve six months after their arrival at Fort Washington;
which was deemed the place of rendezvous. The time which had elapsed from the period of enlistment, to their
arrival at Fort Washington, or the evident impropriety of annexing such a condition to the enlistments, caused the
condition itself to be dispensed with, and those levies were actually discharged shortly afterthe twelfth of November,
one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, in consequence of having served six months, which is the extent of the
service authorized by law, and actually received certificates, at that time, of having performed six months' service.
Upon a re-examination of the residue of the original report, and the evidence now before the committee, they are
satisfied with the same, and find no material alterations or corrections necessary.
A regard for candor has induced the committee to adopt this mode of reporting, because the original report is
thereby preserved, mistakes existing in the same, and which are now corrected, and the causes of those mistakes
trendered obvious, and the whole subject presented to view upon the fairest terms, in the opinion of the committee,
o all persons in any degree concerned therein.
id Congress.] No. 10. 1 1st Session.
RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR, DECEMBER 16, 1793.
War Department, December lith, 1793.
ir:
I have the honor to submit a return of the ordnance, arms, and mditary stores, in possession of the United
States. • ■
It resulted from the casual circumstances of the late war, that these stores were accumulated principally at the
following points, viz: New London, in Virginia; Philadelphia; West Point, on Hudson River; and bpringfield,
on Connecticut River; all|of which, perhaps, excepting Springfield, are improper places for permanent magazines.
The important characteristics for magazmes and arsenals seem to be perfect security against enemies, internal
and external, blended with an easy access by water. The expense of land transportation of heavy articles, for a
series of years, compared with that by water, renders the latter quality indispensable for a magazine.
The situation of New London, being destitute of water communication with the ocean, is not a proper place for
a permanent magazine, and it would seem therefore necessaiy that some other position should be sought on James
River, more suitable for the erection of proper buildings. , . ,
It may be questionable whether a populous city is a proper place ior the repository of large quantities of militai-y
stores, on account of the accidents to which such places are liable by fire and other causes. Hence it is intended that
a part of the stores, now deposited in Philadelphia, shall be removed to some safe position higher up the Delaware.
West Point, on Hudson River, although a precious link in the chain which binds the States tpgether, has, on ac-
count of the well known navigation of that river, and the easy access from the ocean, been considered as an impro-
per place for an extensive magazine. For this reason part of the surplus stores have been removed temporarily to
During the late war a number of valuable brick buildings were erected at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, as well for
the reception of stores, as to accommodate a number of workmen in the Ordnance Department; but these buildings
were not much used after the apprehensions of invasion subsided, owing to the expense and delay occasioned by the
land transportation. The same causes still prevent their use in any considerable degree.
The situation of the United States would seem to require, that three capital magazines should be established per-
manently, one for the southern, one for the middle, and one for the eastern States, with such subdivisions as
may be deemed indispensable for general use. ..... tt -^ j o^ -. i u i
It would also seem to be a dictate of sound national policy, that the United states should always possess one
hundred thousand arms placed in their respective arsenals, and that the battering and field artillery and ammunition
should be in ample proportion. ■ , , ,. tt ■. j o. . ■ l.l r. • . ,
It is presumed that all the cannon, arms, and ammunition required by the United States, might be fabricated
among ourselves. It is possible the expense may be greater than if the articles were imported, but this circumstance
is not of such moment as to be compared with the solid advantages which would result from extending and perfect-
ing the means upon which our safety may ultimately depend.
I have the houor to be, with the highest respect, sir, your obedient servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The President qfthe United States.
1793.] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES. 45
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Spnngjield, Massachusetts.
6 pounders, -
3 pounders, -
Brass Ordnance.
Howitzers-
8 inch.
Do. unfinished,
5| inch.
Do. unfinished,
4i inch cohorn and bed, -
Iron beds for 13 inch mortars.
Travelling Carriages.
4 pounders, long,
6 pounders, short,
6s inch howitzers, French,
AMMUNITION.
Shot Strapt.
9 pounders, -
-
6 do.
-
4 do.
3 do.
-
Canisters Filled.
12 pounders.
.
9 do.
-
6 do.
-
4 do.
-
3 do.
-
Quilted Grape.
9 pounders, -
~
4 do.
-
Iron Shot.
24 pounders, -
-
18 do.
-
6 do.
-
4 do.
-.
3 do.
-
Shells.
8 inch.
.
5| do.
-
Powder.
Barrels,
_
Half barrels.
.
Musket cartridges,
-
Powder horns.
-
Musket Ball.
Boxes, 100 lb. each,
Do. 1 lb. ball.
-
Do. grape shot, 2
, 3, and 4 ounces.
Lead, 211 bars,
.
Flints,
-
Cylinders.
24 pounders.
.
12 do.
-
9 do.
.
6 do.
-
4 do.
.
3 do.
-
Caps.
24 pounders.
.
12 do.
.
6 do.
.
•4 do.
.
3 do.
-
259
192
1,244
457
344
449
368
554
683
18 pounders, -
12 do.
6 do.
4 do.
3 do.
13 inch,
10 do.
8 do.
5* do.
New French arms.
Old do. do.
Carbines,
Pistols,
Brass hilted, -
Marine cutlasses.
Paper Cartridges.
Fuzes Filled.
Muskets, SfC.
Swords.
Military Stores.
2,159
3,535
300
3,500
1,054
4,985
5,829
- 1,393
22
74,799
■ 847
37
- 153
lb. 20,268
815,115
369
993
180
946
6,150
2,400
477
355
146
1,644
Ammunition wagons,
Do. boxes.
Worms, of sorts,
Trail and common handspikes.
Kegs yellow paint, ground in oil.
Cask Spanish brown.
Do. red lead.
Gun worms.
Sword belt, -
Bayonet belts,
Iron bottoms for grape, -
Handsaws,
Yards duck, -
Bullet pouches, old.
Carbine rods, chests.
Gun rods, do.
Tent, - -
Scales and weights, pairs.
Scales, without beams.
Tin end pieces for cartridge boxes, -
Tin cases, for do- do.
Cartridge boxes and belts.
Chests of cannon cartridge paper.
Tube boxes.
Fire hook, one.
Turners' tools, sets,
Beds for 13 inch mortars, unfinished,
Hammerheads, of sorts.
Sponges, for 4 pounders,
Lintstocks, - - -
Portfire stocks,
Sheep skins, -
Laboratory chests,
Tompions for 4 pounders,
Worms and ladles,
Rope, 3i inch, fathoms, -
161 Copper hoops.
Saltpetre, barrels.
Empty tubes,
Fuzes, 13 inch, not fixed.
Copper ladles, sorts,
Emery, pounds.
Tin lanterns.
Buckles for pouches.
Clasps for do.
Fronts for do.
Hooks for do.
Wheels for 4 pounders, -
Do. for 3 pounders, -
Do. for wagons.
Do. for travelling forges,
Do. partly made.
Carriage cheeks in the rough.
Wagon tops, - - -
Wagon boxes,
Slowmatch, hhds.
Felloes, ...
Grindstones,
920 I Chests of iron gun mounting,
726
727
100
70
80
2,171
978
978
1,487
6,678
55
406
110
- 267
16
88
3
1
1
3,529
1
21
- 344
2
8
- 369
2
6
I
2
1
1,370
- 298
- 271
7
38
wt. lb- 80
1
6
- 161
29
11
14
2
1
45
6
10
lbs. 187
2^
4,381
1,184
48
H
5
- 649
73
20
34
28
5
12
4
9
47
2
20
2
- 500
2
7
46
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Ordnance, ^c. at iSJpnng/ieW— Continued.
Cask tin,
Empty cases for 6 pounders,
Do. for 4 pounders.
Copper and laboratory kettles,
Large screws.
Large screw plates,
Brass gun mounting.
Brimstone, pounds.
Portfires, dozen.
Portfire moulds and drifts.
Gun locks, old.
Iron hooks and thimbles.
Iron chains, -
Gun slings, -
Drum sticks,
Fifes,
Iron stoves, -
Iron pots.
Spokes,
Implements.
Blacksmith's bellows,
Beck irons, -
1
180
136
1
3
3
168
300
70
, 1
250
14
5
21
1
2
2
7
5,300
Boring mill, -
Limbers framed, not ironed,
Augers,
Anvil,
Armorer's tools, set,
Bench vices.
Damaged Stores.
Old cartridge boxes.
Tents,
Jockey caps.
Powder, barrel.
Old camp kettles,
Drum,
Arm chests, -
Armorer's shop,
Blacksmith's do.
Harness maker's do.
Coal house, -
Travelling forge, unfinished,
Backs for travelling forges,
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores, deposited at West Point.
34
pounders.
la
do.
12
do.
6
do.
4
do.
3
do.
34
pounders,
18
do.
18
do.
>2
do.
12
do.
9
do.
6
do.
4
do.
3
do.
2
do.
8 inch, brass.
5*
do.
do.
bad
13 inch,
Brass Ordnance.
dismounted,
mounted,
dismounted,
do.
do.
do.
Iron Ordnance.
dismounted,
mounted,
dismounted,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Howitzers.
dismounted,
do.
Iron Mortars.
mounted,
Brass Mortars.
dismounted.
10 inch,
Mortar beds, good,
8 inch,
55 inch,
do.
4? do.
Mortar beds, good,
8 inch mortar oed, good.
13 inch,
10 inch,
8 do.
55 do.
41 do.
dismounted,
mounted,
dismounted,
do.
Travelling Carriages.
34 pounders, good
18
12
4
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Ammunition.
Bar Shot.
24 pounders,
18 do.
12 pounders, -
-
- 331
J
do.
-
78
3
3
8
7
Round Shot.
24 pounders, -
.
- 1,466
19
18
do.
-
- 3,778
1
do. too large for the gauge.
- 1,391
12
do.
-
- 4,137
9
do.
too large for the gauge.
- 220
do. -
.
- 2,307
6
6
do.
-
- 2,884
2
4
do.
-
- 2,382
22
3
3
do.
■■
- 1,067
2
11
Strapt Shot.
2
24 pounders.
fixed, -
- 200
8
do.
unfixed, -
- 92
4
18
do.
do. -
7
2
12
do.
fixed, -
- 233
do.
unfixed, -
- 455
9
do.
fixed,
36
6
do.
do.
- 832
13
do.
unfixed, -
- 1,694
5
4
do.
fixed.
- 1,349 ,
do.
unfixed, -
86
3
do.
fixed, -
- 748
2
do.
unfixed, -
Grape Fixed.
- . 771
9
9 pounders,
.
95
7
6
do.
-
- 166
1
4
do.
.
55
2
8
3
do.
-
65
7
4
Grape unfixed.
1
24
pounders.
.
2
18
do.
■ -
- 344
12
do.
.
39
181
9
do.
. - -
10
499
6
do.
.
- 345
1,562
4
do.
. - -
- 187
458
3
do.
_
- 257
64
Loose Grape
- barrels
11
3
IC
Case fixed.
24
pounders,
.
- 133
1
12
do.
- - -
119
:
9
do.
-
43
i(
)
Case Shot fixed.
6
pounders
- 1,949
3
I 4
do.
- - -
- 2,393
4'
r 3
do.
-
- 921
1793.] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
47
Return of Ordnance, ^c. at West Poin<— Continued.
Case unfixed.
[lampart arms,
Carbines,
-
- 348
- 468
24 pounders, -
-
- 108
Pistols,
-
59
18 do.
-
73
12 do.
-
- 180
Ladles.
6 do.
.
- 491
4 do.
-
- 393
24 pounders, -
. .
8
3 do.
-
- 193
18 do.
12 do.
-
39
24
Garrison Carriage
s.
9 do.
-
15
6 do.
.
88
24 pounders,
good.
6
4 do.
-
45
18 do.
do.
27
3 do.
-
33
12 do.
-
18
2 do. -
.
9
9 do.
-
2
6 do.
-
16
IVorms.
Paper
Cartridges, empty. \
24 pounders, -
.
15
18 do.
.
50
24 pounders, -
-
- 5,680
12 do.
-
48
18 do.
-
- 14,533
9 do. -
-
45
12 do.
-
- 6,633
6 do.
.
68
9 do.
-
- 3,805
4 do.
. ■
39
6 do.
-
- 3,758
3 do.
.
57
4 do.
-
- 4,721
3 do.
.
- 2,345
Case shot.
2 do.
-
- 559
10 inch,
-
- 2,703
8 inch,
5^ do.
-
60
- 533
Flannel Cartridges, empty. 1
4f
-
60
24 pounders, -
-
- 697
Sponges.
12 do-
.
- 130
4 do.
-
11
24 pounders, -
.
38
65 inch.
-
- 150
18 do.
_
70
4f do.
-
- 202
12 do.
9 do.
-
83
73
Caps.
6 do.
4 do.
-
- 160
86
34 pounders, -
- 818
3 do.
.
- 100
12 do.
-
- 2,065
2 do.
-
28
6 do.
•
- 525
10 inch,
8 do.
-
45
35
Cylinders.
5| do.
4f do.
-
41
7
34 pounders, -
-
- 900
13 do.
-
- 1,850
Bayonets.
6 do.
"
- 793
Spare,
- 1,743
Fuzes.
Scabbards,
Spears,
-
- 14,006
- 641
13 inch.
-
- 1,128
Swords,
.
389
10 do.
-
- 4,931
do. scabbards.
.
40
8 do.
-
- 5,633
Espontoons, -
.
54
4| do.
Powder.
- 1,075
Musket,
Cartridges.
318,415
Double barrels.
~
- 146
Blank,
.
-19,115
70
Single do.
-
- 762
One pound paper filled, -
Half do.
- 2,123
Pistol,
.
- 2,734
Pounds,
-
4
Meal,
-
- cwt. 6.0.19
limitary Stores.
Tins.
Limbers to 12 pound
Do. 18 do.
ers, -
8
5
Boxes,
-
2
Do. 24 do.
.
1
Barrels for cartridg
e boxes.
1
5i inch mortar beds.
good.
2
Barrels,
-
2
Limbers to 8 inch mortars.
7
Sheets,
-
- 362
Oil cloths, -
Bags for grape shot.
-
13
- 738
Instruments, and 0
book.
Steel,
-
pounds
, - 201
Sulphur,
.
do.
- 233
Brass calipers,
pairs,
1
Saltpetre,
.
do.
6
Wooden do.
- do.
2
White lead, -
.
do.
995
Fuze engine, -
-
1
Spanish brown.
.
do.
37
Brass shot gauges.
-
- set, - 1
Thread,
.
do.
4
Field engineer.
-
1
Iron of a 10 inch mortar bed.
do.
107
Flints,
.
111,927
Muskets.
Cartouch boxes,
Box of lock limbs.
-
- 177
1
Stands of arms.
-
- 7.058
Drum shells, -
.
55
Do. -
- without ramrods, - 302
Drum sticks, -
.
pairs.
6
French,
-
- 706
Waist belts, -
.
653
English,
-
12
Frogs for do. -
Coils slow matcli.
.
200
- without ramrods, - 214
.
111
Rifles,
-
. - 5
Gun worms, -
.
477
Smooth rifles.
-
20
Powder measures.
-
18
48
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Ordnance, ^c. at West Point — Continued.
Pincers,
Funnels,
Gouge bits, -
Priming wires.
Gimlets,
Screw belts, -
Fire balls,
Clasps for cartridge boxes,
Woods for do.
Tins, for do.
Gunner's belts.
Haversacks,
Lantern,
Lintstocks, -
Portfire stocks,
Lead aprons, .
Powder horns.
Drudge boxes,
Tube do. .
Tubes filled, .
Do. empty.
Fuze sets.
Shell hooks.
Kit ladle.
Cannon spikes.
Copper pans.
Scale beams.
Sets scales,
Sets weights.
Pounds rope.
Budge barrels.
Elevating screws,
Linch pins.
Washers,
Cap square keys.
Gins,
Iron gin blocks.
Wooden do.
Pair of blacksmith's bellows,
Port fires.
Sponge caps.
Gun locks.
Tackle block,
Tin canisters,
Sets men's harness.
Sets drag ropes.
Rammer heads,
Sponge do.
Wooden wads.
Junk do.
Wooden tube boxes
Fids for grape,
Tompions,
Packsaddle,
Horsemen's swivels.
Wagons,
Tumbrels,
Dive),
Empty fuzes.
Wooden tube boxes.
Fire balls.
Smith's vice.
Hair pouches,
Stands of colors.
Sets of mounting.
Cannon searchers,
do. slings,
Crucible,
Tin canteens.
Bayonet belts,
Musket barrels.
Pistol do.
Sword blades.
Straps for tompions.
Hand grenade shells,
Flat formers for cannon cartridges,
Round do. for do.
Musket formers.
Toggles for drag ropes,
Wooden marline spikes,
1
14
- 212
- 188
2
47
29
- 1,295
10
4
74
56
1
303
258
129
473
19
42
4,826
6,222
US
45
1
87
7
5
3
2
818^
33
5
64
54
23
3
9
24
1
1,416
109
79
1
115
33
122
41
112
739
165
54
1,040
184
1
114
2
15
1
1,575
54
248
1
248
5
4
2
1
403
590
199
301
1,023
11
170
17
15
152
179
Copper ladles.
Brass belt buckles.
Park stakes.
Tins for strapt shot.
Coffins for false fires.
Boxes loose grape.
Woods for case shot.
Do. for strapt do.
Travelling carnages, without boxes or wheels,
Carriage wheels.
Limbers,
Copper hook for the magazine.
Powder trays,
10 inch carcass shells.
Steel ramrods.
Implements.
Mallets,
Shell scrapers.
Hand bellows.
Pair canhooks.
Anvils,
Boxes smith's tools.
Chest with carpenter's tools,
I'rail handspikes.
Handspikes,
Screw drivers.
Hand vices.
Tomahawks,
Coopers' copper vices.
Do. do. knives,
do. adzes.
Do.
Damaged Stores.
Round shot 6 pounders.
Do. 12 do.
Do. 18 do.
Do. 24 do.
Single barrels powder.
Half barrels do.
Muskets,
Bayonets,
Carbines,
Pistols,
Blunderbusses,
Wall piece,
Sworas,
Smith's vices.
Flints,
Sets men's harness.
Fuzes,
Lanterns,
Sets drag ropes.
Tubes, ,
Portfires,
Tumbrels,
Travelling forges,
8 inch carcasses.
Gun worms,
Gunslings,
Fort cartouch boxes,
Cartouch box belts.
Dragoon do.
Bayonet scabbards,
Drumshells,
False fires,
Fifes,
Cartouch boxes
51 inch howitzer wheels.
Travelling forge, and howitzer timber
Hammers,
Pounds of powder.
Gin,
Iron gin blocks.
Size board for cannon shot.
Truck carriages.
Flannel cartridges empty.
Musket cartridges.
wheels.
35
40
2
40
29
131
517
704
11
14
2
1
SO
7
600
92
47
3
1
6
2
1
165
182
2
2
45
3
2
2
60
62
233
7
19
3
8,617
2,617
112
407
3
1
62
4
15,942
14
2,885
23
5
3,378
852
2
3
56
81
101
91
1,486
47
61
1
45
6
4,222
2
16
2
3231
1
2
1
1
21,457
1793.] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
49
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Fort Rensselaer, and its Dependencies.
Iron Ordnance.
9 do.
2
6 do.
.
5
12 pounders, mounted, -
-
2 4 do. -
.
1
9 do. do.
-
-
3 3 do. -
_
2
6 do. do.
.
-
7
' 4 do. do.
-
2
Sponges.
3 do. do.
-
3
6 do. dismounted.
3 12 pounders, -
.
5
3 do. do.
]
9 do.
.
2
6 do.
.
8
Brass Ordnance.
4 do.
.
1
3 do.
.
3
4| mortar, mountet
Round Shot.
1
4| inch.
Military Stores.
1
12 pounders, -
-
- 165
Spare garrison carriage, -
1
9 do.
-
- .550
Lead aprons.
-
9
6 do.
-
- 1,515
Tubes,
_
342
4 do.
-
- 216
Portfires,
-
8
3 do.
-
96
Portfire stocks.
. .
6
6 and 9 pounders, at Fort Schuyler, -
- 120
Lintstocks, -
.
10
Slow match, -
.
- lbs. 58
Strapt Shot.
Gunner's belt,.
-
1
Priming wires.
-
38
12 pounders, fixed.
„
51
Gouge bits.
• .
3
6 do. do.
.
31
Cannon spikes.
.
2
3 do. do.
-
73
Drag ropes, -
.
sets, 6
12 do. unfixed,
-
28
Sheep skins, -
.
7
6 do. do.
-
1
Twine,
- .
skeins, 4
3 do. do.
-
27
Junk,
..
hhd.l
Raw hides.
-
6
Case Shot.
Gin,
.
1
Wooden gin blocks
-
2
12 pounders, fixed,
-
62
Powder horns,
-
5
9 do. do.
-
- 119
Stands of arms,
.
5
6 do. do.
.
65
Cartritlge boxes,
.
5
3 do. do.
.
- 121
Musket cartridges.
-
- 1,392
12 do. unfixed
-
25
Do. do.
blank,
- 1,320
9 do. do.
-
15
Paper,
-
quires, 26
3 do. do.
-
16
Thread,
-
-lb. ^
Budge barrel,
Drudge boxes.
-
1
Grape Shot.
.
3
Kit brush, -
.
1
6 pounders, unfixed,
.
21
Kit ladles, -
-
2
Tin funnel, -
_
1
Flannel Cartridges.
Powder measures,
-
- set, 1
12 pounders, filled,
9 do. do.
-
8
3
Fuze,
Gun worms, -
*
- sets, 2
8
3 do. do.
.
19
Loose grape, -
-
boxes, 29
Tube box, -
-
1
Paper Cartridges.
6 pounders, filled,
12
Implements.
3 do. do.
-
6
Hammer,
_
1
12 do. empty,
-
58
Pincers,
.
1
9 do. do.
6 do. do.
.
- 263
88
Handspikes, -
Chisel,
-
15
1
4 do. do.
-
33
Mallet,
.
I
3 do. do.
-
68
Shells.
Damaged Stores.
8 inch,
4| do. filled.
Do. do. empty,
Fuzes,
-
- 120
: si
Vluskets,
Bayonets,
jrun barrels, -
Jun locks, -
Juards,
-
44
13
6
8
4
Tjidlei
]
Beech plates, -
-
4
J-/IIUICO.
3 pound empty paper cartridges,
6 pound filled flannel do.
31
12 pounders, -
-
3
1
9 do.
-
2
9 pound case shot, fixed.
6'
6 do.
-
3 I
3 pound strapt shot,
i'ubes,
do.
1
4 do.
-
1 >•
.
- 160
3 do.
-
4 (
Cartridge boxes.
-
■ - 150
J
klusket cartridges.
-
- 1,204
Worms.
6
pound case shot, fixed, -
11
12 pounders, -
-
2 9
pound empty paper
cartridges.
5
50
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Philadelphia.
Brass Ordnance.
Howitzers, 8 inch, mounted,
2i do. do.
Cannon, 4 pounders, do.
3 do. do.
2 do. do.
Howitzers, 2? inch, dismounted, -
Arms.
Mortars, 44 inch,
54 do.
8 do.
10 do.
13 do.
do.
Cannon, 3 pounders,
4 do.
9 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
da
do.
do.
do.
Muskets,
Fusees,
Rifles,
Carbines,
Blunderbusses,
Pistols,
Gun slings,
Cartouch boxes.
Flints,
- 11,434
14
1X0
- 1,032
43
251
300
1,600
- 592,450
Iron Ordnance.
24 pounders, mounted, loaned to State of Pennsylvania, 5
18 do. do. do.
12 do. do.
Howitzers, 34 inch, dismounted,
Cannon, 12 pounders, do.
do.
do.
Powder.
Single barrels, in the magazine at French Creek,
f. do. do. do. do.
4 do- do. do. do.
J do. do. do. do.
Double barrels, in the magazine at Schuylkill,
Single
9 do.
do.
6 do.
do.
4 do.
do.
1 do.
do.
Shells.
Hand gienades.
.
10 inch shells.
-
8 do. do.
-
4i do. do.
-
Cannon Ball.
24 pounders.
-
3 do.
4 do.
-
6 do.
-
9 do.
-
12 do.
-
18 do.
-
24 do.
-
32 do.
-
Pounds of grape shot.
Bar Shot.
3 pounders.
6
do.
9
do.
12
do.
IS
do.
24
do.
32
do.
2^ pounders.
3
do.
4
do.
a
do.
9
do.
12
do.
34
do.
54
inch,
8
do.
3
pounders,
4
do.
6
do.
9
do.
12
do.
3
pounders.
4
do.
6
do.
9
do.
12 do.
34 do.
Case Shot Unfixed.
Orape Shot Unfixed.
Round Shot, Strapt, Unfixed.
966
4,562
1,360
138
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
do. do.
Lead.
of lead,
71 ton, 15 c.
150
13
20
12
17
36
515
1
809
6,938
20,147
3,352
3,275
5,543
3,649
958
27
96,913
1
1
203,
410
17
Musket ball, 53 boxes, of 100
net each, is
Canteens,
Haversacks,
Drums,
Do. cases.
Do. pairs of sticks.
Do. cords,
Do. heads.
Do. shells.
Fifes,
Brushes and wires.
Camp kettles.
Sergeant's swords.
Do. belts.
Horsemen's Equipage.
Saddles complete,
Bridles,
Halters,
Valises,
Nose bags.
Swords,
Do. belts.
Fuzes, 10 inch, filled,
8 do.
Do. empty, of sizes.
6 qr. 18 lb.
363
2,440
21
20
39
4
16
12
21
3,535
42
2,240
80
495
495
495
495
495
396
495
Adzes,
1 Ammunition boxes.
Awl hafts,
Do. blades,
Auger,
52 Axe-eye wedges,
98 Brands,
1,412 Bayonet mandrills,
64 Do. blades,
66 Do. frogs,
175 Do. sockets,
1 Book cases,
9 Brass pistol barrels,
47 Breech wrenches.
Bullet nippers.
Do. moulds.
Button do.
1,668 Brass weights.
2,045 Belt buckles,
1,040 Boring bits,
109 Braces,
353 Bags, (small sand)
Back and belly bands.
Buff belts.
Blocks for horsemen's caps,
724 Bridle bits,
613 Bands for spears.
747 Bellows pipes,
12 Breast plates,
446 I Brace stocks,
9 \ Ball patterns.
3,552
1,670
1,900
50
44
1
3
35
3
1S«
742
133
3,430
2
10
9,100
40
11
20
3
31
4
4
6
11
1793.] RETURN OF O RDN ANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
5!
Return qf Ordnance, <J-c. at Philadelphia— Continued.
Blind bridles,
Bolts, with keys,
Buckles lor halters.
Barrel scraper,
Breechines,
Box handles,
Buttress,
Bundles of reeds.
Cannon wads.
Do. scraper.
Caps and cylinders.
Cannon drifts.
Cutting knives,
Copper pump,
Canvas valise,
Drills,
Do. bow.
Do. stock.
Desks,
Drawers,
Drawing knives,
Espontoons,
Ferrules for tool handles.
Fascine hatchet,
Frows,
Fire fenders, ■ .
Fire balls.
Gouge bits,
Gin, tackle, and blocks,
Grindstone,
Gins, with blocks.
Gun worms,
Grenadier's match pipes.
Halberds,
Hooks and thimbles.
Hatchets,
Hinges for spears,
Hoe,
House chairs.
Horseman's tent.
Hinge hooks.
Hand vice.
Hay rake.
Iron pistol barrels.
Do- tripets.
Do. crow bars,
Do. skimmer.
Do. pot.
Ivory mouth piece.
Ladles, (copper)
Lintstocks,
Lbs. stone emery.
Do. cannon cartridge paper.
Do. desk furniture,
Do. wrought iron.
Do. steel.
Do. black lead,
Do. antimony.
Do. yellow ochre.
Do. sulphur,
Do. saltpetre,
Lock plates.
Linings for caps.
Leather portfire cases, .
Musket bai-rels.
Do. locks.
Do. butt pieces,
guards,
bands, _ .
cocks, with pins,
do. without pins,
hammers.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
pipes,
side plates,
jaws,
trigger plates, .
triggers,
side and breech pins,
cock pins,
main and hammer springs,
sears,
tumblers,
bridles,
side springs,
breechings,
pans,
stocks,
splices,
2 Musket cartridge formers,
15 Marking irons,
380 Mail pillions,
1 Mortars for composition
12 Marlinespikes,
13 Needles,
1 Nest of weights,
22 Nail tools,
936 Nose caps,
1 Oil stone,
3,000 Pistol locks,
7 Do. trigger plates,
2 Do. caps,
1 Do. thumb pieces,
1 Do. side plates,
2 Do. pipes,
1 Do. stocks,
1 Do. cock pins and jaws,
5 Do. guards,
10 Do. cocks,
12 Do. hammers,
2 Do. main and side springs,
30 Do. lock pins,
1 Pairs of scales,
13 Do. stirrup irons,
2 Do. horse shoes,
209 Do. drum hooks,
44 Do. fire tongs,
73 Do. andirons,
1 Do. ox shoes,
2 Do. handcufts,
12,365 Paper cartridges, sizes,
20 Portfire stocks,
25 Priming wires,
17 Powder horns, with strapi
12 Powder proof,
9 Plane,
1 Palms,
9 Pincers,
1 Padlock,
4 Quires writing paper,
1 Do. musket C paper,
1 Quadrants, (wood)
190 Quoiler hooks,
2 Rammer sponge, and ladle heads,
6 Do. handles,
1 Ramrods, iron,
1 Do. borers,
1 Do. reamers,
104 Rivets,
34 Regulation books,
130 Pocket moulds,
21 Do. formers and drifts
400 Rifle sights,
224 Rivets tor cartridge boxes
7,840 Ragstones,
224 Rifts,
140 Rivet tools,
65 Star shot,
30 Sliding do.
13,440 Sword blades, (old)
830 Do. belts, unfinished,
223 Do. do.
2 Do. guards,
300 Do. blades, forged,
4,300 Saws,
1,900 Smith's hammers,
3,828 Staves for budge barrel
6,000 Screw bits,
1,900 Set shot gauges,
1,219 Single do.
1,405 Scrapers,
1,559 Steel cores, for mounting,
3,385 Stamps,
595 Screw plates,
2,848 Spring sets,
1,159 Swages,
18,111 Sets and Mallets,
120 Do. scale chains
4,324 Serpent moulds,
464 Spindle for a lathe,
390 Strap for breech band
456 Spade belt,
4,281 Spools for wheels,
42 Standard cases,
126 Sockets for spears,
100 Spears, with handles,
500 Do. without do.
240
7
6
1
24
20,000
1
21
105
1
17
49
1,050
7
59
1,741
2,800
400
47 •
160
100
400
700
3
510
7
1
2
3
49
7
11.144
59
100
443
1
1
2
3
1
600
1,360
4
99
400
30
100
12
12
300
33
2
21
16
100
3
7
1
350
13
110
42
165
378
3
3
30
200
40
1
6
3
300
17
4
I
26
31
1
1
1
1
160
23
10
51
300
I.
52
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
11193.
Return of Ordnance^ SfC. at Philadelphia— Continued.
Scythe,
Screws and wipers,
Swivels for cartridge boxes,
Shell hooks,
Do. scrapers,
Spear and socket for color poles,
Sdk division colors.
Do. tassels.
Shot blocks, sizes.
Scale dishes,
Scythe rings.
Do. nibs.
Do. wedges.
Staples,
Smith's tongs.
Swingle trees, without irons.
Stoves,
Stove feet.
Stools, (sitting)
Smith's vices,
Shell pattern.
Scale beam,
Side bars for carbines.
Shot patterns,
Stock buckles.
Tubes, sizes.
Do. box,
Ti-ail and handspikes,
Tin powder measures,
Tool handles,
Tin cartouch boxes,
Do. measures, sizes.
Taps, for screw plates.
Turner's tools.
Tailpipe springs.
Thumb pieces.
Tire bales,
Tin pipes for cartridge boxes,
Tacks,
Tables,
Tin Canteens,
Toggles for drag ropes,
Thumb latches.
Tomahawks,
Tongue chains,
Tackle blocks, with hooks,
Do. do. without.
Torches for signals,
Tin canisters.
Wad hooks,
1
100
700
19
IX
1
16
11
1,500
6
95
78
100
130
11
70
3
4
20
5
1
1
127
42
288
10,000
1
40
50
62
200
13
-9
2]
168
192
2
200
1,000
6
20
400
16
6
3
50
60
50
80
94
Weights,
Wood mallets,
Do. screws,
DAMAGED STORES.
Ordnance.
2| inch brass howitzers.
Augers,
Adze.
Blunderbusses,
Bayonet belts.
Bayonets,
Bar shot.
Camp kettles.
Drum shells,
Dutch oven.
Flannel cartridges,
Fuses,
Files,
Fish kettle,
Gunner's belt.
Handsaws,
Haversacks,
Horsemen's spears.
Do. caps,
Lanterns,
Muskets,
Rifles,
Musket locks.
Do. barrels.
Planes,
Pistols,
Ramrod borers,
Sets men's harness,
Swords,
Do. blades.
Tinman's shears.
Watering pot.
Color,
Powder.
3 double barrels, T
14 single do. 5- say 2,800 lbs.
6 half do. 3
2 barrels,^ mealpH
1 half do. 3 "sealed.
A quantity of old iron, weight unknown.
55
80
3,000
5
1
76
53
100
35
65
58
1
10,000
106
136
1
1
3
270
15
1,250
52
1,482
76
2,300
1,125
22
3
6
15
45
103
2
1
1
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania.
Iron Cannon.
Half barrels,
7
Mealed, pounds.
-
-
61
4 pounders,
do. nut finished,
1
Musket cartridges, boxes.
-
-
7
1
Paper cartridges, bag sizes.
-
720
Do. cylinders, do.
-
-
4436
Shot.
Do. caps, for do.
-
-
666
12 pounders, case, fixed.
4
Military Stores.
9 do.
18
4 do.
9
Set of drag ropes, -
-
-
1
3 do.
26
Ladles and worms, sizes.
-
-
8
6 pounders, grape fixed.
6
Sponges, do.
-
-
4
3 . do.
11
Lintstocks,
-
-
4
12 pounders, grape unfixed.
36
Portfire stocks,
-
-
5
9 do.
142
Sponge heads, sizes.
-
-
118
6 do.
427
Ladle heads, do.
.
.
17
4 do.
120
Rammer heads, do.
-
_
28
3 do.
202
Tompions, do.
-
-.
5
3 do. for pateraroes
37
Blocks, of sizes, for round, gr
ape, and
case shot.
650
Pounds of grape, sizes.
52,224
Gun carriage, not finished,
-
.
1
Sides for do.
-
-
26
Round Shot.
Old elevating screws.
-
3
Do. wall pieces,
Do. blunderbusses.
.
-
12
12 pounders, - . -
122
-
.
20
9 do.
1681
Do. bayonets.
-
.
163
4 do.
2095
Do. do. scabbards.
-
768
Round shot, strapt.
152
Old broken swords.
Do. scabbards fordo.
-
'
39
27
Powder.
Do- Shot pouches, -
-
-
12
Do. Halberds,
-
-
21
Double barrels,
3
Do. Espontoons,
-
-
2
Single do.
10
New cartouch boxes and belts
-
29
1793.] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES. 53
Return of Ordnance, SfC. at Carlisle — Continued.
126
41
400
21
10
10
312
300
1,620
2
Old cartouch boxes, without belts, - 1,373 Old camp kettles, -
Do. gun slings, - - - 13 Pairs of horse shoes,
Do. bayonet belts, - - - 13 Fire buckets.
Do. gun barrels, - - - 925 Long pine table.
Do. locks, - - ■ - 1,801 Pairs of large scales.
Walnut gun stocks, - - 919 Do. small copper do.
New French gun locks, - - 447 Iron weights, 56 lbs.
New Dutch do. - - 487 28 do.
Pikes, with handles, - - 506 14 do.
Do. for light horsemen, no handles, - 310 7 do.
Sockets and hinges for do. - - 310 4 do.
Sets bullet moulds, - - 2 3 do.
Small do. - - - 4 Copper weights, 4 lbs.
For wall pieces, do. - . 3 1 do.
Tomahawks, with handles, - - 1,007 I do.
Do. without do.
Brushes and wires.
Old flints, - - -
Do. drum rims and hoops.
Box of forged gun locks.
Portfire cases, -
Fuzes drove, 10 inch,
5^ do.
Sulphur, in hogsheads.
Do. tierces,
Do. barrels,
Pounds of umber, - - .
Do. antimony.
Do. paper of cannon cartridges, sorts,
Reams of musket cartridges.
Box of small glass, - - - 1
Sides of tanned leather, . . 36
Travelling forges, not finished, - 1
Pounds ot gun carriage iron, - - 125
Do. of wrought iron, - - 1,680
Gun scalps, -■ - - 173
Pounds of gun carriage nails, - - 20
Small bells, ... 1
Back chains, - . . 7
Pounds of new chain links, - - 25
Bannet sockets, not finished, - - 1,077
Hinges and hooks, for travelling forges, - 67
Pump borers, - - - 2
Mill irons, - - - 4
Wagon and gun boxes, - 287
Pounds of block tin plate forged, - 42
Arm chest with cartouch box leather, - 1
Do. with old gun furniture, - - 3
Breech pans, - - - 7
Carriage wheels, not shod, - - 25
Do. shod, - - 46
Iron frame, for furnace door, - - 1
Iron pestle and mortar, - - 1
Old writing desk, - - - 1
Old tin canteens, - - - 6
Wooden do. •• - - 11
Old tin tube boxes, - - - 10
Wooden mallets, . - - 101
Pump iron, - - - 1
Old gins and falls, - - - 2
Stove plates, of sizes, - - 11
Implements.
4
3
1,007
1,019
41
80
8 Bellows for travelling forges,
1 1 Stake anvils of sizes.
Machine for boring gun barrels.
Large wheels and frames.
Small polishing wheels,
Old gnndstones.
Handbill hooks,
Hand barrow.
Cutting knives.
Shoemaker's hammers.
Plasterer's tools.
Handsaws of sorts.
Shovels,
Brickmaker's flasks,
Plamer for do. -
Copper adze,
Shoemaker's lasts, -
Lastmaker's tools, -
Box of armorer's do.
Small do. do.
Shoemaker's and saddler's benches.
Branding irons.
Spatulas, shod with copper.
Pairs of tinman's shears.
Old iron machine, -
Stone mason's tools, of sorts,
Powder muUers,
Damaged Stores.
Old guns.
Single barrels powder.
Tubes, -
Musket cartridges, -
Pounds wrought iron.
Old guns.
Old locks.
Large wheels and frames,
Small polishing wheel.
Handsaws,
Pairs of horse shoes.
Box of small lasts.
Old bayonets with scabbards,
27
141|
50
1
1
1
15
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
1
1
3
2
24
1
7
8
12
9
7
12
1
138
1
1
1
39
8-
1
24
840
5^
850
628
1,680
167
32
1
1
6
1411
1
50
Return of Shot and Shells, the property of the United States, at the undermentioned places.
NEW JERSEY.
Shot. 1 pile.
.
.
4,125
Grape,
-
-
5
Mount Hope Furnace-
Do.
-
-
800
Shells, 10 inch,
_
2,160
Batsto Furnace-
8 do.
.
4,439
5^0.
-
4,747
Shells, 10 inch.
.
.
114
Shot, 18 pile.
-
6,849
8 do.
.
-
429
6 do.
-
3,455
Shot, 24 pile,
.
-
938
3 do.
.
140
18 do,
-
-
1,719
Grape,
Rockway Forge.
20
12 do.
409
PENNSYLVANIA.
Shells, 10 inch.
.
2,835
Carcasses,10 inch,
-
511
Durham Furrmce.
Shot, 18 pile.
.
2,265
12 do.
.
2,399
Shells, 10 inch.
.
.
293
9 do.
-
1,577
8 do.
-
-
105
6 do.
-
1,103
Shot, 24 pile.
-
-
229
4 do.
.
1,134
18 do.
-
-
227
3 do.
-
1,099
12 do.
-
-
45
8
m
54
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Shot and Shells, ^c. — Continued.
Oley Furnace.
MARYLAND.
Shells
10 inch.
.
,
1
Baltimore-
8 do.
-
-
75
Shells,
10 inch,
.
417
Shot,
32 pde.
-
-
363
Shot,
24 pile.
.
50
24 do.
-
-
261
18 do.
.
159
12 do.
Berkshire Furnace.
130
12 do.
Johnston's Ferry.
679
Shells,
Shot,
10 inch,
8 do.
24 pile,
18 do.
- -
-
902
256
131
912
Shells,
Shot,
10 inch,
8 do.
24 pile,
18 do.
12 do.
-
1,876
1,348
3,906
1,805
134
Shot, 12 pile.
Grape shot.
Cormvall Furnace.
Mary Ann Furnace.
3,555
Shells, 10 inch,
9 do.
8 do.
Shot, 24 pile,
18 do.
9 do.
Elkton.
3,436
270
969
570
1,405
33
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores, in the States of Delaware and Maryland.
At Elkton.
Iron Ordnance.
18 pounders,
12 do.
9 do.
6 do.
2 do.
1 do. ' -
18 Cannonade,
Military Stores.
Copper ladles,
Sponges and rammers.
Worms, -
Cartridge cases,
Lintstocks,
Bayonets,
Cartridge boxes.
Damaged Stores at Turner's Creek.
Garrison carriages, 24 pounders,
18 do.
12 do.
M Georgetown.
Garrison carriages, 9 pounders,
Travelling carnages, 24 pounders,
18
Cannonade carriage, 18
Limbers with wheels, 24
18
12
6
Drag ropes.
Slow match.
Muskets, broken,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
I
17
lbs. 100
15
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at New London, Virginia.
Brass Ordnance.
8 Pounders,
6 do.
3 do. :
Howitzers, 51 inch,
6 Pounders,
3 do.
Amusette,
12 Pound,
9 do.
6 do.
4 do.
3 do.
6 Pound,
4 do.
3 do.
Carriages and Wheels.
SHOT.
Round Fixed.
Case Fixed.
Grape Fixed-
36
20
2
1,561
26
1,144
403
6
487
WITHOUT CARTRIDGES.
6 Pound,
4 do.
3 do.
12 Pound,
7 do.
3 do.
1 Box of mixed,
12 Pound,
6 do.
4 do.
3 do.
Amusette,
8 Inch,
5i do.
4§ do.
6 Pound,
3 do.
Box of loose.
6 Pound,
3 do.
Strapt Shot.
Case Shot.
Howitzers.
Grape Shot.
Round Shot, Loose.
17
588
333
1
21
106
39
21
48
138
380
360
1793
] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES. 55
Return qf Ordnance, ^c. at New London— Continued.
Shells.
Filled 4f inch.
Do. handgrenades,
Empty 51 inch.
Carcasses 4f inch,
Good fixed 10 inch,
Do. 8 do.
Do. H do.
Empty 8 inch.
Fuzes.
CARTRIDGES.
Flannel Filled.
24 Pounders,
18 do.
12 do.
6 do.
3 do.
Howitzers, 8 inch.
Do. 5j do.
Do. 4f do.
24 Pound,
18 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Paper Filled.
Empty Paper.
32 Pound,
24 do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Swivel, - ■
Empty canvas, 9 pound.
6 Pound,
4 do.
3 do.
6 Pound,
4 do.
3 do.
9 do.
Pound,
Half pound.
Serpents,
Double barrels.
Barrels,
i barrels,
5 barrels.
Caps.
Cylinders.
Rockets.
Powder.
Muskets.
British, wanting cleaning, •
French do.
Musket barrels, -
Do. with parts of mountmg.
Do. with locks.
Steel ramrods, - " ■
Stocks unfinished,
Fusee barrels, - - "
Swords.
Dragoon,
Infantry,
Scabbards,
Espontoons,
363
174
21
620
168
18
111
138
228
139
331
400
55
105
95
398
24
158
26
75
2,754
358
236
145
650
29
565
525
890
565
950
800
330
41
192
43
24f
71
7
27
993
238
889
354
166
151
25
15
Bayonets.
Wanting cleaning.
Broken,
Military Stores.
Common cartridge paper, ream,
Do. do. quires,
Musket cartridges, dozens in boxes.
Do. dozens of good, included in
the casks of damaged,
Pistol cartridges, dozens, -
Musket flints, - - - -
Pistol do. -
Gun locks wanting cleaning.
Lock plates, - - - '
Gun swivels, - - - -
Bands, - - - -
Guards, - - - ■
Breech pieces, - - - -
Box of side brasses, . - -
Boxes of parts of locks,
Bullet moulds, double, - - -
Do. single, - . -
Musket ball, boxes containing 100 each,
Do. chest supposed 1,000 lbs.
Bar lead, pigs, weight of each 150 lbs.
Screw drivers, - - - "
Gun worms, - - - "
Double shot mould, _ - -
Lead aprons, - - - -
Kit, . . . -
Kit brush, . . - -
Kit ladle, . - - -
Quick match, boxes.
Slow match, - . -
Portfires, ...
Tubes, sizes, . , -
Tube boxes, sorts.
Drudging boxes, - - -
Sponges, - - -
Ladles, ...
Worms,
Men's harness, pairs.
Drag ropes, do.
Priming horns, - - -
Gunners' belts, (incomplete)
Portfire stocks,
Lintstocks,
Fuze engine, - -
Fuze sets and drivers, sizes.
Copper measures, do.
Grenadier match pipes.
Do. matches,
Barrel shot bottoms, size, -
Copper hoops, - - -
Bullet nippers, pairs,
Sheets of tin.
Cannon cartridge formers, -
Musket do.
Meels,
Portfire formers, - - ■
Do. drift sets.
Do. moulds, - - -
Sieves, . - -
Shot gauges, set.
Casting pot.
Pound of Twine, - - -
Earthen jug, - - -
Shot ladle,
Harnessmaker's benches, -
Stocker's rounds,
HoUowSji - - -
LaboraWry chests.
Keg paint, - - -
Tackle blocks, pair,
Small scales and weights, -
Writing desk, - - -
Implements.
Ogee planes.
Grooving plane, pair.
Felling axe,
Broad chisel.
Hatchet,
Square,
Bevil,
- lb,
1,168
60
1
11
25,173
11,160
155
18,250
900
725
136
1,080
580
250
480
1
2
.4
5
6
1
5
688
374
1
56
lb. 34
1
1
3
470
786
3,800
13
6
5
7
10
11
19
22
1
24
30
60
78
1
16
2
189
4
45
3
I
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
15
3
3
1
1
1
56
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Ordnance, fyc. at New London — Continued.
Double irons,
Screw U.
Brands U. S.
Small chisels,
Gouges,
Brace stocks,
Centre bits.
Turner's tool.
Drawing knife,
Hand hammer.
Breech wrenches.
Screw plates and taps,
Nippers, pair.
Bow saw,
Drills,
Tongs,
Riveting hammer.
Bench vice.
Swage hammer,
Polishing brush,
Gunsmitli's tool.
Bayonet borers.
Cast swage anvil,
Spoke shave,
Damaged Stores.
Ordnance carriage,
1
Boxes of fuzes, ....
2
Empty flannel cartridges.
220
Muskets, (unfit for service)
3,488
Musket barrels, do. .
105
Fusees, do. .
38
Light infantry cartridge boxes.
2,000
Cartridge boxes wanting repair,
867
Do. unfit for service,
3,300
Musket cartridges, casks, .
105
Do. boxes, .
24
Gunlocks,
100
Barrels powder, .
14
Half barrels powder,
37
Gunner's haversacks,
23
Lanterns,
3
Files,
7
Drums,
6
Double barrels powder.
4f
Pistol cartridges, dozens, .
. 3i
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Manchester, Virginia.
Brass Ordnance.
6 Pounders field pieces, -
Howitzers.
8 Inch shells, - . -
51 Inch do. -
4f Inch do. -
Carriages.
24 Pound field carriage, (incomplete)
18 do. do. -
8 do. do. (German) -
6 do. do. -
18 do. garrison do.
"Wheel sizes, . - -
18 Pound,
6 do.
24 Pound,
18 do.
12 do.
9 do.
9 do.
24 Pound,
12 do.
Limbers.
Shot.
Case.
Strapt.
Grape.
24 Pound, . - .
18 do. - - -
12 do. ...
9 do.
A quantity of loose shot not ascertained.
Round Shot Loose.
24 Pound,
18 do.
12 do.
9 do.
6 do.
4 do.
Bar Shot— sizes,
69
46
100
8 Inch,
5s Inch,
4f Inch,
Shells empty-
Fuzes,
8 Inch, empty,
55 Inch, fixed.
24 Pound,
12 do.
Swivel,
644
54
46
202
636
710
3,560
1,457
1,900
1,288
39
156
Paper Cartridges empty.
Muskets.
Wanting cleaning, - .
Barrels oflF, - . .
Butts of, with parts of mounting, -
Steel ramrods.
Swords.
Dragoon, ...
Scabbards, - t -
Espontoons, - - -
Pikes, -
Bayonets wanting cleaning,
Military Stores.
Stand for flag staff",
Gins, (incomplete)
Gun worms, - - -
Sponges, sizes.
Ladles, do.
Worms, do.
Portfire, ...
Pounds slow match.
Tube, sizes, ...
Box rocket staffs 82,
Men's harness, sets.
Drag ropes, sets.
Gunner's belts, (incomplete)
Priming horns.
Priming wires.
Shell hooks, ...
Shell scrapers.
Sheets of tin, -
Copper hoops.
Bag shot bottoms for 8 inch howitzers.
Sponge caps, sizes.
Budge barrel.
Steel spikes, sizes,
Shot ladle.
76
76
32
5
2,110
25
172
22
54
1
75
550
1
29
6
&
13
10
7
8
4
13
225
7
J
1793] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
57
Return of Ordnance, ^c. at Manchester — Continued.
Box old iron,
Pair large scales,
Washers,
Do. with draghooks,
Trail rings.
Breast hooks, -
Linch pins,
Trunnion plates.
Wheel box.
Spades and shovel handles,
Implements.
Old smoothing plane.
Hollow,
Moving gouges,
Chisels,
Square,
Cooper's cross.
Nail tool.
Buttress,
Cole chisels,
Breech wrench.
Smith's tongs.
Hammers,
Smith's punch.
Smith's anvil.
Calking iron.
1
Cooper's copper driver.
-
-
1
Gouge,
-
-
38
Jack screw.
-
-
10
Brand U. S. -
.
.
6
Do. C. A. -
_
.
2
Gunner's punches,
.
-
10
14
Do. bits.
-
-
12
2
1
4f\Q
Damaged Stores.
i\JO
Beds for cohoms, unfit for service.
.
11
18 Pound limber.
.
.
1
Muskets,
-
.
16
1
Pistols,
.
.
3
1
Broken bayonets.
-
_
35
4
A quantity of bayonets
belts, and scabbards,
3
unfit for service.
1
Locks,
.
.
22
1
Cartridge boxes,
.
.
80
1
Tube boxes, -
-
.
2
1
Tin canteens,
.
.
22
4
One budge barrel.
.
.
1
1
Sheep skins, -
-
-
24
2
Lantern,
-
-
1
2
Drums,
.
_
2
1
Bugle horn,
.
.
1
1
French horns, -
.
.
2
1
Tinman's shears,
-
-
2
Return of Ordnance and MilUary Stores deposited at Fort Washington, Western Territory.
Brass Ordnance.
6 Pounders,
3 do.
Howitzers, 8 inch.
Ditto, 5; do.
4 Pounders,
Cohoms,
Iron Ordnance.
Carriages and Limbers.
6 Pounders, ...
3 do.
8 inch howitzers, - - -
55 do. do. - -
Carriage wheels, pairs.
Fixed Ammunition.
Rounds of 6 pound grape shot.
Do. of 6 do. strapt shot.
Do. of 3 do. do.
Do. of 6 do. case shot, -
Do. of 3 do. do.
Unfixed .Ammunition.
6 Pound shot, - . .
4 do.
3 do.
Rounds of 6 pound grape shot.
Do. of 3 do. strapt do.
Do. of 3 do. case do. -
Do. of case shot for 85 inch howitzers.
Case shot, 5^ inch, in kegs, each containing 24,
Loose grape shot, -
Hand grenades, - - -
Powder.
Pounds of cannon, -
Do. of musket, -
Do. of rifle,
Povvder horns.
Artillery do.
Pistol cartridges, dozens,
Arma.
Muskets,
Bayonets,
Bayonet belts.
Bayonet scabbards, -
3 Fusees and bayonets,
5 f inch fusees,
1 Cartridge boxes with belts,
2 Do. without do-
Infantry boxes and belts,
Priming wires and brushes.
Pairs ot pistols,
1 Horseman's swords,
2 Fusees, drove 8 inch.
Do. do. bl do.
Do. not drove 65 inch,
Carbines,
3 Drums, - - -
4 Pairs drumsticks,
1 Rifles, -
2 Rifle pouches,
7 Pouch belts.
Belts and frogs.
Bugle horns.
Arms wanting repair,
41 Infantry box belts without boxes,
41 Old cartridge box belts,
5 Blunderbusses,
3 Tin boxes of cartridges,
3 Haversacks,
Gunner's belts,
Military Stores, ^-c.
3,287
2,622 Sponges and rammers,
783 Worms and ladles, -
70 Lintstocks,
60 Portfire stocks,
12 Tube boxes,
19 Tin lanterns,
96 Trail handspikes,
152 Lead aprons,
262 Covering aprons,
Ammunition kegs iron bound.
Iron port-tire rammers,
4 pound copper measures,
8,203 Tompions and collars,
12,7495 Dipping ladles,
3,092| Pounds of lead dross,
49 Set of ordnance types,
9 Copper tube,
506 New drag ropes,
Old do. -
Men's harness,
Dark lanterns,
689 Pounds of brimstone,
831 I Pounds of antimony.
143
943
12
1,000
341
597
1,060
1,855
15
15
5,564
415
500
10
6
5
64
55
12s
35
10
251
15
372
15
1,214
10
10
10
10
465
10
12
10
10
10
4
4
2
10
2
300
I
I
22
16
4
12
63
85
58
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Return of Ordnance, ffc.at Fort Washington— ConimvL^A.
Gin tackle and rigging.
Wooden ditto.
Rasps,
Chisels,
Scrapers,
Knives for the laboratory.
Pairs of scissoi-s.
Pairs of shears.
Drawing knife.
Powder sieves,
8 day clock,
Wooden quadrants, .
Astronomical ditto.
Tin funnels,
4 pound melting ladles,
Axes for cannon.
Brass portfire mould and clock,
Pounds of musket ball.
Pounds of lead.
Do. of buckshot, .
Flints, .
Reams of cannon cartridge paper,
Reams of musket ditto.
Quires of do. ditto.
Reams of packing paper,
Gun worms,
Screw drivers.
Shot moulds.
Drum heads,
Drum cords,
Drum cases.
Rifle spear blades,
Rifle ladles,
Tomahawks,
Scalping knives and scabbards,
Musket bullet moulds,
Pounds of lampblack.
Buck shot moulds, .
Yards of flannel.
Founds of thread.
1
I
2
2
2
6
20
2
1
4
1
1
1
4
2
4
1
20,582
3,854
615
73,519
29
40
9
14
1,044
2,113
3
16
31
8
468
13
236
68
10
10
6
233i
45
Sponge skins.
Pounds of solder.
Set of tinman's tools.
Hammer springs.
Hammers,
Sear springs,
Mainsprings,
Musket cocks with pins.
Sweet oil, gallons,
Aquafoitis, pounds, .
Drum snares.
Mouth pieces for bugle horns,
Howitzer packsaddles with pillions.
Sheets of orass.
Sheets of copper.
Armorer's bellows, .
Pounds of spun cotton for quick match
Pounds. of portfire paper,
Reams of brown wrapping paper for cartridges
Pounds of saltpetre refined.
Brass quadrants, without plumbs,
Set of brass shot gauges.
Coils slow match.
Damaged Stores.
Pounds of damaged powder,
Musket balls.
Old bayonets.
Old muskets.
Fusees and bayonets.
Fusee bayonets.
Pistols, .
Belts,
Scabbards,
Horseman's brass covered caps.
Swords, .
Espontoons,
Rifles, . .
Cartridge boxes,
12
104
1
397
260
413
600
600
30
3
17
24
16
10
22
I
20
300
99
100
5
1
222
2,250j
2,824
240
639
3
56
11
15
15
46
10
21
4
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores at Fort Hamilton.
Iron Ordnance.
6 Pounder,
1 d9.
Howitzer, 51 inch.
Carriages.
6 Pounder,
1 do.
Howitzers, Sj inch,
Limbers, 6 Pounders,
Fixed .Ammunition.
Case, 6 pound, -
54 inch.
Grape, 6 pound, -
Strapt, 6 do. -
Shells, 54 inch, -
Ur\fixed Ammunition.
Case, 6 pound, -
Grape, 6 do.
1 do.
Strapt, 6 do. -
Shells, 55 inch, empty.
Sponges and Rammers.
6 Pounder,
1 do.
Howitzer, 51 inch.
Worms and Ladles.
6 Pounder,
1 do.
Howitzer, Sj inch.
Tampions and Collars.
6 Pounder,
Howitzer, 5s inch,
Dozens Cartridges.
1
Musket ball,
.
1
1
Buckshot,
-
547
1
Fusee,
.
87
Pistol,
..
72
Blank musket cartridges
-
5,230
\
Rifle powder.
-
- kegs, 2i
1
Military Stores.
12
Garrison flag.
.
1
Trail handspikes.
-
2
Lead aprons.
Tarpaulins,
-
3
-
2
1
Gunner's belts, -
.
2
10
Portfire stocks.
.
5
25
Lintstock,
.
4
23
Tube boxes,
.
- . 2
10
Tubes,
-
6
Portfires,
.
U
Leather haversacks,
.
3
Drag ropes.
-
3
60
Drudging box, -
-
1
85
Lantern,
-
1
12
Cartridge box belts,
..
48
85
Bayonet belts, -
-
25
33
Muskets,
-
27
Rifles, -
.
41
Old swords.
.
2
Powder horns, -
.
116
1
Pouch belts.
.
84
1
Musket ball, in boxes,
.
- lbs. 600
1
Lead, -
-
- lbs. 106
Canteens,
.
17
Flints, -
-
600
1
1
1
Artillery horns, -
-
2
Damaged Stores.
Musket,
.
45
Rifles,
11
Cartridge boxes.
.
68
1
1
Drum and pair of sticks.
"
1
1793.] RETURN OF ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
Return qf Military Stores deposited at Fort St. Clair.
Musket flints,
Do. cartridges,
Do. do.
Rifle flints.
Do. powder.
Bar lead.
Slow match.
(damaged.)
59
1,764
7,448
3,305
200
lbs. 351
lbs. 249
lbs. 8
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores at Fort Jefferson.
Iron Ordnance.
6 Pounder,
Howitzer, 5^ inch,
Shot.
Case, 55 inch, - - -
Do. do. unfixed, 6 boxes, containing, dozens,
Do. 6 pound, do. 8 do. do. rounds,
Do. 3 do. do. 3 do. do. dozens,
Grape, fixed, - - . rounds,
3 lb- do. do. 4 boxes, containing dozens,
3 lb. do. unfixed, 4 boxes, containing do.
Strapt, fixed, - - . rounds,
Do. unfixed, - - do.
6 lb. do. do. 22 boxes, containing do.
3 lb. do. do. 4 do. do. do.
Shells.
55 inch, fixed, - - -
Do. do. 8 boxes, containing,
Dead shells, 5i inch.
6 Pounders,
3 do.
dozens,
30
120
120
10
64
96
7
2
308
120
Cartridges.
6 Pound, blank, - - - 40
Musket cartridges, 61 kegs, containing dozens, 4,434
Fusee, do. 3 do. do. ~ 235
Pistol, do. - - - - 50
Military Stores.
Portfire,
Drudging box, - - ..
Tube box, - - .
Haversacks, - -. .
Sponges, - - .
Ladle, - - .
Musket flints,
Muskets, - - . .
Musket ball, 10 boxes, containing each 100 lbs
Do. single.
Buckshot, - - . .
Slow match, . -
Bayonets, - - . .
Lead, - - . _
Set of copper scales and weights,
Drag ropes, - - . .
Sets men's harness, - - .
Damaged Stores.
Musket powder, 8 barrels,
Rifle, do. 6 do. -
Powder, - - . .
sticks, 10
1
1
2
2
1
- 15,596
16
1,000
385
130
;. 175
12
lbs.
lbs. 653
lbs. 437
lbs. 107
Return of Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Pittsburg.
Ordnance.
Howitzers (brass) mounted,
6 pounders (iron) do.
12 pounders.
6 pounders, grape,
6 do. canister.
Case shot unfixed,
Ball.
Shot.
Powder.
Double barrels cannon, -
Single do. coarse musket,
Do. do. fine do.
Do. do. do. rifle do.
.Srms.
Blunderbusses,
Rifles, complete.
Muskets without bayonets, &c.
Do. do. locks.
1,458
80
85
140
10
34
275
51
Carbines, do. do.
Fusees, - - .
Espqntoon, - - .
Musicians' swords and belts,
Swords with belts and scabbards,
Military Stores.
Ladles, 6 pounders.
Sticks, portfire.
Ammunition boxes.
Tin boxes for cartridges,
Gun worms, - - .
Brushes and wires.
Box musket ball.
Reams musket cartridge paper, -
Set powder sieves,
Bugle horns, - - .
Slow match, pounds.
Saltpetre, refined, do. -
Brass shot gauges, set.
Tumbrels, - - .
Lead, pounds,
Sheet lead, do.
Rifle flints.
Musket do. -
Cartouch boxes without belts, damaged.
14
3
1
4
46
6
14
12
345
210
166
1
7
1
3
58
44
1
2
13,358
171
13,009
39,838
97
60
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1793.
Returns qf Ordnance and Military Stores deposited at Fort Franklin.
l'« '
^rms on hand.
Military
Stores in use.
Rifles,
6
Cartridge boxes.
.
19
Muskets, - - -
18
Musket cartridges,
.
91
Bayonets,
11
Powder horns,
■•
9
Flints,
360
Musket balls, pounds, -
1,500
Smiths^
Tools in use.
Powder kegs.
10
Anvil,
-
1
Military Stores on hand.
Beck horn,
.
1
Sledge,
-
1
Cartridge boxes.
24
Hammers,
-
4
Musket cartridges.
- 2,912
Screw plate,
-
1
Powder horns,
8
Tongs,
-
J
Bullet mould,
1
Pincers,
-
1
Melting ladle,
1
Burnishers,
-
1
Bayonet belts.
44
Cartridge paper, quires.
U
Damaged Stores-
Steel, pounds,
14
Iron, do. - - -
104
Muskets,
-
6
Bayonets,
-
7
^rms in use.
Cartridge boxes,
.
12
Melting ladle.
.
1
Rifles,
10
Bellows,
-
1
Muskets, . - -
21
Vice,
..
1
Bayonets, - - -
Flints.
20
30
Files,
..
6
'.Aggregate abstract of the principal art ides contained in the foregoing returns.
Iron cannon, of different sizes, - - 214
Iron' howitzers, - - - 49
Iron mortars, - - - 2
Iron cohorns, - - - 2
Brass cannon, ... 153
Brass howitzers, - - - 43
Besides the last mentioned cannon, there are now
casting at Springfield, 30 pieces brass ordnance
and 20 brass Sj inch howitzers.
Brass mortars, - - - 63
Brass cohorn, - - - 1
Muskets, - - - 31,015
Bayonets, - - - - 4,022
Pistols, - - - - 805
Flints, - - - 1,610,119
Powder, barrels, - - 4,460^
Lead, - - 87 tons, 7cwt. 1 qr. 18 lbs.
Musket ball.
Cannon cartridges.
Musket do.
Pistol do-
6 tons, 16cwt. Iqr. 3lbs.
1 5,263
905,460
10,716
Damaged.
Iron cannon, -
.
.
21
Brass howitzers.
.
-
3
Muskets,
-
.
15,670
Bayonets,
-
-
- 3,035
Pistols,
-
-
- 423
Flints,
-
-
15,942
Powder, barrels.
-
-
-• 136J
Musket ball,
-
Iton,
5cwt. 24 lb.
Musket cartridges.
-
- 5,137
Do. do.
boxes.
-
34
Delivered of the principal articles since last General Return, dated 1th October, 1789.
Brass cannon, .-.-.-
Iron Ordnance, ...---
Muskets, forwarded to the army, . -
Do. do. to the State of Georgia, - . - -
Do. do. to the Southwestern territory, ....
Do. sold to the State of South Carolina, . - - -
Do. to the Minister of France, 4th October, 1791, for the use of the French colonies.
Powder, forwarded to the army, ....
Do. do. to the State of Georgia, -
Do. do. to the Southwestern territory,
Musket ball, forwarded to the army, ...
Do. do. to the State of Georgia, - .
Do. do. to the Southwestern territory.
Pig Lead, forwarded to the army.
Do. do! to the State of Georgia, - - -
Do. do. to the Southwestern territory.
7,619
2,000
1,000
600
1,000
36
3
3
bbls. 844^
75
40
tons.
10 3 21
3 1 16
2 2 0
tons,
23
4
0
1 1 27
5 1 9
18 1 18
28
12,219
9594
16 3 9
War Department, December 14, 1793.
H. KNOX, Secretary qf War.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. Qi
3d Congress.] No. 11. [1st Session.
PURVEYOR OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JANUARY 7, 1794.
Gentlemen qfthe Senate and^ofthe House of Representatives :
Experience has shown that it would be useful to have an officer particularly charged, under the direction of the
Department of War, with the duties of receiving, safe keeping, and distributing the public supplies, in all cases in
which the laws and the course of service do not devolve them upon other officers, and also with that of superin-
tending, in all cases, the issues in detail of supplies, with power, for that purpose, to bring to account all persons
entrusted to make such issues, in relation thereto. An establishment of this nature, by securing a regular and
punctual accountability for the issues of public supplies, would be a great guard against abuse, would tend to ensure
their due application, and to give public satisfaction on that point.
I therefore recommend to the consideration of Congress, the expediency of an establishment of this nature, under
such regulations as shall appear to them advisable.
GEO. AVASHINGTON.
United States, January 7, 1794.
3d Congress.] ]Vo. 12. [Ist Session.
PURVEYOR OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES.
communicated to the house of representatives, FEBRUARY 19, 1794.
The select committee, to whom was referred the messMe received from the President of the United States on the
7th January last, relative to the appointment of an officer for receiving, safe keeping, and distributing the public
supplies, made the following report:
That an officer, similar to that contemplated by the President's message, existed during the late war.
That the effects of order and accountability in the department of military stores were then of such eminent utility
as induce a hope in your committee, that similar benefits will result from such an establishment at this time, ft
is of great importance, that the deposites of ordnance and military stores should be annually visited and inspected:
and that the quality, as well as the quantity, of such stores should exactly correspond with the returns transmitted
to the War Office. This object appears the more desirable, if not indispensable, in the present distributed state of
the public arsenals, which extend from Springfield, in Connecticut, to New London, in Virginia, and which are now
superintended by persons of little or no accountability.
With the duties of receiving and safe keeping the public supplies, it is also of importance that particular attention
should be paid to the issues, in detail, of such supplies,* and that the officer superintending the same should be
vested with powers, not only that the application of such supplies is consonant to the object Government had in view,
but to call to an account all persons entrusted to make such issues, and to cause a settlement to be thereof made.
From which considerations, your committee are of opinion, that it is expedient such an establishment should be
made; and thereupon submit the following resolution:
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to bring in a bill providing for the compensation which will be required
in the establishment of an office, under the Department of War, for the receiving, safe-keeping, and distributing of
military stores and supplies.
3d Congress.] No. 13. [1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 28, 1794.
Mr. Fitzsimmons made the following report:
The committee directed to report on such of the ports and harbors of the United States as require to be put in a
state of defence, with an estimate of the expense thereof, report, as their opinion, that the following ports and
harbors ought to be put in a state of defence, to wit:
Portland, Maine, New York,
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Philadelphia,
Cape Anne, "^ Baltimore,
Marblehead, >Massachusetts, V^Umington, North Carolina,
Boston, J Ocracoke Inlet,
Newport, Rhode Island, Charleston, South Carolina,
New London, Savannah, Georgia.
9 m
62
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1794.
That, in their opinion, the fortifications ought to be of a nature to defend the several ports and harbors against
surprise by naval armaments; and that the parapets of the batteries and redoubts should be formed of earth, where
circumstances will admit . , . , r,
That the several places, to be fortified, be garrisoned by troops in the pay ol the United States.
The estimates, submitted herewith, will show the expense as well of erecting the fortifications, as for providing
the cannon and military stores, and the annual expense of supporting the troops. The number of troops to be em-
ployed, in each port, is likewise specified.
From these estimates it appears that the sums necessary to erect the fortifications, amount to - $76,053 52 j
That it will be necessary to provide two hundred cannon, which, together with their carriages,
&c. amount to -------- - 96,645 00
Making, together -
$172,698 52
And that the annual expenses of the troops, necessary to garrison the several fortifications, including pay, sub-
sistence, &c. amount to ------- - $90,349 25
It may be proper for the committee to remark, that, in their opinion, it will be necessary, for the security of the
United States, to provide the number of cannon above specified, even if the fortifications, before mentioned, should
not be erected.
^n estimate of the probable expense of fortifying the following Harbors in the manner specified:
Portland, Maine,' TweZtje heavy Cannon.
The formation of a parapet of earth, for twelve pieces.
The facing twelve embrasures, at $14 98 each.
The expense of twelve platforms, at $25 75, .
A redoubt constructed of a form, to be adapted to the nature of the ground, to be equal
to an hundred feet square, .....
A magazine, . . ...
Embrasures and platforms, for four field pieces, ....
A block house or barracks, for fifty men, ....
For pickets, palisadoes, and to provide for articles difiScult to foresee or enumerate
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Fifteen Pieces.
A parapet, for fifteen pieces.
Embrasures and platforms, for fifteen pieces, at $40 73, .
A redoubt, ......
Embrasures and platforms, . . .. . ,
A magazine, ......
Block house or barracks.
Pickets, palisadoes, and contingencies.
Cape Ann, Eight Pieces.
Expense of the construction of the parapet, embrasures, and platforms,
A block house, . . . . . .
A magazine, . ...
Contingencies, . . .
Dollars. Cts. Dollars. Cts
The expense the same.
Salem, Eight Pieces.
Masblehead, Eight Pieces.
The expense the same, .......
Boston, Castle Island, TTiirty-six Pieces.
To put the works in order, estimated at, . ...
Governor's Island, Twelve Pieces.
The same as at Portland, .......
Newport.
Four pieces on travelling carriages, so that no battery may be necessary to be erected.
Goat Island, Twenty Pieces.
To put the works in order, .......
New London, Twelve Pieces.
The same as at Portland, . . . . . . .
Groton, Twelve Pieces.
The same as at Portland, .......
375 00
179 76
309 00
650 00
200 00
160 52
500 00
375 00
468 75
609 95
650 00
160 52
200 00
500 00
375 00
573 84
500 00
200 00
150 00
1,423 84
1,423 84
1,423 84
6,000 00
2,749 28
2,749 28
3,749 28
2,749 28
2,964 32
13,020 80
3,000 00
5,498 56
1794.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
63
New York, (Govei-nor's Island,) Twenty-four Pieces.
The expense of constructing batteries, embrasures, and platforms, for 24 pieces,
A redoubt with embrasures, ... . .
Magazine, .......
Block-house or barracks, ......
Contingencies, .......
Paulus Hook, Sixteen Pieces.
Parapets, embrasures, and platforms for batteries of 16 pieces.
Redoubt, .....
Four embrasures, and platforms for ditto,
A magazine, ....
A block- house, ....
Non-enumerated articles and contingencies.
New York.
Batteries for several parts of the city for 42 pieces,
The expense of the materials and executing platforms and embrasures for
42 pieces at $40 73, .
Three magazines, . . .
Two block-houses, or other buildings equal thereto.
Contingencies, ......
$1,151 68
650 00
160 00
200 00
500 CO
500 00
$1,312 50
1,710 66
600 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
Twenty of these pieces may be on travelling carriages, so as to be moved as circum-
stances might require.
The Delaware, (Mud Island,) Forty-eight Pieces.
In order to complete the present works for 48 pieces, and a garrison of fifty men,
Baltimore, Twenty-eight Pieces.
Parapets, embrasures, and platforms for batteries, for 28 pieces,
A redoubt, with four embrasures.
Two magazines, .....
Block-house or barracks, ....
Contingencies, . ....
Norfolk, Twenty-four Pieces-
Batteries, embrasures, and platforms.
Redoubt, with embrasures,
A magazine,
Block-house or barracks.
Contingencies,
Wilmington, Tivelve Pieces.
Batteries, embrasures, and platforms, for 12 pieces,
Redoubt, with embrasures, ....
Magazine, .....
Block-house or barracks, ....
Contingencies, .....
1,727 52
810 00
200 00
500 00
500 00
OcRAcoKE, Eight Pieces.
Batteries for 8 pieces, embrasures, &c.
Magazine,
Block-house or barracks.
Contingencies,
$573 84
200 00
500 00
500 00
Charleston.
To be fortified with 72 pieces, which may be divided into three sets of batteries and
redoubts, ........
Savannah.
The same works and expense as for Norfolk, .....
Total amount,
3,737 52
3,161 68
5,623 16
2,015 44
810 00
400 00
500 00
500 00
1,727 58
810 00
200 00
500 00
500 00
863 76
810 00
200 00
500 00
500 00
2,873 76
1,773 84
13,522 36
8,737 94
4,225 44
3,737 .58
4,647 60
11,212 32
3,737 52
$76,053 62
Portland,
Portsmouth,
Cape Ann,
Salem
Marblehead,
Boston,
Castle Island, -
Governor's Island,
Newport,
TTie number of cannon required for the before mentioned places, to wit:
12 New London and Groton,
.
15
New York and its dependencies.
-
«
The Delaware,
.
8
Baltimore,
.
8
Norfolk,
-
Wilmington, North Carolina,
36
Ocracoke,
12
Charleston,
—
48
Savannah,
-
24
24
82
48
38
24
12
64
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1794.
The number which might be furnished from the public arsenals, - - - 150
Supposed may be furnished by the respective States, and which would require to be new mounted, 150
Deficient, ..-.....- 145
But, as the precise number of those which are supposed may be furnished by the respective States are uncer-
tain, it would seem most prudent to have cast 200 heavy pieces, of the caliber 24 and 36 pounders.
An estimate of the expense of one hundred twenty-four pound cannon,each weighing 2 tons — 200 tons at $80, $16,000
100 of the caliber of cannon of 36 pounders, at 3 tons— 300 tons, at $80, . . - 24,000
200 garrison carriages and implements for the said cannon, at $60, - - - - 12,000
150 carriages and implements for the cannon supposed to be furnished by the respective States, at $50, 7,500
The expense of mounting the 150 cannon proposed to be furnished from the public arsenals, are al-
ready included in the general estimate of the War Department, for the year 1794.
200 tons of twenty-four pound ball, at $40, ... . . 8,000
360 tons of thirty-six pound ball, at 40 dollars, - - - - - 14,400
The expense of powder is not estimated, as a considerable quantity is in possession of the public, as
will appear by the returns.
For paper for cartridges, slow-match, port-fires, drag-ropes, carriages to move the cannon from place
to place, and all contingencies relatively to the artillery, - - - - 6,000
For transportation of the cannon and shot from the public arsenals, and also from the furnaces where
they may be cast, to the several fortifications stated in the foregoing estimate, - - 6,000
Four engineers, to be employed six months to construct and direct the works, with the pay, subsist-
ence, and forage, of lieutenant colonels commandant, - - - - - 2,745
$96,645
Summary of the foregoing estimates.
Fortifying the several enumerated haibors, . . . . . . $76,053 62
Expense of 200 battering cannon, to be purchased, with carriages and implements, ball, transpor-
tation of cannon and ball, pay, &c. of engineers, and all other contingencies relative to the ar-
tillery, ......... 96,645 00
Total amount, . $172,698 62
./?« estimate of t/te number of Troops required as the ordinary protection of the aforesaid Fortifications.
A
s
c
•a
o
03 a
3 1
S-3
Portland,
1
1
2
2
17
Portsmouth,
1
I
2
2
17
Cape Ann,
1
1
2
2
17
Salem,
1
1
2
2
17
Marblehead,
1
1
2
2
17
Boston, Governor's Island, .
1
1
2
2
17
Castle Island,
1
1
2
2
2
24
Newport,
1
2
2
2
24
New London,
1
1
1
2
17
Groton,
1
1
1
2
17
New York,
1
2
6
6
2
81
Delaware,
1
2
6
6
2
81
Baltimore,
1
2
2
2
24
Norfolk,
1
2
2
2
24
Wilmington,
1
1
1
2
17
Ocracoke,
1
1
2
2
2
34
South Carolina,
1
2
6
6
2
81
Savannah,
1
2
2
2
24
To act as inspectors to be constantly employed in visiting
the posts, .....
2
2
5
21
39
45
36
550
If the several works should be garrisoned in ordinary by a part of the legion of the United States, now in service,
the expense is already calculated in the general estimate of the War Department for the year 1794. But, in order
to save references thereto, the expense of the number of troops proposed is here specified.
It will not escape notice, that the proposed troops are not artillery, but infantry. It is, howeverj supposed, that
some of the artillery officers in service might be used on the present occasion, and that part of the infantry officers
might be chosen for the purpose, who would soon acquire a tolerable degree of knowledge in the use of cannon.
ir94.]
ARSENALS AND ARMORIES.
65
Estimate of the expenses of the number of troops to be posted in the aforementioned works, as their ordinary pro-
tection, for twelve months.
2 Majors, to act as Inspectors, &c. at $50 per month,
5 Captains, . . . 40 "
H Lieutenants,
10 Ensigns,
39 Sergeants,
45 Corporals,
36 Music,
550 Privates,
26 "
20 "
6 "
5 "
4 "
3 "
SUBSISTENCE.
2 Majors, four rations per day, . .
5 Captains, three rations per day,
11 Lieutenants, two rations per day,
10 Ensigns, two rations per day, ....
670 Non-commissioned officers and privates, one ration per day,
268,275 rations, at fifteen cents per ration,
FORAGE.
2 Majors, at ten dollars per month,
CLOTHING.
670 Suits, at twenty dollars per suit,
2,920
5,475
8,030
7,300
244,550
368,275
$1,200
2,400
3,432
2,400
2,808
2,700
1,728
19,800
$36,468 00
40,241 25
13,400 00
$90,349 25
War Department, February 28, 1794.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
3d Congress.]
No. 14.
1st Session.
ARSENALS AND ARMORIES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 5, 1794.
Mr. FiTzsiMONS, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the President's speech of the third of De-
cember last, as relates to arms and military stores, magazines and arsenals, made the following report:
That, in addition to the arsenal at Springfield, there ought to be erected two other arsenals, with magazines and
other necessary buildings, at such place as may be directed by the President of the United States, and so as to ac-
commodate the Southern and Middle States.
That, in addition to the arms and military stores on hand, there ought to be provided,
7,000 muskets, with bayonets,
2,000 spare bayonets,
1,000 large horsemen's pistols,
100 tons of salt-petre, or 60 tons of powder,
200 tons of lead.
That there ought to be established a national armory for the purpose of making and repairing arms.
The committee submit, herewith, estimates of the expense of erecting two additional arsenals and magazines,
amounting to, . . . . . . . . $59,000 00
Of the cost of the additional arms and military stores necessary to be provided, amounting to . 143,640 00
And of the annual expense of a national armory, from which may be expected 4,200 muskets, and
bayonets annually, amounting to . . . . . . 22,865 20
In conformity with the foregoing opinions and estimates, the committee beg leave to offer thefoUowingresolutions:
Resolved, That the President of the United States be authorized to direct two arsenals and magazines to be
erected, in proper situations, to accommodate the Southern and Middle States; and that a sum, not exceeding fifty-
nine thousand dollars be provided for that purpose.
Resolved, That a national armory be erected; and that a superintendent, and two master armorers be appointed
by the President of the United States, to superintend the same. That so many persons may, from time to time, be
employed therein, as the Secretary for the Department of War may judge necessary; and that a sum not exceeding
twenty-two thousand eight hundred and sixty-five dollars be provided for defraying the expense thereof.
Resolved, That a sum, not exceeding one hundred and forty-three thousand six hunare and forty dollars, be
provided for the purpose of purchasing an additional quantity of arms and ammunition.
No. 1.
Estimate of the expense of purchasing the follounng articles.
7,000 muskets, at 9 dollars each, .
2,000 bayonets, at 1 do.
1,000 large horsemen's pistols, at 4 dollars each,
100 tons saltpetre, at $400 00 per ton,
200 do. lead, 173 20 do.
Dollars,
$63,000
2,000
4,000
40,000
34,640
143,640
66
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1794.
No. 2.
Estimate for two sets of Arsenals and Magazines.
A brick building, three stories high, one hundred and seventy-five feet long, and forty-two feet wide, would con-
tain twenty thousand muskets, artillery and carriages in proportion, together with all the light appendages thereof.
Such a building has been estimated, at the present rate of workmanship, to cost . . $15,000
An arched brick magazine, capable of containing two thousand five hundred barrels of powder, . 2,500
Brick barracks, and workshop for one hundred armorers, and barracks for the necessary guard, . 10,000
Purchase of the necessary ground, ...... 2,000
Dollars,
29,500
There is, at present, at Springfield, an excellent brick magazine, and a variety of wooden buildings, which, with
repair, may serve the purpose ot securing the public stores at that place, for several years.
If, therefore, two principal arsenals and magazines should be erected at present, besides subordinate ones, they
might be sufficient. For the expenses of the latter, the sums contained in the general estimate of the War Depart-
ment might be adequate.
Two sets of magazines and arsenals, workshops and barracks, each at 29,500 dollars, . . $59,000
No. 3.
.^n estimate of the annual expense of the institution of a National .Armory, of one superintendent and seventy
workmen, and thirty boys.
Dolls, per. atin.
One superintendent, at 60 dolls, per month, ........ '720 00
Two master armorers, 40 . do. . . . . . . . . . 960 00
Sixty-eight journeymen, 15 . do. . . . . . . . . . .• 12,240 00
Thirty boys, as apprentices, clothing annually, at 20 dollars each ... . 600 00
14,520 00
Rations.
One superintendent, three rations per day .....
Two master armorers, two each, ......
Sixty-eight journeymen, one and half each, ... ...
Thirty boys, one and a half each ......
Rations 56,210 at 12 cents.
Rent of workshops and barracks, estimated at ........
Barrack utensils, annually, for one hundred men and boys, beds, blankets, fuel, &c.
1,095
1,460
37,230
16,425
6,745 20
600 00
1,000 00
Dollars 22,865 20
Pro I
28,350 00
5,484 80
Muskets and bayonets which the above workmen may make monthly, 350, annually, 4,200, at
9 dolls, each . . . . . . . . . Dollars, 37,800
Deductfor materials on each, 2 dolls. 25 cts. . . . . . . 9,450
Hence it would appear, that the probable profit of the labour of the above mentioned number
of men and boys, would amount annually to ...... .
Economy and experience may even increase the profit, especially where the proposed apprentices should be ren-
dered expert workmen. But were there no profit at all, but a loss incurred, it is numbly conceived, an institution of
this nature, by disseminating the knowledge of so valuable an art, would, in a just political view, amply compen-
sate the expense.
War Department, March ith, 1794.
H.KNOX, Secretary of JVar. >
3d Congress.]
No. 15.
MILITIA.
[1st Session.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 24, 1794.
Mr. Cobb, from the committee appointed to report whether any, and what, alterations are, in their opinjon. neces-
sary to the act. " more effectually to provide for the national defence, by establishing an uniform militia through-
out the United States," made the following report:
That they are impressed with the importance of a more energetic system for the establishment of an uniform
militia than what is contemplated by the present existing law of the United States; but, in viev.ing this subject, as
applied to the Constitution of the United States, and the powers therein expressly reserved to the different States,
they have their doubts how far Congress can, consistent tnerewith, make any important alterations or amendments
to the present law; and as the right of training the militia is constitutionally reserved to the States, if they can be
impressed with the importance of exercising this power, and directing its operation, more especially to the light in-
fantry and grenadier companies of each regiment, an efficient force may be thereby created, and equal to any that
can probably be obtained by any additionaUaw of the United States, made under the constitutional powers of Con-
gress^ Under this view of the subject, and until further experience shall be had under the existing law, the com-
mitted are of opinion that no amendment is necessary to the act for establishing an uniform militia throughout the
United States.
1794.] MILITARY FORCE IN 1794. 57
3d Congress.] No. 16. [1st Session.
INCREASING THE ARMY, AND CALLING INTO SERVICE 80,000 MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 27, 1794.
Mr. Sedgwick, from the committee to whom it was referred to report the means of rendering the force of the
United States more efficient, made the following report:
That eifectual measures ought to be adopted to complete the present military establishment of the United States,
and that provision ought to be made that the same may be kept full.
That an additional corps of artillery, not to exceed eight hundred men, officers included, and also including one
chief and four assistant engineers, ought to be raised, garrisoning the fortifications which are or may be erected for
the defence of the sea coast.
That the President be authorized and empowered to call on the Executives of the several States, to take eifec-
tual measures, as soon as may be, to organize and hold in readiness to march, at a moment's warning, eighty thou-
sand efiFective militia, (officers included,) to be apportioned to the States respectively, in proportion to the whole
number of white inhabitants, that is to say:
To the State of Georgia, ...... 1^333
South Carolina, ------ 3,550
North Carolina, ------ 7,331
Kentucky, - - - . - - 1,532
Virginia, ---..- 11,377
Maryland, ------ 5,418
Delaware, ---..- 1,256
Pennsylvania, ------ 10,768
New Jersey, ----..- 4,318
New York, ------ 7,971
Vermont, .---.. 2,139
Connecticut, - - . - - . 5,881
Rhode Island, --.-.. 1,697
Massachusetts, ---.... 11,885
New Hampshire, ... - - 3,544
80,000
which detachment of militia shall be officered out of the present militia officers, or others, at the option and discre-
tion of the constitutional authority of the States respectively.
That any independent corps of cavalry, artillery, or infantry, may be accepted as part of the said detachment
of militia, provided they shall voluntarily engage, and jirovided the same shall be deemed eligible by the President.
That the President be desired to request the Executives ol the several States to take effectual care that the men,
detached as aforesaid, be armed and equipped according to law.
That provision ou"ht to be made by law for organizing and raising a military force under the authority of the
Government of the United States, to consist of rank and file, with the proper officers, to serve for the term
of years, or during a war which may break out between the United States and any foreign European power,
and that the President be authorized to take the measures necessary for raising the same: Provided, That no such
measures be taken by the Executive, until war shall be actually commenced oetween the United States and some
foreign European power-
3d Congress.] No. 17. [1st Session.
MILITARY FORCE IN 1794.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JUNE 5, 1794.
W^AR Department, June 5th, 1794.
Sir:
In obedience to the order of the honorable the Senate of the United States, of yesterday, I respectfully submit a
statement of the troops of the United States, according to the last returns.
I have the honor to be, with great respect. Sir, your most obedient servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The honorable the President pro tempore qfthe Senate.
Return of the Non-commissionea Officers and Privates belonging to the Legion of the United States.
2,843 with General "Wayne, including garrisons of Fort Washington, Fort Hamilton, Fort Knox, &c.
189 Georgia
42 Fort Fayette, (Pittsburg)
24 Fort Franklin
16 Big Beaver
30 Wheeling
75 South Western Territory
359 Recruits on the march, and at the diflerent rendezvous.
3,578
War Department, June 5, 1794. H. KNOX, Secretary ^of War.
68 MILITARY AFFAIRS. - [1794.
3d Congress.] No. 18. [2d Session.
MILITARY FORCE IN 1794.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, NOVEMBER 25, 1794.
United States, November 25, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
I lay before you a statement of the troops in the service of the United States, which has been submitted to me
by the Secretary of War. It will rest with Congress to consider and determine, whether further induceme nts
shall be held out for entering into the military service of the United States, in order to complete the establishment
authorized by law.
GEO. WASHINGTON.
Department of War, November 24, 1794.
Sir:
I have the honor to submit to your view a statement of the non-commissioned officers and privates at present
in the service of the United States, specifying the places where they are, and the periods which they have still to
serve.
The force immediately under Major General Wayne is much lessened by the expiration of the services of his
troops, and is inferior to the demand of existing circumstances. Unless, tlierefore, he be reinforced early in the
ensuing spring, the advantages which he has gained in the course of the present year, which ought to be perma-
nently secured, must be in danger of being relinquished.
The experiments which have recently been made to engage men for military service, on the present inducements,
evince, decisively, tiiat no expectation can be indulged of completing the numbers authorized by law without fur-
ther encouragement.
I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, your obedient servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The President of the United States.
Statement of the Non-commissioned Officers and Privates in the service of the United States, specifying the
places where they are, and the periods whi ch they have still to serve.
Under General Wayne, and at the posts on the lower part of the Ohio,
Posts on tlie upper parts of the Ohio and on the march.
Southwestern territory, .....
Georgia, .....
Fortifications on the sea coast, and recruiting rendezvous.
Enlisted in 1791, and will expire in 1794,
Ditto in 1792, and will expire before 30th June, 1795,
Ditto ditto, will expire from 1st July to the 31st December,
Ditto in 1793, will expire in 1796,
Ditto in 1794, will expire in 1797,
Muster rolls wanting, estimated to be enlisted in 1793 and 1794,
Department of War, iVovemfter 24, 1794.
2,643
398
73
146
369
3,629
158
3,629
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
3d Congress.] No. 19. [2d Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to the house of representatives, DECEMBER 4, 1794.
Mr. FiTzsiMMONs, from the committee to whom was referred that part of the message of the President wiiich re-
spects the fortifying the ports and harbors of tlie United States, made the following report:
That by the report of the Secretary at War, it appears, tliat in pursuance of the act of the last session, the forti-
fications of the different ports and harbors are in considerable forwardness, excepting only the port of Boston, and
Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, suspended for reasons assigned by the Secretary, in his report.*
That contracts have been entered into for the ordnance necessary, and measures taken for progressing in the for-
tifications, as soon as the season will permit. , .
That from the necessity of enlarging the plan of defence in some instances, and the enhancea price ot labor and
materials, since the first estimate was made, a sum not less than 225,500 dollars, will be necessary to complete the
plan of defence contemplated, admitting tlie fortifications to be constructed ol timber and earth; and if executed with
stone, to a much larger sum. , • , , • , . , , • • j ^i
The committee, taking into view the circumstances connected with this subject, and having received the neces-
sary information from the Secretary of War, submit the following resolutions:
Resolved, That the necessary works for fortifying the ports and harbors of the United States ought to be con-
tinued, and constructed of the most durable materials, so as best to answer the purposes ofdefence and permanency.
Resolved, That a sum, not exceeding 500,000 dollars, (over and above the sums already appropriated) be appro-
priated for the purpose aforesaid; and that a sum, not exceeding 100,000 dollars per annum, be provided lor the
service aforesaid. ....
Resolved, That the President of the United States be authorized to give preference, in point of time, to the com-
pletion of such of tlie said fortifications as he may think adviseable.
•This report is not now to be found — See No. 34.
1
1794.] MILITIA. QQ
3d C0MGRE65.] No. 20. [2d Session.
PURVEYOR OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 11, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
I transmit to you, for consideration, a representation made to me by the Secretary of the Treasury, on the sub-
ject of constituting an officer to be specially charged with the business of procuring certain public supplies.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
United States, December 11, 1794.
Treasury Department, December 2, 1794.
The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to make the following representation to the President
of the United States, in order that he may determine on the expediency of laying the subject of it before Congress.
The procuring of military supplies generally is, with great propriety, vested by law in the Department of the Trea-
sury. That department, from situation, may be expected to feel a more habitual solicitude for economy ^an any
other, and to possess more means of information respecting the best modes of obtaining supplies- It is, however,
important that the particular arrangement should be such as to enable the department to execute the trust in the
best manner. This branch of the public business forms a very considerable one of the public expenditure. Includ-
ing supplies for the Navy, it is so extensive as, to be well executed, would occupy the whole time and attention of
one person possessing the requisite qualifications. This, with the growth of the country, must be every year more
and more the case. It cannot, therefore, be conducted in detail by the head of the department, or by any existing
officer of it, now charged with other duties, without being less well executed than it ought to be, or interfering with
other essential duties, or without a portion of both these inconveniences, to the material detriment of the public
service. Experience has already verified the position.
It must tlien, of necessity, either be confided to a special agent employed by the head of the department, or to
a new officer of the department, to be constituted by law, and to act under the direction and superintendence of
that head. The last mode is preferable to the first, tor obvious reasons.
Wherever an object of public business is likely to be permanent, it is more fit that it should be transacted by an
officer of the Government, regularly constituted, than by the agent of a department specially entrusted. The officer
can be placed, by law, under more effectual checks. In the present case that idea is particularly important. The
person entrusted ought to be prohibited, under penalties, from all dealing on his own account in the objects of sup-
ply. The duration and emoluments of a mere agency being precarious, a well qualified man, disposed to make the
necessary sacrifices of other pursuits, and to devote himself exclusively to the business, could with much greater
difficulty, if at all, be found.
The compensation to such an officer ought, it is conceived, to weigh nothing as an objection. Independent of
the equivalent expense arising from the necessity of employing and compensating an agent, it is morally certain that
the close, constant, undivided attention, of a person charged exclusively with this object, and in condition, for that
reason, to make the minute as well as extensive inquiries and investigations which are often requisite, would pro-
duce savings to the United States, with which the salary of the officer could bear no comparison. It is equally evi-
dent that it would contribute greatly to punctuality, despatch, and efficiency in procuring the supplies.
Respectfully submitted,
ALEXANDER HAMILTON, Secretary of the Treasury.
3d Congress.] No. 21. t2d Session.
MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, DECEMBER 11, 1794.
Department of War, December 10, 1794.
Sir:
In obedience to the orders of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the House of
Representatives, a statement of such difficulties and inconveniences as have occurred in the execution of the act,
entitled " An act more effectually to provide for the national defence, by establishing an uniform militia throughout
the United States."
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The Speaker of the House qf Representatives of the United States.
The Secretary of War, in obedience to the orders of the President of the United States, respectfully submits the
following statement of such difficulties and inconveniences as have occurred in the execution of the act, entitled
"An act more effectually to provide for the national defence, by establishing an uniform militia throughout the
United States."
That a difficulty of primary importance appears to oppose the execution of the first section of the before recited
act. The militia are requested to arm and equip themselves, at their own expense; but there is no penalty to en-
force the injunction of the law.
10 m
!70 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1?94,
The subscriber is informed, that several States have passed auxiliary laws to the act of Congress. The laws of
the following States, upon this subject, are in his possession, to wit : Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and North Carolina.
The penalties, by these, for non-equipment and armament, appear to be according to the following extracts:
Massachusetts— pa«serf the 22d June, 1793.
" And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid— That every non-commissioned officer or private of the
infantry, who shall neglect to keep himself armed and equipped, as aforesaid, or who shall, on a muster day, or at
any other time of examination, be destitute of, or appear unprovided with, the arms and equipments herein directed,
(except as before excepted,) shall pay a fine, not exceeding' twenty shillings, in proportion to the articles of which
he shall be deficient, at the discretion of the justice of the peace before wTiom trial shall be had. And all parents,
masters, and guardians, shall furnish those of the said militia, who shall be under their care and command, with the
arms and equipments, before mentioned, under the like penalties for any neglect. And whenever the select men,
of any town, shall judge any inhabitant thereof, belonging to the militia, unable to arm and equip himself in man-
ner as aforesaid, they shall, at the expense of the town, provide for, and furnish, such inhabitant, with the aforesaid
arms and equipments, which shall remain the property of the town, at the expense of which they shall be provided.
And if any soldier shall embezzle, or destroy, the arms and equipments with which he shall be furnished, he shall, upon
conviction before some justice of the peace, be adjudged to replace the article or articles which shall by him be so
embezzled, or destroyed, and to pay the cost from the process arising against him. And if he shall not perform the
same, wiihin fourteen days, after such adjudication, it shall be in the power of the select men, of the town to which
he shall belong, to bind him out to service, or labor, for such term of time as shall, in the discretion of the said jus-
tice, be sufficient to procure a sum of money equal to the value of the article or articles so embezzled or destroyed,
and pay cost arising as aforesaid."
New Jersey — passed June 5, \793,
"And if any such militia -man shall appear, when called out to exercise or into service, without a musket or a
rifle, he shall forfeit and pay the sum of three shillings and nine pence; and for want of every other of the aforesaid
articles six pence. Each and every man so enrolled as aforesaid, and providing himself with the arms, ammuni-
tion, and accoutrements, required as aforesaid, shall hold the same exempted from all suits, distress, executions, or
sales for debt, or the payment of taxes. Provided always, That whenever the majors of any battalion shall judge any
person, enrolled therein, unable to arm and equip himself, as aforesaid, such person shall not be subject to any fine
for not arming; any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding."
Pennsylvania — passed the llth April, 1793.
"•Provided always. That whenever ih^Jield- officers of any regiment shall judge any person enrolled therein
unable to arm and equip himself as aforesaid, such person shall not be subject to any fine for not arming; any thing
herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding."
It does not appear that any specified penalty is imposed by this act on persons neglecting to arm and equip them-
selves.
Maryland — passed at November sessions, 1793.
"And any non-commissioned officer or matross in the artillery, and any non-commissioned officer or dragoon,
who shall so refuse or neglect to attend on any of the said days, armed and accoutred as aforesaid, (except as before
excepted,) shall forfeit a sum not exceeding two-thirds of a dollar per day; and all other non-commissioned officers
and privates who shall refuse or neglect to attend, armed and accoutred as herein before directed, (except as before
excepted,) shall forfeit and pay one cent per day, unless excused for appearing without arms and accoutrements, by
the commanding officers of their respective companies for the day."
North Carolina— passes? the ISth July, 1794.
"And every non-commissioned officer and private who shall fail to appear on the said occasions, shall forfeit for
every such failure or neglectj ten shillings, or, if appearing, he be not armed and provided in manner as directed by
this act, shall, for such deficiency, forfeit and pay five shillings. And if the officers of a cornpany, or any two of
them, after an examination upon oath, shall adjudge any person or persons, enrolled as aforesaid, to be incapable of
providing and furnishing him or themselves with the arms, ammunition, and accoutrements required by this act, they
shall make report thereof to the next battalion court-martial, as the case may be, who may, if it should appear
necessary, exempt such person or persons from the fines and forfeitures by this act imposed, until such annsand
accoutrements shall be provided and delivered him or them by the court-martial, who shall take security for the
safe keeping of such arms and accoutrements, to be returned when required."
But it is certain that, were the penalties greatly enhanced, an insuperable difficultv would occur in obtaining the
requisite number of arms in any reasonable period. The numbers comprehended in the act, from eighteen to forty-
five years of age, inclusively, deducting the exempts and mariners, may be estimated probably at about four hundred
and fifty thousand men. Of these, probably not one hundred thousand are armed as the act requiies, although a
greater number might be found of common and ordinary muskets, without bayonets. The deficiency cannot be
supplied from Europe, uniler the present circumstances- The only solid resource to obtain a supply, is the establish-
ment of manufactories within each state.
The deficiency of arms cannot be more forcibly exemplified than that, to arm the militia lately called info service,
estimatecl at fifteen thousand, the number of ten thousand arms have been issued from the public arsenals. Loss
and injury must be expected to arise upon the articles issued.
No adequate provision appears to be established by the act, for securing the obedience of the militia to the call
of the Executive of the United States.
It would seem essential, that any law which the Congress should pass upon the subject of the militia, should
contain within itself all the necessary provisions for its complete execution.
The late experiment proves, at least in some parts, that the laws were inefficient, and had it not been fi)r volun-
tary zeal, which came to its aid, the community might have experienced great evils.
It would appear to be essential, that when the militia are in actual service, they ought to be bound by the military
code of the United States.
The enrolment of men of the ages specified in the act, notwithstanding the exemptions, holding them responsible
for military service, and enforcing the same, appears to be a circumstance which may operate injuriously to the
industry and convenience of the community.
Of the returns enjoined by the tenth section of the said act, the following only have been received.
Irom sixteen to forty. Forty to sixty. Total.
Massachusetts, - 54,428 - 32,819 - 77,247
Connecticut, - - - - - 15,851
New'Jeisey, - - - - 25,887
Georgia, - - - - - 10,120
Whether the act in question is susceptible of such alterations and amendments, on its present principles, as will
secure the advantages to be derived from a well organized militia, or whether a limited, but select, and efficient
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 71
corps of milifia, formed on a principle of rotation, or otherwise, and taken from the classes least injurious to the
industry of the community, would not better fulfil that object, and at the same time better comport with economy
are questions which the wisdom of Congress alone is competent to decide.
All which is submitted,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
War Department, 10th December, 1794.
3d Congress.] No. 22. [ad Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 19, 1794.
Department of War, December 19, 1794.
In pursuance of the instructions of the President of the United States, the Secretary of War respectfully sub-
mits to the House of Representatives copies of the instructions to the engineers, for erecting the fortifications for the
defence of the sea ports of the United States, and their reports thereupon.
It is respectfully suggested, that the plans which accompany these papers are considered as essential parts of
the reports of the engineers; but as it is not practical to have them copied in any reasonable time for the use of the
House, the originals are submitted, with the hope, that the House will please to order their return to this office, as
soon as the subject of their inquiry shall be finished.
North Carolina has ceded certain places to the United States, conformably to the act hereunto subjoined, and
the Legislature of Maryland has passed a resolve, giving permission for the erection of fortifications; a copy of which
is also nereunto subjoined. And it is also understood that the Legislature of Rhode Island has passed an act, ceding
the jurisdiction of Goat Island, in the harbor of New York.
No particulars were given to any superintendents from the subscriber; they were appointed generally by the
Governors, and were to superintend the actual execution of the works, under the orders of the engineers.
The agents were appointed in the line of the Treasury Department, for the purchase of materials and obtaining
the labor, and to receive from, and to account to, the treasury, for sum? expended for the fortifications.
The mounting of the artillery being an incidental expense of the Ordnance Department, has been paid by war-
rants from this office.
All which is respectfully submitted,
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA.
At a General Assembly, begun and held at Newbern, on the seventh day of July, in the year of our Lord one thou-
sand and ninety-four, in the nineteenth year of the independence of said State, being the second year of the said
Assembly.
Chap. I.
.^n act to cede to the United Slates certain Lands, upon the condition therein mentioned.
Whereas the Congress of the United States have passed an act to provide for the defence of certain ports and
harbors in the United States, in which is comprised Cape Fear river, and Ocracock inlet, and also to erect a light-
house on the head land of Cape Hatteras: And whereas it is expedient that the United States should have the ex-
clusive jurisdiction of a sufiicient quantity of land, on which said forts and light-houses shall be erected:
Be it enacted by the General .Assembly of the State of North Carolina, and it is hereby enacted by the authority
of the same. That part of the public ground, laid out by the commissioners of Smithville for a fort on Cape Fear
river, including part of the ground whereon Fort Johnson formerly stood, with the exclusive jurisdiction thereof,
shall be, and the same is hereby, ceded to the United States of America, under the condition hereinafter mentioned.
jind be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the exclusive jurisdiction of Beacon Island, in the
harbor of Ocracock, and four acres of land at the head land of Cape Hatteras, and also as much of the town of Smith-
ville, adjoining Fort Johnson, as may be found necessary for the said fort, not exceeding six acres, shall be ceded
and stand vested in the United States, as soon as the proprietors of said lands shall convey the same to the United
States.
.And be it further enacted. That the above mentioned lands are, and shall be, ceded to the United States upon
the express condition, that the fortifications, light houses, and beacons, for which the said lands are ceded, or to be
ceded, shall be erected within three years, and be continued and kept up forever thereafter, for the public use.
JInd be it further enacted. That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to debar or hinder any of the
officers of this State from serving any process, or levying executions, within the limits ceded by this act to the
United States, in the same manner, and to the same effect, as if this act had never been made.
MARYLAND.
By the House of Delegates, December 25, 1793.
Whereas the United States may think it necessary to erect a fort, arsenal, or other military works or buildings on
Whitestone Point, for the public defence:
Therefore, Resolved, That, upon the application of the President of the United States to the Governor, for per-
mission to erect a fort, arsenal, or other military works on the said point, for the purpose aforesaid, the Governor
shall, and may, grant the same, with the consent of the owner of the soil.
By order: WM. HARWOOD, Clerk.
By the Senate, December 25, 1793.
Read the first time and ordered to lie on the table- By order:
WM. PERRY, JuN. Clerk.
Read the second time and assented. By order:
True copy from the original.
True copy.
By THE Senate, December 28, 1793.
WM. PERRY, JuN. Clerk.
WM. HARWOOD, Clerk.
JOHN KITTY, Clerk of the Council.
72 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
Plans and Maps respecting the Fortifications, and which accompany the within statements.
By Rochefontaine.
Portland, No. 1.
Portsmouth, No. 1.
Rhode Island, Nos. 1 to 8, and memoir.
New London and Groton, Nos. 1 to 6, and memoir.
Town and harbor of New London.
Governor's Island, New Fork, Nos. 1 to 6.— By Vincent.
(These are contained in a tin case.)
No. 1. Plan and profiles of proposed floating batteries, with a memoir.
No. 2. Two plans and one profile of Bedloe's Island, and a memoir.
No. 3. Three plans, one profile of Oyster Is'land, and a memoir.
No. 4. One plan and two profiles on Governor's Island.
No. 5. Plans and profiles at the Narrows, Nos. 1 to 13. N. B. No. 11 wanting.
No. 6. Two profiles of Forts Putnam and Clinton, West Point, and a memoir, with general observations.
Fort Mifiiin, one, and a memoir. — By L'Enfant.
Fort Nelson, and the ground round it, 1. ^
Fort Norfolk, 2. I
Elizabeth river, and its defences, 3. )>By Rivardi.
Fort on Craney Island, 4. I
Fort and Map, at Baltimore, 5 and 6. J
Annapolis, land 2 | gy Vermonnet.
Alexandria, 1 and 2. 3 ^
Ocracock bar, No. 1, , T
Fort on Beacon Island, 2, V- By Martinon.
Profile of do. 3. 3
Fortifications, Charleston, No. 1. — By Perrault.
Sketch of Fort Putnam.— By D. NivEN.
Note. The above plans and maps were returned to the War Department.
FORTIFICATIONS FROM NEW LONDON TO PORTLAND, INCLUSIVE.
Instructions to Mr- Bechet Rochefontaine, acting as temporary Engineer in the service qf the United States.
In pursuance of the directions of the President of the United States, you are hereby appointed an engineer, for
the purpose of fortifying the ports and harbors herein after mentioned, viz: New London, in the State of Connecti-
cut, Newport, in the State of Rhode Island, Boston, Marblehead, Salem, Gloucester, and Portland, in the State of
Massachusetts, and Portsmouth, in the State of New Hampshire.
You are therefore immediately to repair to the ports to be fortified iu the said States, respectively, and in case
the Governors should be near any of the said ports, you are to wait upon them and exhibit these instructions. But
if the Governors should be at any considerable distance from your route, you are respectfully to notify them of
your appointment, enclose them a copy of these instructions, and inform them that you have repaired to the ports
aforesaid, in order to make the necessary surveys and investigations relatively to your mission, which you will sub-
mit to their consideration, and take their orders thereon.
As soon as you shall receive their approbation of your plans, you are to construct the works, and to execute
them with all possible vigor and despatch. . ^ . .
The following is an extract of the estimate on which the appropriations for the fortifications have been founded.
The proportion of expense, therefore, herein stated for the ports aforesaid, must not be exceeded, viz:
New London, Twelve heavy Cannon.
The formation of a parapet of earth for twelve pieces, -
Facing twelve embrasures, at fourteen dollars ninety-eight cents each, -
The expense of twelve platforms, at twenty-five dollars seventy -five cents each,
A redoubt, constructed of a form to be adapted to the nature of the ground, to be equal to 100 feet square,
A magazine, - - -" - " " ',"
Embrasures and platforms for four field pieces, - . . - .
A block house, or barracks, for fifty men, . - . - -
For pickets, palisadoes, and to provide for articles difficult to foresee or enumerate.
$375
00
179
76
309
00
J, 650
00
200
00
160
52
500
00
375
00
$2,749
28
«2,749 28
$3,000 00
To be garrisoned by 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
Groton, Twelve Pieces.
The same expense as at New London, and to be garrisoned by the same number of troops,
Goat Island, Eight Pieces.
To put the works in order, .--..---
Newport, Three Pieces.
On travelling carriages, so that no battery may be necessary to be erected.
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 24 privates.
Boston, Castle Island, Thirty-six Pieces.
To put the works in order, estimated at ..---- $6,000^
Governor's Island, Twelve Pieces.
The expense the same as at New London, .-.--- $2,749^8
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS.
$573 84
500 00
200 00
150 00
$1,423 84
$1,423 84
The Castle to be garrisoned by 1 captain, 1 subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 24 privates.
Governor's Island, 1 2 2 17 17
Marblehead, Eight Pieces.
Expense of the construction of the parapet, embrasures, and platforms,
A block house, -----...
A magazine, .-----..
Contingencies, - - - - - - - -
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
Salem, Eight Pieces.
The expense the same as at Marblehead, . . - . .
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
Cape Ann, Gloucester, Eight Pieces.
The expense the same as at Marblehead, -...-. $1,423 84
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
Portland, Twelve Pieces.
The expense the same as at New London, ------ $2,749 28
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
Portsmouth, Nine Pieces.
A parapet for nine pieces, ----..-. $281 75
Embrasures and platforms for nine pieces, - - . . - . 360 57
A redoubt, - - - - • - - - - - 650 00
Embrasures and platforms, . - - . . - - 160 52
A magazine, -.-----.. 200 00
Block house or barracks, -------- 500 00
Pickets, palisadoes, and contingencies, - - - : - - - 375 00
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 17 privates.
$2,527 34
But the peculiar situation of Newport, and its importance to a marine enemy, will justify a greater portion ot
expense than is contemplated in the estimate. A strong redoubt or two, upon the heights near the town, ought to be
constructed; the experience of the American, English, and French troops, who successively occupied that place
during the late war, will have pointed out the spots most proper to be occupied. Upon mature consideration, there-
fore, it appears that Newport, or rather the ground in its neighborhood, ought to be so fortified as to prevent any
sudden possession of that place by an enemy, from which our commerce would sufler excessively.
It will be readily perceived, by the lowness of the estimate, that the parapets of the works intended to be erect-
ed are to be of earth, or where that cannot easily be obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be faced with
strong timber, and filled in with such earth as can be had.
It is, however, conceived that, in most cases, earth may be procured, and that a parapet made thereof, will not
only form a solid defence, but even be durable, if the earth be tenacious, and properly sloped and sodded inside and
out, and the seed of knotgrass sown, so as to bind the earth and sods together.
It is, however, apprehended that the embrasures, made in this manner, would suffer from the explosion of the
Eowder from the cannon, and that, therefore, where the batteries are not m barbette, that the embrasures ought to
e framed with joist, and faced with plank of two inches thick.
When the batteries are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places at a distance from the towns in-
tended to be defended, they ought to be covered or secured by a redoubt, or other enclosed work, in which the gar-
rison should reside constantly, either in a barrack or a strong block house, as shall be judged most expedient. But,
in general, as the garrisons will be weak in numbers, a block house, mounting one or two small pieces of cannon in
its upper story, will be more secure, and therefore to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if any,
exposed to the fire of heavy cannon. A block house will not contain more than fifty men; if the garrison, therefore,
should be enlarged, tents must be used.
The redoubts, in general, ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprize
of an enemy; and, perhaps, the idea ought to be embraced, in the first instance, that they should be of such extent
as to admit timber casemates to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the garrison to resist, in some tolerable degree,
a bombardment.
But it is not proposed at present to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of massy
timber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and calked in such a manner as to be
perfectly tight. Care must be taken to have these m^azines properly ventilated and free from dampness. They
are to be of a size suiBcient to hold one hundred and fifty rounds of powder for each piece of cannon intended to be
served from it. The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed, will require great judgment, so as to
combine security against an enemy, either open or subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will also direct what part of your works shall be protected by frieze, and what by palisadoes, or
whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire en barbette with small cannon. As the redoubts are to cover
the tjatteries, they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures. The batteries are to annoy.
The choice of the ground, on which the batteries and works are to be erected, with all the combinations and
effects depending thereon, will rest upon your judgment, under the directions of the Governor.
It has not been intended, by any thing herein specified, to point out the particular manner in which the works
should be executed. Outlines only have been given, to serve in regulating the expense, which is limited by the
sums before mentioned.
Some person, in whose ingenuity and industry confidence can be placed, will be appointed at the said ports,
respectively, to superintend the actual execution of the works according to your directions. Arrangements will
also be made by him, or some other person, to obtain the necessary workmen, implements, and materials, which
will be required in this business: but every thing must be previously calculated and estimated by you.
Although the business herein entrusted to your charge, is, of itself, of an highly honorable nature, and strongly
evincive of the confidence of the President of the United States, which would probably enhance your reputation
yet it is explicitly to be understood by you, that the employment is only temporary, and not conferring or involving
any military rank whatever.
For a compensation of your services and personal expenses, you will be allowed and paid at the rate of four dol-
lars per day, while you shall be employed. For all reasonable extra expenses, such as necessary boat hire, and
persons to assist in your surveys, you will be allowed: but for those you must keep regular accounts, and take
receipts.
74 MILITARY AFFAIRS. D1P94.
You are to deliver to the Governors copies of all your plans, surveys, soundings, &e. and also transmit copies of
the same to this office.
You are also to make a weekly report to this office of your proceedings.
A reverberatory furnace, for red hot balls, must be erected for each battery.
You are hereby authorized to have made, in all cases where your judgment shall direct, new semi-circle car-
riages for cannon, now used on the sea-coast of France, instead of the old garrison carriages.
This improvement of firing en barbette will prevent the necessity of embrasures, which, in most cases, servfi na
other purpose but as a trap to catch the enemy's balls, and kill the defenders of a battery.
It IS true, the expense will be greatly enhanced by adopting this improvement, but this will be lessened in some
degree by saving the expense of the embrasures and platforms.
It will be proper, in most cases, where the earth works are to be erected, to have them done by contract. I have
written to the agents upon this subject, and I also request your attention thereto.
It is probable that one or two sub-engineers may be appointed under your orders, as your line will be very
extensive.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this 29th day of March, 1794.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
■A General Return of the Situation of the Fortifications of the Seaport Towns in the States of New England.
STATK OF CONNECTICUT.
New London. — On the 12th April, his Excellency the Governor of the State came from Norwich to New
Lond.on, to visit the two sides of the harbor, and was pleased to approve of the plan of fortification, which has since
been partly executed.
It consists, on the New London side of the harbor, of a citadel in stone masonry, bomb proof, covering a powder
magazine, and will serve for the garrison to live in in time of peace. The citadel is surrounded with batteries and
glacis, to cover it from the direct fire of ships of war, and to scour the entrance of the harbor and the neighborhood
of the citadel with cannon and musketry.
The artillery consists of six eighteen and twenty -four pounders, on coast carriages; four nine and six pounders,
on travelling carriages.
There is also a reverberatory furnace for heating balls.
The foitification of that side is nearly completed, and requires only to be trimmed, which will be done either
this fall or early in the next spring.
On the Groton side of the harbor, the fortifications consist of a fort, made of earth and sods, containing a citadel,
of brick masonry, covering a powder magazine, bomb proof, and serving for the garrison to live in; and a battery,
near the harbor, under the protection of the fort, with a covered way, communicating from one to the other. The.
battery is also to be defended by a guard house, of brick masonry, with a powder magazine, bornb proof, under it.
The artillery of the fort will consist of three eighteen and twenty -four pounders, on coast carriages, and four six
pounders, on travelling carriages; that of the battery, of five eighteen and twenty-four pounders, to be mounted on
coast carriages. A reverberatory furnace will also be erected in it-
The fortification of that side of the harbor is far from being' complete; the want of labor has been, in a great
measure, the cause of the delay.
The citadel will be completed and covered before winter, as well as the powder magazine. The repairing of the
old fort is only begun, and will be continued in the beginning of next spring.
The sum granted by Congress was - - • - . . $ 5,498 56
That expended to this day, is about - - - - $ 4,500 00
To complete New London Fort, - - - - 300 00
Do. Groton Fort, - - - - 1,798 56
6,598 56
Sum to be provided to complete the defence of New London, - - - - $ 1,100 00
For the mounting of the artillery, the Secretary of the Treasury has granted a first sum of - 250 00
It will cost for the mounting of the guns, stating, upon an average, 90 dollars for every
coast carriage, and 60 dollars for every travelling carriage, for guns or howitzers, $1,740 00
For a reverberatory furnace, for the battery of Groton, that of New London being erected, 100 00
■_ $1,840 00
The sum to be provided for these two objects, - - - - - $1,590 00
Total sum to be granted for New London, - - - - - $ 2,690 00
The garrison on the New London side will consist, in time of peace, of twenty -two men.
In time of war, fifty men.
The fort and citadel may aftbrd a cover, in case of an attack, to one thousand men.
The garrison of the fort and battery, on the Groton side of the harbor, in time of peace, twenty-two men.
On account of the battery and guard house, in time of war, eighty men.
In case of an attack by an enemy, eight hundred men.
There is in the fort and batteries, a sufficient number of good cannon for the armament of New London and
Groton.
The land occupied by the fortifications is the same that was formerly fortified, and is the property of indivi-
duals. The agent at New London has, in consequence of a requisition for the purpose, attempted to buy it. The
extravagant price set upon it, and other difficulties in the way of procuring it, have induced the agent to make an
application to the Legislature of the State for the purpose.
It is to be observed, that the object of the fortifications on the two sides of the harbor of New London is, the
defence of the entrance of the harbor, by a cross fire of heavy cannon, with red hot balls, on shipping attempting to
force their way through, and the protection of the trade in the harbor. Those batteries are well secured against a surr
prise, or any sudden attack. In order to take possession of them, or to operate their destruction, the enemy must
undertake a regular attack: in that case, the whole force of the countiy ought to be brought against liim.
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND.
Newport. — On the 8th of May, his Excellency the Governor of the State visited the harbor and the ports on
Rhode Island, to l3e taken possession of. The security of the harbor and island, which consists in the defending
the entrance of the harbor, and securing, by all means, a free and open communication with the interior parts of the
State, for the militia to come to the assistance of Newport in case ot an attack.
The Governor was pleased to approve of the system of defence, which has since been partly executed.
It consists of a fort on Goat Island, with a cita<lel, in stone masonry, bomb proof, serving for the garrison to live
in, and having under it two powder magazines. The whole is nearly completed.
At Tomany Hill, a citadel in brick masonry, serving for the garrison to live in, with a powder magazine, bomb
proofV under it. This will be completed before the winter.
At Butts Hill, a citadel in every respect equal to the above on Tomany Hill, This by want of means, has been
postponed to another year.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 75
At Howland's Feriy, a battery and a guard house, 111 brick masonry, with a powder house, bomb proof, under it.
The guard liouse and powder magazine are executed. The battery is contracted for, and will be erected before
the spring.
Thesumjjranted by Congress was, ...... $5,000
Expended 19 this day, or contracted for to complete the works begun as above mentioned, 6,104
There remains unprovided for, a sum of ....... $1,104
Also, to erect the citadel, magazine, &c. at Butts Hill, ..... 1,200
Total of the sum to be provided to complete the above defence of Newport, Rhode Island, . $2,304
The artillery of the works will consist, at the fort on Goat Island, of 16, 18 and 34 pounders, on coast carriages,
and two 6 pounders, on travelling carriages.
A reverberatory furnace is erected there.
At Tomany Hill, of four 12 pounders, or howitzers, on travelling carriages.
At Butts Hill, of four 12 pounders, or howitzers, on travelling carriages.
At the battery at Howland's Ferry, of four 18 and 24 pounders, on coast carriages, a reverberatory furnace is also
to be erected there.
The mounting of the above artillery and the furnace will cost, .... $2,600
The first sum granted for the same by the Secretary of the Treasury, . . . $500
There remains to be provided for that object, a sum of .... 2,100
Total of the money to be provided, for the fortification and artillery, above stated, . . 4,404
The possession of Rhode Island, and the harbor of Newport, is so important to an European nation at war with
the United Stales, that it will perhaps be thought necessary to increase its defence, and to provide it even against a
regular expedition; in that case it would be necessary to cover the fort, on Goat Island, with a glacis, and covered
way all round, which will produce the double advantage of securing the parapets of the fort against the direct fire of
the guns of ships forcing their passage up, and of alTording a cover for a larger garrison in case of an attack. This
proposed addition to the fortifications of Goat Island being executed, it might then withstand even a regular attack.
The additional expense would be —
The glacis and covered way, .... .... $3,000
For tlie mounting of twelve pieces of cannon, 12 and 18 pounders, on new garrison carriages, and
six 6 pounders, or howitzers, on travelling carnages, . . . . . 1,560
Total of the additional expense, ..... $4,560
The garrison of Goat Island will be, in time of peace, . ...
In time of war, ........
In case of an attack, if executed as it is now, without any additional works,
With the additional works, ..... . .
The garrison of Tomany Hill will consist, in time of peace, ....
In time of war.
In case of an attack of all the inhabitants of Newport, and of the Island, the garrison at Butts Hill will consist
In time of peace, of ...... ... man, 1
In time of war, ......... men, 60
In case of an invasion of the militia of the State, the garrison of Howland's Ferry battery will be of one man in
time of peace, and in time of war, ten men of the garrison of Butts Hill will be stationed rhere monthly.
The grounds occupied by the fortifications, now erected with leave of the owners, have not yet been bought,
owing to the exorbitant demand of some, and other difficulties referred to the Secretary of War.
It is to be observed, that there are, at present, but eight guns at Rhode Island, viz . three 24's, three 18's, and
two 6's.
STATK OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston. — On the 25th of May, his Honor the Lieutenant Governor, elected, since that time, Governor of the State
of Massachusetts, declared to the engineers, that he did not find himself empowered to approve of the execution of
the law of the United States, respecting the fortification of the seaport towns in the State, without the advice of the
Legislature, meeting a few days afterwards. His Excellency, however, gave orders to the oflBcers of the Executive
of the State, to the State garrison of the Castle Island, and to the gentlemen, select men of every seaport town,
directed to be fortified, to assist, every one in his capacity, the engineer in his reconnoitering and surveys.
On the first of June, his Excellency was furnished with a general plan of defence for the harbor of Boston.
On the 4th of June, a committee of the Legislature, appointed for the purpose, called on the engineer, to be pre-
sent at one of their conferences respecting the fortification of the harbor, and that of Castle Island particularly.
On the Bth, the said committee visited Castle Island, with the engineer, that being the only post in the State that
Ihe Legislature would have any thing to do with as to fortifying. .
On the 11th, his Excellency permitted the engineer to visit the seaport towns of Salem, Marblehead, and Cape
Ann, until the Legislature should come to a determination on the questions, proposed in the address of the Governor,
respecting the fortification of the harbor of the State.
On the 20th, his Excellency authorized the engineer to proceed to the State of New Hampshire, the Legislature
of the State of Massachusetts having not yet come to any vote on the subject of fortifications.
On the 24th of June, the Secretary of War having directed the engineer to repair to Portland as soon as possi-
ble, his Excellency was informed by the engineer, that he should go to Portland from Portsmouth, agreeable to the
Secretary's orders, and as the local situation of the former would render it very long to wait for his Excellency's
approb.ation, after the plan of fortification should be foimed, the engineer proposed, as most advisable, to act in con-
cert with the select men of that town, and even to begin the construction of fortifications, such as should be approved
by (hose gentlemen: his Excellency's further orders would, hovyever, regulate the conduct of the engineer, and his
silence on the subject would be construed as a consent to the engineer's proposal.
PORTLAND.
On the 14th of July, the selectmen of Portland, previously advised by the Governor of the arrival of the engineer,
visited the harbor. On the 15th, the citizens, in a legal town meeting, authorised the select men to purchase, in be-
half of the town, and for the United States, the ground necessary for the erecting of the fortifications for the defence
of the harbor.
The 21st July, the select men having approveil the plan of fortification, and the Governor having made no objec-
tion to the plan of conduct proposed as above, the engineer began the works, which consist of —
A fort erected on the hill, formerly occupied by the fort, with parapets, supported by stone walls and sods.
A citadel of brick masonry, serving for the garrison to live in, and covering a magazine, bomb proof.
A battery near the harbor, with a guard house, in brick masonry, to defend with musketry the guns of the bat-
ter}^ and a poTvder magazine, bomb proof. Also, a covered communication from the fort to the battery.
The sum granted by the United States, was ...... $2,749 28
The Secretary of War has granted in addition, . . . . _ _. . 900 00
The artillery of the fort will consist of four 6 and 12 pounders, mounted on travelling carriages.
■At the battery of ten pieces, 32, 18, and 12 pounders, mounted on coast carriages.
76 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
Also, a reverberatory furnace, for heating balls.
The works are completed, or will be so before the winter, with the sum above mentioned.
The mounting of the artillery will cost, ...... $1,200
The Secretary of the Treasury has granted, ...... 250
Sum to be provided for the artillery, ....... $950
The garrison of Portland, in time of peace, is to be twenty-three men.
In time of war, it ought to be one hundred men.
In case of an attack, it will be the rendezvous of the militia, and may contain five hundred men.
If it were thought necessary to cover that post, which is now secured against any sudden attack, against a regu-
lar expedition by land and sea, it would be necessary to surround the fort with two advanced posts and glacis.
The two advanced posts and glacis would cost . . . . . $5,000 00
The mounting 13 pieces of cannon on howitzers, in addition to the above, in garrison and travelling
carriages, . , . . . . . . . . 700 00
For 4 gun boats, two of them with furnaces, ...... 2,80000
Total of the additional expense, on that plan, . . . . . . 8,500 00
The garrison of Portland, with the additional works, above mentioned, might be 2,000 men.
The artillery now in the fort and battery at Portland, is to be replaced, except one 18 pounder, as soon as
good ones can be procured, but if the said guns can bear proving, there is a sufficient number for the armament of
the works now executed.
Four acres of land, for the fortifications, have been bought for $68.
On the 29th Julj^, the engineer waited on his Excellency the Governor of Massachusetts, at Boston: the Legisla-
ture not having decided any thing respecting the fortifications of the State, his Excellency could not give any appro-
bation to the erecting of any throughout the State, even at Portland, where the select men, and town meeting, had
irregularly acted, in purchasing land for the United States, without being authorized to do it by the Legislature of
the State.
On the 16th of August, the Secretary of War authorized the engineer to erect fortifications, according to the law
of the United States, at Salem, Marblehead, and Cape Ann.
Salem. — The inhabitants of Salem, in a legal town meeting, unanimously voted a cession to the United States
of the ground which should be thought necessary for the defence of their harbor; immediately thereupon the works
were begun. They consist of a fort, erected on the old fort called Fort William, in masonry and sods; a brick
citadel, calculated for the garrison to live in, and covering a powder magazine, bomb proof.
The artillery of that fort will consist of six pieces; 24, 18 and 12 pounders on coast carriages; four pieces, 6 and
12 pounders, on travelling carriages; a reverberatory furnace; also, two pieces, 18 and 24 pounders, to arm the
battery on Juniper's Point in time of war.
A number of old guns, now there, will serve, if they bear proof, until good ones can be provided.
The sum granted by the United States for the fortifications, was, . . . $1,423 84
The Secretary of War has granted a sura of . . . . . . 600 00
Total, $2,023 84
That sum will nearly complete the works intended to be erected.
The mounting the artillery and furnace will cost, ..... $1,06000
The Secretary of the Treasury has granted a first sum of .... 250 00
Sum to be provided for the artillery, ...... $810 00
The garrison of Salem is to be, in time of peace, of 23 men.
On account of Juniper battery, in time of war, ought to be 60 men.
In case of an attack, the militia will occupy the above fort. Juniper's battery, and the old Fort Lee, securing
the passage to tlie neck. In tiiat case, 12 or 15 hundred men may fight with great certainty of success.
The situation of Salem is such, that it would not be advisable to spend more money, than what is necessary to
complete the fort actually begun.
Marblehead. — For the reason alluded to above, the fortification at Marblehead was not commenced before the
1st September. It consists of a battery to defend the entrance of the harbor, and citadel, of brick masonry, to defend
the battery erected on the spot occupied by the old fort, covering a powder magazine, bomb proof, and calculated
for the garrison to live in.
The artillery will consist of six 42, 18, and 24 pounders on coast carriages, and four 6 and 9 pounders, or howit-
zers, on travelling carriages.
Also, a reverberatory furnace.
The sum granted by the United States for the fortifications, was . . . $1,423 84
The Secretary of War has granted an additional sum of .... 900 00
$2,323 84
That sum will nearly complete the works intended and begun.
The mounting the artillery, and furnace, will cost, . . . . . $700 00
The Secretary of the Treasury has already granted . . . . 250 00
Sum to be provided for the artillery, . . . . . . . 450 00
The gai-rison of Marbleliead, in time of peace, is to be 23 men.
In time of war it ought to be 40 men.
In case of an attack there may be covered in the fort and citadel two or three hundred men.
The situation of Marblehead is such, that the works erecting now are sufficient to put the harbor in a respectable
state of defence.
There is a number of old guns in the fort which, after being proved, may serve until good ones can be provided;
there are also four good travelling carriages, and many implements of artillery, which have been deducted from the
expense contemplated for mounting the artillery.
The ground was the property of the town; the inhabitants, in a town meeting, have ceded it to the United
States. The property of a citizen was blended with that of the town, and was necessary for the citadel, and for the
use of the garrison; it has been bought for the sum of 310 dollars.
Cape Ann. — On the first of September the fortifications at Cape Ann were begun; the delay is to be ascribed to
the same cause as above mentioned. , • .,
The defence of Cape Ann consists of a fort erected on the spot where the fort formerly was, and a citadel
covering a powder magazine, bomb proof, and calculated for the garrison to live in.
The artillery consists of six 18 and 24 pounders, mounted on coast carriages, and two 12 and 9 pounders on
travelling carriages.
Also a furnace for heating balls.
The sum granted by the United States was ...-.- $1,423 84
The Secretary of War has granted an additional sum of - - - - - 600 00
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 77
This total sum of $3,033 84 is thought to be equal to the expense to be incurred by the works begun.
The mounting of the artillery and furnace will cost . - . . . $760 00
The Secretary of the Treasury has granted - - - . - - - 250 00
Sum to be provided for that object, - - - - - - - $510 00
The garrison at Cape Ann, in time of peace, is to be of 33 men.
In time of war it ought to be of 50 men.
In case of an attack, the militia might defend the fort and citadel, and man a battery at the mouth of the harbor
with 500 men.
It is to be observed, that the resources of the three last places, in mechanics and laborers, are so small, that it
has been utterly impossible, eve» by granting higher wages, to make up for the unforeseen delay above mentioned,
and it is, therefore, very uncertain whether they will be put in a state of defence before the winter.
Boston. — The defence of the harbor has, by order of the Secretary of War, been left to be erected at another
time.
Upon a general view, the defence of that harbor will consist in fortifying Castle Island and Governor's Island. ,
The repairing of the battery on Castle Island, and erecting in the centre of it a fort, with bomb proof, for the
garrison, will cost - '"■. ". "..". " " $20,000
The repairing of the fort on Governor's Island, erecting batteries, and building a citadel, bomb proof,
and a powder magazine, will cost ------- 6,000
The artillery will consist, on Castle Island, of 20 pieces of cannon on coast carriages, - - 1,800
12 pieces of light artillery, or howitzers, on travelling carriages, - _ - - 720
4 mortars, - - - - - - - -- - 300
3 reverberatory furnaces, - "." '." " " ■ ^^^
On Governor's Island, 20 pieces of heavy artillery, on coast carriages, . - . 1,800
4 light pieces, or howitzers, on travelling carriages, . . - . - 240
3 mortars, - - - - - - -- - - 100
3 reverberatory furnaces, - - - . - - - - - 200
Implements of artillery for the two Islands, ------ 1,100
For the armament of Dorchester's battery. Fort Hill battery. Noddle's Island battery, and Charleston
Point battery, which are to be erected in case of war only, eight pieces of cannon, on coast car-
riages, - ;■ " " . " ■ " ' " " '^20
Also four gun boats, with furnaces, for heating balls, •■ - - - -. 3,200
4f-
Total, - . - - 36,180
It is to be observed that there is the number of 300 pieces of good artillery in the ports of Boston; the above com-
putation, therefore, only comprises the expense of mounting.
PoRTSMonTH, New Hampshire. — On the 30th June, his Excellency, the Governor of New Hampshire, visited
the harbor, and has approved of the plan of fortification which has since been executed.
It consists of a fort of rnasonry and sods, erected on the point where the light house stands, with a citadel cal-
culated for the garrison to live in, and covering a powder magazine bomb proof.
The artillery consists of seven pieces of heavy cannon, 42, 24, and 18 pounders, on coast carriages, and six
pieces of light artillery, to be mounted on travelling carriages.
Also, a reverberatory furnace.
The sum granted by the United States is . . . . . . $3,527 34
The Secretary of War has granted the additional sum of •. . . . 900 00
$3,427 34
The total sum of $3,427 34 will probably complete the works, before the winter.
The sum granted to mount the artillery is . . . . . . • $250 00
The mounting of a 42 pounder has cost ...... 169
The probable expense for the others, and for the reverberatory furnace, will be . . 1,180
Sum to be provided for the mounting of the artillery, ..... 1,099
The garrison of that fort is to be, in time of peace, of .... men, 23
In time of war, as that garrison will be left almost entirely to its own strength, and has also to
watch over the little harbor, it ought to be of . . . . . 200
In case of an attack, the militia ought to have there . . . . . 600
The peculiar situation of the harbor of Portsmouth renders any expense for its security, over the sums calculated
above, almost entirely useless; yet, if any addition were contemplated to be necessary, it would be, to put the fort,
which defends the entrance of the harbor perfectly well, in a condition to withstand an attack by land. That might
be done, by covering the side of the fort looking toward the little harbor by a glacis and covered way. The expense
attending that additional defence may be calcuFated at $2,000.
A gun boat might also be stationed in the little harbor, for the protection of coasters.
The ground occupied by the fort is the property of the United States.
It ought to be remarked, after viewing the state of defence of the seaport towns in New England, that the only ob-
ject aimed at has been the security of the harbors against an attack by water, by rendering their entrance as danger-
ous as possible to an enemy, and the protection of the trade in the same, which end is supposed to have been attain-
ed. Every battery is secured against a sudden attack and surprise, by a citadel, in masonry, almost within reach
of the bayonet from the guns. But none, except the harbor of Newport, has been secured against a combined and
regular attack by land and by water. It is, particularly, when the enemy shows a disposition to lay siege to the forts
above mentioned, that the force of the countiy ought to be turned out against him.
New London, October 26/A, 1794. S. ROCHEFONTAINE, Engineer, P. J.
P. S. For any details respecting the fortifications of the several ports alluded to in the above memorial, the Sec-
retary of War is referred to the plans arid other documents transmitted, from time to time, to the War Office.
FORTIFICATIONS, NEW YORK.
Special instructions to Charles Vincent, acting as a temporary Engineer in the service of the United States.
Sir:
The President of the United States, considering the importance of New York, from its local situation, and
the difficulty of fortifying it with small means, is desirous of having the separate opinions of several engineers upon
the subject. You will, therefore, please to repair to that city, and, if the Governor be present, show him these in-
structions. If, however, he should be still absent, you will wait upon General Lamb, the collector of the port,
and request of him a boat and hands to attend you in your inquiries, and he will, also, be so good as to obtain some
gentlemen to accompany you who are perfectly acquainted with the harbor. In order to assist you in your judgment,
I transmit you herewith a map of the harbor from Sandy Hook up to the city, 1 1 also enclose you. the estimate of the
sums which have been appropriated by Congress to this object.
H m
$3,737 52
78 MILITARY AFFAIRS [1794.
New York, Governor's Island, Twenty-four Pieces.
The expense of constructing batteries, embrasures and platforms, for 24 pieces, , - $1,727 52
A redoubt with embrasures, - - - - - - 810 00
Magazine, • - - - - - - - 200 00
Blockhouse or barracks, --.... 50000
Contingencies, ----- i - - 500 00
Paulus l^oov., Sixteen Pieces.
Parapets, embrasures, and platforms, for batteries of 16 pieces,
Redoubt, ' . " , "
Four embrasures and platforms for do. - - _ -
A magazine, ...-...-
A block house, - - -
Noil enumerated articles and contingencies, - - - .
3,161 68 $3,161
■ New York.
Batteries for several parts of the city, for 42 pieces, - - - - $1,312 50
The expense of the materials, and executing platforms and embrasures for 42 pieces, at $40 73, 1,710 66
Three magazines, .------.. 600 00
Two block houses, or other buildings equal thereto, _ .. - . 1,000 00
Contingencies, - - - - - - - - 1,000 00
3,737
52
$1,151
68
650 00
160
00
200
00
500
00
500
00
5,623 16 5,623 16
$12,522 36
Twenty of these pieces may be on travelling carriages, so as to be moved as circumstances might require.
It will be readily perceived that the amount of this appropriation will not effectually fortify an harbor so circum-
stanced as New York. But this sum cannot be exceeded, and all your estimates are to be conformed accordingly.
The works that are the most important are to be pointed out in your plans, and every thing which shall be un-
dertaken is to form hereafter a part of the general plan.
The parapets which have been contemplated, have been of earth. It is conceived that, in most places, earth may
be procured of a tenacious quality, and that a parapet formed thereof, would be respectable, as well for its defence
as its duration, more especially it it is properly stopped and sodded, and sown with a certain species of grass called
knotgrass.
It will depend upon your judgment at what places to have embrasures, or what to fire en barbette with the new
carriage, such as are used on the sea coast of France-
It is, however, apprehended, that in all cases where embrasures are necessary, they ought to be framed of
joist, and faced with two inch plank. Embrasures formed of earth are too liable to be injured-
It will be necessary that each plan should be accompanied with an estimate of the expense, and pointing out the
number of cannon required, and also stating the number of men which would be necessary to finish the work with-
in a given period, say three months. '
The batteries which are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places at a distance from New York,
ought to be covered or secured by a redoubt, or other enclosed work, in which the garrison should reside constantly,
either in a barrack, or a strong blockhouse, as shall be judged most expedient. But, in general, as the garrisons
will be weak in numbers, a block house mounting one or two small pieces of cannon in its upper story will be more
secure, and therefore to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if any, exposed to the fire of heavy
cannon. A block house will not contain more than fifty men- If the garrison, therefore, should be enlarged, tents
must be used.
The redoubts in general ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprise of
an enemy, and perhaps the idea ought to be embraced in the first instance, that they should be of such extent as to
advnit timber casemates to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the. garrison to resist, in some tolerable degi-ee, a bom-
bardment.
But it is not proposed at present to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of
massy tlniber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and calked in such a manner as
to be perfectly tight. Care must be taken to have the magazines properly ventilated, and free from dampness.
They are to be of a size sufficient to hold one hundred and fifty rounds of po\yder for each piece of cannon intended
to be served from it. The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed, will requiregreat judgment, so as
to combine security against an enemy, either open ov subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will also direct what parts of your works shall be protected by a fraize, and what by palisadoes,
or whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire en barbette, with small cannon. As the redoubts are to
cover the batteries, they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures — the batteries are to annoy.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, with all the combinations and
eff"ects depending thereon, will rest upon your judgment, under the directions of the Governor. It has not been in-
tended by any thing herein specified, to point out the particular manner in whicii the works should be executed.
Outlines only have been given to serve in regulating the expense, which is limited by the sums before mentioned.
A reverberatory furnace tor red hot balls must be erected for each battery.
Having finished your plans, you are to lay one copy before the Governor, and to transmit another to me, with full
details of the reasons for your opinions. It is to be desired that you instantly undertake this business, in order that
you may be ready to receive further orders, which will be given to you as soon as you shall be able to execute them.
I enclose you two letters, the one for the Governor, and the other for General Lamb, the Collectoi', who, you will
please to observe, is requested to advance you one hundred dollars, if you request it.
, Given at the War Office of the United States, this 1st day of April, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-four.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
General observations on the defence of the Harbor and City of New Fork, by Mr. Vincent.— New Fork, 1794.
There is no need of a long meditation on the means of defence to be employed in New York, to obtain a certi-
tude that they ought to tend only to ensure the safety of the harbor; and this place has no attack to fear from troops
landed or arrived in the extent of the State of which it is the metropolis. The difficulties to keep the necessary
communications between an army landed andi ts fleet, the repeated combats which these troops, when landed, should
have to maintain against men provided with all necessaries, and the number of which would be daily increasing,
against men defending their properties, with that valor and enthusiasm which nothing but a just and well known
cause can inspire, offer so many insuperable obstacles, that they leave no room to believe that an enemy will ever
attempt a landing that could not but prove fatal to him.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 79
We can easily form the same judgment of all enterprises from ao enemy already master, of land communications
with the State of New York, and without supporting our opinion with the glorious events of the late war. number .
of reasons demonstrate the absurdity of an attempt of this nature, which will never be thought of against this flour- ^•■
ishing city.
We will not, consequently, consider in this moment the city of New York as susceptible to be attacked by an
enemy, reduced to make long approaches by land, but we shall be taken up with the only thought of ensuring the
safety of its harbor, which being at this moment entirely open for ships of the first rate, gives too much foundation
to fear lest an enterprising enemy might come to an anchor in it with very indifferent forces, destroy all defence- ^
less merchant vessels, and, at the best, lay the city under enormous contributions.
Such an unheard of calamity is not only possible, but much to be dreaded at the present moment; and when we
reflect on the risks one of the finest harbors in the world is exposed to; one that nature, and the social institutions of
the inhabitants it enriches, leads by long strides to become the greatest and most flourishing; emporium of the two
worlds; we cannot forbear a sentiment mixed of dread and regret, when we see that nothing has been done yet to-
wards the safety of a point of such importance, and we feel a pressing desire to see its defence established, towards
which has proved more generous than we generally observe it to be.
Effectively, on casting one's eyes on the map, we see that the signal man placed in the light house, can long befoi'e
hand give notice of the forces discovered by him in sea. Signals agreed upon can give an instantaneous warning to
all persons committed to the defence of the city and harbor; of the imminent danger, first important advantage to be
obtained, and would highly facilitate the dispositions of defence.
Arrived at the entrance of Sandy Hook, tlie hostile ships will have yet twenty miles to run before they can annoy
the city and the vessels in its harbor, and to how many obstacles is not that long passage subjected.' they must by
day, and only during high water, follow with a steady attention, and winds infinitely variable, follow a winding
channel, before to arrive to that part of the same channel where the contracted current increases its rapidity, and
where the wind leaves generally the entering ships, and abandons them to all the means of defence so easy to
establish in that part.*
If we suppose the first difficulties presented by nature to be conquered, and they cannot be so without subject-
ing the enemy to a great loss, when art will join its resources, it is, we think, out of doubt, that the new obstacles
laid in the enemy's way, by means of^ the islands so happily situated in the river, will oblige him to give up any
idea of forcing the entry of the port, or will be at least sufficient to make him repent his- temerity, if he should dare
to attempt it, what we cannot believe.
Having thus delineated a ti'ue picture of the numerous advantages offered by nature for the defence of New
York harbor, we will immediately enter into particulars on what additicms we think art ought to make to it.
One should, in reading this, have constantly the map before one's eyes, as we have it in writing; after having,
however, sufficiently reconnoitred the ground.
There is no doubt but the soonest one may annoy the epemy attempting to force the entrance Of the harbor, the
best it will be; and this idea creates naturally a desire to establish crossed fires on the narrow entrance of the chan-
nel, ahead of Sandy Hook; but the difficulties and expenses arising from constructions exposed to an open sea
which must be terrible at certain times, combined with the hardships a garrison exposed in the middle of the waves
and difficult to provide, should be subjected to. have led to think, that on a channel of such length, and presenting
such good positions, though more approached, it would be better at the present moment to establish nothing ahead
of that point; it will be advantageous, however, to have at Sandy Hook's tower, two pieces mounted in battery, the
use of which will be to give the signals agreed upon, these signals will be repeated by Stag Stake Fort, and succes-
sively by Beedle's and the city.
By means of these signals, the city and the defences, whatever they may be, will be readily informed of the mo-
ment when the hostile ships will enter Sandy Hook's bars, and the first obstacle destined to oppose them in the
narrows will be ready to be displayed in all their latitude.
They will consist on the left shore of the battery, served as well as all other ones to be constructed, with red
hot balls, and mounting fifteen pieces of the largest caliber on coast carriages, having their motions in the horizontal
and vertical plans; to these fifteen pieces will be added four ten inch mortars for this battery, the gorge of which
will be slightly shut, as it ought to be commanded and fully seen by an earth redoubt to be established on the steep
shore superior to it; this battery will besides be founded on the rising ground advancing two hundred fathoms in
the narrows, and covered only with five or six feet water at low water; it seems useless to say tliat the use of this
battery and of the redoubt will be to procure crossing fires on the channel, by means of the batteries placed on the
opposite shore; two pieces on field carriages should also be placed on the lowest point of the same left shore, where
the passage widening forms the beginning' of New York Bay. These two pieces, which would discover the whole
bay. might be protected by a second redoubt, which being connected with the first hyaline well traced, should
form a kind of entrenched camp, where might repair the militia troops, if, against all likelihood, the enemy should
attempt a landing in York Bay to come and take the batteries. This act of temerity should lay him under the ne-
cessity to master the entrenched camp, which would give a considerable advantage over him, for nothing can be of
greater moment than to cause the enemy to lose a precious time, during which forces may be collected to complete
his destruction.
We think that the means of defence, to be established on the left shore of the Narrows, can be reduced to what
we have mentioned; and although we have spoken of two redoubts, a joining line to form an entrenched camp, it is
easily understood that this powerful means of defence is no way necessary at this present moment, and even'that
until the low battery be established, it will be sufficient to erect earth batteries, which may be constructed with
very little expense, and in a short while, on the steep shore, the elevation of which is far better adapted to the de-
fence to be obtained than the level of the sea, that will always expose such low batteries to all shots directed below
the horizon, either by the enemy, either by our own batteries of the opposite shore; these shots making generally
ricochets with great success; but the establishing of the low battery, shortening by two hundred fathoms the distance
of the files, we have thought it our duty not to neglect the advantage.
Having spoken of the defence to be established on the left shore of the Narrows, we shall now take in considera-
tion the right shore, which is much more interesting on account of the vessels coming much closer to it, driven by
the currents, and endeavoring to avoid the advancing high grounds.
A battery mounted with fifteen pieces of the largest caliber will be established in Sandy Bay, above the level of
the highest tides, its gorge will be shut, and it will have four mortars and flanks, mounted" with two four pounders
to defend it.
Above this battery and the steep bank, will be erected Fort Stag Stake, covering the inferior battery, and form
ing very advantageous crossing fires with those of the opposite shore; it will be, besides, connected by a covered
way with a redoubt to be erected on the extremity of the steep bank, where formerly stood a block house. Mortars
will be placed in the covered way joining the fort and redoubt; this last will be defended by six pieces of the laro^est
caliber. These mortars, combined with the defences already designed, will complete the protection necessaiy'for
the channel in the narrows; but as it is prudent to calculate all possibilities in cases of such high importance, we will
suppose that the enemy should attempt a landing in order to master the right shore's defences. This determines us
to propose to occupy by a red(iubt the heights ot Cherry Hill, connecting this redoubt with Fort Stag Stake, by a
double covered way, traced with intelligence, and seizing, by another covered way, an important ground below Fort
Stag Stake, which is susceptible to receive a number ot men sufficient to oppose any enterprise of the enemy on
Staten Island, the object of which might be to possess the defences therein established, or what is not so likely to
attack the city and harbor.
Thus, in our opinion, should be ensured the defence of the right shore of the Narrows; the intrenched camp we
have mentioned, useless for the present moment, might be of veiy little expense, and present to the militia of the
island a point of rendezvous, which the enemy would not, without danger, leave behind.
80 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
Of all these works, the most urging ones are also the plainest; the block house redoubt Fort Stag Stake, and the
intermediate batteries, should be constructed immediately. These first defences would cost but little; and, com-
bined with those established on the opposite shore, might already present a very respectable opposition to the
enemy.
Supposing, however, he might succeed in forcing this first passage, he should find new obstacles on approaching
Bedloe's Island, situated so as to face the channel, and whose tires might cross, with great advantage, those of Go-
vernor's Island, and concur with those of Oyster Island; a new battery should, consequently, be erected on that
Island, mounted with six pieces of the largest caliber, and two mortars-
After Bedloe's, and on the same side of the channel, we find a very low Island, (Oyster Island,) which'its
proximity to the city, to Bedloe's and Governor's Islands, renders infinitely precious; it will be necessary to place
there the same defence as on Bedloe's Island, making use of coast carriages; the right hand shore being protected
in this manner nothing will be wanting to its defence.
Considering now the left hand shoi'e, of which there is but one point occupied in the narrows, it will suggest
the necessity to bestow the greatest attention in forming a solid protection on Governor's Island, the happy position
of which can procure crossing fires with most of the points taken on the right hand shore, being equally distant
ti'om Bedloe's and Oyster Islands, and the city, with which it is possible to obtain crossing fires on the entrance of
East river, where should, probably, retire all the riches of the harbor, should the coast come to be attacked.
This point will be consequently the object of the nicest attention; it will be occupied by at least twenty pieces
of the largest caliber, and four mortars, the whole distriibted with cautious knowledge.
All the works to be made in Bedloe's, Oyster Island, and Governor's Island, will be ot'Iittle cost; the execution
of them may be undertaken immediately; they cannot be ordered too soon.
The defence of the channel, established as we have expressed, we think that no fleet should ever undertake to
force it; and we are of opinion that there would be no subject of fear on account of the town; this will dispense
from seeking to add to the proposed works batteries, connected with the place; the surest effect of similar establish-
ments would be to draw the fire of the ships; and, should the enemy be so far advanced as to beat on them, the
city would run the risk of being destroyed; the object of defence would be frustrated, and there is no sacrifice but
v/ould seem of no consequence to avoid such a calamity.
It is then in front of the city that we must look for its defence, which seems to be assured by the means of the
works designed along the channel; but, should it here remain, yet some fears, which nothing but the importance of
the object might justify, we might propose to anchor, ahead betwixt Governor's and Oyster Islands, an unsubmer-
sible floating battery, that might combine for its defence all the advantages of land batteries, such as red hot balls,
and other defensive resources. Such batteries would be lasting and of little expense in this country; they appear
even the most natural means to be employed for the protection of the United States' harbors. The advantage which
these ambulatory forts enjoy, by being able to be removed from one place to another, and to give a good covering to
their defenders, should entitle them to a particular preference from a country abounding in wood, and whose popu-
lation is not advanced. Sucii a battery should be armed with ten guns and two mortars, and might also serve as a
fixed point for a chain, shutting any portion of the channel starting from Oyster Island. This caution, by straitening
the entrance of the harbor, should render more efficacious the means of defence, cumulated on that part of the
channel left free for the navigation.
We shall limit there the means of defence we judge convenient to propose for the city and harbor of New York,
deeming unnecessary to take greater cautions against ships which, having forced the channel, would attempt to
burn the vessels retired in East river. We are too much persuaded of the impossibility that the enemy should ever
come so far; and, when we reflect on the risks that same enemy would be exposed to, should, after a check, con-
trary winds force him to remain a prey to all the means of destruction that might be directed .against him, we
cannot believe that the city and harbor of New York will ever have anj thing to dread from an hostile fleet. We
cannot, however, disapprove the idea of many persons, which, considering all the riches of the harbor cumulated in
the East river, propose to erect another battery east of the public work, and joining the city so as to have crossing
tires over the entrance of the East river with batteries of Governor's Island.
Having thus given a general idea of the means of defence, which seem convenient to a point that ought, undoubt-
edly, be looked upon as one of the most important in the Union, we will endeavor to collect, in a general table, and
at one view, all that we have deemed necessary to undertake, in order to ensure to this harbor the security conve-
nable to the most magnificent emporium of the universe.
New York, the 10th of ber, 1794.
Excellency:
Being always in expectation of one answer to my two last letters, I see, with great uneasiness, coming the mo-
ment at which I must deliver to the commissioners, for the fortifications at New York, my plans and memorials-
relating to the defence of the harbor. I am in the opinion that it is my duty to submit every thing- to your appro-
bation; and, in order that you may more easily explain your idea, and to be better understood, I have prayed the
Captain Pray, who has been always busy about these works, to bring to you all my papers. This brave and very
intelligent man thinks himself very happy in taking this opportunity to present to you his respects. I have request-
ed the Captain Pray to be here the 20th of this month, the appointed day by the commissioners for the communica-
tion of ray papers; and I am under the greatest necessity to pray you to send me again every thing but what is re-
lating to West Point; and I will observe to you that, upon the memorial relating to the Fort Clinton, I have made
one important addition concerning the objection offered against my pr6ject.
It is my duty. Excellency, to remember to you, that I want your approbation for being able to go on upon the
model proposed tor the floating batteries. You will find in the papers one plan and one memorial upon this impor-
tant subject, which I recommend to your particular attention.
One memorial, relating to the formation of one body of artillery, for the defence of New York, is also in the
papers, and is, perhaps, worthy of your exanien.
I work every day. Excellency, so much as possible, for being able to answer to the high commission, and surely
to the high commission with which I am honored. I am every day helped by the gentlemen employed with me;
and, nevertheless, I see very much to do yet for giving every thing relative to the great project of defence of this
harbor. We continue what appears to me the most important; and, as I ' think you want to have one copy of
every general plan, we shall be very busy till the spring, which must begin for our works as early as possible.
If any plan should appear to you more proper to be sent again to you, one copy should be taken immediately,
according to your orders, which I hope to receive by the Captain Pray.
I am, with the highest respect. Excellency, your most obedient servant,
VINCENT.
Secretary of TVar.
1794.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
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82 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
FORTIFICATIONS, PHILADELPHIA, AND "WILMINGTON, DELAWARE.
Instructions to Peter Charles VEnfant.
In pursuance of the directions of the President of the United States, you are hereby appointed a temporary
engineer for the purposes of fortifying the ports of Philadelphia and Wilmington, upon the river Delaware.
You are therefore immediately to proceed in the execution of this business, under the general directions of the
Governors respectively of the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware.
The following is an extract of the estimate on which the appropriations of the fortifications have been founded:
For Mud Island and Philadelphia, - - . . $11,913 8-2
For Wilmington, .... s^oOO 00
The propoitions of expense therefore must not be exceeded. But everything now undertaken must be completed
and be considered as the parts of a more general, perfect, and permanent plan, to be hereafter executed; provided the
sum now appropriated should prove insufficient, which is highly probable.
It is presumed that the completion of Fort Mifflin, at Mud Island, will be considered as the first object to be
undertaken in Pennsylvania. The works to be erected at Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, will also require
immediate attention in order to be put in a train of execution.
It will be perceived, by the lowness of the estimates, that the parapets of the works to be erected are in general
to be of earth, or, where that cannot be obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be faced with timber and
filled in with earth. A parapet, however, formed of tenacious earth, is conceived not only to attbrd a solid defence,
but even to be durable, provided it be properly sloped and sodded inside and out, and sown with a species of grass
called knotgrass, so as to bind the sods and earth together.
Your judgment will decide where to have embrasures for your batteries, and where to fire en barbette, and also
where to have tlie common garrison, and where the new carriages to fire en barbette, at present used on the sea
coast of France.
You will also direct what part of the works shall be protected by palisadoes and what by fraizes.
It is conceived to be essential that all batteries which are erected on islands or points of land at a distance from
support ought to be protected by redoubts or other enclosed works, and that such redoubts ought to be secured by a
block house, where the garrisons, which in ordinary cases will be but small, ought constantly to reside.
In the construction of the redoubts, or enclosed works, they ought in the first instance to be constructed so as to
contain a res^pectable garrison, suppose five hundred men, and casemates ought also to be contemplated in the con-
struction, although they will not now be erected.
It has also been contemplated in the estimates that the magazines should be formed with timber, and five or six
feet thick on the roof, so as to resist a heavy shell. This thicKness is independent of the earth which may be placed
over the timber. These magazines ought to be well ventilated, so as to be entirely free from dampness, and of a size
to hold one hundred and fifty rounds of powder for each {)iece of cannon.
The spots at which magazines of this nature should be fixed will require great judgment, so as to combine security
against all enemies, either open or subtle, and against common accidents.
A reverberatory furnace, of the best construction, in order to heat balls red hot, must be erected for each battery.
These are general ideas, but are not to constrain your own judgment, excepting as to the limitations of the expense,
which, as before mentioned, must not be exceeded.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, together with all the combinations
and efti^cts dependent thereon, will rest upon your judgment under the directions of the Governors.
All the plans must be accompanied with sections and elevations, so that a complete judgment may be formed
thereof, an estimate of the expense must also be formed of each work, and the number and size of the cannon
intended must be specified. One copy to be given to the Governor, and one transmitted to this office, to which
also you must weekly report your progress.
Your requisitions for labor and materials must be made upon — ; , who is appointed by the Secretary of
the Treasury to account for the sums to be expended at Philadelphia, and upon , who is appointed for the
same purpose at Wilmington.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this 3d day of April, 1794.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Copy of a letter from Major L" Enfant to the Secretary of War.
Philladelphia, nSpril I9th, 1794.
Sir:
Much consideration being requisite in combining a fortification, especially when the safety of a capital city
is the immediate object, I cannot but wish for time to mature my ideas on the subject; and seeing what grand sys-
tem of defence the protection of a fort on Mud Island will require, and, independent of which, a stand at that spot
cati give no kind of security, your opinion being to determine my process, the following notes I conceive necessary
to facilitate your judgment of the principle on which to direct my labor.
First, Viewing the situation proposed, I find, that however spacious as the fluid surface appears to be, the breadth
of the ship channel is sufficiently narrow, and can be absolutely commanded over by the cannon from Mud Island;
that batteries erected at A, under the defence of a fort B, would play right down the stream over the width of the
river; that they would batter in front, every vessel coming up, and do more damage, in proportion, to the crowding
of sail. No position would be safe to stand by tliem. and the batteries easily covered from the land side, the garri-
son being perfectly secure, the fort may be expected to make a steady defence. But that its defence should be ef-
fectual in stopping a navy, on this I will observe, that the great object of an expedition rendering of no consequence the
loss to which a daring attempt may expose, a fort standing alone may easily be passed; and, as a variety of circumstan-
ces would here occasion some additional forts, to render the attempt to force the pass impracticable, it becomes a ques-
tion, whether some other position in the river may nit be found more eligible to make the establishment.'' But,
until I shall have acquired all tlie information I need to support an opinion in the affirmative, looking upon Mud
Island as the spot determined upon, the only method I see of making it answer the object, would be, to take advan-
tage of a bank, to erect a second fort at C, the defence of which would co-operate with those of Mud Island, as
may easily be seen on the small sketch of the river to which these notes have reference; that bank only three or
four feet under water, easily to be \vharfed, no inconvenience being to result to the current with which this bank
runs parallel, the measure would prove most beneficial, and the trust which I place in its effects makes me desirous
it may be first attempted.
The situation alsu, D, would be important to secure as well those at G, E, F, where batteries under the cover
of Red Bank, and of another post at H, would much annoy a shipping engaged with the forts, as was experienced
last war from a battery at F; protecting one another, these batteries would see down the river as far as would the
defence of Mud Island, and of the fort C; they would procure a cross fire all the way, but especially above the
forts; there it would become such, that no vessel should ever venture through, especially as having first to steer
close between the two fires A and C; these different batteries successively to be passed should leave no safe position
to repair a damage sustained.
With this, the greatest possible security would be ensured to the city of Philadelphia, and without need of che-
vaux de frise, an expedient which once might have been commendable, but which, for having in a manner succeed-
ed, should not, however, be thought necessary at this time. In no case whatsoever, I would not advise the sinking
of any of them, being well convinced, that more embarrassment would ensue to trading navigation, and more injury-
be caused by the necessary alteration which'it would occasion in the bank and current, than there can be benefit
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 83
derived from; all considered, every such means are mere expedients and contrivances, subject to accidents in their
accomplishment at the moment when danger is near, and they are too precarious a protection tor a nation to rest its
safety upon, and ought never to be made a consideration in the delineation of a plan for fortification, the grand ob-
ject of which should be to ensure perfect security, with a little trouble, and with as few military as possible.
All kinds of forts, and most particularly one as intended, ought then to be made capable of self-defence, and
should be so situated as to check alone the progress of an enemy, in a country especially where militia being the
main body to muster from, much time is required before troops can be assembled and marched. Too much atten-
tion cannot be paid, to make all fortifications capable of standing against a vigorous attack, and v.henever this can-
not be done, it is better not to have any, as by becoming useless they must prove greatly prejudicial.
Guided by these reflections, and considering that the defence of a pass on which the safety of the city of Phila
delphia depends, is of an importance, as must make the expense attending the accomplishment of an effectual plan
to defend it, a trivial consideration, although, endeavoring to restrain the works, as may be first begun, within
the limited sum granted by the Government, 1 could not, in viewing the situation of Mud Island, confine my la-
bor immediately to the contriving of a figure for a work, the combination of which, I perceived, demanded a pre-
vious investigation of the particular circumstances of the opposite shore, and some-reflection on the manner of attack
possible to be carried against; independent of which consideration, any fortifications as may be erected there, will
ever stand a mere mock of defence.
Far remote from the sea as that situation is, it is certain, that no attack will ever be made, unless it is a very
determined one; and, viewing the precedent of the manoeuvres of an army by a circuitous march to take possession
of Philadelphia, cannot establish a probability of such an attempt being renewed under the present circumstances
of the country, all grand operations must now be first directed toward gaining the pass for shipping, which, conse-
quently, would determine an operation against the defence of Mud Island, or of any other situation in the river, on
a very different principle than was once carried on there in 1777. Taking, however, that expedition under consi-
deration, the result of my inquiries about, and the observations I have made on the proprieties and inconveniences
of a stand so circumstanced, convince me, that in addition to the work above mentioned, as necessary for the defence
of the ship channel, others will be wanted to cover and protect these.
The cover of a regular fortified post, to command over Province and Carpentei's Island, will be wanted suffici-
ently,; spacious to admit, as the occasion may require, a good garrison, and made strong to support regular ap-
proaches and hinder them from being carried directly against the forts on Mud Island, where they may still easily be
advanced on the island below, which is but the consolidated part of the same mud bank on which the fort would stand.
The small sketch may show the situation where this post should be fixed, the figuration of the work being left
undetermined until a proper survey of the country round has been obtained — whether in the manner of a horn, or
crown work, must depend from the manner of the establishment on Mud Island, which it must cover, and by
which it ought to be defended.
Some difficulties will be, to continue the work on the island a regular one, the solid part being too narrow to
admit of square forts, whose line of defence it would render too short; an inconvenience would also arise from
crooked lines, these being always defective, for a situation easily to be surrounded, as half of the circuitous line
must inevitably be seen in the flank and rear. Wishing to avoid this inconvenience, and to procure a larger front
of fire over the channel, I would determine upon the position of the battery as at A, which will show the advan-
tages of that direction over that of the old forts, the remains of which cannot be any way serviceable but my mak-
ing use of the materials.
N. B. The defect of that old fort, not only lay in the configuration of its line of defence, which, as General Du-
portail weir observed, are too short for mutual protection, but its situation is altogether so ill judged as to be enfi-
laded from every point from whence an attack is the most likely — a disadvantage m no manner remedied by the im-
provement proposed by that officer, who surely did not see the situation with a proper attention, or he must have
observed, that no part of the addition which he planned would have been more secure than the old; no work, indeed,
would be possible to contrive making the old one serve, which could be made a stand even against a few gun boats
in the west channel; necessarily then, rejecting all idea of connecting any new work with the former one, I would
establish the forts and batteries back of the wall now standing, making this serve as a cover, until the work is suffi-
ciently advanced to mount the batteries, after which it would be pulled down, making the stone serve the construc-
tion of the principal forts.
As to what relates to the construction of the batteries and forts, the island being mostly overflowed and of a soft
clay bottom, it will necessitate to some expense to lay on a solid base in logs framed in the manner of a grate under
the whole, with a kind of upright framing to receive the platform; observing that, however temporary the object of
the batteries now to be made may be, the time of which they may be of use, perhaps distant, may render them then
out of repair, and consequently useless, or that being ever so near at hand, a detect in the superstructure being to
accelerate their destruction, their object would be unanswered, and the confidence placed in them being disappomt-
ed, the sparing of proper materials and of the labor should, in both cases, be dearly repaid by the loss of valuable lives,
and the disasters attending a weak resistance.
I have the honor to be, &c. &c.
P. CHARLES L'ENFANT.
Copy of a letter from Major V Enfant to the Secretary qf the Treasury.
Philadelphia, September 15, 1794.
Sir:
After all possible exertions on my part, to progress the fortification at and near Mud Island, and however
attentive I have been in confining the extent of my operations to the limited sums assigned for, it is with the greatest
concern I am to inform you that those means, by proving too small, have long since torced me to relent of the pro-
gress; they are at present so far exhausted, that, unless you can procure a sufficiency of supply to continue the work
for two months longer, the whole must stop before any part is brought to that state of perfection necessaiy to be
guarded against winter, and answer to some object of defence.
In endeavoring to obviate the consequent injury which I saw must result from leaving what is done in a state
still imperfect, and apprehending no new supply could be procured, since last supplementary sum obtained has it-
self proved much less than what I had been led to expect from General Knox's own promises, I determined upon
an expediential step, that of soliciting, through the Governor of Pennsylvania, the necessary assistance from the State.
This measure, and the information I gave to a committee of the House at their visit on the island, and at two subse-
quent meetings on the business, determined a report agreeable to my wish — a sum of six ^/towsanrf dollars they
granted as an advance, leaving the manner of repaying it to the next Legislature to determine upon, and also refei"-
ring to the same, the consideration of what would be proper to do respecting the cession of the island to the United
States. This was the purport of the bill this committee proposed, and, on another part having obtained the concur-
rence of some of the members the least disposed to favor federal measures, I judged that but little opposition would
be made to the bill; in this hope, however, I have been frustrated by the sudden adjournment of the Legislature,
■who confined their labor to the consideration of the few bills which the Governor, in haste of leaving loivn tvith the
militia, pointed out as the most essential for them to pass. Left by this disappointment in the same dilemma of diffi-
culties as had induced my application, the prosecution of the business solely now depends on what you can do", and
in soliciting you to give me immediate directions, I must beg, before you determine on the arrest of the whole of the
operations, that ye« will consider the consequences, giving a due attention to the particular statement, herein en-
closed, of the actual situation of the several parts of the work that is engaged in conformity to order of April 27, and
29th ultimo.
I have the honor to be, &c. &c.
P. CHARLES L'ENFANT.
M MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
P. S. The enclosed statement of the progress ofthe work on Mud Island, I would beg you would, after perusing
it, and when may be convenient, return it to the Board of War, as, in the hurry of business, I have had no'time to
keep a copy. '
Mr. T. Francis, who sent me the sketch ofthe account, by which there appears, September 22d, a balance in his
hands of Sl,618 66, wanted immediately to stop all operations- I have requested him to wait until I receive your
directions, and hope you will favor me with them as immediately as possible.
Philadelphia, September 25, 1794.
Statement of the progress made at the several parts of the fortifications, begun at, and near, Mud Island, in the
river Delaware, agreeably to order of the 27th, and 29th April last.
Works on the Middle bank east of Mud Island.
After the many contrarieties experienced, both in procuring the necessaries, and in effecting the sounding, and
laying ot the work in the water; out of two ofthe several cones and caissonswaoss which are to be made the base to
than expected, and this has necessitated the application of more timber, and greater quantity of stones and iron,
with the means of which, the work is still only raised level with the low water line, under which it must continue
to sink gradually, until it can be fastened to the next pile, now secured from the drift, but waiting to be sunk until
a sufficiency of supply of lumber and ot stone can be procured, so as to render the operation safe, and admit of its
bein" raised as fast as it will sink, and until it is made steady, and brought level with the first part.
When these two piles are connected together, they will form the base for half of the front ot the fort, but as this
half lay on the declivity of the bank and toward the main current, it can never be well secured until the other half
is completed, as may well be judged of from the small sketch of the section of that work hereafter expressed.
Vk.ni=.....^..-...........==iy,,.„,™..„„..„ ^^
Low water line
Main channel of the river.
References.
A — Bank of mud and sand. ^*
B — Cone first sunk, and how it sunk for want ofthe support C.
b — Additional work to keep it to the low water line.
C — Caisson that has been detached and is necessary to sink to fasten the part B b.
D — Other half, which will absolutely secure the whole bank within the frame. .
The situation ofthe part B will show the absolute necessity of sinking immediately the pai't C, and of fastening
both together, raising the whole'above the high water line, as expressed by the dotted line else, that, by laying
asit does, close to the main current, it may give way under the pressure of floating ice, and slip down into the channel,
which cannot be apprehended when raised above high v/ater, the banking of any body of ice all round being in no
way dangerous, the deepest part of the frame running parallel with the bank, and with the current.
Works upon Mud Island.
The new grand battery extending towards the main channel, under cover of the wall parapet, is but progressed so
far as to have the wharf, which is its foundation, completely raised on an extent of about 700 feet, sunk in a depth of
from four to fifteen feet, partly in the mud and partly in the stream current. Behind this a large esplanade is formed
over the deep swamp, opposite to the old barracks, filled in to the height of the wharfs, level with the high water
mark; which left this part to be raised, all over, to about three feet more, (making allowance for tlie natural settling
of new made ground,) before the parapet can'be raised and the battery properly mounted; now, the guns being only
laid along side the edge of the wharf to forward its settling.
The next work is the old wall ranipartof about 290 yards long. Of that wall,, the remains ofthe old fort, 160 yards,
has been banked inside, ready to form a parapet and rampart platforms; the whole about forty-five feet broad and
on an average ten feet high, which left this part about seven feet still lower that it ought to be to mount tiie cannons
upon. Adding to this, a portion of a line ot intrenchraent, which is just beginning, on an extent of about 140 yards,
but which is yet one half below the height it is to be. They altogether comprehend all what has been attempted of
the plans approved of, for the improvement of the fort on Mud Island, and the construction of the new one intended
upon the middle bank.
The manner how the whole has been directed, determining the greatest progress in all the part most difficult to
come at, and which would be impossible to attempt at a moment of imminent danger, will show that I have been less
anxious to make a show of progress, flattering to the eyes, than eager in bringing forward those parts on which, I
consider, the good defence ofthe place most particularly depends. On another part, I considered, all the parapet I
could raise, being made of muddy clay, must, however well rammed down asit is, alter in their shape, in proportion
as the whole will settle down, that glacis and level of angles must deface, as long as the watery substance is not
fairly expunged, from within, and this being not to be expected, but after the winter has passed over. It therefore
becomes economical to delay, until the spring, to sod and slope properly the whole.
Giving this sketch of the situation of the fortifications at, and near, Mud Island, 'nothing having been attempted
but that was of necessity to perforin; if, notwithstanding all possible economy, the provision made proves unan-
swerable, to a proper accomplisliment of what is begun, before the bad season comes. I think I need not say any
thing more of tlie circumstances, by which those funds at disposal have proved insufficient, than calling to memory
the great inconveniency, under which the operations were conducted, at a place destitute of every comfort for the
hands; lay open to all accidents ofthe season, uncommonly bad in the months of June, July, and August, when ex-
traordinary freshes and storms greatly injure the work and caused an increase of labor which could not have been
foreseen nor avoided, having had successively to repair tiie extensive bank round the Island; to build new sluices;
open new drains; and to dig over and over again all ditches; without which the whole Island must have been over-
flowed; the whole work upset, and the laboring hands, with the garrison, reduced to the most unhappy situation.
P. CHARLES L'ENFANT.
Copy of a letter from Major L* Enfant to the Secretary of War, dated
Philadelphia, May 16, 1794.
Sir:
Complying with your directions, I repaired to the State of Delaware,' and in my way to the Governor, first
took a view of the situation at Wilmington.
That place well sheltered, by nature, against a navy, as may come up the river, I found need but of a small bat-
tery to have its harbor protected.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 85
Two situations oft'er for that battery, which may be said to be equally advantageous, if considering only the na-
vigation through Christiana and Brandywine creeks; the one at A, at the confluence of these two canals, the othei\,
lower down at B, rightly at the mouth) of the main branch; but as the object of a post, as intended, can only be
to guard the merchantmen and store, in the confined harbor of Christiana creek, from insult, the situation B, is the
only eligible — its advantage over the other would be, its gieatest vicinity to the grand channel of the river, over
which the post there, would keep a good look out; while the battery may play over the wide surface truly, not as to
stop, but greatly incommode a vessel, which it would necessitate to keep aloof from that shore. This post would be
out of the reach of the commanding ground at Wilmington: it would be more independent from that town, and its
garrison better trained there to military duty, by having sorties sent out to patrol over the space C C C, over which, when-
ever a suspected vessel lay in the river, it will be essential to keep a good watch, because it is to be observed, that
an attempt to burn the shipping, or plunder the stores, lying at D D D, must be made that way, the navigation througli
the creek, even if it should be left without a battery, being not safe for such an attempt, as after the alarm is given,
the inhabitants mustering behind the bank all along the meander of the creek, would easily prevent the going back
of any boats, or armed vessels; this consideration, and that of the particular circumstances of the ground H H H.
east of the Brandywine and Christiana creeks, down to the river shore, convincing me of the perfect security oi
that side, I would view a post erected at A, as absolutely useless. The British, it has been objected, had a redoubt
erected there last war, at A a, which to some people is conclusive, that that must be the situation; to this it need
only be observed, that that redoubt was to close the right of a line of defence from the height, north of the town, all
along, and fronting toward the Brandywine, from which side they had to fear, and nothing to apprehend from that,
C C C being master of the river, a circumstance which, now to be absolutely the reverse, would necessitate in case the
post at A should be insisted upon to extend that post, crossing it over the Christiana creek, and establishing a strong
redoubt at F, to master those marshes, partly covering the space C C C, the difficulties of passing which, thought by
the vulgar a great security, it is well known of all partisans are the weaker of defence, must always become a mean
to favor their design.
The next of my inquiries carried me lower down the river; much had been said to me of the pass at Eagle point,
which the Governor of Delaware had been solicited to represent to the Federal Government, as the most eligible
place for a fort; and, knowing he had declined making the representation, under expectation I would make it my
business on my arrival at Newcastle, I engaged one of the stage sloops ; and in company with the proprietors
of the land about that point, together with a number of captains of vessels, I proceeded immediately to the sounding
of the river, first across the main channel, and coming upon the Pip ^sh; a bank forming an island opposite Eagle
and Reedy Points, continued the sounding along side of that bank, oft times goingacross and back again, and reach-
ed Reedy Island, thence coming back, sounding close to the main shore, until out of that pass; which the operation
proved to have a channel much wder, and more free, than had been imagined; this well satisfied the persons the
most desirous of seeing a fort erected there, that it would not answer the object; a single fort at the point surely
would not be a defence. Nevertheless, looking upon that situation, with the one opposite, upon the Pip Aslj Island,
it cannot be questioned but that pass may be well armed, and that proper works erected there would protect the
whole river back; there being no other pass but a shallow channel east of the Pip ^sh, and running close to it, the
width of the river toward Jersey being barren all over. With respect to the self security of the works, on these
two points, this would be greater than in any situation I have observed, considering the distance of the Jersey shore
would not admit of any battery to be erected, against a fort on the Pip Jish, and that the one at Eagle Point, lying
at the end of a long and narrow neck, which requires a circuitous march to take possession of, would be guarded
against regular approaches, the undertaking of which would be a tedious and difficult operation.
The perfect security which the protection of that pass would ensure to the whole river, and to the several harbor
towns on its shore, being an object fully to compensate the expense of erecting proper works on it, although the
means at present inadequate, as they are, to the accomplishment of those temporary works, determined upon, can-
not indulge me in the idea that these shall be undertaken at present. I could not but wish to ascertain myself the
propriety of that situation, of an importance, in my opinion, not to be lost sight sight of, when the means of the
country will render the undertaking practicable.
Many other observations could be made on the propriety of different situations for look-out forts, on the east and
west shore of the Delaware, and vvhere small batteries may g-reatly distress a navy; as, for instance, at a point
opposite Wilmington, close to which the main channel runs, and every large vessel must pass. These means of dis-
tressing an enemy in a river, the navigation of which is so liable to be invaded as is that contemplated, can never be
too much multiplied; and, adding to those look outs, gun boats, or rowing galleys, I question not but the river would
be effectually defended against all small naval expeditions; the facility now, the most contemptible of privateers
will find to plunder or lay under ashes those stores and vessels lying at Chester, Marcus Hook, and Newcastle;
but places more immediately accessible than is Wilmington, being inviting them to the attempt, I cannot but ex-
press my opinion, they ought to have been the first to protect; eacn of them are most susceptible of being well de
tended with batteries at the head of wharves prolonging out in the river, and post on the shore; they would become
as many defences to the river itself. Newcastle, in particular, should be provided for; not because of its great com-
mercial interest, which I conceive rather limited, owing to the back navigation carrying the country produce another
way, but because of its importance, when militarily viewed, that place being an essential point in that grand chain of
posts for garrisons, which should be combined together, from the southward to the eastern States, all along the coast,
as well as on the back frontiers.
This situation, Newcastle, is most happily circumstanced to be made strong, and to unite all what is requisite,
a grand ";arrison. Many situations across to the Chesapeake head would be proper stands to entrench for detached
.corps, which would shut up all passage through that neck, whose protection requires also some strong establishment
on Sassafras river and at Turkey point, the particular circumstances of which places I could not take upon me to
survey, finding these were out of the limits of Delaware; their immediate importance, however, to, and connexion
with, the defence for the protection of the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania, should annex them to that district,
which would lessen the inconveniency which must necessarily result from carrying on the fortifications in each dis-
trict, independent of each other, in lieu of determining its situation and force from the consideration of the relation
which a spot may have with, and the assistance it may give or receive from, those in other States. A manner of pro-
cess the only economical and secure in the establishment of fortifications, when intended to defend a grand fron-
tier, and an exclusive sea coast; for which, to adopt a general system, should be first laid down; a proper survey of
every situation ought at first to have been made, connecting these in a general map, and determining thereon what
nature of fortifications may be necessary, with respect to the population of the States, and the habit and disposition
of the people, on whose exertion and support those defences may depend.
Finding that no ground at Wilmington had yet been purchased, and the Governor of that State wishing some
time to consider, and determine upon the appointment of a proper person to conduct the work, he understanding
that the cannon for the fort proposed, could not immediately be had; no inconvenience being to result from a little
delay in beginning it, I agreed with him, that after sending him the result of my observation on the propriety of
the situation, I should determine that I should wait for his answer, and his appointment of a day for me to meet
with him, and proceed according as may be judged most eligible. Doubting not he will communicate previously
with you on the subject, I shall esteem it a favor to obtain your opinion on the propriety of the foregoing observations.
From Major D Enfant to the Secretary of War, dated Philadelphia, 2d July, 1794.
Sir:
The Governor of Delaware's answer to two of my letters, coming into my hands on the very evening after I
received your notification of the 30th past, I thought most expedient before I go and meet with him, to answer in
writing to his objections, and to the reasons whicn he gave to cover the motives of the opposition made by the
12 m
86 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
inhabitants of Wilmington, respecting the emplacement T have designated, to fortify upon. The copy of this answer
I here enclose to you, for your consideration of the circumstances that determined my choice. The next post will
probably bring me the Governor's final determination, and I shall accordingly proceed on as you direct, provided
no new difficulties occur, which I greatly apprehend. Major Bush's late communication to me, contains some
reflections which have been cast upon me, on a misrepresentation of the motives actuating me, which, I trust, those
who know me will consider as insulting as it is unmerited; but this is but an account of the profit of office.
For some time past the work at Mud Island has acquired a pretty close attention, and as we are now on the
point of sinking part of the grand wharves, on the middle bank, which is about framing, and staked out in the
water, being possibly necessitated to go there at the moment's call, unless a purchase of the ground as shall be de-
termined at Wilmington, is actually effected, so that the work may be set about immediately, my repairins; there
can be no advancement to the business, and will rather interfere with the more important work of the forts nere.
Frotn Major D Enfant to the Governor of the Stale of Delaware., dated Philadelphia, 1st July, 1794.
Sir:
It will perhaps be needless tor me to enter here more largely than I have done before, on the merit of the
situation I liave chosen to erect fortifications for the defence of the navigation to Wilmington; since, after what 1
have already said, the objeccions made, and the expressions of your letter of the 28th ultimo, most fully convinces
me, no arguments ever so demonstrative of the error of the opposition I meet with, will persuade contrarily to the
determination apparently taken to force the establishment on that situation, suitable to ?ome of the inhabitants of
that place, to the hazard of its proving useless, and thereby becoming detrimental to the interest of the United
States. . . , . ,
However determined in my choice, as I have been from two important considerations — the immediate Fscurity
of the navigation to the place, which the law directs— next, that of making the establishment small, as it may be
susceptible of serving for the protection of the Delaware shore, I indeed but little expected the difficulties I now
encounter, and wishing to evidence the principle actuating me, it becomes necessary I sliould answer to your objec-
tions, with that freedom the candor of my intentions authorize. You say, sir, " the work necessary to be erected
where I determined, must be attended with much greater expense," &c. Without asking how this has been ascer-
tained,but presuming from your own observation, you speak from a computation of the difference of a free labor, which
you say the inhabitants are willing to perform, provided the work is erected where they wish it to be, meaning
apparently by this, that their assistance cannot be expected where I propose. I must first observe this would have
but little weight witli me, because the works intended having a permanent object, would better be constructed by
proper workmen carrying it on gradually, tlian to have recourse to tliose expedients of mustering the citizens at
lar"-e, which may do well at a moment of immediate necessity; when circumstances may require those works to bq
ma^e complete. Admitting that what I propose may cause an excedent of expense as you imagine, it may be
answered, that by the situation of the work that expense would in a manner prove a saving to the public, for reason
of the double use the work would then be, while affording the most effectual defence at the entiance of Christiana
creek. The circumstance of the situation you must surely not have attended to. When speaking of the other you
say " that place being fortified will command all of both the creeks, which the lower place won't do, except the
very mouth of Christiana.'''' Is not, sir, that the first entrance of the Brandywine creek? and of all other small
branches whose mouths lay far up.^ and is it not, consequently, that by securing the very mouth of Christiana, I secure
all other branches of navigation, the same as by shutting the street door of a house, one may leave the inside door
open, without fear of robbery? I mentioned that fixing a post at the mouth of that creek, would make the battery
play over the river, &c.; and in your endeavor to lessfen that advantage, you observe, "the main ship channel ran
tar olf;" but you do not consider how, in the defence of that channel with galleys, gun boats, or the like, that fort
would facilitate the manoeuvres of such vessels— how it would permit their keeping in the river before any haval
force by assuring them shelter and protection, without the bar of the creek, up of which stream in fault of these,
such vessels must seek a retreat, with the danger in their way of being destroyed from behind the bank, or at least
blockaded in, so as to become absolutely useless.
Another misjudgment of the circumstance of the spot which I propose, is evinced by your apprehension of the
"round all round being easy to inundate, " difficult to reinforce with militia in case of alarm or emergency;" " nay'"
say you, " impossible if an enemy should land below, and cut down the bank, whereby the whole work would be
covered with water." Certainly this must be a mistake, being constant that the best security for all fortified posts
is, that facility of laying the country round under water— an expedient which an enemy would rather dread, and
endeavor to prevent, than be eager to facilitate, as this would be shutting himself the way to conquest. That by
layin" all the low ground under water, " would make it difficult and impossible to reinforce or to supply the fort, '
is not" better founded, seeing evidently that the navigation from the town down, by the facility of the creek, can by
no exertions whatever, be impeded, and that the way on the summit of the banks each side of the creek, only made
more secure by the marsh being inundated, no army could cut oft" the communication to the forts under such cir-
cumstances as you may suppose. . . . , ,„ „ r • Li . X , ., .
With respect to salubrity, you object "the situation is remarkably unhealthy." 1 might also contend this, ob-
serving that the bottom of the meadow, on that side of the creek, is rather more, raised than on the other; that it has
<'ood springs of water, and a number of habitations close by the bank, whose inhabitants look as healthy as in other
places. In short, if we were to listen to the opinion of the concerned on either side, we would have heard that
the situation at Wilmington is the most feverish of the two. This can only argue, that, where a jealousy amongst'
settlers (loes exist, but little confidence can be placed in their opinion on such subjects. It may, therefore, be wse to
conclude, from the nearness of the two places, only separated by a stream 300 yards wide, as also from the sameness
of the circumstance of the ground each side, no difference in point of health can exist, such as can argue contrarily
to the good reasons I have stated to make the establishment at or near the mouth of the creek, where it may become
of some service while at-
The place at the rock a fort can in no manner serve, but as a dead show of defence, as, although that situation
sees and commands over both creeks, as you mention small boats may, notwithstanding, pass, stealing away undei
cover of the bank, unnoticed by the garrison, this, and the consideration that a serious attempt against the mills
at Brandywine, or against the shipping in Christiana harbor, cannot reasonably be made through that way, it is to
be concluded, that a battery then will only answer for a salute, and to afford an afternoon diversion to the inhabi-
tants of the town. That this should be an object with many, if I may judge from the reasoning which I have heard
on thesubject, I believe it, especially since what you mention of an objection to the fort below, being " its remote situa-
tion, which would render it inconvenient to the inhabitants." For their repairing there I must own I see no frequent
necessity, nor indeed conceive the advantage, even in the case of an enemy being near: for a fort, to be answer-
able to its object, should be made capable of defending itself, without need of external corps of troops to protect
and cover it, as you seem to contemplate, by way, I presume, of removing any objections to the commanding heights
back of the situation of the rock, saying " it is the business of the militia to guard and defend these heights, which,
I make no doubt, they will do against any forces that may attempt," &c.
I doubtless confide as much as you do in the courage of freemen to defend their rights and privileges; however,
I must confess I am apprehensive the efforts of a militia would be fruitless on such a call. Besides, it is to be no-
ticed that none of the works at either place contemplated can protect the town; that, in case of a serious attack,
the town must, of necessity, fall the first; and, as the only advantage then which can be expected from this fort
is, that, by shutting the navigation of the creek, it would cut off a communication between an enemy possessing the
town and the shipping in the river, it needs but a moment of consideration to be convinced, that the only eligible po-
sition is at the very mouth of Christiana creek, since being no more in power to place your militia so as to defend
the rock, a work of whatever strength, then must fall with the town.
tr94.] FORTIFICATIONS. 87
The foregoing being meant to show the propriety of my insisting upon the choice I have made, I trust you will be-
lieve I am determined to this from a sense of my duty, for you will doubtless consider, that, although I am to act
under your diiections, yet the expressions of my instructions being to the following purport: " the choice of the
ground, together with all the combinations and eft'ects depending thereon, will rest upon your judgment," I become
responsible for the consequences of yielding inconsiderately, or through courtesy, to opinions contrary to those
which I entertain.
Proceeding, in all my operations, independent of any influence but that of a warm and sincere wish, by all my
might, to promote the general good, while I point out what I truly conceive the only expedient means to secure the
main object of general defence, and give immediate security to the place which the law directs, I would sincerely
regret to see a party spirit oppose my steps, if by arming the prejudices of an uninformed multitude, it should suc-
ceed in raising a jealousy against operations on which depend the peace and the "preservation of the blessing of that
liberty we so long have contended for.
To conclude, should you still insist on rejecting the situation I propose, for that which the inhabitants of Wil-
mington wish, in opposition to all the reasoning condemning the measure, it will be necessary you will, by a positive
injunction to me to proceed accordingly, remove from me all the responsibility, taking upon yourseU the conse-
quences.
Should you. on the contrary, as I hope you will, agree with ray choice of the spot near the mouth of Christiana
creek, I should wish that measures may be immediately taken to etfect the purchase of part of the ground which I
caused to be surveyed, extending the lot so as to include the principal, if not the whole, of the rising ground, form-
ing a kind of island in the meadow; the small house, as it stands upon, would serve as a barrack, which would be en-
closed in a fortified redoubt, which would cover, with great advantage, the battery on the bank below. From the
certified disposition of the proprietor to sell, no difficulties can arise on that score, and as to the expense, this
would be greatly compensated by making the house subservient to the purpose of a garrison, and, also, by the saving
in raising a parapet out of solid ground, which would not occasion any thing like the expense at places where it would
be necessary to bring the dirt from a distance. In the interim of these operations, and merely to convince the in-
habitants ot Wilmin^on, I wish, as much as may be consistent with a sense of my duty, to make every thing
agreeable to them, I would erect a small battery at the rock, which need not be enclosed but by a palisade, making
the small house then serve as a barrack.
FORTIFICATIONS AT BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, AND NORFOLK, VIRGINIA.
Instructions to John Jacob Ulrick Rivardi, acting as temporary Engineer in the service of the United States.
In pursuance of the direction of the President of the United States, you are hereby appointed an engineer for
the purpose of fortifying the ports and harbors hereinafter mentioned, viz. Baltimore, in the State of Maryland
Alexandria and Norfolk, in the State of Virginia. '
You are, therefore, immediately to repair to the ports to be fortified, in the said States, respectively, and, in case
the Governors should be near any of the said ports, you are to wait upon them and exhibit these instmctions; but, if
the Governors should be at any considerable distance from your route, you are respectfully to notify them of your ap-
pointment, enclose them a copy of these instructions, and inform them that you have repaired to the ports aforesaid
in order to make the necessary surveys and investigations relatively to your mission, which you will submit to their
consideration, and take their orders thereon.
As soon as you shall receive their approbation of your plans, you are to construct the works and execute them
with all possible despatch.
The following is an extract of the estimate on which the appropriations for the fortifications have been founded;
the proportions of expense, therefore, herein stated, for the said ports, must not be exceeded, viz.
Baltimore, 28 pieces.
Parapets, embrasures, and platforms for batteries, for 28 pieces, . . . . $2 015.44
A redoubt, with four embrasures, ........ 'sioioo
Two magazines, ......... 400.00
Block house with barracks, ••...... 50o!oo
Contingencies, . ....... 500.00
$4,225.44
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 24 privates.
Norfolk, 24 pieces.
Batteries, embrasures, and platforms, ... ....
Kedoubt, with embrasuresj ........
A magazine, ..... ....
Block house or barracks, . . ' .
Contingencies, ..... ....
$3,737.52
Garrison to consist of 1 subaltern, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 musicians, 24 privates.
Alexandria was inserted by the Legislature, and not contained in the original estimate, it is, therefore, at present
to be fortified with works for twelve pieces.
It \A\[ readily be perceived, by the lowness of the estimate, that the parapets of the works intended to be
erected are to be of earth, or, where that cannot easily be obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be
faced with strong timber, and filled in with such earth as can be had.
It is, however, conceived that, in most cases, earth may be procured, and that a parapet made thereof will not
only form a solid defence, but even be durable, if the earth be tenacious and properly sloped and sodded inside and
out, and the seed of knotgrass sown so as to bind the sods and earth together.
It is, however, apprehended that the embrasures, made in this manner, would suffer from the explosion of the
powder from the cannon, and that, therefore, where the batteries are not en barbette, that the embrasures ought to be
framed vnth joist, and faced with plank, of two inches thick.
Where the batteries are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places, at a distance from the towns
intended to be defended, they ought to be covered or secured by a redoubt, or other enclosed work, in which the
garrison should reside constantly, either in a barrack or a strong block house, as shall be judged most expedient.
But, in general, as the garrisons will be weak in numbers, a block house mounting one or two small pieces of can-
non in its upper story will be more secure, and, therefore, to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if
any, exposed to the fire of heavy cannon. A block house will not contain more than ifty men; if the garrison,
therefore, should be enlarged, tents must be used.
The redoubts, in general, ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprise
of an enemy, and perhaps the idea ought to be embraced, in the first instance, that they should be of such extent as
to admit timber casemates, to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the garrison to resist, in some tolerable degree, a
bombardment.
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
But it is not proposed at present to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of massy
timber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and cauliced in such a manner as to be
perfectly tight Care must be taken to have these magazines properly ventilated and free from dampness; they are
to be of a size sufficient to hold one hundred and fitty rounds of powder for each piece of cannon intended to be
served from it. The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed will require great judgment, so as to
combine security against an enemy, either open or subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will, also, direct what parts of your works shall be protected by friezes, and what by palisadoes,
or whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire en barbette, with small cannon. As the redoubts are to cover
the batteries, they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures — the batteries are to annoy.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, with all the combinations and
works depending thereon, will rest up; n your judgment, under the directions of the Governors.
It has not been intended, by any thing herein specified, to point out the particular manner in which the works
should be executed. Outlines, only, have been given to serve in regulating the expense, which is limited by the
sums before mentioned.
Some person, in whose ingenuity and industry confidence can be placed, will be appointed, at each of the said
ports, to superintend the actual execution of the works, according to your directions. Arrangements will also be
made by him, or some other person, to obtain the necessary workmen, implements, and materials, which will be
required in (his business; but every thing must be previously estimated and calculated by you.
Although the business, herein entrusted to your charge, is, in itself, of an highly honorable nature, and strongly
evincive of the confidence of the President of the United States, and which would, probably, enhance your reputa-
tion, yet it is explicitly to be understood by you that the employment is only temporary, and not conferring or involv-
ing any military rank whatever.
For a compensation for your services and personal expenses, you will be allowed and paid at the rate of four
dollars per day, while you shall be employed. For all reasonable extra expenses, such as necessary boat hire, and
persons to assist in your surveys, you will be allowed; but for these you must keep regular accounts and take
receipts-
You are to deliver to the Governors copies of all your plans, suryeys^soundings, &c., and also transmit copies of
the same to this oflice. You are also to make a weekly report to this office of your proceedings. I have issued my
warrant, in your favor, for two hundred and fifty dollars, as an advance on account of your compensation and per-
sonal expenses.
As it is conceived that the case of Norfolk is the most pressing, you will stay no longer in Baltimore than is
necessary to inform the Governor, mark out the works, and leave the execution for the present to Captain Strieker,
or some other person whom the Governor may appoint for that purpose.
You will please to give every necessary direction or advice relatively to the mounting of the cannon at those
places. I have written to Captain Strieker at Baltimore, and the Governor will appoint some person for Norfolk.
Colonel Fitzgerald, of Alexandria, may have the superintendence of mounting the cannon at (hat place. A rever-
beratory furnace, for hot balls, must be erected for each battery.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this twenty-eighth day of March, 1794.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Copy of a Letter from J. J. U. Rivardi to the Secretary of War, dated
Baltimore, ^pril 13, 1794.
Sir:
I had the honor to receive, yesterday night, your letter of the Uth instant. I hasten to answer it, and to commu-
nicate to you my plans for the fortifications of Baltimore; they were drawn in the greatest hurry, but are suffi-
ciently exact to convey a good idea of the spot, its advantages, and its defences.
The point of land represented in the small map, accompanying the plan, is about three miles from town to its
extremity, where the old fortifications are placed; the branch of river, which extends itself to Baltimore, and forms
the harbor, has hardly one hundred and twenty perches breadth at the entrance, where there was a chain, during
the last war, as is marked in the map; the points, marked A B, indicate the opening left for the passage of vessels;
the water is deep enough there to admit a frigate. There are two banks, expressed by dotted lines, which render
it impossible to any vessel of some burthen to sail in any other direction but that dotted on the map; a direction
which presents the broadside to the front of the lower battery.
You will please to observe, that every work, which I propose, is expressed in the paper with yellow color; there
are three parts to be attended to in the works exhibited in the plan, viz: the lower battery. A, B, C, the upper bat-
tery D, E, F, and the star fort G.
The lower battery's greatest defect, in point of construction, is, that a vessel, after having passed the upper reel,
can with ease pour its broadside in the side of the guns; this enfilade is prevented by raising the epaulement, 1, 2,
3, wliich affords, likewise, sufficient room to pursue, with a sure fire, a vessel which should have succeeded in pass-
ing; whereas the battery, in its present situation, must be abandoned, as soon as a vessel, even of a few guns, passes
the point. The salliant angle B, is totally undermined by the water, and partly fallen down, in such a manner that,
without having recourse to an expensive pilotis, there is no possibility to do any thing except to bring the line, B, C,
back to 4, 5, and B, 4, to 5, 6; by that method the direction of the fire is not altered, and there is still space enough
for the free management of the artillery; the height I, covers the battery on that side, and the ground round it is so
commanded by the upper works, that the enemy could derive no advantage from it. That lower battery can con-
tain twenty guns, whereas there were only eleven formerly, by a bad idea that it was better to have more in the
upper works. I think it will be indispensable to have a beam ot" two feet to the battery even if the embrasures were
faced with timber or saucissons. The communication from the lower to the upper works, was from 1) to H. but it
has been destroyed by some persons who transformed the whole of the spot, together with the ground intended for
the powder magazine, into a deep pit, by digging for red ochre. I propose, therefore, to bring the whole of it to a
gentle slope, in which it will be easy to cut a road for the cannon, the lower battery will then be commanded by the
redoubts, which formerly could not fire a single bullet into it.
The upper battery commands the lower one very imperfectly; being too near of it, considering its height and the
necessary thickness of the breastwork, it will be necessary to take away a good deal of its ascent, otherwise, the
epaulements, indispensable for its protection, would be of an enormous and very expensive elevation. Six guns can
be conveyed to the lower battery, as five pieces in embrasures, and three or four on frame carriages, will be quite
sufficient, the latter to be on the line D, E, and the embrasures as marked in the plan; that upper battery had the
same fault of the lower one, viz: to have its rear completely open from the town side, so that a vessel, in intelligence
with the enemy, would silence the whole of the guns, after having sailed down the river as far as the point O. In
general, a small body of men, landing in boats any where on the western side of the point, might with ease, in the
present state of things, penetrate wherever they should think proper, and spike the guns.
The only and the cheapest method I could contrive to secure the whole of the woiks, and to establish mutual
defence, is to continue the epaulement, D, in E; then to project a line, E, F, tertninated by the redans, F, G, H;
by that method we obtain a well directed cross-fire on the land side, the defence of the river is increased of the
flank, F, G, the upper battery is sheltered, and we obtain a commodious space, well covered, for the barracks and
magazines; the ditch running before the breastwork, E, F, G, H, communicates with that of the redoubt, drains the
ground, and forms a barrier round the works.
The Star fort never was entirely finished, and the greatest part of the ditch is filled up with the earth of the para-
pets; that kind of redoubt, always bad in itself, (the'fires being oblique, and the salliant, as well as the entrant
1794.] FORTIFICATIO-NS. 39
angles, indefensible) is rendered stillnioreso,thepei'pendicularof construction being one-fourth, instead of one-tliird
of the side of the polygone; the only method by which it is possible to render the place able of a good defence, is to
construct the two small bastions, J and K, in small pieces, en barbette, on travelling carriages, would defend, by
their fire, the whole breadth of the point; all the entrant and salliant angles, but two, would be perfectly flanked;
a powder magazine could be constructed in the bastion K, as it is the dryest place in the whole point, the platform
itself serving as a bomb proof. I am sorry the mail, which closes to night, forces me to be more laconic than I should
be on that head, but the inspection of the plan will supply any further explanation.
There ought to be, on the opposite shore and close to the chain, a small tele depont, or, what would be better, a
square redoubt, to prevent any boat from destroying the chain in the night. I would have it slightly constructed,
and to hold only a couple of small four pounders, that the enemy could make no use of it against the lower battery.
I think it would be highly necessary to have immediately a couple of carriages made, if it was only to have' the
pieces examined and tried, which I would like to see done before I go. I shall, with the greatest pleasure, give
every necessary direction on that head, as soon as I have your positive orders, and shall likewise, in a few days,
write down what carriages should be requisite for the ditferent works.
It is evident that the sum allowed by the Government, is entirely insufficient, even to repair the old works, and
to erect the necessary buildings, platforms, carriages, &c. ; but I have been assured, that the militia will turn out,
and give all possible assistance. The sum above mentioned will then be sufficient for materials, carpenters' work, &c.
I shall want 1,280 feet solid timber, for the facing of some part of the works, at one shilling a foot; 1,400 palisadoes
to freize and palissade the berm and ditch of those two sides of the redoubts which are not flanked, besides the ne-
cessary timber for facing the embrasures aiid covering the platforms; much will be done by the citizens of Mary-
land. General Williams is absent, and is in such a bad state of health, that he is not expected to return. Lieu-
tenant Dodge seems to be an active man, and well cajculated to forward the execution of the business; but I wish
a man, understanding the geometrical part of the business, could be now and then consulted during my absence.
There is one Mr. Francois Gardy, who is perfectly competent to that business, and who, with very little encourage-
ment, would attend when it would be necessary. I have sent to-day my plans to the Governor, with all the neces-
sary explanations, and shall have the honor of communicating to you his answer as soon as I receive it. I ima<''ine
the best method will be, to begin by the barracks, to go on then with the lower battery, and to proceed in the order
the importance of the works vvdl dictate. I shall repair to Norfolk as soon as I am at liberty to go. I do not know
even it it would not be better to sail there first, as in twenty-four hours I could easily perform that journey by
water, and when I should be ready for plans I could then go to Alexandria.
Please to inform me how many guns you intend to send down to this place, and what calibre, and likewise what
cjuantity of ammunition. Mr. Dodge mentioned to me likewise, that he did not know yet when he could receive the
funds for the purchase of mateiials. I crave again indulgence on account of this very neglected letter; my hurry,
and my quality of a foreigner, will, I hope, be sufficient apologies to entitle me to it.
Copy of a letter from J. J. U- Rivardi, to the Secretary of War, dated
Baltimore, ^pril 20, 1794.
Sir:
Having received two days ago letters of the Governor of Maryland , expressing his ful 1 satisfaction of the plans
which I proposed, I drew immediately the lines on the ground, and prepared drawings and sections on a large scale,
for the superintendent of the works; 1 think, therefore, that nothing can delay either their execution, or my jour-
ney to Norfolk, for which place I set off to-morrow by the packet. I shall take the liberty now to state to you the
demand for tools and materials which I delivered to Lieutenant Dodge, viz:
For the barracks.— A frame forty feet by sixteen, five thousand feet of one inch plank, one thousand feet one
inch_and one quarter ditto, four thousand shingles, nails, and the necessary hinges, window frames, &c.
J'or workmeii's tools. — One hundred shovels, thirty pick -axes, thirty-six pickets, seventy wheel barrows, a hun-
dred fathom line-
Workmen. —Si-x. workmen for the barracks, and six journeymen for the fortifications. I signed that first demand
the 15th April, 1794.
The second demand is for two gins, with their blocks and falls; for one crowbar; and for an addition of six work-
men. It is signed the 19th of Aprd, 1794.
I gave, besides, an estimate of the necessary materials for platforms, embrasures, &c. as follows:
For 32 platforms, requiring, each, 125 feet of oak timber, one foot square, and 261 feet of oak plank, three
inches and a half thick. Squared oak, 4,000 feet; plank, 8,352 feet.
For 28 embrasures, each wanting 166 feet of two inch plank, 4,648 feet.
For the guns. Eleven garrison carriages for 18 pounders; four garrison carriages for 12 pounders; six travelling
carriages for 12 pounders, and two after trains. One travelling carriage for a 6 pounder, if it bears trial.
' " "^ ' " - • - ^^ their
constr
I gave the necessary directions for the carriages, and Mr. Dodge will contract for the wood necessaiy t
struction, as they will then be much cheaper than the pattern which I had made here. I saw one eighteen
poun-
der inounted yesterday, and showed, myself, how to try it. The company of artillery of the town offered their
services for trying all the other pieces in the same manner. In general, it seems that the citizens are disposed to
give every possible assistance; so that I hope the whole plan will be executed for the sum allowed by the Govern-
ment. I directed the superintendent to proceed immediately with the lower battery, as the most important, and to
mount the cannon, as the platforms and parapets are ready for their reception. The first letter I shall have the honor
to write to you, will be dated at Norfolk. 1 beg you to depend upon my diligence, and believe me to be, with the
utmost respect.
Copy of a letter from Major Rivardi to the President of the United States.
Norfolk, Uh May, 1794.
Sir:
I take the liberty, for the first time, to address your Excellency concerning the difficulties which I meet, in
the performance of the task you did me the honor to entrust me with. I found, in Baltimore, the situation so ad-
vantageous, the soil so proper for fortification, and the zeal of the inhabitants so (avorable to my purpose, that, after
having given the necessary plans, I left the place with strong hopes that the works should be executed for the sums
allowed by Government for that purpose.
At my arrival here, I found an extensive coast, requiring multiplied points of defence; a soil, loose, without the
least adhesive quality; the people, though disposed to assist with all their power, much less numerous than at Bal-
timore: and I compared, with great concern, the sums allowed for the latter place and Norfolk.
I tried the ground, and find it is unavoidable to support it with an interior revetment of bricks or fascines. I
should prefer the first as durable, particularly as the thickness of the ground before it will prevent any ball from
penetrating deep enough to endanger the soldiers fighting behind; twelve hundred dollars would very likely be suf-
ficient to obtain that end.
Were it on a business in which the safety of the country and my honor should not be interested, I should say
that it is possible to regulate the works according to the given means; but, in the present case, I should highly blame
myself if any thing was left undone, so as to afford an excuse for a bad defence hereafter, or an occasion to accuse
me of ignorance or neglect-
go MILITARY AFFAIftS. [1794.
Since my arrival, public money has been expended only for the purchasing of materials and tools, the labor being
done almost entirely by the public. Governor Lee's exertions and indefatigability have removed almost every ob-
stacle which I undoubtedly should have experienced had he not been here as soon as myself. 1 crave your Excel-
lency's consideration on that subject, and can assure that nothing shall be done but what will be strictly necessary.
J. J. U. RIVARDI.
Copy of a letter from Major Rivardi to the Secretary of War.
Norfolk, June 24, 1794.
My occupations, since I had the honor to write to you last, have been so numerous, that it was impossible for
me to send the plans which accompany this letter sooner. I jiope you will excuse their not being followed imme-
diately by a chart of Elizabeth river, and by that of Craney Island. Having no other instrument but a plain sur-
veying compass, without telescopes, I am under the necessity of multiplying my operations ad infinitum, and very
often to omit minute details which would nevertheless be useful in a map that is to be consulted for marches, &c.
Should it be possible to send me a theodolite, I would consider it as a very particular favor.
The two plans whicli I have the honor to submit to your inspection will lose much by not being accompanied by
a map to show their exact situation and distances, together with the direction of the channel in its whole extent.
I sliall, however, try to explain the matter as much as it is possible, and in a fortnight I hope to remedy what should
remain obscure by sending the necessary plans and a chart.
Fort Nelson is situated on a small point of land, projecting from Portsmouth side, in Elizabeth river, nearly
opposite Norfolk, and within point blank shot of it. It commands the wiioleof the harbor, as well as its entrance.
The letters in retl, abed efg li i, show the ancient lines of Fort Nelson, (the magistrate only is traced, and the fol-
lowing were the principal faults of construction:)
1st. The line c d, aftbrded to the pieces mounted there, a direction out of the mid-channel, as it appears by the
inspection of the dotted line, 1 1, whereas, the present direction m rn, from the new line C D, co-operates effectually
with the battery A B- To obtain that direction, I was obliged to construct the flane B C, which covers the face of
the opposite bastion. The said flane would have been greater if I had not been forced to consult the line of the
highest tide, which sometimes raises to the counterscarp.
2d. The line e/ was not flanked.
3d. The redans ef g, offered too acute a salliant angle, the side f g, was both too short and too oblique to flank
the line g h.
4th. The side h i, makes too obtuse an angle with i a, to flank it.
5th. The line a b was without any defence whatever.
6tl). The whole terreplein of the fort was so very high above the level of the sea, that no part of the interior of the
fort was safe at a very short distance of the breast work. The foundation of the windmill, which served as a pow-
der magazine, was entirely open to the shot. I was obliged to sink the whole terreplein considerably; the four large
traverses serve now as a very good shelter, and even as an entrenchment to secure a retreat. They had another ad-
vantage, that of employing a vast deal of ground, which should otherwise have been removed- There is not a part
of the terreplein, at the present time, where the men will not be perfectly covered by the works.
Having examined the faults of the former fort, I shall beg leave to state the objections which, at first sight, could
be made to the present construction:
1st. A B, C D, and I H, are the only flanked sides towards the river? the lines DE, E F, FG, GH, not deriving
the least defence from each other.
2d. The entrant angle G, might have been omitted, as well as the salliant angle E.
Without entering into every reason which led me to prefer that form, I shall only observe, as for the first objec-
tion, that, from C to F, the best form to give to a battery, would have been apart of a circle, or an arc of about 120
degrees; but as a courbe can never be flanked, I preferred making the angles D and E; and, in order to cover them,
I constructed a kind of caponiere, leading through the ditch to a place tl'armes, which flanked sufficiently these
lines; for it is plain that this is the last place where a landing, in order to form an attack, would be attempted. D is
also covered by the flank a ?;, E by the caponiere 4, 5, 6.
With respect to the angle G,itisso very obtuse, that it little differs from a straight line, which could not have been
obtained without diminishing the side F E, and carrying H I more inwards, as the ground before G is too low to
admit of its being brought forward. In short, in fortification of the works fronting a river which offers no landing
but out of gun shot, the chief intention of the lines towards the water must be entirely directed towards rendering
the navigation as difficult as possible, disposing the guns in such manner as to bear upon the mid -channel through
its whole extent; the mutual defence of flanks and sides is a rule from which an engineer may then depart, though
he never can do it when he constructs towards the land side. The batteries A B C D, aftbrd an excellent cross-
fire with the batteries J K and A B of Fort Norfolk; the guns from D in F bear then upon the vessels nearly at the
distance of a musket shot.
Towards the land, or Portsmouth side, the entrant angles S T V, N M L, will appear at first a singular innova-
tion, but the advantages derived from it being considered, they will, I hope, be considered as an useful one. If two
simple bastions had been constructed, the faces towards the water could not have been flanked, and the shoulder, or
angle de I'epaule, would either have become too acute, or the flanked angle would have fallen in B, which would
have been intolerable. The only side in the whole fort, which is not immediately flanked, is L K, where the saillie
is managed. As it is impossible, however, to attack it in front, without passing under the fire of the flank R Q, and
of the lines N M, M L, it is sufficiently protected.
With regard to Fort Norfolk, the ground is so advantageously situated to command the channel, that the front,
J K A B C I) E was almost dictated. The brisure of the courtine, which would be a fault in land fortification, be-
came unavoidable, as by that the two batteries command the two principal points, viz: A B has its direction towards
thewestern branch, where the British troops landed last war, and co-operates as a middle point with the fort of Craney
Island, and that of Portsmouth; B C fires along the channel, in front of Craney island— the disadvantage arising
from that construction is, that the faces J K, D E, being- parallel to A B, B C, they are not protected by the flanks
of the horn work, a consideration which must yield to the advantage procured by being able to direct two guns
more on the points just mentioned, which would not have been the case, if the courtine had been straight; besides,
those faces cannot be attacked in front; and if the enemy wanted to turn the line D E, he would have to pass under
the tire of a wing of a flank of the bastion F. I shall only add, that all tiie ground round the fort is perfectly level,
as far as musket shot, then it is surrounded by woods, where an enemy could be stopped, either by abattis, or by
small parties. No gun could be broudit, without great trouble, to annoy the land defences, and tiiey are sufficient
to afford two hundred men a very gallant defence against eight times that number. By the time I have finished
the plans concerning Craney island, the chart of the river will be ready likewise; and 1 hope that you will think, with
Governor Lee, that it would have been difficult to find a better method of defence.
Whatever delays there may be in the completion of my plans on the paper, you may rest assured, sir, that there
are none in their execution on the ground, as far as our means will allow it. I am forced to superintend every thing
myself, in order to avoid errors, tor I can employ nobody who is acquainted with the subject, except Mr. Courty,
who does not speak a word of English.
I wrote to Mr. Vermonet, and received no answer. I am also only informed, very imperfectly, of the proceed-
ings of Mr. Dodge, at Baltimore. I am much afraid that he has too much confidence in his abilities, and that there
will be a deviation from my plans: for although I gave him very plain instructions, I expected he should ask for fur-
ther explanations and directions as he went on with his worki-.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS^ 91
The front J K A B C DE is much advanced at Fort Norfolk. The Governor of the State presses much to see a
beginning atCraney island, and I should have complied already, but for the great scarcity of hands. However, as
Fort Nelson is greatly advanced, I will be able, in three days, to break ground there. I shall have the honor to write
to you in a few days likewise, concerning the mounting of the guns, and several other objects, regarding the necessary
implements, magazines, &c-
J. J. ULRICK RIVARDI.
Copy of a letter from Major Rivardi to the Secretary oflJ'ar.
Norfolk, July 6, 1794.
Sir:
I hope you will have received the plans and letters which I have had the honor to send to you the 24th June
last. The bad weather, the deficiency of cash, and the circumstance, fatal to the progress of our works, that all the
people are engaged at their crops, have put a temporary slowness in every thing here. I therefore employed that
time in visiting the country, taking the necessary surveys, and drawing the map of Elizabeth's river, which I join
to this letter. It is a very accurate one with respect to the distances, creeks, soundings, and windings of the river.
The roads are likewise carefully marked, and I lament only that it is not drawn with more neatness; my various
occupations, and the hurry in which I did it, will, I hope, be a title to your imlulgence. The scale I made use of,
is of a mile and a half, viz: 7,920 feet English measure; it is subdivided iri 108 chains, each 3Gj feet.
If I receive the theodolite which I had the honor to mention in my last, I will then be able to supply your office
with a map, including Cape Henry, and the mouths of all the different rivers, James, Nansemond, &c. That map
would be very useful to establish signals, communications, &c. Next week I shall have the honor, sir, to send you
a plan of the redoubt to be erected at Cr.iney island, a spot of too much importance to be neglected, as all the vessels
are forced to come under point blank shot of it, as you may see by the chart.
1 wish you would have the goodness to inform me in what manner you intend to have the furnaces for heating
the shot constructed. The adjective reverberatory, annexed in my instructions, makes me think that you mean to
employ a new construction which I am ignorant of; but if the furnaces, as made use of four years ago in Germany
ana in France will be sufficient, I can give the necessary directions, even with some improvements made (in the
channel leading the shot on the gridiron) by the Russians in the last war-
I have been forced, for the necessary surveys, to a number of extraordinary expenses. The $200 which I re-
ceived at Philadelphia for that object, have been expended some time; and as some journeys will, perhaps, be ne-
cessary, either to IJaltimore or to Alexandria, I shall take the liberty to beg you to send me some fresh supply for
extraordinary expenses, when you have the goodness to forward me the advance of the sum allowed for my com-
pensation, which I shall be in want of by the end of this month.
Here I enclose a return of the laborers employed at the fortifications for a fortnight. It will show you, sir, what
difficulties this scarcity of hands must subject us to. Much is promised for the beginning of next month. Much,
indeed, is necessary, in order to have the forts completed this summer, which I hope will be the case.
I have been honored by no letter of yours since the 16th ultimo. I hope it is not a mark of dissatisfaction, as I
never shall give (as much as it will lay in my power) the smallest occasion to doubt my exactitude and my activity
in the performance of the business entrusted to me.
J. J. U. RIVARDI.
P. S. The guns from Elk are arrived safely.
Copy of a letter from Major Rivardi to the Secretary of War.
Norfolk, July 20, 1794.
Sir:
I have had the honor of receiving your letter of the 7th instant. It afforded me a great pleasure, as you were
so good as to express your satisfaction of my conduct. Permit me to embrace this occasion to assure you once more,
that whatever may occasion delays in the business 1 am intrusted with, it will never arise from my want of activity
or attention, and that the pleasure of performing my task, like a man of honor, will be such, that, in spite of diffi-
culties, I never shall renounce it.
Here I have a great many obstacles to surmount, which I never could have foreseen. I hope you will excuse
me if I enter into some particulars on that head; tiie anxious desire which I feel to see the fortifications complete,
will be my apology, and I never should trouble you with any complaints, if I personally only was suffering, some
difficulties arising from others in the performance of my duty.
At my arrival here, the novelty of the object of my voyage, the presence of Governor Lee, and the good dispo-
sitions of some leading men, encouraged me to hope that a great deal could be done, by means of contributions and
voluntary assistance, which, from the smallness of the sums allowed by Government, would have been impractica-
ble otherwise. The first letters I had the honor of writing to you, sir. expressed that expectation which, 1 am very
sorry now to inform you, has been much too sanguine; for 1 thought that, in a small community, where public wel-
fare ought to be the chief aim of every individual, no jealousy, no parties, could be found. [ do not think, how-
ever, that there exists, any where else, such ridiculous divisions as here. The inhabitants of Portsmouth expected
all the means should be employed in protecting their side, and refuse their assistance at Fort Norfolk. The inhabi-
tants at Norfolk, not to be behind hand, refuse their's at Portsmouth, and will not even do any thing on this side of
the river, if every one does not work in turn. The consequences are obvious: money must purchase all the labor,
and, even then, it is sometimes impossible to get more than thirty or forty hands. This is not the otily inconveni-
ence to be complained of. There is a large number of dissatisfied men who object altogether to fortification, from
the same principle for which they object to every measure of Government. Some would rather bushfight, (as they
call it) in case of a war, and the fact is, I fancy, that tliey had rather not fight at all. I drop this disagreeable sub-
ject: the only thing is to be deaf, and do what the safety of the country requires.
The sum allowed for this place was 3,737 dollars, to which adding the 1,200 that I requested in addition, we will
have 4,937 dollars, 2,700 of which only have been sent. This sum has brought us so forward that the balance, or a
very few hundred dollars more, will be enough. For the mounting ot the cannon, Mr. Bedinger informs me you have
sent 1,500 dollars, which are not yet arrived.
By the plans which I had the honor of transmitting to you, you will see, sir, that, instead of 24 guns, there will
be at least 30, employed for the defence of Elizabeth river, which, alone would require some additition of money,
allowing even that the estimate which I have in my instructions is an accurate or sufficient one. I expect Governor
Lee every day; his presence, I hope, and example, will muse a little the sleeping patriotism of the people here;
then I shall communicate immediately to you what is to be expected, and what further ought to be done. In the
mean time, money is much wanted here, and we have suffered a little from the delay of the 1,500 dollars, which you
ordered to be sent here. If I dare to mix my private concerns with the public ones, I should beg leave to
tell you that a delay of the sum 1 requested in my last would likewise bring me into difficulties.
I present hereby to your inspection the plan of defence of Craney Island. Should Point Comfort be fortified, the
battery of seven guns (drawn in the margin, fig, 2d.) would be sufficient, even without the outworks which I painted
yellow on purpose; but, if the Government does not think proper to go to that expense, the same battery might
do, with the addition of the outworks; but, in case there was a sufficiency of means, I \yould prefer the fort F. 1,
as that place is very impoi-tant from its nearness to the channel. I have sent a plan similar to the enclosed to Go-
vernor Lee, and I shall wait for his directions before I proceed any further.
^ J. J. U. RIVARDI.
92 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1-94.
Extract of a letter from Major Eivardi to the Secretary of War, dated Norfolk, December 9, 1794.
"Sir:
" Since I had the honor of writing to you last, I mounted all the guns at Fort Norfolk, and unmasked, in a
great measure, the battery, which is now completely turfed and in perfect order. The two forts would be now in
a state of defence on the river side, had I not been disappointed by those who raise the carriages, which I so often
mentioned in my letters. It is owing to that delay that Fort Nelson has no guns mounted toward the entrance of
the harbor; that business, however, can be done in one day.
" The barracks are already framed, and provided some money for that purpose is soon forwarded, they will shortly
be fit for the reception of the soldiers.
"Captain Blackburne being retured here, I shall leave it to him to inform you of the situation of his men.
" The weather has been, and continues to be, very favorable; as it is probable, however, that a change will take
place, I shall henceforward employ the workmen at the ditch, a task which is not liable to accidents from the frost."
From Samuel Dodge, Agent for procuring materials, ^c. for the fortifications at Baltimore.
Baltimore, July 8, 1794.
Sir:
The timber and plank, for the platforms, is all landed at the fort, with timber for eleven garrison and seven
travelling carriages, ordereil by tiie engineer, exclusive of one carriage for an eighteen, and four for twelve pound
ordnance, which the engineer contracted for at fifty dollars per piece-
The carriage for the eighteen pounder, with the implements, I have paid for by the order of the engineer; since
rendered useless, with one of the carriages for a twelve pounder, by the bursting of two guns. The travelling car-
riages will be eighty dollars per piece; laut shall have neither one nor the other made until further orders from your
Excellency, as no money has been placed in my hands for that purpose.
Your Kxcellency's instructions directs that I should forward you an abstract of the articles for which the first
moiety of the sum contemplated was disbursed, which I should have done, but the second was wanted for the pay-
ment of the timber and plank, with the plank for the carriages; the amount being nearly that of the first moiety.
I have received eight carriages, directed to my care by Mr. Samuel Hodgdon, but am apprehensive that there
must be a mistake, as they are ship carriages, being entirely too low. The works are constructed for carriages
three feet ten inches high; and I expect the extra expense of laying a platform will be more than the price of a ship
carriage.
It is impossible for me to give your Excellency an accurate statement of the proportion of the work, as the
whole of the lower battery, with part of the upper line, has been raised by the citizens; and no account kept of the
difterei;t days' works. The engineer ordered me twelve men, who have beaten the whole, and sodded about two-
thirds of the lower battery, when finished, and the platforms laid, will be equal to one half of the plan.
Your Excellency will please to observe that the water battery is about six hundred feet in length, and twenty
feet through, with embrasures for twenty-four pieces of ordnance.
It is with no small degree of pain that I inform your Excellency that the works, for want of a guard, are much
injured by the citizens trampling on it; they have torn it to pieces in a most shameful manner; the cattle, likewise,
do great damage to the sods.
1 should be glad to know what were the wages given at the fortifications in Pennsylvania; I have hitherto got
men for three-lourths of a dollar, but from Saturday night I shall give one dollar or lose the men.
SAMUEL DODGE.
His Excellency General Knox.
Baltimore, July 10, 1794.
Sir:
I have the honor to forward your Excellency, by this post, the statement mentioned in my letter of the 8th
instant, which is as follows, to wit:
Timber, plank, and shingles, for the barracks. . . - . -
124 Shovels, ---------
11 Casks of powder, - - - - - , -
Drayage, - - - - - . -
2 Log lines to lay out the works, - - - - - - . -
1 Gun carriage, ^vith the implements, - - -
Plank for a sewer to the spring, -.-.--.
Shaving 4,000 shingles, --------
29 Picks, 6 axes, 1 crowbar, and spikes for the sewer and bridge, -
Plank for stiikes to lay out the works, ------
20 Wheel-barrows, -._..----
Nails for the barracks, - - - - - --
25 Bushels lime for the barracks, -------
1 Set of gin blocks, .-.-----
1 Fall for ditto, - - - - - - -
Locks, bolts, &c. for the barracks, - - - - - -
Timber and plank for the bridge, - - - - - - , -
One month's wages for two barge men attending on the fort. .. - - -
■ Timber and plank for the platforms, with plank for the cairiages, . . -
1755 days' work of the artificers, ---.---
727i days' work of the laborers, - - -
$2,998 04;^
I have received from the United States $3,200. The remaining fifteen carriages I understand arrived last night
in town; shall have them, with the eight that arrived some time since, brought to the fort. There has none ol
the guns yet arrived.
I have the honor, &c.
SAMUEL DODGE.
His Excellency General Knox.
$150 33
lie
08
95
27
50
2
00
62
00
8
95
9
56
46
86
I
96
80
00
18
11
8
33
6
33
7
40
8
87
31
37
36
00
,499
78
244
91
569
43.i
Baltimore, September 14, 1794.
Sir:
I have the honor to inform you that the lower work of the fortification, at this place, is complete to laying
the platforms; three of them are made and one nearly laid. I did expect that the work would have been further
advanced than it is, but the sickness and the loss of number of my men has prevented it. I have likewise been
confined these six days, by which means the work has been greatly retarded. I am under the necessity of making
and laying the platforms with the laborers, as no consideration can induce carpenters to work at the fort.
The moneys that have been sent on is expended, to about seventy dollars thirty cents, or thereabout, of which I
have to pay for tools, &c. for laying the platforms.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 95
I should have notified your Excellency of the situation of the fortification, and the expenditures, before this,
but my indisposition has been such as rendered it out of my power. The platforms, from the largeness of the
timber, and the form they are directed to be made, require a great deal of labor both in putting together and laying.
I have the earth to raise very much, and that requires mucli ramming to make it sufficient to stand the firing of
the guns. The number of men I have at present are fourteen^ I was directed by the engineer to have eighteen, but
it is almost impossible to get laborers.
SAMUEL DODGE.
FORTIFICATIONS AT ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, AND ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA.
Instructions to John Vertnonnet.
War Department, May 12, 1794.
Sir:
Some time since I had the honor of receiving a letter from you, expressive of your desire of being employed
as an engineer in the service of the United States.
I should have been happy, had an earlier opportunity occurred for your employment; but an offer is now made
to you, to direct the works at Alexandria and Annapolis, provided the law, which is now under consideration,
should pass relatively to the latter place.
Alexandria has been previously assigned to Mr. Rivardi; and, therefore, in case you accept the offer now made,
you will, in case of his coming to Alexandria, work under his orders, and in concurrence with them. Annapolis
will be assigned to you entirely; although, if he should have time, it would not be amiss to take his judgment
thereon.
Alexandria will claim your immediate attention. The President of the United States, who is well acquainted
with the river Potomac, conceives that a certain bluff of land, on the Maryland side, near Mr. Digges's, (the point
formed by the Eastern Branch and the Potomac,) would be a proper situation for the fortification to be erected.
You will probably be able to obtain maps of the river at Alexandria.
The sum to be expended for the works to defend Alexandria, is not to exceed three thousand dollars, exclusively
of the expense of the cannon. The labor, implements, and materials, will be obtained by Col. Fitzgerald.
It will be readily perceived, by the lowness of the estimate, that the parapets of the works intended to be erected,
are to be of earth; or, where that cannot easily be obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be faced with
strong timber, and filled in with such earth as can be had.
It is, however, conceived that, in most cases, earth may be procured, and that a parapet made thereof, will not
only form a solid defence, but even be durable, if the earth be tenacious and properly sloped and sodded inside and
out, and the seed of knotgrass sown, so as to bind the sods and earth together.
It is, however, apprehended that the embrasures, made in this manner, would suffer from the explosion of the
powder from the cannon; and that, therefore, where the batteries are not en barbette, that the embrasures ought to
be framed with joist, and faced with plank, of two inches thick.
When the batteries are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places at a distance from the towns in-
tended to be defended, they ought to be covered or secured by a redoubt, or other enclosed work, in which the gar-
rison should reside constantly, either in a barrack or a strong block house, as shall be judged most expedient. But,
in general, as the garrisons will be weak in numbers, a block house, mounting one or two small pieces of cannon in
its upper story, will be more secure, and therefore to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if any,
exposed to the fire of heavy cannon. A block house will not contain more than fifty men; if the garrison, therefore,
should be enlarged, tents must be used.
The redoubts, in general, ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprise
of an enemy; and, perhaps, the idea ought to be embraced, in the first instance, that they should be of such extent
as to admit timber casemates to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the garrison to resist, in some tolerable degree,
a bombardment.
But it is not proposed at present to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of
massy timber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and calked in such a manner as
to be perfectly tight. Care must be taken to have these magazines properly ventilated, and free from dampness.
They are to be of a size sufficient to hold one hundred and fifty rounds of powder for each piece of cannon intended
to be served from it. The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed, will require great judgment, so as
to combine security against an enemy, either open or subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will also direct what parts of your works shall be protected by frieze, and what by palisadoes;
or, whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire en barbette, with small cannon. As the redoubts are to
cover the batteries^ they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures. The batteries are to annoy.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, with all the combinations and effects
depending thereon, will rest upon your judgment, under the directions of the Governor. It has not been intended,
by any thing herein specified, to point out the particular manner in which the works should be executed- Outlines,
only, have been given, to serve in regulating the expense, which is limited by the sums before mentioned.
Some person, in whose ingenuity and industry confidence can be placed, will be appointed at the said ports, re-
spectively, to superintend the actual execution of the works, according to your directions. Arrangements will also
be made by him, or some other person, to obtain the necessary workmen, implements, and materials, which will be
required in this business. But every thing must be previously calculated and estimated by you.
Although the business, herein entrusted to your charge, is, in itself, of an highly honorable nature, and strongly
evincive of the confidence of the President of the United States, which would, probably, enhance your reputation,
yet it is explicitly to be understood by you, that the employment is only temporary, and not conferring or involving
any military rank whatever.
For a compensation for your services and personal expenses, you will be allowed and paid at the rate of four
dollars per day, vi;hile you shall be employed. For all reasonable extra expenses, such as necessary boat hire, and
persons to assist in your surveys, you will be allowed; but for those you must keep regular accounts and take
receipts.
You ai-e to deliver to the Governor of Virginia, copies of all your plans, surveys, soundings, &c. and also trans-
mit copies of the same to this office.
You are also to make a weekly report to this office of your proceedings.
A reverberatoiy furnace, for red hot balls, must be erected for each battery.
You are hereby authorized to have made, in all cases where your judgment shall direct, new semi-circle car-
riages for cannon, now used on the sea-coast of France, instead of the old garrison carriages. This improvement,
in firing en barbette, will prevent the necessity of embrasures, which, in most cases, serve no other purpose but as
a trap to catch the enemy's balls, and kill the defenders of a battery. It is true, the expense will be greatly enhanced
bv adopting this improvement, but this will be lessened, in some degree, by saving the expense of the embrasures and
platforms.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this 12th day of May, 1794.
H, KNOX, Secretary of War.
13
94 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [I794.
A Copy of Letters from John Vermonnet to the Secretary of War, respecting Fortifications.
Alexandria, June 17, 1794.
Sir:
Since I had the honor ofreceiving youi- favor of the 2d ultimo I liave visited Jones' point, for which I have dressed
a plan of defence, and of which I shall send you a draught on my return from Annapolis, where, in the meantime.
Col. Fitzgerald will be collecting the materials, for which I have remitted him a bill.
I have also taken means for establishing a cross way through a marsh, which will enable the carrying of material s
and earth, &c-
The logs, planks, and other timbers, are not to be had in the neighborhood without an enormous price, which has
induced us to send to the Bay.
I have the honor to be, with respect, &c.
VERMONNET.
Alexandria, July 5, 1794.
Sir:
Immediately after my return from Annapolis, I have the honor to acquaint you of my having set the works
in train at that place, after having received the sanction of the Governor and his council.
I shall take the liberty to forward you a draught of the work as soon as in my power.
I also take the liberty to forward you a draught of the work that I have begun at Alexandria at Jones' point, accord-
ing to your order, and which is the only place at this present time to be minded, the difficulty of collecting materials,
as well as the ditterence there is between the activity of the people of the southern states with the northern, is the
cause of a great difficulty in forwarding any public work, though I am very attentive in my duty.
As there is a marsh between this city and Jones' point, f have been obliged to establish a cross-way, as it is
marked on the draught — that work is to be done partly at the expense of the owner of the marsh.
I have acquainted the Governor of Virginia of my appointment.
The Battery of Jones' point will be a barbette, and calculated for receiving 12 pieces of heavy cannon.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary of War.
Alexandria, July 18, 1794.
Sir:
Bv this I take the liberty to forward you a draught of the fortification of Annapolis, by which you will see that
part of the redoubt which protects the battery is a work of the last war, and which will enable the complement of the
present plan, the lines colored yellow being the additional works.
The fort on the opposite side is only proposed in case the fund, and the exertions of public, will enable the erecting
it; but the population of the place being small, I do not put great dependence on it. I am after finishing the cross-
way at Alexandria, which will be done next week, unless it rains constantly, as it has been mostly the case this year,
in this part. I intend to open the ditches as soon as the crossway is finished, which will perhaps be done before the
logs are up. Col. Fitzgerald has contracted for them, but I am afraid that they will be long before to appear.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary of W ar.
Alexandria, Zd August, 1794.
Sir:
Having waited near two months for the necessary materials to begin the work af Alexandria, I am still without
them, and as the crossway is done, I found myself under the necessity of retiring to Annapolis to visit what has been
done there during my absence.
I delivered on the 9th June the note following into the hands of Col. Fitzgerald, which was appointed to supply
me with materials, but as much by the fault of the people, that he has contracted with, as by his infirmity, the busi-
ness has not been so expeditious as it ought to have been. He is now going to Bath for a month, and has left the busi-
ness in the hands of Mr. Gray, a clerk in the custom house.
I think it necessary to give you this account that I may not be blamed for delay by the War Office.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary of War. .
Alexandria, 12th August, 1794.
It is after my return from Annapolis, that I inform you, that the works there are very much advanced, and a
believe I shall be able to finish this year, if the inarch of the militia towards Hagerstown should not cause some
delay. As well as those of Alexandria towards Winchester. All the materials are mostly supplied, for which, likewise
for labour, I remit you the amount already paid. At the completement of work, you will receive a particular account
of all the expenses.
The sickly season, likewise the absence of the militia, at both departments I have the honor to attend, shall be
a cause of some delay, yet I remain in hopes of finishing this year.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary of War.
Alexandria, Aug. 20, 1794.
Sir:
I have the honor to acquaint you of my return from Annapolis, where I have found the works much forwarder
than those at Alexandria, notwithstanding the former were begun a month later.
The materials that I requested for Alexandria are not come yet, but I daily expect them; the cross-way is
finished, the ditches are all opened, and the palisades are begun.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary or War.
Alexandria, I6th Sept. 1794.
Sir:
I take the liberty to inform you, that most of the materials are ariived, and arc preparing for the battery.
The palisade and frieze are also much advanced, the exertion of public has taken place, and I am in hope* to
forward the work greatly by the end of October.
JOHN VERMONNET.
Secretary of War.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 95
Alexandria, Nov. 5, 1794.
Sir:
By the last letter that I wrote you, I had the honor to inform you ot the state which the works were then in.
The works will be closed by the 15th of this month, and will remain so till the 15th of April. The absence of part
of the militia, has been the cause of not having the works finished. It is also to be observed that the appointments
were made much later than in any part of the United States.
JNO. VERMONNET.
Secretary of War.
FORTIFICATIONS AT WILMINGTON AND OCRACOCK, NORTH CAROLINA,
Instructions to Nicholas Francis Martinon, acting as temporary engineer in the service of the United States.
Sir:
In pursuance of the directions of the President of the United States, you are hereby appointed an engineer for
the purpose of fortifying the ports and harbors hereinafter mentioned, viz: Wilmington and Ocracock inlet, in the
State of North Carolina.
You are, therefore, immediately to repair to the ports to be fortified in the said State; and, in case the Governor
should be near any of the said ports, you are to wait upon him and exhibit these instructions. But, if the Governor
should be at any considerable distance from your route, you are respectfully to inform him of your appointment,
enclose a copy of these instructions, and inform him that you have repaired to the ports aforesaid, in order to make
the necessary surveys and investigations relatively to your mission, which you will submit to his consideration, and
take his orders thereon.
As soon as you shall receive his approbation of your plans, you are to construct the works, and to execute them
with all possible vigor and despatch.
The following is an extract of the estimate on which the appropriations for the fortifications have been founded.
The proportions of expense, therefore, herein stated, for the ports aforesaid, must not be exceeded, viz:
Wilmington, Twelve Pieces.
Batteries, embrasures, and platforms, for 12 pieces, ... ^ggs 76
Magazine, - - - - - - - - 200 00
Redoubt with embrasures, - - - - - 810 00
Blockhouse or barracks, ...... 500 oo
Contingencies, ....... 500 00
$2,873 76
Ocracock, Sixteen Pieces.
Batteries for 16 pieces, ....... $1,14768
Redoubt with embrasures, ...... 810 00
Magazine, - - - - - - - - 200 00
Block house or barracks, - .... 500 oo
Contingencies, - - - - - - 500 00
$3,157 68
It will readily be perceived, by the lowness of the estimate, that the parapets of the works intended to be erected
are to be of earth, or, where that cannot be easily obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be faced with
strong timber, and filled in with such earth as can be had.
It is, however, conceived that, in most cases, earth may be procured, and that a parapet made thereof will not
only form a solid defence, but even be durable, if the earth be tenacious and properly sloped, and sodded inside and
out, and the seed of knotgrass sown so as to bind tiie sods and earth together.
It is, however, apprehended that the embrasures made in this manner would suffer from the explosion of powder
from the cannon, and that, therefore, where the batteries are not en barbette, that the embrasures ought to be framed
with joist, and faced with plank of two inches thick.
Where the batteries are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places at a distance from the towns in-
tended to be defended, they ought to be covered or secured by a redoubt or other enclosed work, in which the gar-
rison should reside constantly, either in a barrack or a strong block house, as shall be judged most expedient. But,
in general, as the garrisons will be weak in numbers, a blockhouse, mounting one or two pieces of cannon in its
upper story, will be more secure, and therefore to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if any, ex-
posed to the fire of heavy cannon. A block house will not contain more than fifty men. If the garrison, therefore,
should be enlarged, tents must be used.
The redoubts, in general, ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprise
of an enemy. And perhaps this idea ought to be embraced in the first instance, that they should be of such extent
as to admit timber casemates to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the garrison to resist, in some tolerable degree,
a bombardment.
But it is not proposed, at present, to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of
massy timber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and calked in such a manner as
to be perfectly tight. Care must be taken to have these magazines properly ventilated and free from dampness.
They are to be of a size sufficient to hold one hundred and fifty pounds of powder for each piece of cannon intended
to be served from it. The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed,will require great judgment, so as to
combine security against an enemy either open or subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will also direct what part of your works shall be protected by freizes, and what by palisadoes,
or whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire en barbette with small cannon. As the redoubts are
to cover the batteries, they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures. The batteries are to
annoy.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, whether to have embrasures, or to
tire en barbette with the new sea coast carriages, with all the combinations and effects depending on them, will rest
upon your judgment, under the directions of the Governor. It has not been intended, by any thing herein specified,
to point out the particular manner in which the works should be erected. Outlines only have been given to serve
in regulating the expense, wl ich is limited by the sums before mentioned.
Some person, in whose ingenuity and industry confidence can be placed,will be appointed, at the said ports, re-
spectively, to superintend the actual execution of the works, according to your directions. But every thing must
be previously calculated and estimated by you.
Although the business herein entrusted to your charge, is in itself of an highly honorable nature, and strongly
evmclve ot the confidence of the President of the United States, and which would probably enhance your reputa-
tion, yet it IS explicitly to be understood by you, that the employment is only temporary, and not conferring or in-
volving any military rank whatever.
96 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1^94,
For a compensation for your services, and personal expenses, you will be allowed and paid at the rate of four dol-
lars per day, while you shall be employed. For all reasonable expenses, such as necessary boat hire and persons to
assist in your surveys, you will be allowed| but for those you must keep regular accounts and take receipt.
You are to deliver to the Governor copies of all your plans, surveys, soundings, &c. and also transmit copies of
the same to this office. You are also to make a weekly report to this office of your proceedings.
I have issued my warrant in your favor for two hundred dollars, as an advance on account of your compensa-
tion and personal expenses.
A reverberatory furnace for red hot balls must be erected for each battery-
All the plans must be accompanied with sections and elevations, so that a complete judgment may be formed
thereof. An estimate of the expense must also be formed of each work, and the number and size of the cannon in-
tended, must be specified.
Your requisition for labor and materials at Ocracock will be paid upon John Daves, collector at Newbern, or
some person appointed by him, and at Wilmington, or Cape Fear, by some person who will be appointed by the col-
lector at Wilmington.
This appointment to take place from the first of this instant, April.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this eleventh day of April, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-
four.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Copy of a letter from Mr. Martinon to the Secretary of War, dated
General: Newbern, May 31, 1794.
I have the honor to enclose you the plans, profiles, and estimates, respecting the fort to be established at
Ocracock, vested with the Governor's approbation. On sight of the annexed map, you will be convinced that there
is no point but Beacon Island that may be occupied with any degree of advantage. Being hurried to Wilmington,
it has not been in my power to color the plan, which I have only traced. Your draughtsman will easily furnish it. 1
was obliged to make four copies of the same.
As no ship, drawing more than thirteen feet of water, can pass over the bar, this fort will never be exposed to the
fire of a frigate, and, forthat reason, I have given only eight feet in thickness to the summit of the parapet, which will
be fully adequate to resist any attack from a privateer ship. I have also contracted the fort as much as it has been
in my power, in order to lessen the expense, the estimate of which will surprise you. But the soil of the island is
very low; it is essential to be defended against the high tides occasioned by northerly winds, and, in such circum-
stances, the greatest cautions ought to be taken. It is for that effect I have added a covert way, which will occasion
a considerable expense. Shall it take place, or no?
The Governor of North Carolina will, no doubt, impart to you the dispositions he has made for that construc-
tion. Mr. John Wallace, the only inhabitant of the place, shall (under the conduct of a superintendent chosen, on
my request, by the Governor) furnish laborers and materials, keeping a regular account of the same. Thjse two
persons have transported themselves on the spot on the 25th instant, and will be able to begin the work without any
difficulty, as I have, in their presence, established the height of the different points, and traced the principal lines of
the fort; I have, besides, furnished themlplans and profiles. The solid fathom of earth which, in France, should
cost about four livres tournois, will, perhaps, come very high in this place, as it will be necessary to take the great-
est part of it at a distance of sixty fathoms, at least, in places covered by the tide- There will be a loss of time for
the workmen until the sands be discovered. It is, however, to be expected that the superintendent will find a way
to keep them at work somewhere else, and that this time will not be entirely lost. To make short, in such a situa-
tion, instead of digging ditches that would furnish earth for the parapets, it becomes necessary to raise the ground
by materials brought from afar.
I propose, for to lodge the garrison, a plain building, that will not overtop the parapets, and such as is described
after the estimate. The expense of that construction will not be so expensive as that in timber, mentioned in the in-
structions; and for what respects the defence of the fort, it will, in any case, more efficaciously draw from the
rampart and the palisadoes of the covered way.
On my return from Wilmington I will give a plan of these barracks, if you approve of their construction, and
likewise of the powder magazine; in the contrary case, I will act agreeably to your orders, which I shall have time
to receive.
You will judge. General, that the funds appropriated for Ocracock will not prove sufficient, and that it is essen-
tial to obtain an augmentation of them; I hope it will not be the same for Wilmington, towards which I intend to
direct my course the day after to-morrow, say second of June.
Copy of a letter from M. Martinon to the Secretary of War, dated
My General: Newbern, Zd August, 1794.
Even as I have had the honor to observe to you of it, by my letter dated the ninth of last month, I arrived here
the 34th, after much ado. Having found all the bridges spoiled by the heavy rains which fell in this country, and with-
out my servant, our carriage was carried away by the current upon which it was swimming; at last we are arrived
without any other accident.
I have the honor to send you enclosed the plans and papers relative to the works of the river Cape Fear. The in-
disposition of the Governor has occasioned a delay of some days for this sending; I am preparing tne duplicates for
him that I shall transmit to him as soon as possible.
I received an answer from Mr. Blanks, conductor of Beacon workings, by which he tells me that his work is not
so advanced as he could hope for, he never having had but sixteen or eighteen laborers to work, who are continu-
ally absenting themselves. He is busied in cutting down nine hundred trees, of which four hundred are delivered
upon the place, to make wheel barrows, and he tells me the platform will be done about the 9th of this month. At
that time he will send for me to go upon the place, which I expect; it was better for him to be employed at the work,
instead of employing other persons to work the timbers and wheelbarrows.
I observe to you. General, that the inhabitants of this country are but little inclined to the establishment of those
forts. There are a great many, according to the information that I receive in New York and Chai-leston, who, in-
stead of favoring the sending of workmen, on the contrary, augment their price of labor.
This work must be built witli the activity I have recommended, could be continued a great while, particularly
that of the beacon, and if it is not quickly raised, it will run the risk of being damaged by the inclemency of the
winter.
The Governor had proposed to the general meeting which was lately sitting here, to make some funds for the con-
struction of those forts, or only some advances; the answer has been negative, I think it necessaiy to give you this
information.
The plans and instructions that I have delivered to Beacon, and for Cape Fear, would be suffioient to conduct
the work to its end; nevertheless, the persons who are charged with it in Wilmington, depend that I will again take
a journey, which 1 will do, if you judge it necessaiy. This I hope to be informed in the course of this month.
I observe also to you. General, that the longer I stay in this country the more money I shall expend, and should
be sorry, as it would be of no utility; furthermore, my conduct will be subordinated to the orders that you will give
tome.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. gj
Cape Fear River Fort — The levelling of the spot of ground in the interior circumference of the parapet, is re-
lated to an horizontal plan, which is supposed to be twenty-four feet above the level of high water, so that each red
figure, which I call coUe, expresses the distance of each point from that horizontal plan which is called plan of com-
parison-
We might also imraagine an inundation to the height of twenty-four feet above the level of the high water, and
suppose the red figures to be the soundings of the different points.
Therefore, eac^ cotie, or number, being taken off from the 24th one, which corresponds v/ith the high water, the
remainder will express the heigth of each point above the high water; and subtracting a number from another, the
remainder will be the height of a point above another, for instance:
To have the height of the point A, above the point X, of the high water, ten feet must be taken off from twenty-
four feet, the remamder being thirteen feet, is the height of the point A, above the high water.
To compare the point A with the point B, the number 9 feet 3 inches must be taken off from the number
11 feet, the remainder, 1 foot 10 inches, expresses the height of the point B above the point A, and so with the others.
Observations for the construction.
The battery may be finished before the remainder of the circumference of the fort is erected.
The battery will be carried on a level. The point A and the number U feet will be taken for the level of the
bernie, and the foundation or the under part of the first piece of timber will be fixed one foot lower than that point
A, so that the beginning of the foundation will be in the levelling plan, the numbe. 12 feet, the ground of the berme
will be raised or Towered as wanted.
The parapets will be carried on the same level with the batteries, from the point C to the point H. in the lines
cd, de, ef,fg, gh; the point K will be fourteen inches higher than the point H, and the lining, H K, of the cur-
tain, will follow that slope; the flank, KL, will be carried on a level.
The flank angle M, of the bastion, will be on a level with the shoulder angle L, so that the flank, KL, and the
face, LM, will be horizontal, and the angle M will be, by that mean, eight inches lower.
The shoulder angle N, will be six inches lower than the flank angle M: and the flank angle O, will be also six
inches lower than the shoulder angle N; so that the face MN, and the flank NO, will have each a slope of six
inches, and the foundation of timber, to the point 0, will be one foot lower than that point, to the number 10, 8, 10.
The foundation of timber, to the point 0, will be three inches higher than the one to the point/), of course nearly
on a level ; but the point q, middle of the line p o, is two feet and a half lower than the point 0, and is to be raised
of so much; as, also, the berme and places near it, with remblais, taken with measure in the interior of the space,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, which will require to be carefully levelled, and lower the passage of the gate I, so that the waters
may freely run out.
It would not be improper, in the demolition of the old fort, to preserve a certain quantity of stones to pave the
entrance of the gate, and for other uses, in the interior of the fort.
The ditch of the battery will be four fathoms wide, besides its slopes; and though the ditches of the other sides
of the fort are marked twenty feet wide, in the profile, they may be, with propriety, traced two feet wider, and in
all twenty-two feet besides the slopes: it is a good way to obtain more earth with less depth.
^ Memoir relative to the defence of Cape Fear River, to which is added a Map of the place for its intelligence.
The river of Cape Fear runs from north to south; it has two roads leading to the sea, the one to the west, the
other to the north of Cape Fear.
The main bar inlet, west side, is two miles distant from the point of the island called Bald Head, where a light-
house has been lately erected.
The sounding of that bar is fifteen feet at low water, and twenty -one at high water; of course, frigates may pass
to it, and come to the harbor, which is six miles distant from the north side of that bar, and come to anchor in four
and five fathoms.
This harbor is, perhaps, one of the best on the continent; the whole year may be spent there without the least
danger, since all the vessels usually lay there in expectation of the wind, either to come up or go to sea.
The British were so well convinced of its importance, that they had erected there the Fort Johnston, which is
now partly destroyed by the sea.
If this harbor should remain unguarded, there is no doubt but an enemy, in time of war, would not fail to take
possession of it; he would make his station there; his privateers might preserve there all the prizes he would make
on the north and south parts of the continent, till he had an opportunity of carrying them into his own ports; he
would stop all the vessels attempting to go up or down the river; in a word, it would be to him a landing-place, to
provide himself in the country, and do all the mischief in his power.
All these considerations having been an inducement to establish the intended fort, for the preservation of that
place, it is intended for twelve pieces of cannon, which may be, without any inconvenience, of different size, from
twenty-four to twelve pounders; however, the greatest number must be twenty-four pounders.
That quantity of guns is thought necessary for the security of the fort, which may be attacked by strong frigates;
in that case, its strongest defence and annoyance will be in the establishment of a reverbeiatory furnace, red hot
balls being the terror of vessels.
The access of the fort by land may be sufficiently defended with four field-pieces, to the flank angles of the two
bastions. A landing could be effected at some leagues distance to the west, but it is very little to be feared; that
part of the country being too marshy.
The sounding of the second inlet, called New Inlet, is seven feet at low water, and between eleven and twelve
at high water; of course, there is none but small vessels and privateers that can come bv it. It would be very well
defended by a battery, with four pieces of cannon, at the north point of that inlet, called Federal Point; but the
enemy having in his power to land all along the north side of that point, it would be necessary to erect a fort to
protect that battery; which, requiring a guard in time of peace, as well as in time of war, would become very tire-
some to the country. Another great inconvenience against that establishment is, the great rapidity of the inset's
current, which would prevent the vessels from coming to without being exposed.
It is thought this inlet will be more powerfully and with less expense defended by a galley, or flat vessel, armed
with eight pieces of twelve pounders; that vessels, which would be necessary only in time of war, could lay at an-
chor forward of Snow Point, in a place called Five Fathoms Hole, which is a good anchorage, and stop every vessel
coming into the channel; it could go frequently to the New Inlet bar, and also serve the new fort and relieve its
guard.
If it had been intended to defend only the upper part of the river, a single fort, at one of the Brunswick's points,
might have been sufficient; but it was leaving in the enemy's possession tne harbor, tiie two bars, and all the river
shore below that point, and losing the power either to come in or go out of the river; of course, a very bad operation.
It would not be improper, in time of war, to place at Brunswick two pieces of cannon, with common carriages,
to use them both against the river and against the land.
These considerations have been formerly presented to his Excellency the Governor of North Carolina, who has
perceived all their consequences. It is in pursuance of his approbation, that the construction of the new fort is now
at hand. It will be erected on a part of the seat of Fort Johnston, and on the ground round it; which ground is a
part of the spot intended for a new town, called by the name of Smithville. That fort will defend the river and the
access of the harbor. With regard to the New Inlet, it may be defended by one of the aforesaid means.
98 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
Copy of a letter from M. Marlinon to the Secretary of War, dated
Wilmington, June 20, 1794.
General:
I have the honor to inform you of my arrival at Wilmington, on the 5th instant. It vi^as not possible for me to
go dovi^n the river before the 11th. I have spent five days in that voyage, to take the necessary information concern-
ing the object of my mission.
The harbor, and excellent anchorage under Fort Johnston, appeared to me of such importance, that I propose the
establishment of a battery and fort, in the proximity, and on part of Fort Johnston, which it becomes necessary to
demolish.
Should the defence of the river be recoiled farther up, there would be a necessity of abandoning that post, which,
in time of war, could not fail being taken hold of by an enemy, who, by settling there, would stop the entrance of
file river. It would prove a sure retreat for their privateers to preserve their pi-izes in; they would have a footing
on the continent, from whence they might draw provisions, spread in the country, and waste according to their plea-
sure. These considerations determine me to propose, that the establishment may be placed on that essential point
of the principal passage of the river. By this means, the little northern channel, the sounding of which, at high
water, gives eleven feet and a half on the bar, would be left open to the privateers, and give them an entrance in the
river, unless guarded in some manner. Two ways are found, tending to that effect: the first is, to mount four or
six eighteen pounders on one of Brunswick points, where the passage of the river shall be effectually defended.
I would not advise to place that establishment on Fetleral Point, or even on the passage itself, because of the cur-
rents being so strong, that the safety of the vessels would prove endangered when obliged to stop for to be recon-
noitred: this inconvenience will not take place at Brunswick. The second expedient, which, in my opinion, is the
most advisable, would be an armed vessel, the strength of which might easily be calculated on that of the ships that
may attempt passing over the bar. Tiiis vessel might anchor to the extremity of the harbor, or in diflerent places
between the harbor and Brunswick; and from thence protect the small vessels, whether entering or going out, and
prevent privateers from coming up the river. Her object might be also to attend on the fort projected.
I have communicated these thoughts to the Governor, and expect to hear of his decision by the next post. I sent
to him a plan; first, of a little fort, with two bastions, the ditch of which is tolerably well defended; secondly, of a
simple redoubt, whose ditch has but a direct defence. These two forts may be manned, each of them, by five
hundred men. I have enclosed, also, an estimate of these two objects, which amount much higher than the appro-
priated funds, because it is necessary to line the parapets with timber, as we cannot procure but a sand, which rains
and wind would level very soon.
The cost of the fort, with bastions, will, agreeable to the estimate, amount to five thousand seven hundred and
sixty dollars, comprehending the demolition of Fort Johnston, which, at any rate, must take place, as it is very small,
partly destroyed by the sea, and what materials remain are rotten. The redoubt, whose ditch is ill defended, would
cost four thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight dollars, including, likewise, the demolition of the old fort: the
first is preferable on all accounts.
Until I receive the determination of the Governor, of which I expect to be apprized by next ordinary, I will have
time enough to put in readiness the plans, so as to give them immediately to the appointed agent, or to the superin-
tendent, agreeable to the orders which the Governor will think fit to issue. I shall have the honor to communicate
them to you, when I direct you a copy of the project that will meet with the Governor's approbation.
From M. Martinon to the Secretary of War.
Wilmington, July 9, 1794.
General:
The Governor having approved of the dispositions I had directed to him on the 16th ultimo, and which I had
the honor to communicate to you, in my letter dated June 20th, respecting the fort to be established on Cape Fear
river, I have consequently transported myself on the spot, accompanied by Messrs. Potts and Atkins, the last gen-
tleman having been appointed to direct the works. 1 have traced on part of Fort Johnston, and in the neighborhood
of it, a small fort with two bastions, the parapet of which shall be lined with timber. I have taken the necessary
levels to establish the foundations, and I have given to the gentlemen the plans, profiles, and memoirs, to direct the
construction. Mr. Atkins told me lie understood the whole perfectly well, and found no difficulty in it. Mr. Potts,
who is at some trouble to procure workmen, has assured me, that on next Monday, say the 14th instant, he will send
a sufficient number of them.
As I do not think that my presence will be of any necessity at this place, I will, towards the end of next
week, transport myself to Newbern, and from thence I shall have the honor to forward you copies of the plans I
am making, and which I will obtain the Governor to sanction.
I have proposed for to lodge the troops in a plain barrack as in Beacon. If you find it convenient I pray you be so
good as to make it known to me as soon as possible.
Since 1 left Newbern I did not hear fiom Beacon Island's works, and T feel some anxiety on their account.
This Island being very low, the work will be sometimes exposed to the attacks of the sea, swollen by northerly
winds, which will expose the maintenance of them to be expensive. Had I foreseen that Congress should fix upon
building ships for the protection of the sea coast, I would have advised to employ, for the defence of Newbern
river, a galley, or vessel mounted with eight or ten twelve pounders, which would have proved sufficient, and
might have saved the construction of a fort, its maintenance, garrison in time of peace and war, and the daily duty
of that garrison, &c. I am going on the spot; I will examine the locality; confer with the Governor; and I shall
give an account of it.
The Governor having desired my advice on the mode of mounting the cannon of the batteries, I have answered,
that the parapets should have no embrasures, and that the essential point was to construct the carriages so as to ele-
vate the cannon in order to point and fire over a parapet of five feet high; tims, I believe, will be mounted the.can-
non in Charleston, and in the other batteries.
I have now in hand the model made by Mr. Merlie, but, as there is no scale, I cannot know whether it has the
necessary height. I remember Mr. Merlie told me in your room there were six inches wanting to the height, which
might be made up without altering the inclination of the moving carriage, (which is important) by adding six inches
to the last transom, and so much to the fixed frame. Respecting the model the Governor told me to be in Eden-
ton, I know nothing of it. I hope I shall have the honor to hear from you when I arrive in Newbern.
Copy of a letter from Mr. Martinon to the Secretary of War, dated
Newbern, September 8, 1794.
My General:
I have had the honor to transmit to you, the 2d of last month, the plans concerning the fort of the river of
Cape Fear; I hope that you will have received them.
The journey I made to Beacon, to visit the works on the river of Cape Fear, was indispensable. The situa-
tion in which I found the works is not very satisfactory. There are three rows of timber works placed, three feet
in height, all round the fort, but the main works very little filled in. The overseer of the works, instead of working
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 99
during the favorable weather, and carrying sand, has been busy cutting wood with the workmen. That Mr. Wal-
lace, as agent, was bound to undertake the work with more people, and Mr. Potts, at Cape Fear, but there have
not been more than fourteen or fifteen hands at work for three months.
I have not seen Mr. Wallace at his house, nor at the works; and, as I was crossing the river, he was carrying
to Newbern negro men, whom he had liired for three months. At my return, I met him in the instant of his de-
parture with thirty negro men, whom he hired until the end of October; he assured me it was impossible to work
upon the Island until tlie Spring. Such is the situation of the work, my General, which is very difficult to forward,
as every thing is wanting. 1 have left Mr. Blanks, overseer, some necessary instructions, which havej.been trans-
lated into English by Mr. Leris.
I have been obliged to drive at Beacon, and brought here again in a vessel of the United States, Captain Cooke.
I had made some provision to go with him to Cape Fear, but the wind having always been contrary, and my pro-
vision being done, I have been compelled to come back to Newbern, from whence I will set out, after to-morrow,
for Wilmington by land.
The letters, that you will do me the honor to write to me, shall be thither directed.
Mr. Martinon to General Knox, Secretary of War, Philadelphia, dated
Wilmington, September 16, 1794.
General:
I have, at my arrival at Wilmington, received your most honored favor of the 8th of August last, in which
you are advising me to contract the works of the fort of Ocracock, so that it may not exceed the sum mentioned in
my instructions. I must confess. General, that I look upon it as impossible. I beg you will examine the plan 1
had the honor to forward, you will undoubtedly perceive that the space is not too large for the sixteen pieces of can-
non it is intended for; be pleased, also, to take a view of the estimate and letters relating to it; in them you will
find the reasons for which the estimate of the works amounts to three times the appointed sum; it would be too long
to repeat them here.
I therefore think instant, if it be intended to continue on the works, that a sum of seven or eight thousand
dollars should be disposed of for its expenses; and here follows the economical contraction which may take place:
Having six pieces of cannon of the battery defending the stnall road over the river, mounted on embrasure car-
riages, the distance of 20 feet from a cannon, to another becoming useless, 12 feet will be sufficient; in that case
42 or 48 feet, or 6 or 7 fathoms, may be cut off from that battery; it will, of course, make a diminution of 15 or
16 current fathoms of rampart. Tiie fort will then be very mucii flatten, and the remaining space will scarcely be
large enough to contain the barrack, which must also be shortened; the two-thirdb of the covert way may also be
put aside, and have it made only on the north side of the fort, so as to secure it against the high waters. Notwith-
standing all the contractions, which there is time enough to effectuate, I foresee that the expense will overgo the
sum of six thousand dollars; what may account for it is the bad kind of workmen the country affords; the high
price required by the owners of the negroes; the loss of time which a navigation of eighty miles occasions; the
distance of the sand, which can be had but at low water; many other private expenses for the beginning of the es-
tablishment, and many other inconveniences, which so lonesome and so distant a place creates. I am, myself, at
more than a month's distance from one fort to another, either to go or send letters, for want of vessels or of fair winds.
In all cases. General, the expenses being left to persons no doubt honest, and appointed by the Governor, they
wilj settle their accounts; and, as the works at Beacon Island must be stopped at the end of October next, by com-
paring the expense with the work done at that time, we may acquire more certain notions of what the whole is to
cost.
I pray you will recollect I informed you that I would prefer, for the defence of Newbern river, a kind of armed
galley, which, at all events, might have been sufficient; and its invaluable advantage should be to save the trouble ot
the keeping of a fort and constant garrison in time of peace, which garrison will require a vessel to relieve the
guards and to transport the stores, which must be brought from Newbern, &c.
You have no doubt received the works of Cape Fear river, where the fort is much larger than that of Beacon,
because the twelve pieces of cannon, which are to be mounted on sea coast carriages, wilt stand in the same line.
These twelve pieces are necessary to protect the fort against the fire of frigates which may come to attack it; it
is also constructed to contain a greater number of men to defend it by land; the situation requires and permits it.
As the parapets are to be lined with timber, on account of the sandy quality of the earth, the expense will be nearly
double the sum granted, which you are already informed of as well as the Governor. It is not in my power to pre-
vent such increase of expense; but, with regard to fortifications, what is necessary must be done; and, it may be
said with propriety, that the person who has drawn the estimates, on which the funds have been obtained, has been
greatly mistaten. They have been working at Cape Fear these two months past. I intend going there the day
after to-morrow, in Captain Cooke's vessel, and I shall inform you of the state of the works.
In consequence of the diminution to be made to the fort of Beacon, I am informing Mr. Tredwell, Collector at
Edenton, in my answer to his letter, that ten pieces of cannon must be mounted on sea coast carriages, for the
battery of the main channel side, as it requires a more divergent fire; four or five of those cannons may tje eighteen
pounders, the rest must be thirty-four pounders; as for the battery of the second inlet, six pieces are to be mounted
on embrasure cairiages; four of these twenty-four pounders, and two eighteen pounders, if they cannot be all twenty-
four pounders. These batteries do require heavy cannon, on account of the reach, which is somewhat distant.
As to the cannon of Cape Fear river, it may be of smaller size. 24, 18, and 12 pounders might be employed
there, and must be all mounted on sea coast carriages, so that they may afford a more divergent fire; I must, how-
ever, observe, that a different size of cannon in a battery which is to have a reverberatory furnace, may be liable to
some inconveniences; it is, therefore, much preferable that all the cannon should be of one size.
I believe, General, that in order to have the sea coast carriages mounted in the most uniform manner, it would
not be improper, if Mr. Merlie is much advanced in his works to the South he should be sent to Edenton and Wil-
mington; he might in each of these two places construct a sea coast carriage which may serve as a model to con-
struct the others.
I shall spend some days to the fort, and on my return here will start for Newbern.
I am, with respect. General, your most humble servant,
MARTINON.
Mr. Martinon to General Knox, Secretary of War, {Philadelphia) dated
Wilmington, September 30th, 1794.
General:
I have made a stay of eight days to the fort of Cape Fear. The job, after two months' work, is not very mucii
advanced. The state in which I found it is such as follows: The barracks are almost ended, the demolition of the
old fort very much advanced, and very little remblais made. There is about two hundred logs on the spot; Mr.
Atkins, superintendent of the works, had, in my presence, the first pieces of timber of the linings placed; I found
the workmen in little activity. Behold the reasons, given to me by Mr. Potts! A warrant has been issued for the
sum of one thousand dollars, which are expended; Mr. Potts has wrote to obtain new funds, and having received
no answer, was upon the point of stopping the works; he has, however, continued on by the means of four hundred
dollars, which, he told me, he was in advance of.
100 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
I must observe to you, General, that a too small number of workmen will increase the private expenses, which
should, and can be avoided, to Cape Fear fort — the workmen being not scarce there, as they are at Ocracock; an over-
seer for ten workmen may do for a hundred.
With regard to the whole expense, you are already informed it will be double the sum granted; it is according
to that information which I gave the Governor, that lie has ordered the works to be begun: it has been so with the
fort at Beacan, which I foretold would require three times the sum appointed. Without these proceedings the idea
of erecting the forts must be dropped; for each of them, I have been obliged to draw four different plans, so as to find
the smallest expense. I even perceive that my estimates are rather short, though carried to the highest, on account
of the negroes being dearly paid, and doing veiy little work, if not constantly attended to.
A redoubt, with four pieces of cannon, and fifty or sixty men, might sufficiently defend the road of the new inset;
if so, the river of Cape Fear will be sufficiently protected. If you think it proper, I will make a project for that
purpose.
I have made use for my transportation in the river of Captain Cooke's vessel; he could not convey me to Ocra-
cock, having to change the masts of the cutter, which are both sprung and rotten.
I shall go shortly to Newbern by land, and will prepare the contractions, which, as I have mentioned in my
last, of the 16th instant, may take place, to diminish a part of the expense at Beacon.
If you judge my presence necessary in this country after October next, I beg you will direct me to some person
to whom I may apply for money, mine diminishing, and Mr. Leris's being at an end. Out of the four hundred dol-
lars I have received, two hundred and sixty have been expended to the Government's account. I shall direct you
the state and receipts thereof, when you thmk it proper.
I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect. General, your most obedient and most humble servant,
MARTINON.
Sir:
Copy of a letter from Joshua Potts, agent for procuring materials, Sfc. to the Secretary of War, dated
Wilmington, North Carolina, October 2d, 1794.
Conformably to instructions received, enclosed is an abstract of articles purchased for the fort at Cape Fear,
which exhibits the amount of moneys actually disbursed and paid, one thousand and sixty-one dollars twenty cents.
The articles purchased with the above sum, will be observed to consist principally of commissary's stores, camp
equipage, tools for mechanics and laborers, machinery and materials for the barracks, &c.
The agent begs a moment of your honor's attention, while he informs you, that in the mean time of making pre-
paration as above alluded to, it became expedient that contracts should be made for materials, labor, &c. to be in
readiness at any stage of the work; accordingly agreements were made, and are still to be discharged.
1st. The pitch pine hewed timber, intended to build the walls of the parapet, (say *three hundred and sixty tons
of forty solid feet each, French measurement, at one dollar and eighty cents per ton, deliverable at the fort, is, $648 00
2d. Building the barracks; the carpenter's work is contracted for by the square, and will require about 200 00
3d- Wages of laborers, and a mechanic since 14th July to 1st instant, say two months and a half, of about twenty-
one persons, average six dollars per month, ...... 315 oo
4th. The butcher's bill for beef may be - - - - - - 80 00
$1,243 00
The first mentioned sum, actually expended and paid, is accurately inserted, per abstract, - 1,061 20
But the additional amount is set down only on a gross estimate, in order to give information on the sub-
ject, .--....... 1,343 00
$2,304 20
The respective sums contracted for are as nearly computed as at present lies in the power of the agent, and
shall, when discharged, be returned in a certain and proper manner.
By the enclosed abstract, and the foregoing estimate, the sum, as apportioned for this fort, is not half actually
paid away, but more than the first moiety is contemplated, by adding the amount of contracts still to be paid.
The quantity of timber, of itse/f, to be used on the I'ort, as planned, would cost half the sum as first estimated
for the completion of the entire fortification.
Peculiar circumstances unavoidably guided the manner of commencement, as also the progress of building the
ofrt.
1st. The situation, distant from a settled neighborhood, the soil sandy, which, without hesitation, would require
walls of firm substance to contain it, of course large timbers of pitch pine were by the engineer deemed the most
convenient, and the cheapest material for that purpose.
2d. An old fort of lime mortar and shell cement walls was, in the first place, tedious and difficult to be demo-
lished; the earth and terrace within to be levelled by removal, and the former ditches to be filled up. This last
mentioned work has hitherto chiefly employed the laborei-s, and required to be effected, before a beginning of the
new fort could be attempted. This part alone was a considerable object.
3d. The custom and disposition of laborers here, whether masters of slaves or otherwise, is, not to be employed,
by a particular contract, to perform removal of earth, &c. by measurement, nor could any laborers be employed on
condition of finding themselves either provisions or tools.
The only resource, tiierefore, either to begin, or continue, the erection of the fort, was to hire laborers by the
month, ancf to find them rations, utensils of cooking, and tools to work with; the whole of which supply has been
committed to the care of a superintendent.
Exclusively of levelling the former fort, the laborers have been employed, by intervals, in fixing ways and rollers
to manage large timbers troin the water up the hill, and around the fort; also, at times, in carrying up timbers,
scantling, boards, shingles, &c.
You will please observe, that in order to forward the building of the fort, it became expedient that contracts
for materials, &c. as before said, should be made, so as to be in readiness when required, and which should prevent
any delay of operation that certainly otherwise would have happened, especially, as hitherto, only one thousand dol-
lars have been ordered to the hands of the agent, it would have been greatly disadvantageous to have discontinued
the work precisely at the expenditure of the said sum, and then to have recommenced the same on receiving an addi-
tional supply of money. The situation and nature of the undertaking was such as would by no means, consistent
with the interest of the United States, admit of an interval.
Reliance is therefore had that the remaining part of $2,873 76, say $1,873 76, will be ordered for the purpose of
discharging the necessary contracts already mentioned, and further to carry on the building of the fort.
The carpenter's work of the house for the barracks is now nearly done; but in regard to the fort, it can only be said,
•with propriety, to be begun, therefore it is impossible to say or to judge at this time, any proportion the present ex-
penditure bears in comparison to the whole. Whenever the progress of the work will properly admit, the said pro-
portion shall be transmitted.
Mr. Martinon, the engineer, informs me that he has wrote to you on the subject of the fort. I presume his let-
ters contain information that the said $2,873 76, will certainly be far inadequate to the completion of the fort The
• This is not more than half the quantity of timber estimated for that purpose.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. 101
peculiar and unfavorable circumstances, as aforementioned, render it an impossibility to finish tlie same with the
sum first estimated.
Should a further sum be allowed, it would be to the interest of the United States that the same be timely ordered,
to the end that a discontinuance of the work should not happen.
I have now to apologize for the length of tiiis letter, by assuring you that it has been thus extensively continued
with the intent of conveying to your idea a full view of all circumstances and parts of the premises.
Copy of a letter from (he Governor of North Carolina to the Secretary of If ar, dated
Newbern, November 4, 1794,
Sir:
Mr. Blanks, the superintendent of the works of the fort'at Beacon Island , returned a few days since from that
place, and informs me that he has raised the foundation agreeable to the plan which was forwarded to you by the
engineer, three feet nine inches above the surface. The time for which the hands, who were employed about this
woik, having expired, together with the disadvantages of the approaching season, has induced liim to think it must
for the interest of the United States, that nothing further should be done until the spring. The superintendent sug-
gests as a reason why the works are not more advanced tiian tiiey are, is owing to the particular situation of the
place, he not being able only to work at such times as tiie tide would permit. He is of opinion that the most mate-
rial part of the work is accomplished. He has applied to me to know from whom lie is to receive his pay; and as
you have been silent on the subject, I have to request that you will inform me on whom he is to call for it.
RICHARD DOBBS SPAIGHT.
FORTIFICATIONS AT CHARLESTON AND GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND AT SAVANNAH AND
ST. MARY'S, GEORGIA.
Instructions to Paul Hyacinte Perrault, acting as temporary Engineer, in the service of the United States.
Sir:
In pursuance of the directions of the President of the United States, you are hereby appointed an engineer,
for the purpose of fortifying the port and harbor of Charleston, in the State cf South Carolina.
You are, therefore, immediately to repair to that place, and in case the Governor should be near the said port, you
are to wait upon him and exhibit these instructions But, if the Governor should be at any considerable distance from
the said port, you are, respectfully, to notify him of your appointment, enclose a copy of these instructions, and
inform him that you have repaired to the port aforesaid, in order to make the necessary surveys and investigations,
relatively to your mission, which you will submit to his consideration and take his orders thereon.
As soon as you shall receive his approbation of your plan, you are to construct the works, and to execute them
with all possible vigor and despatch.
The lollowing is an extract of the estimate, on which the appropriations for the fortifications have been founded.
The proportion of expenses, therefore, herein stated, for the port aforesaid, must not be exceeded, viz :
Charleston, to be fortified witii 72 pieces, which may be divided into three sets of batteries and re-
doubts, - - - - - - - - - - $11,212 32
It will be readily perceived, by the lowness of the estimate, that the parapets of the works intended to be erect-
ed, are to be of earth, or, where that cannot easily be obtained of an adhesive quality, the parapets may be faced
with strong timber, and filled in with such earth as can be had.
It is, however, conceived that, in most cases, earth may be procured, and that a parapet made thereof will not
only form a solid defence, but even be durable, if the earth be tenacious and properly sloped, and sodded inside and
out, and the seed of knotgrass sown so as to bind the sods and earth together.
It is, however, apprehended that the embrasures made in this manner would suffer from the explosion of the pow-
der from the cannon, and that, therefore, where the batteries are not en barbette, that the embrasures ought to be
formed of joist, and faced with plank of two inches thick.
When the batteries are to be erected on points of land, islands, or other places, at a distance from the towns in-
tended to be defended, they ought to be covered, or secured, by a redoubt or other enclosed work, in which the gar-
rison should reside constantly, either in a barrack, or a strong block house, as shall be judged most expedient But,
in general, as the garrisons will^be weak in numbers, a block house mounting one or two small pieces of cannon, in
its upper story, will be more secure, and therefore to be preferred. These, however, ought not to be much, if any,
exposed to the fire of heavy cannon. A block house will not contain more than fifty men. If the garrison, therefore,
should be enlarged, tents must be used.
The redoubts, in general, ought to be of a size to contain five hundred men, so as to resist a sudden enterprise of
an enemy, and perhaps the idea ought to be embraced, in the first instance, that they should be of such extent as
to admit timber casemates, to be erected hereafter, so as to enable the garrison to resist, in some tolerable degree,
a bombardment.
But it is not proposed, at present, to erect such casemates, excepting for a magazine, which must be formed of
massy timber, and be six feet thick on the roof, exclusive of the earth, and jointed and calked in such a manner
as to be perfectly tight. Care must be taken to have these magazines properly ventilated, and free from dampness.
They are to be of a size sufficient to hold one hundred and fifty rounds of powder for each piece of cannon intendetl
to be served from it- The spot at which a magazine of this nature shall be fixed, will require great judgment, so
as to combine security against an enemy, either open or subtle, or any danger from common accidents.
Your judgment will also direct what parts of your works shall be protected by fraizes, and what by palisadoes,
or whether your redoubts shall have embrasures, or fire c« barbette with small cannon. As the redoubts are to
cover the batteries they would certainly secure and resist better without embrasures. The batteries are to annoy.
The choice of the ground on which the batteries and works are to be erected, whether to have embrasures, or to tire
enbarbette, -with the new sea coast carriages, with all the combinations and ettects depending on them, will rest upon
your judgment, under the directions of the Governor. It has not been intended, by any thing herein specified, to
point out the particular manner in which the works should be erected. Outlines only have been given, to serve in
regulating the expense, which is limited by the sums before mentioned.
Some person, in whose ingenuity and industry confidence can be placed, will be appointed, at the said port, to
superintend the actual execution of the works according to your directions. Arrangements will also be made, by
him, or some other person, to obtain the necessary workmen, implements, and materials, which will be required in
this business. But every thing must be previously calculated and estimated by you.
Although the business, herein entrusted to your charge, is, in itself, of a highly honorable nature, and strongly
evincive of the confidence of the President of the United States, and which would probably enhance your reputa-
tion, yet it is to be explicitly understood by you, that the employment is only temporary, and not conferring, or in-
volving, any military rank whatever.
For a compensation for your services, and personal expenses, you will be allowed and paid at the rate of four
dollars per day, while you shall be employed. For all reasonable extra expenses, such as necessary boat hire, and
persons to assist in your surveys, you vnll be allowetl; but for those you must keep regular accounts and take
receipts.
14 m
102 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
You are to deliver to the Governor copies of all your plans, surveys, soundings, &c. and also transmit copies of
the same to this office. You are also to make a weekly report to this office of your proceedings.
I have issued my warrant, in your favor, for two nundred dollars, as an advance on account of your extra ex-
penses. For any sums you may require, on account of your compensation and personal expenses, you must apply to
me, and I shall order tiie same to be paid in Charleston.
A reverbeiatory furnace for red liot balls must be erected for each battery.
All the plans must be accompanied with sections and elevations, so that a complete judgment may be formed
thereof. An estimate of the expense must also be formed of each work, and the number and size of the cannon in-
tended must be specified.
You will have under your immediate orders Jerome Merlie, as a director of artillery artificers, to mount the
new gun carriages, and John James Lairis, as sub-engineer and interpreter. This appointment to take place from
the first of this instant, April.
Given at the War Office of the United States, this eleventh day of April, 1794.
H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Sir:
You will please to understand, as you have Mr. Stouffunder your orders, that your commission will now ex-
tend to the fortifications of Charleston and Georgetown, in South Carolina, and to Savannah and St. Mary's, in Geor-
gia. The places first to be attended to are Charleston and Savannah. Upon your arrival at the former, you are to
send Mr. Stouft'to survey Savannah river-
Wap Office, Jlpril 19, 1794. H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
Copy of a letter from P. H. Perrault to the Secretary of War, dated
Sir: Charleston, May ith, 1794.
I have the honor respectfully to inform you, that, after a passage of fourteen days, I am just arrived at Charleston*
I immediately waited on the Governor, and showed him my instructions, &c. His Excellency was to go the day
following to Columbia. He informed me that he had already begun some work, under the direction of Colonel Sent^
viz; a battery at one of the wharves of the city, and a little other work at Fort Johnston; the expenses of the first
battery are very considerable; the purchase of wood only, being eight hundred and three dollars. You may judge
from this the extravagant price of work here.
Mr. Stouff will sad for Savannah the first favorable wind. Mr. Merlie has made a state of the materials want-
ed for carriages, and given it to Mr. Desaussure, but this gentleman says he cannot immediately find dry wood,
either of oak or ash, and that it will not be possible before the next year. At the same time it may be too expensive
perhaps to complete all the work witii Acajou wood . I think it would be better if you was to send from Philadelphia
the wood necessary for the great chase; and in the mean time Mr. Merlie will employ himself in making the little,
and Mobile carriages, of Acajou wood. Should you think it better, he will, on your subsequent order, make the great
chase of pitch pine wood, but it will be very unsolid.
I soon visited the harbor and made several soundings. To-morrow I shall draw again the more important places
where I suppose the batteries will be necessary, in order to fix exactly the just distance between them, and be able to
calculate their effect, respectively.
I suppose that, with four fortifications, in addition to the battery of Col. Senf, the protection of Charleston har-
bor will be very complete; but I cannot help observing to you, that the money allowed is too inconsiderable, and
I beg you to give me some directions in order to make something useful. You may be assured that I will conduct
myself with all possible economy.
You forgot to include in my instructions, what money is appointed for Savannah, Cape St. Maiy's, and George-
town. I beg you to give me immediate information on that subject, in order that I may be able to regulate ray
projects and calculations on it.
Mr. Merlie has just now told me that he has found the necessary wood in Acajou to complete his work. This
M'ood in my opinion is the better, and he will, with your leave, perform all his work with this wood, in the mean time
he will make the Mobile carriages.
It is probable that Mr. Merlie will meet with the same difficulty at Savannah, and probably it will not be so
easily got over as here; so that perhaps it might be better that Mr. Merlie should make all the carriages here, as well
for Charleston as for Savannah, Cape St. Mary's, and Georgetown, and ship them, \vhen finished, for the respective
harbors.
From P. H. Perrault to the Secretary of War, dated
Sir: Charleston, May 12, 1794.
I have the honor respectfully to inform you, that I have taken the plan of the whole of Fort Moultrie, on
Sullivan's Island, and the plan of Fort Johnston. I shall pursue my operations without any interruption, and hope
that they will be incessantly finished, and that I shall be able, in the course of next week, to submit all my plans of
operation to the approbation of General Moultrie.
On the idea of adhering to the strictest economy, Mr. Merlie has not yet obtained a place for his works, and I
cannot help observing how many difficulties are occasioned by the absence of the Governor; the loss of time resulting
from it is inexpressible, and must necessarily hinder me for a long time from beginning my works. I wrote to his
Excellency some time since, to obtain a place for Mr. Merlie; last Saturday I ought to have received an answer, for
the want of which I shall lose another week. I wish to have notice of the money appointed for Savannah and
Georgetown, before my departure from this place. Mr. Stouff has sailed for Savannah.
It will be necessary, likewise, that Mr. Desaussure should receive positive orders to give me all necessary supplies
on Hiy first requisition; his praiseworthy wishes to fulfil his appointment with the most complete economy, cause
much discussion and loss of time. I had found a place for Mr. Merlie in the arsenal, but Mr. Desaussure was
answered by Mr. Lenox, the arsenal keeper, that the Governoi's consent must be first obtained, in consequence o(
which I wrote to his Excellency, but, as I said before, have not received an answer, and Mr. Desaussure tells me
there is no other place but this arsenal, and a little market, for which place the Governor's consent is likewise ne-
cessary.
From P. H. Perraidt to the Secretary of War, dated
Sir: Charleston, May 31st, 1794.
I have had the honor to receive your letter, and am very glad to find that General Jackson is of the same opin-
ion with myself and Mr. Stouff; I consequently wrote to the latter to make the necessary operations.
I have indeed found great hindrance, and Mr. Merlie has scarcely begun his work. It would be necessary, I
believe, to tell Mr. Desaussure positively that nothing more is requisite than for me to ask, and for him to supply
whatever may be wanting.
I had begun, and almost terminated my directions, when sounding and searching in every part of the harbor, I
discovered a sand bank, largely dry at low water, and keeping one hundred and fifty fathoms long, and sixty wide
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. jQg
to high water; it was believed generall.y by the pilots, that this sand bank was discovered only at low watei-, and
thatits formation had taken place from fifteen to twenty years. This discovery necessarily altered rny first disposition.
I send to you the map containing the exact position of this new place; the Governor was amazed when I told
him of it, and (before any thing was concluded on) wished to see it; I cannot myself determine, before he has decided
on so important a matter. You will find on the map an explanation of the great advantages of this situation. It is
morally impossible that, with a fort on this sand bank, and with another on Sullivan's Island, provided with red hot
bullets, any vessel can pass without being burnt, for they both cross one another at the distance of blank shot.
The Governor is apprehensive of nothing, but for the solidity ot the foundation, andthe vehement fury of the waves.
He would have walked on the place last week, but his ill state of health would not permit it; he intends to exa-
mine it this week.
From P. H. Perrault to the Secretary oj JVar, dated
Sir: Charleston-, June 16th, 1794.
I explained in my former letters the obstructions resulting from the Governor's absence and indisposition, and
the economy of Mr. Desaussure. I have been indeed much perplexed, but hope all the works will be in as good
a train as possible; the Governor has appointed die places to be fortified, and the direction of those fortifications.
I will constantly send you copies of the draughts of them, with the estimation of their expense. The Governor not
having agreed with my directions, I believe it will be proper, I send you, for my discharge, a memorial concerning
that matter.
The Governor will, without doubt, write you on the subject of the patriotism and zealous endeavors of the
citizens of Charleston. They opened a subscription for supplying the money directed by Congress, which was
indeed too small for the nature of the work, absolutely necessary in this country, where nothing but sand can be
found, and which necessitates us to make use of timber revetments both before and behind. On calculation, every
twenty feet amount to five hundred dollars. The places designed to be fortified are Sullivan's Island, Fort John-
ston, one battery on a wharf, and another on a little sand bank, opposite Shute's fully.
Mr. Merlie has begun his works. I think it would be convenient that he should make in this city the carriages
for Savannah, for it would spare the resulting expense of a new establishment, and purchase of tools, which would
indeed be very extravagant. It will be very easy to send the carriages by water to Savannah when they are finished.
Extract from P. H. Perrault to the Secretary of War, dated
Charleston, July •2Slh, 1794.
Sir:
The money appointed for the work of Mr. Merlie is spent — there are only four carriages done. You wish for
sixty — with what money are they to be performed ? I am obliged to stop this work from the first of August, until I
receive new orders on your part — the other works are in train, and I hope that the additional money of the subscrip-
tion, with that supplied by this State, will be suflicient for their accomplishment. The works at Georgetown and
Savannah are likewise begun.
Extract from P. H. Perrault to the Secretary of War, dated
Charleston, August 19th, 1794.
" The work is carrying on very actively, not only in Charleston, but in Savannah and Georgetown — the battery
in the city of Charleston is almost finished."
Copy of a letter from D- De Saussure to the Secretary of fVar, dated
Sir: Charleston, 1th July, 1794.
I wrote to you the — — May last, enclosing copy of a requisition made by Mr. Merlie for sundry materials and
workmen to set about making the gun carriages ordered on new construction, and I then stated the smallness of the
sum for the object contemplated; and as 1 considered it imprudent to postpone commencing the work until I
received your answer, I made a beginning, by procuring a proper place for a workshop, and collected some materials
and workmen, and I enclose you an abstract of the actual expenditure in that work up to the .30th ult. amounting
to seven hundred and seventy-one dollars, thirty cents. I refer you to a note I have made on the abstract, of several
charges which will come into this account, and which cannot at present be ascertained; but will altogether form a
considerable sum, perhaps such a one as will, in addition to the abstract, amount to more than one thousand dollars,
the sum allotted. The workmen are still employed under Mr. Merlie, and will continue so to the end of this month,
at which time they must cease, unless I receive new directions, with funds for supplies previous thereto, and at
which time I do not suppose there will be more than five or six of the carriages completed.
You have, herewith, an abstract of the expenditures for the fortifications at Fort Darrell and Fort Johnston,
amounting to three thousand four hundred and ninety-seven dollars twenty-nine cents, including materials and
workmanship previous to Mr. Perrault's arrival. Those works I formerly stated to you were begun under the direc-
tion of Col- Senf, by order of the Governor, and as those works have been continued by Mr. Perrault, with such of
the materials as remained, I deemed it proper to pay those accounts. Fort Darrell is far advanced in its completion,
and for some time past it has been of no expense to the United States for mechanical labor — that part being done
gratis by the carpenters of this city. We have a great number of negroes sent gratis, who are employed as common
laborers to remove the timber from place to place, and filling in the earth as the wood vyork rises. I presume Mr.
Perrault has informed you it is not possible to erect any works here with earth, unless first cased with timber, the
earth being of a very light soil, nay, sand itself, consequently not adhesive.
Although negroes have been sent gratis, it was stipulated rations should be supplied to them. I consented to do
so, on the principle of propriety; as we have the labor gratis, it is as little as we can do to feed them. Subscriptions
for carrying on the fortifications have been liberal — eight thousand days' labor of negroes, four thousand feet of
ranging timber, and between seven and eight hundred pounds, have been subscribed; in consequence of which the
laborers have begun at Fort Johnston and i^ullivan's Island, to prepare to begin the works. You will observe two
canoes charged in the account; it is unavoidable, as we could not transport the timber from one place to another,
and also the people employed at Fort Johnston and Sullivan's Island, without; and I found by experience, it would
not do to hire them; there i^ also a charge for a horse, saddle, and bridle, furnished Mr. Perrault; he alleged he
wanted a horse to go from one work to another here, and that he must be found one at the expense of the United
States — he enforced his claim by an order from the Governor. I will thank you for your opinion on this article.
From D. De Saussure to the Secretary of War, dated
Sir: Charxeston, 13/A Sept. 1794.
I have received the two thousand dollars additional which you directed to be remitted on account of the artil-
lery department. I now enclose you an abstract statement on that account up to 31st last month, amounting to two
104 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
thousand three hundred and forty three dollars thirty -four cents, which leaves a balance of six hundred and fifty-
six dollars sixty-six cents, vvhich will be expended by the end of the present month, in completing six carriages
on the new plan: these, however, are nearly finished, but the Governor has ordered Mr. Merlie twelve carriages for
twenty-four pounders, on the old construction, six of which are about, but the above balance will fall short of the
expense for the six on hand; besides, there will be a variety of charges which cannot be ascertained at present; con-
sequently, if you choose the work to continue, it will be absolutely necessary tojorder me a further remittance. I
can assure you, I spare no pains in procuring the materials with all the expedition possible, and I can aver that no
part of the works have been delayed through my inattention. Although I have constantly had negroes on hire, and
others sent gratis, we have not been able to get as many as could be employed.
Mr. Habersham has requested I would employ five hundred dollars (which he is to reimburse me) in making
carriages for Savannah, as it was difiicult to find the proper materials there, but tiiis sum will scarcely be sufiicient
to make more than two. I am informed the fort built there is altogether en barbette ; if so, two will be of little or
no consequence. On a conversation with Mr. Merlie, he thinks it would be as well to have the whole made here,
and then sent to Savannah: having the workshop already fixed here, there would be no new expense on that score,
and it will not be more expensive to transport the carriages, than the mahogany, wliich must be got here. I have no
doubt the iron work will be cheaper here tiian at Savannah. You wUl be so good as to give me the earliest instruc-
tions on this subject; for the present, the workmen will set about two carriages for Savannah, the expense of which
shall be kept separate from those for this place.
Enclosed you have an abstract of tlie expenses incurred up to the 31st of August for the fortifications, amounting
to seven thousand one hundred and eighty-five dollars, thirty-four cents; exclusively of the above amount there is
nearly one thousand dollars' worth of ranging timber delivered at Fort Johnston and Sullivan's Island, for which I
have not yet received the bill— -those works being on a large scale, will require a considerable quantity of lumber and
workmanship, which in my opinion will considerably exceed the sum appropriated by the President, and that sub-
scribed by the citizens. My engagement, with individuals, either for materials or labor, is to pay monthly, which
I have hilherto complied with when called upon; at present my funds are nearly exhausted, and unless the collector
can make me an advance, before he receives directions to place money in my hands, I shall be disagreeably circum-
stanced.
FORTIFICATIONS AT WEST POINT.
State of the If'orks ordered at West Point, staling their situation in the present day of the last of August.
New York, August 31s?, 1794. By Colonei. Vincent.
FoKT PiTNAM. — The repairing of the enclosure of the fort is now going on; one part has been altered, according
to the strong reasons reported in one memorial, which has not yet been seen by the minister; but, as that part of the
enclosure to be changed was to be new built, it will be a very trifling expense to make the useful proposed alteration.
Fort Clinton. — It will not be possible for this year to begin any works; and it will be sufficient to collect every
necessary material, during this season, in order to be ready to begin very early in the beginning of the spring. It
should be also very useful, to begin this year the digging of the foundations, in employing the diggers at the task by
cubic fathoms. We think that this way is the only one to be used in the works ordered by the General Government,
inasmuch as the laborer's day's work is very high.
Observations. — The works at West Point are directed by the Major Niven, who may hardly be sufficient for
so great a business. It will be necessary to employ one engineer more, principally for the important masonry to be
erected there, which will require great knowledge in that line. The manner of carrying on all the necessary dig-
gings by task, requires also one man, accustomed to such works, and daily upon tiie spot. The able commander,
and clever man, Mr. Fleming, ought also obtain the first superintendency upon these important works.
Copy of the Report of Daniel Niven to the Secretary of War, relatively to the Fortifications at West Point; dated
Philadelphia, December 12, 1794.
Sir:
I conceive it my duty to make the following report: That, from the 20th of May to the 18th day of July last,
I was employed in superintending lime-burning, collecting stone to Fort Clinton, making and repairing roads, making
and repairing tools, and repairing such parts of the rear wall of Fort Putnam as I judged sufficient. On the said
18th day of July, Mr. Vincent, Captain Fleming, and myself concluded, that all the old wall of Fort Putnam, facing
Fort Clinton, be taken down and rebuilt; enclosing the point, for the advantage of enlarging the battery facing the
ridge, where Forts Webb and Willis stood. Accordingly, I proceeded, and employed as many miners, masons,
laborers, and teams, as I could find, that would work to advantage, and have taken away the old wall and built a
new one, with the foundation on the rock, agreeably to your instructions, on durable principles of masonry. The
said new wall is raised from twenty to twenty -five feet high, except the gate-way, for want of free-stone to face the
arch. Nine bomb proof arches are closed over tiie barracks and magazines. I had hopes to finisii four more, but
the days are so short and cold, and the frost would damage the masonry so much, if the mortar could be worked,
that I judged it best to discharge the workmen on tlie 22d day of November, except a very few under the direction
of Captain Fleming. It was impossible to carry on the works without great damage to the public service.
Several arrangements ought to be made this winter, that the works may be carried on to advantage the ensuing
season; that the laborers be hired by the month, and forfeit something if they leave the works without timely notice:
that a forage store be established; tliat the brick be moulded in the shape of a key stone, to turn the arches. This
will make strong work, and save great labor.
Enclosed is a rough sketch of Fort Putnam, made in the manner I should recommend it to be finished.
D. NIVEN.
Copy of a circular letter to the persons employed to obtain labor, implements, and materials, for the Fortifications.
War Department, March 29, 1794.
Sir:
You having been appointed for the purpose of obtaining the labor, iniplements, and materials, for the fortifica-
tions which are to be erected at , in pursuance of a law of the United States, for that purpose, are to
regard the following instructions as the general rule of your conduct.
First. Upon the engineer's or superintendent's of the works making a requisition upon you, in writing, for labor or
workmen, to erect earth works, of the description which he shall give, you will consider well whether the object
described could be accomplished, with more economy, by a contract with some responsible per.son or persons, at a
certain rate per cubical yard, or by hiring individuals per day; in general, it is tne most saving mode to remove
earth by contract; if this, upon full investigation, should appear to be the case, you vrill of course adopt it.
1794.] FORTIFICATIONS. IO5
Second. It will be expected that, for any mechanical work to be performed, whether relatively to the fortifica-
tions, or the mounting ot artillery, that you will obtain every article upon the best terms possible. This will be es-
sential, for the sake ot your own reputation, as it is not improbable that all the accounts respecting this business may
hereafter be published. Besides which, the accounting officers of the treasury will rigidly examine every charge,
and, it exorbitant, or not well vouched, they will make the necessary deductions.
Third. It is to be understood by you, that the requisition in writing upon you, by the engineer, or by the super-
intendent, authorized by the engineer for that purpose, will be essential in the passing your accounts. It is possible,
however, that some other person than the engineer may hereafter be appointed to mount the cannon; in that case,
he will exhibit his appointment to you before you furnish any supplies.
The sum contemplated for the port of is not to be exceeded without some pressing reason.
It will be necessary, therefore, at the time that the first moiety of the said sum should be expended, that you
should enclose me an abstract of the articles for which it has been disbursed, together with a statement of tiie engi-
neer or superintendent, of the proportion which the sum expended bears to the whole work, takin" into considera-
tion the purchase ot any materials which are to serve for the general object. • °
The amount ot the expenses for making new carriages for cannon, cannot now be ascertained; but the Secretary
of the Treasury will place dollars in your hands, to be appropriated to that object.
lam, &c. H.KNOX.
Copy of a circular letter la the Engineers, dated
War Department, July 24, 1794.
Sir:
I request that you would, upon mature consideration, determine upon the quantity of ground which will be
indispensably necessary for the accommodation of the fortifications of . You will please to report the said
quantity in acres to ■_ , the agent at ■ , in order that he may take the necessary measures !or pur-
chasing the same, and you will please, also, to make a duplicate report to this office.
Permit me to urge the season of the year, which is advancing, as a strong inducement to placing all the fortifi-
cations under your direction in a state of defence, and of completing them, as far as possible, with the funds which
have been designated.
I am, &c. H. KNOX.
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to the Secretary of the Treasury.
War Department, March 29, 1794.
Sir:
The estimates herein enclosed, relatively to the fortifications, is a copy of the one presented to the committee
of Congress, and is presumed to have been contemplated in the law making the appropriations upon the subject.
Some places, however, are mentioned in the law which are not contained in the estimate.
It will be necessary to appoint some man of character for integrity and intelligence in each of the places to be
fortified, for the purpose of obtaining the labor and materials necessary for the fortifications. I presume the appoint-
ment of such persons will belong to your department, and, under this impression, I have conceived it proper, on my
part, to draught a letter according to the purport of No. 2.
As it will be perceived that garrisons are contemplated, it will be necessary that some arrangement be also made
for furnishing the rations and other necessary supplies in the Quartermaster's department.
You will decide upon the proportions of the sums for the fortifications, to be placed in the hands of the agent to be
appointed. They ought to be sufficient to obtain every thing which shall be wanted, so that the works may not lan-
guish for want of the necessary means.
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Secretary of War.
July 7, 1794.
Sir:
The Congress of the United States having, by their act of the 9th of June, 1794, appropriated a further sum
of thirty thousand dollars, in addition to the seventy-six thousand dollars heretofore granted for the purpose of for-
tifying certain ports and harbors in the United States, making together one hundred and six thousand dollars, I
have to request you will be pleased to furnish me, as soon as convenient, with a memorandum of the manner in
which the said sum of one hundred and six thousand dollars is to be apportioned among the several ports and har-
bors, designated to be fortified by the acts of Congress of the 20th March and 9th May, 1794, that I may be enabled
to ascertain, with precision, what further sums remain to be remitted to the persons respectively appointed to dis-
burse the moneys.
I have the honor to be, sir, &c.
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of fVar to the Secretary of the Treasury.
War Department, July 9, 1794.
Sir:
Agreeably to your request of the 7th instant, I have the honor of transmitting you the sums to be expended
upon the fortifications specified by the laws, the entire appropriation for which amounts to one hundred and six
thousand dollars. The sums apportioned to the different places amount to one hundred and lour thousand and
twenty-five dollars and fifty-two cents, leaving a balance of one thousand nine hundred and seventy -four dollars
and forty-eight cents, to be apportioned hereafter to such places as may be deemed necessary.
106 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1794.
St. Mary's, .--...
Savannah, .--...
Charleston,
Georgetown, ---..-.
Wilmington, N. C.
OcracocK, ---...
Norfolk, ----_-
Alexandria, - - - - . , .
Annapolis, - - - . -
Baltimore,
Wilmington, .---..
Philadelphia, ..---..
New York, -
New London and. Groton, - - - - -
Newport, .-.-..
Boston, -..-..
Salem, -.--..
Cape Ann, ......
Marblehead, ------
Portsmouth, -_---..
Portland, - - - -
1,423 84
3,737 52
16,212 32
1,433 84
3,873 76
3,157 68
6,737 52
3,000 00
3,000 00
6.225 44
3,000 00
14,913 82
12,522 36
3,000 00
4,500 00
8,749 28
1,423 84
1,423 84
1,423 84
2,527 34
2,749 28
$104,025 52
Sir:
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to the Secretary of the Treasury.
War Department, July 24, 1794.
I have the honor to transmit you a copy of a circular letter to the several engineers employed for fortifying
certain ports and harbors of the United States; and I beg leave to request that you will take such measures as you
may deem proper for the purchase of such tracts of land at the places, respectively, as shall be designated by the en-
gineers to the agents.
Secretary of War to the Comptroller qf the Treasury.
October 16, 1794.
Sir:
I have the honor to represent to you, that it will be requisite to add to the sums heretofore apportioned for the
fortifications of the following places, the sums herein specified:
Portland, -.---.-. 900
Portsmouth, -------- 600
Cape Ann, -------- 600
Salem, -------- 600
Marblehead, -------- 900
Newport and Rhode Island, - - - - - - 500
$4,100
Unless the sums shall be furnished, it is apprehended the works will be left unfinished, and all which has been
done may be useless in a great degree. The sums now requested may be considered as deducted from the sum of
eight thousand seven hundred and forty-nine dollars and twenty-eight cents, heretofore apportioned to Boston, and
which will not be expended this year, owing to some difliculties which have arisen on the part of the State Govern-
ment to the fortifying of that harbor.
I request you will be pleased to direct the sums before mentioned to be transmitted to the agents of the said
places, respectively.
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Secretary of War.
Treasury Department, December 17, 1794.
Sir:
In reply to your letter of this date, I have the honor to inform you,that no general instructions have gone from
this Department to the collectors, relative to the purchase of the lands on which fortifications might be erected,
from an expectation that the information necessary for the government of the treasury would come in course through
the channel designated in your letter to me of the 24th of July last.
The enclosed memorandum exhibits a view of all the cases in which cessions and purchases have been made, or
measures taken to effect the object thereof. The treaty for the purchase of the land on which the fortifications are
erecting at Baltimore is suspended for the present, on account of a very material difference in opinion with respect
to the value of it.
I ain, sir, respectfully, your most obedient servant,
A. HAMILTON.
The inhabitants of Marblehead have ceded to the United States the land on which the fortifications are erecting.
Another piece of land adjoining thereto has, at the request of the engineer, been purchased from Russell Trevett, for
two hundred and fifty dollars; to which sum, however, are to be added sixty dollars paid to a person to relinquish
his right to the fishing flakes.
The inhabitants of Salem have ceded to the United States the land on which the fortifications are erecting.
The Governor of Virginia has been authorized to purchase the land at Norfolk, provided the cost does not exceed
one thousand dollars.
The collector at Baltimore has been directed to take measures for ascertaining the value of the land at Whet-
stone Point, near Baltimore, whereon the fortifications are erecting.
Treasury Department, December 17, 1794.
1795.] FORTIFICATIONS. 107
Statement qf Moneys transmitted from the Treasury Department to be placed in the hands of the agents for the
fortifications at the following places, to wit:
Portland, Maine, - - - - - - 3,399 28
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, .....•- 2^877 34
Gloucester, Massachusetts, - - - - - - 1,773 84
Salem, do. -....- 1,773 34
Marblehead, do. - - - - - - 2,013 84
Boston, do. ----- - 2,000 00
Newport, Rhode Island, -.-... 4^500 OO
New London, Connecticut, ------ 3,000 00 •
New York, - - - - - - - 12,522 36
Philadelphia, - - - - - - - 11,913 82
Wilmington, Delaware, ...---- 1,000 00
Baltimore, Maryland, ..---. 5,200 00
Annapolis, do. ...-.- 2,750 00
Norfolk, Virginia, ------- 7,797 52
Alexandria, do. - - - - - - - 1,000 00
Cape Fear, North Carolina, ------ 2,873 76
Ocracock, do. ,..-.. 1,000 00
Charleston, South Carolina, ------ 15,000 00
Georgetown, do. .--.-. 1,000 00
Savannah, Georgia, ------ 3,537 52
St. Mary's, do. - - - - - - . 1,173 84
$88,106 96
3d Congress.] ■ ]Vo. 23- [2d Session-.
MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 29, 1794.
Mr. Giles, from the committee appointed to prepare a plan for the better organizing, arming, and disciplining the
Militia of the United States, made the following report:
That they are of opinion the plan for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, already adopted by law,
may be made competent to all the purposes of an efficient militia, by remedying the difficulties and inconveniences
which have occurred in the execution of the same.
That the principal difficulties and inconveniences which have occurred in the execution of the militia system,
particujarly respect the incompetent provisions for arming them, and for calling them forth to execute the laws of
the United States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
It appears to the committee, that the principal defects in the existing provisions for arming the militia, consist
in the want of a competent source of supplying the arrasj the want of some provision for furnishing persons with
ai-ms, who may be deemed unable to furnish themselvesj and the want of adequate and uniform penalties to enforce
a compliance with the requisitions of the existing militia laws.
The committee not having that part of this subject committed to them, which respects the calling forth of the
militia, recommend the following resolution:
Resolved, That the act, entitled " An act more effectually to provide for the national defence, by establishing
an uniform militia throughout the United States," ought to be amended; and that further provision ought to be
made, by law, for arming the militia of the United States, and for enforcing the execution of the existing militia
laws, by adequate and uniform penalties.
3d Congress.] ]Vo. 24.* [2d Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 28, 1795.
Mr. Samuel Smith, from the committee to whom was recommitted the report of the committee to whom was referred
the report of the Secretaiy of War, respecting the fortifications of the United States, made tfje following report:
That, by an estimate of the Secretary of War, during the last session, the following sums were considered
as sufficient to fortify the following ports and harbors, viz:
Portland, in the District of Maine, - - . $2,749 28
Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, - - . 2,964 22
Gloucester, Massachusetts, - - - - 1,423 84
108 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1795-
Salem, Massachusetts, .... 1,423 84
Marblehead, Do- - . . . 1,423 84
Boston, Do.
Newport, Rhode Island, .... 3,000 00
New London and Groton, Connecticut, ' - - - 5,498 56
New Yoi-k, - - - - ' - - 12,52'2 26
Philadelphia, - . , 1 . . 8,737 94
Wilmington, Delaware.
Baltmorl' 1 ^^^'y^^n'^' ... - 4,225 44
Norfolk, Virginia, . - - . . 3,737 58
Alexandria, Do.
Oc^acocTinlet,! North Carolina. - - - . 4,647 60
Charleston, South Carolina, ..... 11,212 39
Georgetown, Do.
Savannah, 7 Georgia, - - - - 3,737 52
St. Mary's, 3 *= ' '
The statements for Boston, and Wilmington, in Delaware, are not noted, inconsequence of Castle William
being held by the State of Massachusetts, and no proceeding haying taken effect in respect to Wilmington. Alex-
andria is not estimated, and the committee are of opinion that it is not necessary now to complete the work. An-
napolis stands by a particular act, and it is suggested no estimate may be made on that subject, as the President is
already empowered to go on with the works, if he thinks necessary.
The committee are of opinion, that the following sums will be sufficient to complete the fortifications, agreeably
to the original intention, viz.:
Portland, - - - - - - $1,000
Portsmouth, ..... 1,000
Gloucester, - - - - - 1,000
Salem, - - • - - 1,000
Marblehead, ..... i,000 '
Rhode Island, - - - - - 3,000
Connecticut, - - - - - 2,000
New York, ..... 8,000
West Point, ..... 7,500
Pliiladelphia, ..... 5,000
Baltimore, -----. 2,500
Norfolk and Portsmouth, .... 3,000
Ocracock, - - - - - a,000 -
Wilmington, - - - - , - 1,500
Charleston and Georgetown, .... 5,000
Savannah and St. Mary's, .... 3,000
$46,500
Your committee, taking into view every circumstance connected with this subject, submit the following reso-
Besolved, That a sum, not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, be appropriated for the purpose of completing the
fortifications of certain ports and harbors'in the United States.
4th Congress.] No. 25. [1st Session
MILITARY FORCE, ARSENALS, AND STORES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, DECEMBER 15, 1795.
War Office, December 12, 1795.
By the direction of the President of the United States, I have the honor to present, herewith. No. 1, A state-
ment of the present military force of the United States; No. 2, A report of the measures which have been pursued
to obtain proper sites for arsenals; and No. 3, A reportof the measures which have been taken to replenish the ma-
gazines with military stores.
And am, most respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
The Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.
1793.2
MILITARY FORCE, ARSENALS,AND STORES.
109
,3 Statement of the present Military Force of the United States.
General staff,
Cavalry, -
Artillery,
Infantry,
Total,
17 63 73
240
731
2,357
3,238
With General Wayne, including the garrison on the lower parts of the Ohio, and in advance of Fort
Washington, -------...
At Pittsburg, Fort Franklin, Presque isle, &c. ----...
In Georgia, ■■ - - - - ... . . _
Sailed to Georgia, -- - - - - - - ..
In the Southwestern territory, - - - ... . . .
At West Point, fortifications of the harbors, and the several recruiting rendezvous, - - -
2,039
222
78
272
33
3,228
^ statement showing at what periods the enlistments cf the non-commissioned officers and soldiers unll expire.
In Becem-
ber, 1785.
From 1st
January to
1st July
1796.
From 1st
July, 1796,
to 1st Jan-
uar}-, 1797.
From 1st
January,
1797, to 1st
July 1797.
From 1st
July, 1797,
to 1st Jan-
uary, 1798.
From 1st
January,
1798, to 1st
July, 1798.
From 1st
July, 1798,
to 31st De-
cember,
1798i
Not particu-
larly known,
supposed to
expire in
1798.
Total.
■Cavalry, -
Artillery, -
Infantry, -
3
16
27
15
19
224
1
16
235
8
52
288
17
282
229
164
260
833
32
76
359
10
62
240
731
3,257
Total -
46
258
252
348
528
1,257
467
72
3,228
Depak
riTENT OF "^
War, Dece
nher 12, 17
35.
TIMOTH
Y PICKE
RING.
Beporl oftlie Secretary of War on the measures which have been pursued to obtain proper sites for .Arsenals- tvhich
is respectfully submitted to the Senate of the United States:
It having been determined to erect one arsenal on the Potomac, and another in South Carolina, the latter in a
situation to and from which water transportation would be afforded, and the former in the vicinity of a number of
iron works, the necessary orders were given in the year 1794 for exploring both countries. The agent, employed on
-the former, reported in the same year in favor of a situation about twenty-five miles below the bfue rid-'e, where a
number of circumstances invited the establishment. In an undertaking, however, of such importance and perma-
nency, it was deemed expedient to make another examination. This was done last Spring. The en°ineer em-
ployed, pursuant to his instructions, reported the situation of various places, where it would be practicable to erect
the necessary woi-ks and magazines, with their respective advantages and disadvantages; and at what prices thev
could probably be obtained. These were all extremely high; and one far exceeded the whole appropriation for all
the arsenals proposed to be erected. For this reason another place, comprehending several lots of land had the
preference; and the requisite negotiations were begun for making the purchases. Before these were concluded the
attention of the Executive was called to another situation on the Potomac, possessing, with some difficulties to be
encountered, apparently many important advantages. The engineer was again instructed to examine this place
from whence he has lately returned. The American gentleman, well acquainted with the country, and who assisted'
him in this examination, was to have transmitted a survey of the place referred to, and of the adjacent wafers on
which the engineer's report would be completed. The survey has not yet been received, and the determination of
the Executive is consequently suspended.
The engineer employed, for the like purpose, in South Carolina, made a report, which was received early in the
last Summer. He had explored that part of the country to which his attention had been directed by the Executive
He also examined another. The latter, independent of its being in a more healthful situation, was deemed by him
to possess some other advantages over the former. However, he proposed to visit the seat of Government and per
sonally explain his ideas of the subject. This visit was waited for, but not made; no decision has, conseauentiv
been taken on his report. ' '
The prices of lands and mill seats, (for the latter must be comprehended in the plan of an arsenal ) so far
exceeded those upon which the calculations were made, when the plan of erecting arsenals was projected and rose
so rapidly soon after, it is now found thatthe whole appropriation, for the three or four arsenals which the Executive
was authonsed by law to erect, would be inadequate for a single new establishment. Hence, the principal obiect
in the measures pursued during the last summer, was to ascertain and secure the most eligible site on the Poto'
mac, where magazines could be erected, and certain military stores be collected and safely deposited; and where
atterwards, the works necessary, in the formation of all the implements of war, might be erected, as the reauisite
lunds could oe provided. ^
. In a country where such establishments are unknown, and where the actual state of things admits of a suspen-
sion of some of them, consistently with the public safety, it would seem expedient to make an experiment with anf
15 m
110 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1796.
in a central position. The obvious principles of economy recommend this caution; and the avoiding of defects
likely to appear in a first attempt, aiid the probability of solid improvements, which experience would suggest, in a
second, strongly enforce it. -,.,■,,
Sprin^tield, in tlie State of Massachusetts, was at once fixed on as a proper situation tor the arsenal to be esta-
blished in tlie eastern division oftiie States. Magazines, for military stores, had been formerly erected at that place.
Some atlditional buildings have been made, and a number of workmen collected for the purpose of repairing and
manufacturing small arms. The former has been executed, and the latter commenced.
Department of War, December 12, 1795.
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
Report of the Secretary of War on the measures which have been taken to replenish the magazines with military
stores.
In respect to some of the most essential articles, the stock on hand is respectable; and, as to others, the maga-
zines are now not ill supplied.
A contract has been made for a large quantity of saltpetre; and probably it is now on its way from India. This
important article may, however, be obtained in the Western parts of the United States. The fact is ascertained.
Forty or fifty tons have been brought from those parts to Philadelphia for sale, and it is said that several hundred
tons might be procured, in the same way, in the course of the next summer, if needed.
To increase the stock of small arms, and to render serviceable those already in the public stores, two sets of
armorers have been employed, to wit: at Springfield, Massachusetts, and at New London, in Virginia, in repairing
arms, and preparing to manufacture the most essential parts of muskets; and some specimens have been produced
■which prove their capacity to equal, in that article, the manufacture of any country in the world. All the arms in
the magazines in Philadelphia have been repaired, with some thousands at West Point, where the residue are now
repairing.
In addition to these sources of supply, besides two thousand rifles which have been purchased, contracts have
been made, and are executing, for seven thousand muskets, to be manufactured in the United States. The present
period may be deemed an unfavorable one to carry on such manufactures, on account of the high price of labor;
nevertheless, it seemed important to secure the services of the manufacturers, when they might be of the highest
necessity, by continuing to furnish them employment. Such muskets as are manufactured are after the model of
the French arms, which compose, by far, the greatest part of those in our magazines. For this reason, and because
they are preferable to those of any other nation known in the United States, it was apparently inexpedient to make
an importation of arms from Europe; seeing a supply was not to be expected from France, and tlie situation of the
United States not rendering the measure of an immediate importation indispensable.
The casting of cannon nas not been attended, hitherto, with the expected success. The foundries which for-
merly succeeded very well in the casting of small guns, were not well adapted to the casting of 24 and 32 pounders.
A French gentleman, of some knowledge and experience in cannon foundries, has lately been employed to amend
the process of casting, and to improve the machinery for boring; and there is room to hope that his projected
improvements will be realized. Nevertheless, in an undertaking so important, and, at the same time, so expensive,
it was desirable to obtain, if possible, a complete cannon ibunder; and, from the information received, it seemed
probable that one might be procured from one of the first foundries in Europe. Measures, for that purpose, have
accordingly been taken.
All which is respectfully submitted to the Senate of the United States.
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
Department of War, December 12, 1795.
4th Congress.] No. 26. [1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMITNICATED TO THE SENATE, BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR, JANUARY 18, 179C.
State of the Fortifications of the United States.
War Office, January I6th, 1796.
Portland, in the District of Maine.— The works consist of a fort, a citadel, a battery for ten pieces of can-
non, an artillery store, a guard house, an air furnace for heating shot, and a covered way from the fort to the battery.
The works are substantially executed, excepting the covered way; to complete this, the earth oh the spot being
of a bad quality, with the necessary supports of stones and sods, is estimated at four hundred dollars. Levelling
the earth round the works, fencing the land pertaining to them, a pump for the well, painting the wood work, and
rendering the whole perfectly complete, the estimate is four hundred and seventy-one dollars, in the whole eight
hundred and seventy-one dollars-
Portsmouth, l^ew Hampshire. — The works consist of a fort, a citadel, an artillery store, and a reverberatory
furnace. These are all completed, excepting a little carpenters' work, suspended to let the wood season, and which
may cost about fifty dollars. But a small and unforeseen expense must be incurred, for a drain to carry the water
from the magazine, and may cost one hundred dollars.
Gloucester, (.Cape .^wn.)— The works consist of a battery and a citadel. These are completed. But to en-
close the fort, towards the town, the cost is estimated at one thousand four hundred dollars. This, however, may
be postponed till circumstances require it to be done.
Salem.— The works, consisting of a fort and citadel, have been erected.
A gate remains to be made, and some repairs to the walls.
Marblehead.— A battery and a citadel have been erected. Any other works may be suspended until circum-
stances shall change.
Newport, in Rhode Island.— Fovthe defence of this harbor there have been erected, on Goat Island, a fort, a
citadel, and an air furnace. The excellency and importance of this harbor, in time of war, recommend a further
expenditure, to render the defence complete. To finish the fort, erect an artillery store, and make a covered way
round it, as in a regular fortification, the expense is estimated at about six thousand dollars.
1796.] FORTIFICATIONS. Ill
There have also been erected a citadel on Tammany Hill, back of the town of Newport, for the protection of
its inhabitants, and a battery and guard house, at Rowland's Ferry, at the northern end of the island, to keep open
a communication with the main, in case of an invasion. But, to secure effectually this communication, a citadel
should be erected on Butts' Hill, that position commanding Howland's Ferry and Bristol Ferry. The cust of it is
estimated at eighteen hundred dollars.
New London.— The works consist of a fort and citadel, on the Groton side of the harbor, and of a fort, a cita-
del, and an air furnace, on the New London side. They remain incomplete. Under present circumstances, a
small expenditure may be proper, merely to preserve what has been done.
New York.— Governor's Island has been fortified with a fort made of earth, and two batteries under its protec-
tion, partly lined with brick masonry, two air furnaces, a large powder magazine, and a barrack for the garrison;
the whole completed.
Philadelphia. — A large pier, as the foundation for a battery, on a sand bar, opposite Mud Island, to make a
cross fire, has been completed. A fort, on Mud Island, is about half done, and a citadel has been erected to com-
plete the fort, and on a plan much more circumscribed than was at first projected. The expense is estimated at fif-
teen thousand dollars.
yVii.MmGTOs, in the Delaware .S'/afe.— Nothing has been done. The project of erecting a fort there has been
abandoned as useless. ^
Baltimore. — A battery and barracks have been constructed, and some guns are mounted.
Annapolis.— Some progress had been made in the construction of a fort and battery, and a barrack has been
erected. But an examination of the works by an engineer, other than the one first employed, produced an unla-
vorable report of the plan of the works; and, under actual circumstances, induced a relinquishment of them.
A similar report as to the plan and situation of the work at
Alexandria, induced a like relinquishment.
Norfolk. — Two forts, intended to cross their fire, are erected on the opposite sides of the harbor- The one on
the Norfolk side, with barracks and a powder magazine, is completed. The other, Fort Nelson, on the Portsmouth
side, is very far advanced, and a powder magazine has been erected. Tlie principal work remaining to be done is
the opening of seven embrasures, completing one ditch of three hundred and sixty feet long, cutting another eleven
hundred feet long, completing the glacis, and removing the earth from within side of the tort, where it is two feet
and an half too high. The expense of doing this, and completing the fortification, may be estimated at five thousand
dollars.
OcRACOKE, in North Carolina. — The defence proposed was, to erect a fort on Beacon Island. The foundatioti
was laid in 1794- The situation is so far removed (about ninety miles) from any inhabitants, and so exposes any
works to injuries from storms, that nothing but an impending or actual war would seem to authorize the construc-
tion of a fort there, and furnishing it with a proper garrison.
Wilmington, in North Carolina. — The battery, on the whole front of the fort, has been completed, and a bar-
rack and powder magazine have been erected.
Georgetown, South Carolina. — A battery was begun, and materials collected, when the work was suspended,
the owner of the land previously desiring to ascertain tlie terms on which it was to be occupied, for the fortificatior
and for the road of communication with it. The unhealthiness of the situation and other circumstances authoriz-
an abandonment of the work until war, actual or impending, shall require it to be resumed.
Charleston, South Carolina. — The work planned for Sullivan's Island, of which the foundation only was laid
in 1794, being on a scale supposed too extensive for the funds destined to this service, was directed to be left as i
was. For the same reason, a new work, proposed by the engineer, on a point on the opposite side of the harbo
from Fort Johnston, was not attempted. A battery has been erected in the town, by the mechanics.
Tiiere remained only Fort Johnston, on which directions were given to make such repairs as would preserve th-
works already constructed, and render them serviceable. The engineer omitted the work.
The officer in command at the fort has undertaken to make the necessary repairs of the works and barrack> ,
and his intelligence and experience leave no room to doubt but these will be done.
Savannah, in Georgia. — The work consists of a battery, at present destined only for six guns, made of timbe.
filled with earth, and enclosed behind with pickets, with a guard house for the garrison, which were in train to b'
completed early the last autumn.
St. Mary's, in Georgia. — The work consists of a battery made of timbers fiiUed with'earth, and enclosed with
pickets. By the personal report of the superintendent it must have been completed.
General Remark. — The few ports of the highest importance to the commerce of the United States, in situations
to demand, for their security, fortifications of such kind and extent as cannot suddenly be erected, prudence may
require to have fortified, in .time of peace, and with durable materials.
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
To the President of the Senate of the United States.
112 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1796.
4th CoN<?RESs.1 No. 27. [1st Session.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 25, 1796.
Mr. Baldwin, from the committee appointed to inquire whether any, and what, alterations ought to be made in the
present military establishment of the United States, made the following report:
That, in their opinion, the events which have changed, and may be expected still further to change, the relative
situations of our frontiers, render a review of the military establishment at this time expedient. It is the opinion of the
committee, that the force to be provided for the defensive protection of the frontiers, need not be so great as what
had been contemplated for carrying on the war against the difterent tribes of hostile Indians, and which is the
basis of the present military establishment.
By the last act on this subject, of March 3d, 1795, the military force of the United States is to be composed of the
corps of artillerists and engineers, to consist of 992 non-commissioned oflBcers, privates, and musicians; and of a
legion to consist of 4,800 non-commissioned officers, privates, and musicians. Of these there will be still, in actual
service, on the first of July next three thousand and four, which the committee suppose will be sufficient to be con-
tinued as the present military establishment; they therefore recommend the following resolutions:
Resolved, That these ought to consist of the corps of artillerists and engineers, as established by the act of the 9th
of May, 1794, and of four regiments of infantry, of eight companies each.
Resolved, That there be one Brigadier General, five Lieutenant Colonel Commandants, eleven Majors, one Brigade
guartermaster, and company officers, according to the rules and regulations for the discipline of the troops of the
nited States.
Colonel Pickering presents his respects to Mr. Baldwin, with the extract of a letter from Governor Blount, ex-
pressing an opinion connected with sonie ideas Colonel P. has suggested relative to the military establishment.
February 4, 1796.
Extract of a letter from Governor William Blount to the Secretary of War, dated
"Knoxville, Novernber 2d, 1795.
"Peace now actually exists between the United States and the Indian tribes, and, in my opinion, may be pre-
served by the establishment of strong military posts of regular troops upon the frontiers, at proper places, with
cavalry of the same description, to patrol between them.
" I do not recommend posts for the preservation of peace, from any inclination that I at present discover or sus-
pect in either party to disturb it; but peace between frontier people and Indians, when left unrestrained by the hand
of Government, rests upon so many events, trivial in themselves, that, in my judgment, Government will consult its
true interest in taking immediate measures to guard against such as may happen-"
A true abstract from the original, remaining in tiie War Office.
N. JONES, Clerk.
_^__^ i
Objects of the Military Establishment of the United States.
1st. To occupy the posts already established on the line between the United States and Canada, from Lake
Champlain to Michillimackinack. To appear respectable in the eyes of our British neighbors, the force with which
we take possession of the posts should not be materially less than that with which they now occupy them. This
measure is also important in relation to the Indians, on whom first impressions may have very beneficial effects.
2d. To occupy the posts established, and to be established, agreeably to the treaty lately concluded with the
Indians, northwest of the Ohio; including also those from Pittsburg to Presque Isle.
3d. The treaty concluded with Spain, must, doubtless, give us the posts tliey now occupy at the Chickasaw
bluti'and the Natchez, which we must garrison. They will be proper stations for opening the tiade with the Chicka-
saws and Choctaws, and very convenient stations to our citizens navigating the Mississippi.
4. To preserve peace between the southern Indians and the frontier citizens, from the Cumberland to St. Mary's,
by restraining the latter from aggressions, particularly by settling on Indian lands.
5fh. To accomplish the same object, northwest of the Ohio; with the addition of preserving the Indian territory,
and the proper lands of the United States, from intrusions, and to remove the actual intruders; for they have already
manifested their rapacity in seizing and possessing the public lands.
6th. To garrison the most important fortifications on the sea coast. The smaller ones in time of peace may be
taken care of, each by an individual, such as an invalid, or other poor citizen, at a very small expense.
In applying the military force to these objects, I have thrown the posts to be occupied into divisions, in each of
which tnere will be a principal station for the ordinary residence of the commandant of the division. One battalion
will occupy one of these divisions, and a sub-legion three of them. The lieutenant colonel will take a station the
most convenient for superintending his sub-legion. A general officer will find abundant employment in visiting and
regulating all the posts.
Hence it will seem that I am of opinion, that the present form of our military establishment should be preserved, for
1st. A military force, not much short of that which now exists, must always be kept up, even in time of peace,
in order to preserve peace with the Indians, and to protect theirs, and the public lands.
2d. Though detached so far from Europe, yet having for our neighbors the subjects of two European powers, and
our extended and extending commerce making all the maritime powers of Europe in some sense our neighbors, we
cannot expect for ever to escape from war with some of them. In this expectation, will it not be highly important to
maintain a military arrangement which shall be a model, and furnish instructors, for all the additional corps, which a
war shall compel us to form?
3d. Beyond question, the military posts we must occupy, on our vast frontiers, will be numerous, though the
garrison will be small. But if such remote stations are established with an entire independence of each other, and
without superior commanding officers to inspect and regulate them, every species of negligence and abuse may be
expected to be indulged, and practised, in many of them, thus defeating the objects of their establishment. And as
such visits will frequently be requisite, the higher officers, in their respective divisions, will be the proper inspec-
tors. A just subordination being thus maintained, the commandants of posts will regularly be responsible, and re-
port the condition of their commands to their immediate superiors, respectively; these to their respective superior
inspecting officers; and the latter to the commanding general, who will in one yiew present the state of the military
forces entire, and of the posts they occupy, to the supreme Executive of the United States.
1796.]
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
115
It IS very true, that the number of troops, now on foot, might be commanded by fewer officers; all the infantry
and riflemen being only about equal to the sub-legions. If, then, the other two sub-legions were reduced it would
produce a saving for pay, subsistence, and forage for the officers, of about twenty thousand dollars a year This
doubtless, merits attention; but, in the present moment, the reduction would seem to me inexpedient— '
1st. Because the pacific arrangements entered into with Great Britain, and those believed to be formed with
hpam, remain to be carried into eftect.
3d. Because we do not yet know what will be the issue of fresh hostilities with the Creeks; they may bring on a gen-
eral war with that nation, and alone demand a military force equal to. our whole establishment.
For these reasons, I would submit to the committee, whether it is not prudent to suspend any decision on the
military establishment to a later period in the season.? Probably in a month or two, every fact that has relation to
the two neighboring powers, and to the Creeks, will be ascertained in such a manner as to leave no further room for
hesitation in regard to the extent of our military establishment. By inspecting the return, in the hands of the com-
mittee, they will perceive that the troops will be reducing, by the mere expiration of their enlistment quite as fast
as it will be prudent to discharge them. '
If the committee shall think proper to suspend their report, they will have the advantage of the information that
may be derived from General Wayne, (whose arrival is daily expected, ) particularly in regard to the posts which it
will be expedient to occupy.
The corps of artillerists and engineers appears to be an important establishment. To become skilful in either
branch of their profession, will require long attention, study, and practice; and because they can now acquire the
knowledge of these arts advantageously only from the foreign officers, who have been appointed with a special re-
ference t9 this object, it will be important to keep the corps together for the present, as far as the necessary actual
service will permit. Its principal station may then become a school for the purpose mentioned. ' To render this
school more complete, provision is wanting for a geographical engineer and draughtsman. Such a one may now be
retained for the establishment of a captain.
February 3, 1796. . TIMOTHY PICKERING.
The Committee on the Military Establishment.
MILITARY STATIONS.
Infantry.
Artillery.
Cavalry.
Niagara, -
Pittsburg,
Fort Washington,
Greenville,
Fort Wayne,
Detroit,
Georgia, -
South Western Territory,
'Lake Champlain,
Oswego,
Niagara Fort,
The Landing at the
"^ mencement of the
age,
I Fort Schlosser, at its
L Buffiilo creek,
fPresque Isle,
JLe Bceuf,
Franklin,
Pittsburg,
Fort Mcintosh,
Muskingum,
Gallipolis,
f Fort Washington,
i Hamilton,
] St. Clair,
L Steuben,
f Fort Jefferson,
I Greenville,
J Recovery,
"1 Loramie's Store,
1 Fort Adams,
LHead of Au-Glaize,
f Fort Wayne,
J Defiance,
j Miami,
L Sandusky,
fDetroit,
J Michillimackinack,
{ Chicago,
Old Rorias.
LMouth of Illinois,
rHead of Wabash,
Ouiatanon,
J Post Vincennes,
j Fort Masac,
Chickasaw Bluff,
LNatchez,
C Oconee,
tSt. Mary's,
C Knoxville District,
<. Nashville do.
com-
port-
end,
1 Battalion,
1 Battalion.
1 Company.
1 Battalion, I Battalion,
1 Troop.
1 Battalion,
1 Battalion,
1 Company.
1 Company,
1 Battalion, 2 Companies,
1 Battalion,
I 1 Battalion,
1
1 Battalion,
1 Battalion,
8 Battalions, | 4 Battalions,
1 Company.
1 Company.
1 Company.
1 Company,
5 Companies,
2 Troops.
1 Troop.
4 Troops.
114 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1796.
War Office, March 14, 1796.
I have the honor to submit to the committee on the military establishment, the thoughts that have occurred to
me on the questions respecting which they seemed to desire my opinion.
I am, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servant,
JA.MES M'HENRY.
Abm. Baldwin, Esq.
TTioughts of the SSecretary of War on the following questions, viz.:
First. Ought the military force of the United States to be diminished?
Second. Can any saving be made in the Quartermaster's department?
Third. Ousht a provision to be made for the appointment of a Judge Advocate to the establishment?
First. Ought the military force of the United States to be diminished?
The necessity for any military establishment seems to rest principally upon the following considerations, by
which this question may be tested: 1st. As a military establishment secures from, or enables the United States to
repel, insult and invasion, and maintain her dignity. 2d. As it counteracts the influence of the force kept up by
Great Britain anil Spain, over our northern and western boundaries, as the same applies to excite or keep alive
Indian hostilities. 3d. As it preserves a model and school for an army, and experienced ofiicers to fomi it, in case
of war. 4th. From the sense of the inadequacy of a militia to answer those several purposes, without the aid of a
regular force.
Declining a more detailed view of these general considerations, it will be taken for granted, that one or all of
them render a certain military establishment essential to the interests and peace of the Union. The only point then
that remains to be settled, is the quantum of force necessary to be kept up, so as to avoid useless expense, and at
the same time secure the objects it contemplates.
To determine upon this force, or, rather, to eiiable one to make up an opinion respecting it, reference must be
had to the force likely to be kept up by Great Britain and Spain, near to our boundaries. The force which they
have at present in these quarters, may be stated in gross, and without aiming at precision, to be greater than the
present efl'ective force of the United States; while several reasons concur to induce a belief, that neither of these
nations will cojitract it on evacuating the posts which they occupy within our limits. To mention some of them:
1st. Great Britain may wish, at least, not to hazard the loss of the influence she may possess over the northern
Indians. She may therefore think, that to lessen her force in Canada, on the event of the delivery of the posts,
(however desirous she might be to transfer it to the West Indies,) would be to incur its loss.
2d. Great Britain may also deem it indispensable to occupy other posts as near as may be to those to be evacu-
ated, with a view to the preservation of this influence and security of the colony.
3d. Spain, like Great Britain, having posts to deliver to the United States, may, with similar views, follow the
same course as Great Britain. She may also feel yet stronger motives for keeping up her present force, or even for
increasing it, resulting from an apprehension that the treaty, lately negotiated with the United States, may approxi-
mate our citizens too near to her possessions.
4th. ~When we advert to the importance which Great Britain may give to Canada, as it respects her West India
islands, as it forms a link in the great chain of her dependencies, and as it may weigh in her general system of
power, it is further to be presumed, that she will, at all times, endeavor to maintain force there, equivalent, at
least, to the present.
These considerations alone strongly indicate the necessity of a military force, competent to counteract that
maintained by Great Britain and Spain, as to all those internal objects to which it may be applied. For such con-
siderations, therefore, and the reasons assigned by the late Secretary of War, in his communication of the third of
February, ultimo, it is thought that it will not be advisable to reduce the establishment of the United States below
its present eftective force. But, inasmuch as things have not yet taken their settled form, and as that form can only
be guessed at, no absolute arrangement can be predicted in the premises. Perhaps, all circumstances considered, it
would be the safest course of proceeding to leave the establishment as it stands for the present, with a discretion in the
President to reduce the battalions to the effective number of privates.
2d. Can any saving be made in the Quartermaster's department?
If the western posts are to be taken possession of, the expense for transporting the troops, stores, artillery, and
provisions, at the season in which they must be moved, will be very considerable. The expenses of furnishing the
different posts, with provisions and other supplies, will be greater this year, than the last, on account of the rise in
flour, &c. to which may be added, the difference in expense between a land and water transport, should it be found
impracticable to contract in time to make use of the latter. The water transport, for example, from Pittsburg to
the Miami of the lake, generally fails about the middle of May, and cannot, comtnunibus annis, be used again till
October. On the whole, no correct estimate can be formed, at this moment, on this subject.
3d. Ought a provision to be made for the appointment of a Judge Advocate to the establishment?
Considering what may be the distance, between the several posts, on a final arrangement, how inconvenient it
must be for a Judge Advocate to travel, from one to another, as cases occur to require his presence, and the hardships
that individuals must experience, by having their trial delayed till he could attend: it is, therefore, thought best not
to decide the question till it can be further examined, or the necessity for such provision becomes more apparent.
JAMES McHENRY, Secretary of War.
The Committee on the Military Establishment.
Extract from the general order of 16th July, 1794.
. " Lieutenant Campbell Smith, of the 4th sub-legion, is appointed Judge Marshal and Advocate General, to the
jegion of the United States, and is to be considered and respected accordingly."
JOHN MILLS, Adjutant General.
1796.] FORTIFICATIONS. 115
Niagara, and its immediate dependencies,
Presque Isle, -----.
Two posts on Allegheny river, - . . .
Detroit, ------
Michillimackinack, - - . .
On Lake Michigan, - . . .
Fort Defiance,
Wayne, - - - . .
Adams, -----
Recovery, - - - - -
Miami, - - ' -
Head of the Wabash, . . . -
Fort Washington, ■ -
Mouth of the Illinois, - , . .
On the Mississippi, . - . .
Territory South of the Ohio, ...
Frontiers of Georgia, - • - -
In the fortifications on the sea coast.
At other less important posts, in different places.
There will then remain, 384 rank and file, to be disposed of according to this system, allowing the regiment of
artillery to consist of 1,000 rank and file, which, perhaps, is not the fact.
March 29, 1796.
28 rank and file.
5 companies.
56
do.
1 company,
56
do.
112
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
56
do.
168
do.
168
do.
224
do.
224
do.
4th Congress.] No. 28. t^st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MAY 9, 1796.
Mr. William Lyman, from the committee appointed to take into consideration the state of the fortifications of our
harbors ; the measures which have been pursued for obtaining proper sites for arsenals, and for replenishing our
magazines with military stores; and to report whether any, and what, further measures are necessary respecting
the same, made the following report:
That it appears from the report of the Secretary of War, referred to the committee, that measures are now
pursuing by the executive for obtaining proper sites for arsenals, and for replenishing our magazines with military
stores ; but tliat the result thereof is not ascertained ; the progress, however, is such as to warrant a belief, that the
complete accomplishment of those objects will soon be effected. It is, therefore, the opinion of the committee, that
no further legislative provision, relative thereto, is necessary at this time.
From the view of the present state of the fortifications of our harbors, exhibited in the report of the Secretary
of War, the committee are induced to believe, that some further expenditures will be expedient to perfect and
secure the works already constructed ; otherwise, in some instances, they might be useless, and in many, would
probably be exposed to very sudden decay and destruction; nevertheless, it does not appear to the committee to be
necessary to extend the provisions for this object, any further, at the present time, as by a letter and statement from
the secretary, to the committee, which accompany this report, there appears to be a very considerable sum of the
former appropriations now unexpended.
These conclusions of the committee are formed without reference to the fortifications in the harbor of New
York- At that place, the works have been laid out upon a plan very extensive, constructed with durable materials,
and principally under the direction of the Government, and at the expense of that State. • Although it does not appear
to have been contemplated by the United States to fortify any harbor so extensively, and in a manner so expensive,
it may, notwithstanding, be deserving their attention to consider how far the undertaking is entitled to their encour-
agement and support. The committee, therefore, beg leave to submit the following resolution :
Resolved, That the sum of dollars be appropriated and paid out of any moneys in the treasury of
the United States, not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of completing and securing the fortifications in the
harbor of New-York.
Philadelphia, Feb. 17, 1796.
Sir:
I have the honor to enclose a statement of the sums appropriated for fortifying the harbors of the United States,
of the sums expended at the respective places, and of the balance on hand. But there are some claims of tlie
agents, for moneys advanced, which must be reimbursed : they may, perhaps, amount to six or eight thousand dollars.
In the course of the year 1795, the State of Pennsylvania ceded to the United States the island in the river
Delaware, called Mud Island, where the fortifications are begun. The State, at the same tirrie, ceded certain pieces
of land at Presque Isle, for the purpose of being fortified, and for the accommodation of public vessels that might be
used on Lake Erie : And,
A few acres of land, where the fortifications have been begun, for the defence of Baltimore, have been purchased.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
TIMOTHY PICKERING.
William Lyman, Esq.
Chairman of the Committee on Fortifications.
■ Sums expended in fortifying the harbors of the United States, in 1794 and 1795.
APPROPRIATIONS.
1794
March 21 .—Act of Congress, - - ... 76,000 dollars.
June 9, Do. - - - - 30,000
1795
March 3. Do. ..... 50,000
June repaid by E. Stevens, agent for New-York, - - ill 63
$156,111 63
116 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1797.
Expended. Dolls. Cts.
Portland, - - - - - 3,899 28
Portsmouth, ----- 2,877 34
Gloucester, ----- 3,273 84
Salem, - - - . . 2,773 84
Marblehead, ----- 3,513 84
Newport, - - - - - 9,500 00
New London, - - - - - 5,288 21
New York, ----- 17,522 36
Philadelphia, - - - - 25,888 30
Baltimore, - - - •- 12,416 67
Annapolis, - - - - 2,997 75
Alexandria, - . . , 2,900 00
Norfolk, - - - - - 10,797 52
Ocracock Inlet, l - - - ■ - . „„, -^
Cape Fear River, 5 - - - - ^^^^^ ^*'
Georgetown, S.C. . . - - i,ooo 00
CharFeston, ----- 18,000 00
Savannah, . . - - . 3,537 52
St. Mary's, - - - - - 1,173 84
132,234 7
17^A February, 1796. Balance, - Dollars. 23,877 56
4th Congress.] No. 29. [2d Session,
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 10, 1797.
Mr. William Lyman, from the committee appointed to inquire into the factual state of the fortifications of the ports
and harbors of the United States, and whether any, and what, further/provision is necessary to be made on that
subject, made the following report:
That (he report from the Department of War to Congress, the twentieth day of January, one thousand seven
hundred and ninety-six, will enable the House to form an opinion of the number and state of the forts and harbors
at the period to which it refers.
The alterations in those forts, that have taken place since that period, consist chiefly in 'depredations made by
time on such of tliem as have not been garrisoned, and in such repairs and additions as could be made by the garri-
sons where troops have been stationed, or that were wanting to their accommodation.
In the former description are comprehended, the works at Portland, in the district of Maine; Portsmouth, New
Hampshire; Gloucester, Salem, and Marblehead, Massachusetts; Newport, Rhode Isl-and; New London, Connec-
ticut; and Savannah and Point Petre, in Georgia.
In the latter description are comprised, the defences at Governor's Island, New York; Mud Island, Philadel-
phia; Whetstone Point, Baltimore; Norfolk, Virginia; Wilmington, North Carolina; and Fort Johnston, Charleston,
South Carolina.
The forts which liave been without troops, must be presumed to have suffered considerable injury by time alone,
and will require, if the circumstances of the military establishment and frontiers should not admit of their being
garrisoned, in the opinion of the Secretary of War, about three thousand five hundred dollars annually, to pay per-
sons to live in and superintend them, and for certain repairs necessary to prevent them from becoming perfectly
useless.
The forts lliat are garrisoned have been kept in repair, so far as the force stationed in them permitted; but it will
require an additional grant of money to finish some necessary buildings, and complete certain works, indispensable
to their defence and preservation.
The committee find, that, by an estimate from the Department' of War, accompanying this report, it appears
that the further sum of twenty-three thousand three hundred and ninety -four dollars and fifty-five cents, in adaition
to former appropriations, is necessary to be provided for the purposes aforesaid.
The committee further report, that they nave received, from the board of commissioners, and the engineer for
fortifying the port and harbor of New York, sundry statements relative to the defence of that place, which they beg
leave to lay before the House.
No. 1. is a description of the fortifications erected on Governor's, Bedloe's, and Oyster Islands; what further
is necessary to the completion thereof; with an estimate of the probable expense.
No. 2. A summary statement of the probable expenditures necessary for the construction of fortifications for the
defence of New York.
No. 3. contains an explanation of, with observations upon, the several proposed plans for the complete defence
of New York.
Note.— Papers, Nos. 1. 2, and 3, were returned to the Secretary of War, May 31. 1797, and are not now to be
found.
.1797.] FORTIFICATIONS. J<17
4th Congress.] No. 30. [ad Session.
OBJECTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO AN ACT TO REORGANIZE
THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 28, 1797.
United States, February 28, 1797-
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
Having maturely considered the bill to alter and amend an act, entitled " An act to ascertain and fix the
military establishment of the United States," which was presented to me on the twenty-second day of this month, I
now return it to the House of Representatives, in which it originated, with my objections.
First. If the bill passes into a law, the two companies of light dragoons will be, from that moment, legally out of
service, though they will afterwards continue actually in service; and for their services, during this interval, namely,
from the time oi legal to the time oi actual discharge, it will not be lawful to pay them, unless some future provision
be made by law. Though they may be discharged at the pleasure of Congress, in justice they ought to receive their
pay, not only to the time of passing the law, but, at least, to the time of their actual discharge.
Secondly. It will be inconvenient and injurious to the public to dismiss the light dragoons, as soon as notice of
the law can be conveyed to them, one of the companies having been lately destined to a necessary and important service.
Thirdly. The companies of light dragoons consist of one hundred and twenty six non-commissioned officers and
privates, who are bound to serve as dismounted dragoons when ordered so to do. They have received, in boun-
ties, about two thousand dollars: one of them is completely equipped, and above half of the non-commissioned
officers and privates have yet to serve more than one third of the time of their enlistment; and besides, there will,
in the course of the year, be a considerable deficiency in the complement of infantry intended to be continued.
Under these circumstances, to discharge the dragoons does not seem to comport with economy.
Fourthly. It is generally agreed that some cavalry, either militia or regular, will be necessary; and, according
to the best information I have been able to obtain, it is my opinion that the latter will be less expensive and more
useful than the former, in preserving peace between the frontier settlers and the Indians; and, therefore, a part of
the military establishment should consist of cavalry.
GEO. WASHINGTON.
" ,Sn act to alter and amend an act, entitled '■'■Jin act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United
States."
'^ He it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of .America m Congress assem-
bled: That the third section of the act passed the thirtieth of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-six, en-
titled "An act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United States," together with all other parts
thereof, which relate to provision made for the Major General and his staflf", be: repealed; and that all such parts
of the said act which relate to the light dragoons, together with so much of the twenty-third section of the said act
as may be construed to affect the Brigadier, and the whole of the eleventh section of the said act be, and are hereby,
repealed.
'• ^nd be it further enacted: That there shall be one Brigadier General, who may choose his Brigade Major
and inspector, from the captains and subalterns in the line, (to each of whom there shall be allowed the monthly pay
of twenty-five d9llars, in addition to his pay in the line, and two rations extraordinary per day; and whenever forage
shall not be furnished by the public, to ten dollars per month, in lieu thereof.) That there shall be one Brigade Quar-
termaster, one Brigade Paymaster, and one Judge Advocate, who shall be taken from the commissioned ofiicers of the
line, and each of whom shall be entitled to receive two rations extra per day, and twenty-five dollars per month, in
addition to his pay in the line; and whenever forage shall not be furnished by the public, to ten dollars per month,
in lieu thereof.
"■Andbe it further enacted: That, from and after the thirtieth day of June next, the monthly pay of the Lieu-
tenants shall be thirty dollars, and that of the Ensign twenty five dollars; that to the Brigadier, while Commander-in-
Chief, and to each officer, while commanding a separate post, there shall be allowed twice the number of rations to
which they would otherwise be entitled.
" ^nd be it further enacted: That the Majors be entitled to receive four rations per day for their subsistence.
" And be it further enacted: That to each commissioned officer who may have been deranged under the act, " to
ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United States," or who may be deranged under the present act,
there shall be paid onje hundred dollars.
JONATHAN DAYTON, -v
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
WILLIAM BINGHAM,
President of the Senate, pro tempore."
5th Congress.] JVq. 31. [Ist Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to the house of representatives, JUNE 10, 1797.
Mr. Livingston, from the committee appointed to bring in a bill for making further provision for the fortification
of the ports and harbors of the United States, made the following report:
That no material alterations have taken place since the last session, in the state of the fortifications on the sea
coast of the United States, as appears from a letter addressed to the committee of the Senate, on this subject by
the Secretary of War, a copy whereof is hereunto annexed, and that, from verbal information received from the
said officer, it appears that only three thousand dollars, or thereabouts, of the sum appropriated in the last session
has been expended, leaving a balance of about twenty-one thousand dollars unexpended. '
And your committee further report: That, from an estimate, hereunto also annexed, made by the Secretary of
War, It appears that an additional appropnation will be requisite for completing the fortifications therein enume-
rated, 01 two hundred thousand dollars.
16 m
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1797.
War Office, 3d June, 1797.
Sir:
The committee of the Senate will find, in the annexed copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to a com-
mittee of the House of Representatives, and in the report it refers to, the state of the fortifications which have been
erected on the seaboard, subsequent to the act of Congress of the 29th of March, 1794. Since the date of that let-
ter, those forts have undergone very few repairs or alterations, that have not been made by their garrisons, except
some at Fort Johnston, South Carolina, and to prevent the works there from being rendered useless by the en-
croachments of the sea.
You will also find, in the report of my predecessor, that above forty-six thousand dollars were thought requisite
to complete certain of the defences mentioned in his report.
Will an appropriation be necessary at this juncture, and vvhat particular ports stand most in need of immediate
attention.'' It will, perhaps, be best to answer to these questions generally, as preserving to the Department of
War more liberty to accommodate the disposal of an appropriafura, according to exigencies and circumstances.
As to the first, I conceive that about two hundred thousand dollars should be granted for tiie seaboard fortifica-
tions. As to the second, the ports from New York to St. Mary's, (Georgia,) are those which stand in most need
of immediate attention, more especially, in certain points of view, those on the southerly part of the line.
It is, however, to be observed, that the mere augmentation, or improving- the forts in that quarter, will be of lit-
tle utility, without the existence of regular troops to garrison them. These two objects, therefore, ought to be con-
sidered as inseparably united.
Upon the whole, I do not consider any other provision on the subject of our maritime fortifications, necessary at
this time, than an appropriation of two hundred thousand dollars.
1 have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES McHENRY.
Richard Stockton, Esq. Chairman of the Committee.
War Office, 6th June, 1797.
Memorandum for the Committee of the House of Kepresentalives, on Fortifications, 4"C.
Among the harbors, &c. which it may become proper to secure, by improving or adding to existing fortifications,
may be particularly reckoned, viz: New York, Philadelphia, Norfolk, Ocracock, (North Carolina,) Charleston
and Georgetown, (South Carolina,) and Savannah, and St. Mary's (Georgia.)
Neiv York. To complete the works on Governor's Island, Bedloe's Island, and Oyster Island, say - $90,000
Philadelphia- To complete a pier and battery, on a sand bar, opposite Mud Island, the works on
Mud Island, and some auxiliary works, - . . . - 40,000
Virginia. To improve and complete the works at Norfolk, - - . . 10,000
North Carolina. To erect works at Ocracock, - - - - - 10,000
South Carolina. To complete and erect works on James's Island, Shooter's Point, Sullivan's Isl-
and, and Georgetown, ------- 40,000
Georgia. To complete, &c. the works at Savannah and St- Mary's, ... 10,000
$200,000
The unconsumed part of the appropriation for 1796, for fortifications, to be applied to repair and
complete the fortresses to the eastward of New York, say - - - -
The committee will be pleased to observe, that it is not meant, by the above enumeration, to exclude harbors
not mentioned therein, from the benefit of the appropriation, or that tne Secretary should be bound to make the ex-
penditure according to the specifications.
^ e, f JAMES McHENRY.
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War, to William Lyman, Esq. dated
^'^ War Office, January 10, 1797.
8ir:
The report from the Department of War, to Congress, dated the 20th day of January, 1796, %yill enable the
committee to form an opinion of the number and state of the forts and harbors, at the period to which it refers.
The alterations in those forts, that have taken place since that period, consist, chiefly, in depredations made by
time, on such of them as have not been garrisoned; and in such repairs, and additions, as could be made by the gar-
risons where troops have been stationed, or that were wanting to their accommodation. In the former description
are comprehended, the works at Portland, in the District of Maine; Portsmouth, in New Hampshire; Gloucester,
Cape Ann, Salem, Marblehead, Massachusetts; Newport, Rhode Island; New London, Connecticut; and Savan-
nah, and Point Petre, Georgia.
In the latter description are comprised, the defences at Governor's Island, New York; Mud Island, Philadel-
phia; Whetstone Point, Baltimore; Norfolk, Virginia; Wilmington, North Carolina: and Fort Johnston, Charles-
ton, South Carolina. • , u, ■ • i- ■
The forts which have been without troops, must be presumed to have suttered considerable injury trom time
alone, and will require, if the circumstances of the military establishment and frontiers should not admit of their
bein "'garrisoned, about three thousand five hundred dollars, annually, to pay persons to live in it, and superintend
them, and for certain repairs necessary to prevent them from being perfectly useless.
The forts that are garrisoned have been kept in repairs, so tar as the force stationed in them permitted; but it
will require an additional grant of money to finish some necessary buildings, and complete certain works, indispen-
sable to their defence and preservation. u ■ , u ■ j f .u , r -. 1
I have subjoined an estimate of the expense which may probably be required tor the before recited purposes, dur-
ing the present year, and the balance, stated by the treasurer to be unexpended, of former appropriations.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
JAMES McHENRY.
An estimate of the sums necessary, on account of the Fortifications of the ports and harbors of the United States,
for the year 1797.
Superintendents, and certain repairs to the forts at Portland, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Gloucester, Cape
Ann, Salem, Marblehead, Massachusetts; Newport, Rhode Island; New London, Connecticut; and Savannah,
and Point Petre, Georgia; in case of being without garrisons. - ■ ' ™ -, . ," ^^^^^^ "0
Repairs, or additions, to the forts at Governor's Island, New York; Mud Island, near Philadel-
phia; Whetstone Point. Baltimore; Norfolk, Virginia; Wilmington, North Carohna; and Fort John-
ston, near Charleston, South Carolina, ------ 24,00000
irgs.] ^ FORTIFICATIONS. 119
Four temporary engineers, -..-... 3,832 00
$31,832 00
Balance unexpended of appropriations for 1794 and 1795, - . . . 8,437 45
To be provided for, for the year 1797, - - " - - - - $23,394 55
War Office, January 10, 1797'.
5th Congress.] No. 32. [2d Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 8, 1798.
Mr. Sewall, from the committee to whom was referred that part of the President's speech, which relates to the pro-
tection of commerce, and the defence of the country, further reported in part:
That, considering the increasing dangers which threaten the peace and security of the United States, and to
which their extensive sea coast, and their domestic as well as foreign commerce, are alarmingly exposed, the neces-
sary provisions of a maritime defence ought to receive the earnest and immediate attention of Congress; and espe-
cially recommend a concurrence, without delay, in the resolutions now before the House of Representatives, re-
ported to them on the twelfth day of January last.
The committee further report, that, a considerable sum remains unexpended of the sums heretofore appropriated
for fortifying the ports and harbors of the United States, as appears by the statement from the Department of War,
exhibited herewith; and that, in tlie opinion of the committee, a further appropriation, and a more vigorous regard
to this important object, has become immediately necessary.
They further report, that in the view which, on several occasions, this committee have taken of the subject of
providing a naval armament, they have not failed to observe the apparently enormous expenses, and unaccountable
delays, which have attended every attempt of this kind. It has appeared to them that a better economy might be
introduced in this branch of the public expenditure, by establishing, m the War Department, some officer who should
be employed in the immediate superintendence of the naval concerns of the United States.
The Department of War, as at present established,' is unsuitable to this purpose, especially considering its sta-
tionary situation, and how much it is occupied by numerous cares of a nature very different.
On these subjects, they recommend the following resolutions to be adopted, viz:
Resolved, That the sum of ; — -, in addition to the sum of , remaining unexpended of former ap-
propriations, be appropriated to fortifying the ports and harbors of the United States.
Resolved, That there be established in the Department of War, a Commissioner of Marine, who shall have charge
of the construction, equipment, and supplies of the public vessels of the United States, and all other matters
relating to their naval concerns, which shall be entrusted to him, according to law.
War Office, 27^/t February, 1798.
Sir:
The committee, to whom was referred " so much of the President's speech as relates to the protection of
commerce, and the defence of the country," desire to know the amount of the moneys expended since the last ses-
sion of Congress, on the maritime fortifications, and whether, in the opinion of the Secretary of War, any further
appropriation is required for the same object. The following information and remarks are, therefore, respectfully
submitted.
That there remained unexpended of preceding appropriations for maritime fortifications, on
the 6th of June, 1797, --..-..
Appropriation of June 23, 1797, - - . . .
That of this sum there has been expended, viz:
At Mud Island, ----...
Baltimore, ----...
Charleston, ---....
Portsmouth,N.H. (balance of account) .....
Newbern, (on account of balance) .....
Norfolk, (balance of account) ......
St. Mary's, Georgia, do. .....
Balance unexpended the 27th February, 1797,
The cominittee will perceive, that the principal sum expended since the last session of Congress, has been upon
Fort Mifiiin, in the State of Pennsylvania. This fortress, from several considerations, seemed entitled to particular
attention. The ground on which it fetands, and necessary to it, has been ceded to the United States. The works,
as far as they have been erected, were composed of good materials, and put together in such a manner as to promise
long duration and utility. An experiment had likewise shown where the works were most vulnerable, and that this
fortress may be rendered competent, with certain auxiliary works, to afford essential protection to an important com-
mercial city, against the operations of a powerful naval armament. It has, therefore, been deemed proper, under
the trust committed to me by the President, to contemplate completing this fortress as expeditiously as possible.
The Secretary has suggested, on a former reference, that, to derive real advantage from any considerable expen-
diture of money for completing the seaboard fortresses, the military establishment should be such as to admit of
their being occupied by garrisons equal to keeping them in a tenable situation, and to the preservation of their stores
and artillery. It is certain that this cannot be done by militia, unless when called into actual service, and that no
part of the regular force, employed on the Western frontiers, can be transferred from thence for such purposes, with-
out endangering the peace of the Union, and opening the way, in that quarter, to the immediate execution of projects
$22,065 58
115,000 00
$23,640 87
188 93
9,978
00
488
46
800
00
266
50
4,018
89
$39,381 65
97,683 93
-
i
6137,065 58
120 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1798.
and enterprises, contrary to law and treaties, and subversive of all order and government. It is but too evident, also,
that the course of things and circumstances, peculiar to the frontiers, shuts out any well founded expectation, that
we have approached near to the time wiien the military force may be safely diminished or withdrawn.
Independent, therefore, of considerations resulting from our present situation, with respect to foreign nations, it
would appear necessary and proper, that the seaboard fortifications should be generally improved, and tliis defence
of our country rendered respectable, and, also, that the army should be proportionably augmented. A regard to ul-
timate economy will require, that such of the fortifications as may be always important to the general defence.should
be constructed, like fort Mifflin, of the most durable materials.
It may be proper to mention, that, besides the want of men to garrison these forts, there is another difficulty
which it is desirable should be removed. But few of the States have made cessions of land, on which forts have
been, or ought to be, erected, for the protection of their harbors: a circumstance calculated to impede such under-
taking's, and embarrass the intentions of government to provide for their defence. Neither is it known to the Se-
cretary that any of the States which were found indebted to the United States, on a settlement of the accounts
between them and the respective States, have thought of availing themselves of the third section of the " act to pro-
vide for the further defence of the ports and harbors of the United States," passed the 33d June, 1797.
The committee will perceive, that many good causes have prevented a greater expenditure of the appropriations,
and that while these continued to exist, they must interrupt the completion of our maritime defence by fortifications.
With respect to the last inquiry of the committee, a full consideration of all circumstances induces the Secretary
to an opinion, that a further appropriation should be made, to be in readiness, and commensurate to meet such a
state of things as may require our ports and harbors to be promptly and completely fortified, vi'hether proper sites be
ceded or not by the States more immediately concerned.
With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
JAMES McHENRY
Samuel Sew all, Esq. Chairman of the Committee, SfC.
5th Congress.] JVo. 33. [2d Session.
FORTIFICATIONS, MUNITIONS, AND INCREASE OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, APRIL 9, 1798.
Mr. Sewall, from the committee on that part of the President's speech, which regards the protection of commerce^
and the defence of the country, further reported:
That it is expedient to authorize the President of the United States to erect fortifiications in such ports and
places, near the sea coast, as, in his judgment, shall be requisite, and advantageous, for the common defence.
That a considerable addition is requisite to be made to the corps of artillerists and engineers already established,
to be employed in tiie several fortifications which have been, and which shall be, erected on or near the sea coast.
That a large supply of cannon, arms, and ammunition, is necessary to be immediately provided for the service of
the United States.
An addition to a resolve heretofore reported, and under the consideration of the House, will effect the first men-
tioned object.
For the others, the committee recommend the following resolutions:
Resolved, That the President of the United States be authorized to raise and establish ——^ companies of ar-
tillerists and engineers, in addition to the present establishment.
Resolved, That the sum of — ; dollars shall be appropriated by law for the purchase of cannon, arms, and ammu-
nition, for the service of the United States.
War Department, ^pril 9, 1798.
What measures are necessary and proper to be adopted by Congress, in the present conjuncture, to preserve
character abroad, esteem for the Government at home, safety to our sea property, and protection to our territory
and sovereignty.''
France derives several important advantages from the system she is pursuing towards the United States. Be-
sides the sweets of plunder, obtained by her privateers, she keeps in them a nursery of seamen, to be drawn upon,
in all conjunctures, ^y her navy. She unfits, by the same means, the United States for energetic measures, ancl
thereby prepares us for the last degree of humiliation and subjection.
To forbear, under such circumstances, from taking naval and military measures, to secure our trade, defend our
territory in case of invasion, and prevent or suppress domestic insurrection, would be to offer up the United
States a certain prey to France, and exhibit to the world a sad spectacle of national degradation and imbecility.
The United States possess an extensive trade, heavy expenses must be submitted to for its protection. The
United States border upon the provinces of great and powerful kingdoms, heavy expenses must be incurred, that
we may be at all times in a situation to assert our rights to our own territory. The measures which appear indis-
pensably necessary for Congress to take, are as follows, viz:
1st. An increase of the naval I'orce, to serve as convoys, protect our fisheries, coast, and harbors. 2d. An aug-
mentation of the present military establishment. 3d. Arrangements which, in case of emergency, will give to the
President the prompt command of a further and efficacious military force. 4th. The more complete defence of our
principal ports by fortifications. 5th. A supply of ordnance, small arms, powder, saltpetre, copper, and military
stores. 6th. Additional revenue.
To answer the 1st. Congress ought to provide for the building or purchasing, equipping, &c. of two vessels of
twenty-two guns; ,eight vessels of twenty guns; and ten vessels of sixteen guns, in addition to the tliree frigates.
Congress ought also to vest the President with authority, in case of open rupture, to provide, equip, and by such
means as he may judge best, a number of ships of the line, not exceeding six, or an equivalent force in frigates.
The first may be either built or purchased in the United States. The latter may, perhaps, be obtained in Eu-
rope: for which purpose the law should use general expressions, admitting this mode of procuring them.
To build the twenty vessels, equip, man, and provision them for twelve months, will require, as per annexed
estimate, .--..-..- $1,941,181
It may, under this head, be also advisable to make a provision for six galleys, carrying each one or two twenty-
four pounders. This will require for galleys carrying one twenty -four pounder each, as per annexed estimate,* $68,826.
2d. An augmentation of the present military establishment. This ought to consist of one regiment of infantry;
one regiment of artillery; and one regiment of cavalry. The artillery is considered as indispensable, and the
cavalry may be highly useful in the Southern States. These will require, agreeably to the annexed estimate, $517,998
.3d. An arrangement which, in cat^e of emergency, will give to the President the prompt command of a further
and efficacious military force.
• For this and the preceding; estimate, set Naval Affairs, No. 11.
1798.]
FORTIFICATIONS, MUNITIONS, AND INCREASE OF THE ARMY.
m
bill
This ought to be a provisional army of 20,000 men, and may be organized agreeable to the principles of a
proposed in the Senate, during the late extraordinary session, to which I beg leave to refer.
4th. The more complete defence of our principal ports by fortifications.
This may require $1,000,000; but, should the naval force be rendered respectable, much of this sum may be
5th. A supply of cannon, small arms, saltpetre, copper, &c. which, severally, will require —
For cannon, as per annexed estimate, -,.-.-- $308,900
For small arms, say 50,000 stands, at twelve dollars, -..-.. 600,000
For powder, saltpetre, copper for sheathing, &c. . . - . . 200,000
In framing the law to furnish our magazines with ordnance, it will be proper to employ such expressions as will
enable the President to procure brass cannon, mortars, &c. with the necessary quantities of ball, shells, &c. These
have not been specified in the estimate,- but the sum may, perhaps, be sufficient to comprehend them.
To render the regiment of infantry as useful as possible, it is proposed, that the men should be enlisted to act
in the double capacity of marines and infantry. By an arrangement of tliis kind, and having the men stationed at
the principal sea ports, they will be always ready to be put on board such vessels as want them, and when not so
wanted, will serve to defend the coast, work upon the fortifications, or in dock yards, and guard the public property
from thefts or embezzlement.
All which is respectfully submitted,
JAMES McHENRY.
Hon. Samuel Sewall,
Chairman of the Committee for the protection of Commerce and the defence of the country.
Estimate of the pay, Sfc. of a Regiment of Infantry.
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at $75 per month.
3 Majors,
1 Surgeon,
2 Surgeon's mates,
1 Adjutant,
1 Quartermaster,
1 Paymaster,
8 Captains,'
8 Lieutenants, -
8 Ensigns,
50
43
30
10
10
10
40
30
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Rations.
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at 6 per day, 2,190
2 Majors, - - 4 do. 2,920
1 Surgeon, - - 3 do. 1,095
2 Surgeon's mates, - 2 do. 1,460
8 Captains, - - 3 do. 8,760
16 Subalterns, - - 2 do. 11,680
900
1,200
540
720
120
120
120
3,840
2,880
2,400
SUBSISTENCE.
2 Sergeant-majors,
-
at $8
per month,
192
2 Quartermaster-sergeants,
8
do
192
32 Sergeants,
-
7
do
2,688
32 Corporals,
-
6
do
2,304
2 Senior musicians,
-
7
do
168
16 Musicians,
.
5
do
960
416 Privates,
-
4
do
19,968
502 Non-commissioned and pri
vates,
30 Women,
$39,312
1 p'rday,183,230
1 do. 10,950
At twenty cents each, is
Rations, 222,285
- $44,457
1 Lieut col. commandant, at $12 per month, 144
2 Majors, - - 10 do. 240
1 Surgeon, - - 10 do. 120
4 Surgeon's mates, - 6 do. 288
1 Adjutant, - - 6 do. 72
1 Paymaster,
1 Quartermaster,
at $6 per month,
6 do.
72
72
$1,008
BOUNTY AND PREMIUM.
502 Non-commissioned officers and privates, at sixteen dollars each, is
$8,033
502 Suits, at twenty-five dollars per suit, is
Pay,
Subsistence,
Forage,
Bounty and premium,
CLOTHING.
RECAPITULATION.
$39,312
44,450
1,008
8,032
Clothing,
$12,550
12,550
$105,359
Estimate of the pay, fyc. of a Regiment of Light Dragoons of six Companies.
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at $75 per month,
1 "
1
1
Major,
Surgeon,
Surgeon's mate,
6 Captains,
12 Lieutenants, -
6 Cornets,
1 Adjutant,
1 Quartermaster,
1 Paymaster,
55
45
30
40
30
25
10
10
10
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
660
540
360
2,880
4,320
1,800
120
120
120
24 Sergeants,
24 Corporals,
6 Farriers,
6 Saddlers,
6 Trumpeters,
312 Dragoons,
at $7 per month, 2,016
6
do.
1,728
9
do.
648
9
do.
648
5
do.
360
4
do.
14,976
$32,196
122
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1798.
SUBSISTENCE.
1 Lieut, colonel commandant, at 6 rations
per day,
1 Major, at 4 rations per day,
1 Surgeon, 3 ditto,
1 Surgeon's mate, 2 ditto,
6 Captains, 3 ditto,
12 Lieutenants. 2 ditto,
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at $12 per month,
1 Major, - - 10 ■
1 Surgeon, - - 10
1 Surgeon's mate, - 6
6 Captains, - - 8
12 liieutenants, - - 6
6 Cornets, - - 6
2,190
1,460
1,095
730
6,570
8,760
month.
$144
do.
120
do.
120
do.
72
do.
576
do.
864
do.
432
6 Cornets, 2 rations per day, 4,380
378 Non-commission-
ed and privates, 1 ditto, 137,970
22 Women, 1 ditto, 8,030
At twenty cents each, is.
Rations, 171,185
$34,237
1 Adjutant, - - at $6 per month,
1 Quartermaster, - 6 do.
1 Paymaster, - - 6 do.
378 Non-commissioned & privates, 6 do.
BOUNTY.
378 Non-commissioned and privates, at sixteen dollars each, is
CLOTHING.
378 Suits, at twenty-tive dollars per suit, is -
EQUIPMENTS.
Bridles, saddles, &c. - - ' "
HORSES FOR THE CAVALRY.
378 Horses, at one hundred and fifty dollars each, is
72
72
72
27,216
$29,760
$6,048
$9,450
$12,840
$56,700
RECAPITULATION.
Pay,
Subsistence,
Forage,
Bounty,
Clothing,
$32,196 I
34,237
29,760
6,048
9,450
Equipments,
Horses for the Cavalry,
12,840
56,700
$181,231
Estimate of the pay, fyc. of a Regiment of Artillery.
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at $75 per month,
4 Majors,
5 Adjutants,
4 Quartermasters,
4 Paymasters,
1 Surgeon,
4 Surgeon's mates,
16 Captains,
32 Lieutenants, -
32 Cadets,
4 Sergeant-majors,
55
10
10
10
45
30
40
30
7
do.
do. .
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
900
2,640
600
480
4H0
540
1,440
7,680
11,520
2,688
384
4 Quartermaster-sergeants, at $8 per month,
2 Senior Musicians, - 7 do.
64 Sergeants, - - 7 do.
64 Corporals, - - 6 do.
160 Artificers, to act as privates, 9 do.
32 Musicians. - - 5 do.
672 Privates, - - 4 do.
384
168
5,376
4,608
17,280
1,920
32,256
$91,344
SUBSISTENCE.
1 Lieut, colonel commandant, at 6 rations
per day, - - - 2,190
4 Majors, at 4 rations per day, 5,840
1 Surgeon, 3 ditto, 1,095
4 Surgeon's mates, 2 ditto, 2,930
16 Captains, 3 ditto, 17,520
32 Lieutenants, 2 ditto, 23,360
32 Cadets, 1 ditto. 11,680
1,002 Non-commissioned
and privates, at 1 ratio per day, 365,730
160 Artificers, extra
59 Women,
ditto,
ditto,
At twenty cents each, is
29,200
21.535
Rations, 481,070
$96,214
1 Lieut, col. commandant, at $12 per month. 144
4 Majors, - 10 do. 480
1 Surgeon, - - 10 do. 120
4 Surgeon's mates, - 6 do. 288
5 Adjutants, - - G do. 360
4 Paymasters,
4 Quartermasters.
at $6 per month.
6 do.
288
$1,968
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUM.
1,002 Non-commissioned and privates, at sixteen dollars each, -
CLOTHING.
32 Cadets, and 1,002 non-commissioned and privates, at twenty -five dollars per suit.
$16,032
$25,850
1798.] CONTRACTS FOR THE SUPPLY OF CANNON. 123
RECAPITULATION.
Clothing, - - - - 25,850
$231,408
Pay, .... $91,344
Subsistence, - - - 96,214
Forage, - . - - - 1,968
Bounties and premium, - - 16,032
This diflfers from the existing corps of artillerists and engineers, by having Sergeant-majors, Quartermaster Ser-
geants, and Senior Musicians, which were supposed to be necessary.
Estimate of the Cost qf 1,300 Cannon.
100 Cannon, 32 pounders, at $420 each, is - - - - - $42,000
200 do. 24 do. at 350 do. - - - - - - 72,000
200 do- IS do. at 318 do. - - - - - - 63,600
300 do. 12 do. at 211 do. - - - - - - 63,300
300 do. 9 do. at 140 do. - - - -. - - 42,000
200 do. 6 do. at 130 do. - - - - - - 26,000
$308,900
5th Congress.] No. 34. [2d Session.
CONTRACTS FOR THE SUPPLY OF CANNON.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 12tH DAY OF APRIL, 1798.
By direction of the President of the United States, the Secretary of War has the honor to submit to the House
of Representatives, the annexed statement, pursuant to a resolution of the House of Representatives, passed Wed-
nesday, the 28th day of March, 1798.
That a contract was made on the 8(h of August, 1794, by the Commissioner of the Revenue, with Messrs. Brown
and Francis and others, owners of the Hope Furnace in Rhode Island, for the delivery of iron cannon, viz: 34 of cali-
ber to carry 32 pound shot, and 34 of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for fortifications, and sixty of caliber
to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for frigates, two-thirds of said cannon, by contract, to be delivered on the first day
of January, 1793, and the remainder on the first day of May following. The United States to pay one hundred and
six dollars and two-thirds, for every ton the cannon should weigh when delivered, and also an allowance for the
extra expense of boring out the solid metal, beyond that which would arise from boring them, if cast with a cavity
nearly of the size of the intended caliber.
That under this contract, there has been delivered and receipted for, on account of the United States, 34 cannon
of caliber to carry 32 pound shot, and 34 of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for fortifications, and 59 of cali-
ber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for frigates; and the owners of Hope Furnace have been paid for the same, at the
rate of one hundred and six dollars and two-thirds per ton, and also an allowance of five thousand nine hundred and
fifty-three dollars and sixty-eight cents, for the extra expense of boring out of the solid.
That another contract was made on the 28th June, 1794, by the Commissioner of the Revenue, with Samuel
Hughes on behalf of himself and others, owners of a furnace in Cecil county, Maryland, for the delivery of iron can-
non, viz: 50 of caliber to' carry 32 pound shot, and 50 of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for fortifications,
and 90 of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for frigates or ships of war. Two-thirds of said cannon to be de-
livered on or before the first day of January. 1795, and the remainder on or before the first day of May, 1795. The
United States to pay for cannon, conformably to, and delivered under, this contract, one hundred and six dollars
and two-thirds, for every ton such cannon should weigh, and also an allowance for the extra expense of boring out
of the solid metal.
That under this contract, there have been delivered and receipted for, on account of the United States, 18 cannon
of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for fortifications, and 36 of caliber to carry 24 pound shot, suitable for
frigates. No settlement having been made with Mr. Hughes, it cannot be determined what should be allowed for
the extra expense of boring out of the solid.
That a third contract was made by the Secretary of the Treasury, on the 25th of October, 1796, with Samuel
Hughes and others, owners of a furnace in Cecil county, Maryland, for the delivery of 40 iron cannon of caliber to
carry 13 pound shot; all of which to be delivered on or before the first day of May, 1797. The United States to pay
for the same one hundred and thirty -three dollars and one-quarter, for every ton they might weigh, without en-
gaging to allow for the extra expense of boring out of the solid.
Only three cannon have been receipted for under this contract, for account of the United States.
For information on the subject of cannon purchased, employed, or contracted for, for the revenue cutters, the
Secretary takes leave to refer to the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, dated the 7th December, 1797, ad-
dressed to the chairman of the committee to devise measures for the protection of commerce.
All which is respectfully submitted,
JAMES McHENRY.
War Department, lith Mpril, 1798.
154 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1798.
5th Congress.] ■ No. 35. ^^ Session.
REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, DEC. 31, 1798.
Gentlemen qfthe Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives,
A Report of the Secretary of War, made to me on the twenty-fourth of this month, relative to the military esta-
blishment, I think it my duty to transmit to Congress, and recommend to their consideration.
JOHN ADAMS.
December Zlst, 1798.
The Secretary ef War respectfully reports to the President of the United States:
That, there are several subjects which, in his opinion, will deserve the attention of Congress, to render the mili-
tary establishment more manageable and systematic ; and procure to it the means of further improvement.
It is not presumed that Congress will think it prudent to relinquish any of the measures of security which have
been so wisely adopted ; nor need it be observed, that any relaxation in these may frustrate their object, by afford-
ing argument of weakness or irresolution. It may be true, that some late occurrences have rendered the prospect
of invasion by France less probable, or more remote ; yet, duly considering the rapid vicissitudes, at all times, of
political and military events ; the extraordinary fluctuations which have been peculiarly characteristic of the still
subsisting contest in Europe ; and the more extraordinary position of most of the principal nations of that quarter
of the globe ; it can never be wise to vary our measures of security, with the continually varying aspect of European
affairs. On the contrary, a very obvious policy dictates to us, a strenuous endeavor, as far as may be practicable,
to place our safety out of the reach of casualties which may befall the contending parties, and the powers more imme-
diately within their vortices. Paying due respect to this state of things ; regarding the overthrow of a large portion
of Europe as not entirely chimerical, and standing as it were in the midst of falling empires, it will be our prudence
to cultivate a spirit of self-dependence, and to endeavor, by unremitting vigilance and exertion, under the blessing
of providence, to hold the scales of our destiny in our own hands. In oflering these preliminary observations, the
Secretary presents nothing new to the President ; most, if not all of them, having received, directly or impliedly,
in his communications to Congress, his deliberate sanction and authority.
Circumstanced as the United States now are, the progress of public danger may render an extension of military
preparations indispensable, and a proper organization for the troops of the United States extremely beneficial.
In proportion as the policy of the country is adverse to extensive military establishments, it ought to be our care
to render the principles of our military system as perfect as possible, our endeavors to turn to the best account, such
force as we at any time may have on foot, and to provide an eligible standard for the augmentations to which par-
ticular emergencies may compel a resort.
In these views, it is conceived the organization of our military force would be much improved by modelling it
according to the following plan : —
1st. That a regiment of infantry, composed, as at present, of two battalions, and each battalion of five companies,
consist of one colonel; two majors, a first and second ,• one adjutant, one quartermaster, and one paymaster, each
of whom shall be a lieutenant; one surgeon, and two surgeon's mates; ten captains; ten first lieutenants, and ten
second lieutenants, besides the three lieutenants abovementioned ; two cadets, with the pay and emoluments of ser-
geants; two sergeant majars; two quartermaster sergeants; two chief musicians, first and second; twenty other mu-
, sicians; forty sergeants; forty corporals; and nine hundred and twenty privates.
2d. That a regiment of dragoons consist of ten troops, making five squadrons, and the following officers and
men, viz : one colonel; two majors, a first and second ; one adjutant, one quartermaster, and one paymaster, each
of whom shall be a lieutenant ; one surgeon, and two surgeon's mates; ten captains; ten first, and ten second lieu-
tenants, besides the three lieutenants above mentioned; five cadets, with the pay and emoluments of sergeants;
two sergeant majors; two quartermaster sergeants; two chief musicians, first and second. Ten other musicians;
forty sergeants; forty corporals; and nine hundred and twenty privates. The privates, including to each troop one
saddler, one blacksmith, and one bootmaker.
3d. That a regiment of artillery consist of four battalions, each battalion of four companies, and of the following
officers and men, viz: one colonel; four majors; one adjutant, one quartermaster, and one paymaster, each of whom
shall be a lieutenant. One surgeon, and two surgeon's mates; sixteen captains; sixteen first, and sixteen second
lieutenants, besides the three lieutenants abovementioned; thirty-two cadets, with the pay and emoluments
as at present established; four sergeant majors; four quartermaster sergeants; sixty-four sergeants; sixty-four cor-
porals; one chief musician, and ten other musicians; and eight hundred and ninety-six privates, including to each
coinpany eight artificers.
The principal reasons for this organization will be briefly suggested and explained.
1st. it will be observed, that the proposed proportion of men to officers in the infantry and cavalry is considera-
bly greater than by the present establishment. This presents, in the first place, the advantage of economy. By the
proportional decrease of the officers, savings will result in their pay, subsistence, and the transportation of theii-
baggage ; and (he last circumstance, by lessening the impediments of an army, is also favorable to the celerity of its
movements.
3d. The command of each officer will become more respectable. This will be an inducement to respectable
men to accept military appointments, and it will be an incentive to exertion among those who shall be engaged, by
upholding that justifiable pride which-is a necessary ingredient in the military character. A company will tnen
admit of an eligible sub-division into platoons, sections, and demi-sections, each of a perfect front.
3d. Each battalion will be of the size judged proper for a manoeuvring column in the field, and it is that portion
of an army, which in the most approved system of tactics is destined to fulfil this object. A batialion, according
to the best judges, sanctioned by experience, ought neither to be too unwieldy for rapid movements, nor so small as
to multiply too much the sub-divisions, and render each incapable either of a vigorous impulse or resistance.
4th. The proportion of oflicers to men ought not to be greater than is adequate to the due management and com-
mand of them. A careful examination of this point will satisfy every judge, that the number now proposed will be
adequate to both : and it is illustrated by the expectation, that our fundamental orders, in conformity with those of
the nations of Europe generally, ought to place our infantry in three ranks, to oppose to an enemy, who shall be in
the same order, an equal mass for attack or defence.
But it is not intended to recommend a present augmentation of the number of rank and file, to the proposed
standard. It is only wished that it may be adopted provisionally, as that of the war establishment.
The regiments which have been authorized may continue in this respect upon the footing already prescribed ;
leaving the actual augmentation to depend on events which may create a necessity for the increase of our force.
The other alterations recommended have relation rather to systematic propriety, than to very important military
effects.
1st. The term lieutenant-colonel, in our present establishment, has a relative signification, without any thing,
in fact, to which it relates : it was introduced during our revolutionary war to facilitate exchanges of prisoners, as
our then enemy united the grade of colonel with that of general. But the permanent forms of our military system
ought to be regulated by principle, not by the changeable and arbitrary arrangement of a particular nation. The
1798.] REORGANIZATION OF THE ARM Y. 125
title of colonel, which has greater respectability, is more proper for the commander of a regiment, because it does
not, like the other, imply a relation having no existence. ,,,... l jj-.- ■
2d. The term ensign is changed into that ot lieutenant, as well because the latter, from usage, has additional re-
spectability, offering an inducement to desirable candidates, as because the former, in its origin, signified a standard
bearer, and 'supposed that each company had a distinct standard.
This in practice, has ceased to be the case; and, for a variety of good reasons, a standard ot colors to each
battalion' of infantry is deemed sufficient. This standard is intended to be confided to a cadet, in whom it may be
expected to excite emulation and exertion. The multiplication of grades, inconvenient in exchanges, is thus avoided.
In the cavalry it is proper to allow a standard to each squadron consisting of two troops, and hence it is proposed
to have five cadets to a regiment. , - , , ^ ,
3d. The nature of the artillery service, being constantly in detachment, renders it proper to compose a regi-
ment of a greater number of battalions than the other corps. Tliis our present establishment has recognized. But
there is now a want of uniformity, which leads to disorderly consequences; one regiment being composed of four
battalions, the other of three. The same organization ought to be common to all. Tlie diminution of the number
of musicians, while it will save expense, is also warranted liy the peculiar nature of the artillery service. They
answer in this corps few of the purposes they are applied to in the infantry.
Existing laws contemplate, and with good reason, that the aids of general ofncers (except of the commander in
chief ) shall be taken from the regiments; but they do not provide, that, when so taken, their places in the regiment
shall be supplied by others. It is conceived, that this ought to be the case. The principles ot the establishment
supposes, for example, that three officers to a company of a given number are the just and due proportion. If,
when an officer be taken from a company to fill one of the stations alluded to, his place be not filled by another, so
that the number of officers to a company may remain the same, it must follow, that the conipany will be deficient in
officers. It is true, that the number ot a company is continually diminishing, but it diminishes in officers as well
as men; and it is not known that the proportion is varied. Practice, in every institution, ought to conform to prin-
ciple, or there will result more or less of disorder. An army is. in many respects, a machine, of which the dis-
placement of any of the organs, if permitted to continue, injures its symmetry and energy, and leads to disorder
and weakness. The increase of the number of rank and file, while it strengthens the reasons for replacing the offi-
cers who may be removed, will more than compensate, in point of economy, for the addition of officers by the sub-
stitution. This may be submitted to the test of calculation. But, though the place of an officer in his regiment
ought to be supplied upon any such removal, he ought not to lose his station in the regiment, but ought to rank, and
rise, as if he had continued to serve in it. . .
I should do injustice to this subject, if I did not acknowledge this plan of organization had received the full and
unequivocal approbation of the commander in chief. Lieutenant General Washington.
The annexed schedule (A) will show, in one view, the difference between the present and the proposed estab-
lishment.
The provision that aids-de-camp and the officers of inspection shall be drawn from the line of the army is not
restricted as to grade: there ought to be such a restriction. The aids of major generals ought not to be taken from
a rank superior to that of captain, nor those of the brigadiers from a rank superior to that of first lieutenant- The
rank from which inspectors may be taken ought, in like manner, to be limited; those of brigades to the rank of cap-
tain; those of divisions to that of major. This will guard against the multiplication of the superior grades, by re-
movals to fill such stations.
The two companies, which it is proposed to add to the actual number of the cavalry, it is desirable should be
raised immediately. If this is agreed to, they might receive the denomination of hussar companies — a description
of cavalry extremely serviceable in an army.
It is incidentally noticed, that the act of last session, augmenting the dragoon corps to eight companies, and as-
signing to it a lieutenant colonel and other officers, to constitute it a regiment, has not provided a surgeon or mate.
This omission will require attention.
If there shall be occasion for the actual employment of military force, a corps of riflemen will be, for several
purposes, extremely useful. The eligible proportion nf riflemen to infantry of the line may be taken at a twentieth-
It is submitted, whether a specific provision to this effect will not be proper, in arranging the army for a war estab-
lishment.
The only provision for the appointment of a quartermaster general is to be found m the act of the 28th of May.
authorizing the President to raise a provisional army, which limits his rank and emoluments to those of lieutenant
colonel; this provision is conceived to be entirely inadequate for a war establishment. The military duties of the of-
fice are of a nature to render it of the first importance in an army — demanding great and peculiar abilities, and a
character every way worthy of trust; accordingly, it is the general practice, founded upon very substantial rea-
sons, to confide it to an officer of high military rank. The probability is, that, without a similar arrangement on
our part, we shall not be able to command a fit character, and, in taking one of inferior pretensions, we shall sub-
ject the service to disadvantages out of all proportion to any objections which may be supposed to militate against
the conferring of such rank. It is feared that an appointment under such a provision will only create embarrass-
ment, should there be real necessity for military exertions, and that the alternative must be, either to leave the army
destitute of so necessary an organ, or to give it one likely, in the progress of things, to prove unequal to the task.
A new provision on this subject appears absolutely indispensable.
The Secretary does not discover, in any of the acts, the necessary provisions for the appointment of hospital
officers, or a hospital establishment. As military hospitals are indispensable to an army, especially in time of war,
it is respectfully suggested, that provisions on the subject ought to be made by law, and that the regulations to be
found in the resolutions of the old Congress, more particularly in those under date of September 30th, 1780, and 3d
January, 1782, as containing the faithful results of much experience, may afford some important lights respecting this
department.
The certain consequence of disregarding so essential a measure, in the event of war, and the encampments of
our army, will be a train of diseases which must cut off a large proportion of our troops.
It is deeply to be Ir.mented, that a very precious period of leisure was not improved, towards forming among our-
selves engineers and artillerists; and that, owing to this neglect, we are in danger of being overtaken by war, with-
out a competent number of characters of these descriptions. To form them suddenly is impracticable: much pre-
vious study and experiment are essential. If possible to avoid it, a war ought not to find us unprovided. What
has been done to facilitate this object, and the perfection of our artillery, will be seen by the annexed extract of a
letter from the Secretary, marked (B), to the chairman of a committee of the House of Representatives, for the
protection of commerce and the defence of the country, taken in connexion with the act providing for raising
the corps of artillerists and engineers, with the act to augment the army of the United States, and \ot other pur-
poses, passed the 16th of July, 1798. What has resulted from the latter act will make the subject of a particular
report. In the mean while, it is conceived to be advisable to endeavor to introduce, from abroad, at least one distin-
guished engineer, and one distinguished officer of artillery. They may be sought for preferably in the Austrian,
and next in the Prussian, armies. The grade of colonels, with adequate pecuniary compensations, may attract offi-
cers of a rank inferior to that grade in those armies, who will be of distinguished abilities and merit. But, in this,
as we know from past experience, nothing is more easy than to be imposeil upon, nothing more difficult than to avoia
imposition, and that, therefore, should the measure be sanctioned by a law, it will be requisite to commit the busi-
ness of procuring such characters to some very judicious hand, under every precaution that can put him on his guard.
It is also suggested, that an inspector of fortifications is much wanted. In case of a legislative provision on this
subject, the officer may be either cfrawn from the corps of artillerists and engineers, or it may be left discretionary
with the President to choose him where he pleases. If, however, the choice is to be restricted to that corps, it will
be proper, that withdrawing him from it shall not prevent his right to rise in it, and that his place in the corps should
be filled by an officer of the same grade.
17 m
126 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1798.
It will be easily imagined, that without such an oflScer the service may essentially suflFer. To obviate this, the
Department of War has always founil it necessary to employ a person who has been paid out of the contingencies
for performing that and some other duties of a military nature.
The improtance of a faithful representation of the real state of the fortifications, public buildings, and barracks,
the qualifications of the cominar.daiits of forts, the police they observe, and degree of attention they bestow on the
works, magazines, and the like, can stand in need of no comment.
It is further submitted, whether it will not be proper, and conduce to the improvement of our artillery, to en-
large the field from which to select a fit character for inspector of artillerists. As the law now is, the inspector
must be chosen from the corps of artillerists and engineers, and would require one of its most experienced officers,
all whose services arc indispensable to the corps itself.
It has been often observed, by officers of the army, that the public would save by the measure, and more satis-
faction be given to the soldiers, generally, if a regulation was adopted to insure his clothing shall be fitted to the
soldier. It cannot fail to happen, that clothing, made at a distance from the army, will, in numerous instances, be
ill fitted to the person to whom it is issued. This is an inconvenience, as it respects appearance, comfort, and ease,
and causes the soldier to be careless of his dress. It of course merits consideration, whether it will not be reme-
died by making provision, by law, for the necessary alteration, at the cost of the soldier. As there are always to be
found tailors in an army, the alterations may be made there during seasons of inactivity, and moderate compensation
may be established, to be deducted out of the pay of the soldiers. The tailors, who, when so employed, will be ex-
empted from military duty, will be satisfied with very small allowances; and the soldiery will, from the best infor-
mation I can obtain, prefer this expense to the inconveniences of wearing clothes which do not fit them.
Another point, no less deserving of particular attention, is, the composition of the ration of provisions. It was,
in the last session, augmented beyond all former example. It is not recollected that the ration which was allowed
during the war with Great Britain was found insufficient by troops once formed to military habits, and acquainted
with the best methods of managing their provisions. The present ration, estimating by price, is understood to be
greater than the ration in that war, by above fifty per cent. This is evidently a very important augmentation: va-
rious disadvantages attend it; a great increase of expense; additional difficulty in furnishing, under all circumstances,
the stipulated allowance; consequently, a multiplication of the possible causes of discontent, murmurs, and perhaps
even mutiny; the necessity of a greater number of wagons for transportation; and, of course, the extension of this
always serious source of embarrassment to military operations.
The quantity of spirituous liquors, which is a component part of the ration, is so large as to endanger, where there
might not before exist, habits of intemperance, alike fatal to health and discipline. Experience has repeatedly
shown, that many soldiers will exchange their rum for other articles, which is productive of the double mischief of
subjecting those with whom the exchange is made to the loss of what is far more necessary, and to all the con-
sequences of brutal intoxication.
These, and such considerations, have induced the Secretary to cause to be inserted in the contracts made under
his orders a proviso, " that, if the quantities of the component articles of a ration shall be reduced, by law, the price
to be allowed therefor shall be propurtionably reduced." And, in the article of enlistment, a proviso, " that the
soldier is to accept such ration as is, or shall be, established by Idw."
It is well understood, that the increase having been once made, a change is delicate; but it is believed to be in-
dispensable, and that the temporary evils of a change can bear no proportion to the permanent and immense evils
of a continuance of the error.
It may not, perhaps, be advisable to bring back the ration to the standard of the late war, but to modify it, in
some respects, differently, so as not materially to affect the aggregate expense.
For example, it may consist of eighteen ounces of bread or flour, or an equivalent in rice, or Indian meal, when
flour cannot be wbtained; one pound and a quarter of fresh beef, or one pound of salted beef, or three quarters of a
pound of salted pork; salt, when fresh meat is issued, at the rate of two quarts; and candles at the rate of a pound
and an half for every hundred rations.
With regard to liquor, it may be best to exclude it from being a component part of the ration, allowing a discre-
tion to commanding officers to cause it to be issued, in quantities not exceeding half a gill per day, except on extra-
ordinary occasions.
Vinegar, also, ought to be furnished, when to be had, at the rate of two quarts, and soap at the rate of two pounds
per hunSred rations; but this ought to depend on circumstances, and ought not to make part of the established
There are often difficulties in furnishing articles of the latter description, and the equivalent in money is fre-
quently rather pernicious than beneficial. Where there is a contract, the promise of such articles is apt to prove
more beneficial to the contractor than to any other person. He commonly so manages it that the substitute is not a
real equivalent. . .
But it need not be remarked, that, whatever is to be done in this respect, must be so conducted, as not to infract
the conditions on which the old troops, now in service, were enlisted.
The act which authorizes to raise the twelve regiments of infantry, and six troops of dragoons, provides, that they
shall be kept in service during the continuance of the existing differences between the United States and the French
republic,if not sooner discharged. Upon the disbanding of these troops, it is to be presumed by far the greatest
number of both officers and men will find themselves at a considerable distance from their homes. The same thing
also happens to officers on the establishment, whose age or time of life, or scanty fortune, does not admit of their
continuance in the army, as well as to privates serving on the frontiers, whose engagements are successively expir-
ing. These all have, or will have, to travel to their respective places of residence, at their own expense, if no pro-
vision is made by Congress to meet the case. This, to many of them, must be, and is, an extreme hardship, espe-
cially when it is considered, that the profession of arms, however important to the country, and noble in itself, is so
far from furnishing to the officers, even of the highest grades, the means of making a tolerable provision out of the
savings of their pay, for the future support of themselves and families, in advanced old age, or when their services
maybe dispensed with by the public, that it requires them to observe the greatest economy to be able to proceed in
their career, and defray the expense of their necessary wants.
In the English service, the officer, when disbanded, receives half pay; the private soldier in the cavalry has his
horse, and an allowance for his sword, with fourteen days' pay to carry him home; the infantry have likewise four-
teen days' pay granted them for the same purpose.
It is respectfully suggested, whether it would not comport with justice, and have a tendency to encourage men
to enter into the army, it a provision was made for an allowance to each officer and soldier, on quitting the service,
or being disbanded, equivalent to the expense he must incur in returning home.
The act authorising the President of the United States to raise a provisional army, is too important to the peace
and safety of the Union, not to require from Congress such a matured revision as may render it efifectual to the pur-
poses for which it was framed.
The first section, by which the President was vested with the power to raise ten thousand troops, has expired by
its own limitation. .
It is conceived advisable, and founded on the soundest policy, that the power to raise such troops as are contem-
plated by this clause should be extended at least to twenty thousand. To be on safe ground, our preparations and
supplies ought to contemplate an army of fifty thousand men.
The act in question contemplates also a.w auxiliary force, under the denomination of volunteer companies, who
shall be armed, clothed, and equipped at their own expense.
It is highly pleasing to mention, that 'sufficient evidence has appeared, that the patriotism of our independent
citizens will not shrink from this measure of defence; the number of volunteer companies which have oflered their
services being already considerable.
1798.] REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. l^?
As it may be questioned, whether the act enables the President to appoint .tU appropriate officers to these com-
panies, when organized into regiments, brigades, and divisions, it is desirable that such power should be expressly-
given.
A specific provision for the pay and rations to volunteers, during the days it may be necessary to assemble them
in bodies in each j;ear, for the purpose of general discipline and manoeuvres, would be very benehcial-
To form effective soldiers at this moment, and at so light an expense to the public, must be looked upon as an
object of great national concern, especially when we take into view the difficulty of getting men, trained to arms, in
time of actual war.
The value of those patriotic bands of volunteers, who destine themselves to the front of danger, is inappreciable.
If well instructed and disciplined, they will, in the event of sudden invasion, be of immense utility and importance.
Besides the direct effects of their own exertions in resisting the enemy, till they can be succored by the regular
force, if at a distance, the militia, rallying to them, would derive, from their example and countenance, additional
courage and perseverance. They would, thus disciplined and aided by the regular force, though small, give a con-
sistency and stability to our first efforts, of which these would otherwise be destitute, and would tend powerfully
to prevent great, though, perhaps, partial, calamities.
It is impossible to contemplate the duties of the office of inspector general, without perceiving that their due
discharge will require the exercise of extraordinary skill and labor, and that the existing law has assigned no com
pensation whatever for the exercise of this skill and labor.
Ill the case of officers taken from the line to perform the specific duties of assistant inspectors, quartermasters,
&c. we find the law has made a specific allowance. The principle applies, and with augmented force, to the inspec-
tor general, who has not only to create regulations, but to superintend their execution, in addition to his duties as a
general officer.
To discharge, with effect, the duties of his office, he must make frequent journeys from one part of the army to
another, when it is encamped in different and distant places. It must be conceived that the expenses of such jour-
neys must quickly eat out the narrow allowance of a major general. If filled by a man of talents, v/ithuut a fortune
to meet such expenses, he must either compiomit his reputation, and that of the Government, by not producing the
results to be expected from his department, or he must ruin himself in performing services for which there is no
adequate compensation- The precedent of last war establishes the propriety of an extra allowance for the extra
services and expenses to this officer; and it would be infinitely more agreeable and less embarrassing to the Depart-
ment of War, that the latter, or his expenses on journeys from one part of the army to anodiei-, should be settled by
a fixed allowance by law, instead of being chargeable to the contingencies of the War Department. A further ar-
rangement is necessary to give full effect to the inspector general's department. During our war with Great Britain,
this officer was allowed secretaries, in addition to his aids as major general. It is thought that one secretary to the
present officer is indispensable.
It is proper, before closing this reference, to mention a circumstance intimately connected with our military
system.
Owing to the increase of the naval and military establishments, the business of purveyor of public supplies has
been so augmented, as to require for the War Department alone the exclusive and uninterrupted services of such an
officer.
It seems to be improper, that the head of the War Department should be obliged to employ himself in any other
manner in the business of the purveyor, than merely to make'requisitions for articles wanted j to prescribe the quan-
tities, the times, and places of delivery; and that the whole responsibility for the execution of the order should rest
upon the purveyor. A Secretary of War will always find ample employment in the general superintendence and
direction of the great operations of his department. If a portion of his time is to be occupied in the details of lesser
concerns, it is morally certain that the greater must languish or suffer.
Besides these duties, the purveyor should be charged exclusively with the disposing of all returns from the In-
dian factories, corresponding with these, keeping all accounts, and conducting all concerns relative to them, under
the direction of the Secretary.
He might also be the agent and organ to procure the means of transportation for all supplies sent from the seat
of Government, or elsewhere, to the army, agents, or quartermasters, to arsenals, and distant places of deposite.
The Secretary takes leave to recapitulate, for the purpose of presenting, in a concise view, the propositions re-
spectfully recommended to attention, by the foregoing observations.
1st. A new modification of the militarj', so as to admit of an increase of numbers to the companies and regi-
ments, in case of war; an alteration in the denomination of certain grades: and a perfect uniformity of arrangements
in corps of the same species of troops.
2d. Regulations to preserve to the companies and regiments, their competent number of officers, in cases where
any are taken from the line to act as aids-de-camp, inspectors, paymasters, quartermasters, &c.
3d. To designate the grades from which aids-de-camp and officers of inspection may be taken, in order to pre-
vent the multiplication of the higher grades.
4th. To add to the existing establishment two companies of horse, to be denominated and act as hussars; and a
surgeon and mate to the regiment of cavalry.
5th. To include, in the arrangement for the war establishment, a proportion of riflemen, estimated at one-twen-
tieth of the whole number of infantry.
6th. An alteration in the provision for a quartermaster general, to ensure the procurement of a fit character to
execute the duties of this important office.
7th. A provision for a hospital department for the army.
8th. A power to procure from abroad one distinguished engineer, and also an officer of artillery, .and suitable
appointments for the same.
9th. To provide for the appointment of an inspector of fortifications.
10th: That the choice of an inspector of artillery be left at large.
11th. A provision for altering and fitting the clothing issued to the soldiers.
12th. An alteration in the ration to be issued to the troops. •
13th. A provision for the reasonable expenses of officers and soldiers in returning to their homes, when disbanded,
or incapacitated by age or sickness, for further service.
14th. A revival and extension of the power to raise a provisional army.
15th. A specific provision for the appointment of appropriate officers for the volunteer companies, that are or may
be accepted , when iormed into regiments, brigades, or divisions; and for pay and rations to such volunteers, for those
days in every year it may be necessary to assemble them in bodies, for the purposes of discipline and training.
16th. A further provision for the extra services and expenses of the inspector general, and to allow him, besides
his aids, one secretary.
17th. The employment of a purveyor of public supplies, exclusively for the War Department.
All which the Secretary has the honor most respectfully to submit,
JAMES McHENRY.
War Department, December 'iith, 1798.
128
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1798.
A.
A REGIMENT OP INFANTRY.
Present Establishment.
J lieutenant colonel commandant,
2 majors,
1 adjutant, n
1 paymaster, ^ to be taken from the line.
1 quartermaster, J
I surgeon,
3 surgeon's mates,
10 captains,
10 lieutenants,
10 ensigns,
1 Serjeant major,
1 quartermaster sergeant,
•2 senior musicians,
40 sergeants,
40 corporals,
20 musicians,
600 privates.
Proposed Establishment.
J
1 colonel,
2 majors,
1 adjutant,
1 paymaster,
1 quartermaster.
1 surgeon,
2 surgeon's mates,
10 captains,
10 first lieutenants,
10 second lieutenants,
2 cadets,
2 sergeant majors,
2 quartermaster sergeants,
2 senior musicians,
20 musicians,
40 sergeants,
40 corporals,
920 privates.
to be lieutenants, and in addition to
the lieutenants hereinafter mention-
ed.
REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS.
Present Establishment.
1
3
1
I
1
No
lieutenant colonel commandant,
majors,
adjutant, ^
paymaster, C to be taken from the line.
quartermaster, J
surgeon or mate provided by law.
captains,
lieutenants, '
cornets,
sergeant major,
quartermaster sergeant,
sergeants,
corporals,
farriers,
saddlers,
trumpeters,
dragoons.
Proposed Establishment.
1 colonel,
2 majors,
I adjutant, ~f to be lieutenants, and in addition
1 paymaster, ^ to the lieutenants after mention-
1 quartermaster,j ed.
1 surgeon,
2 surgeon's mates,
1 0 captains,
10 first lieutenants,
10 second lieutenants,
5 cadets,
2 sergeant majors,
2 quartermaster sergeants,
2 chief musicians,
40 sergeants,
40 corporals,
10 musicians,
10 saddlers,
10 blacksmiths,
10 boot makers,
890 privates.
A REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY.
Present Establishment.
First Regiment.
1 lieutenant colonel commandant,
4 majors,
X adjutant, 7
4 adjutants and paymasters, 5
1 surgeon,
4 surgeon's mates,
16 captains,
32 lieutenants,
32 cadets,
64 sergeants,
64 corporals,
32 musicians,
160 artificers,
672 privates.
to be taken from the
line.
Proposed Establishment.
"I
I colonel,
4 majors,
1 adjutant,
I quartermaster,
1 paymaster,
1 surgeon,
2 surgeon's mates,
16 captains,
' 16 first lieutenants,
16 second lieutenants,
32 cadets,
4 sergeant majors,
4 quartermaster sergeants,
64 sergeants,
64 corporals,
1 senior musician,
10 musicians,
128 artificers,
768 privates.
to be lieutenants, and in addition
to the lieutenants hereinafter
mentioned.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War^ to the Hon. Samuel Sewall, Chairman of the Committee of De-
fence, S/-C. dated
" War Department, June 28, 1798-
" 3d. The act providing for raising and organizing a corps of artillerists and engineers, and the act to provide
an additional regiment of the same, both enjoin the procurement, at the public expense, of all necessary books, in-
struments, and apparatus, for the benefit of the said respective regiments.
" The Secretary, without designing to derogate from the merits of tlie officers appointed to the corps established
by the acts cited, feels it his duty to suggest, that other, and supplementary means of instruction, to the books and
instruments to be provided, appear to be absolutely indispensable to enable them to acquire a due degree of know-
ledge in the objects of their corps. It is certain, (hat the best faculties and inclinations for the arts and sciences
1799.] POWERS AND EMOLUMENTS OF BREVET RANK. 129
cannot be unfolded and applied to useful purposes, when proper encouragement and assistance have been denied or
neglected.
"The art of fortification is connected with so many others, is of such extent, and its operations dependent on,
and affected by, circumstances so infinitely varied, that it is impossible any man can be rendered master of it by
experience alone. Besides, the knowledge acquired by experience is often the result of our own faults, and
acquired by a heavy, and, it may be, in this art, disastrous expense to the public.
" It is certainly to be wished, that more attention had been paid to this subject, and that past recommendations
had found a favorable access to the ear of Congress.
" If the present moment does not admit of carrying into effect all that is desirable, and ought, under different
circumstances, to be done, to create a body of qualified and scientific engineers, it may, notwithstanding, be advi-
sable to advance towards this point by such measures as are compatible with our present situation.
"The knowledge of certain arts and sciences is absolutely necessary to the artillerist and engineer,- such are
arithmetic, geometry, mechanics, hydraulics, and designing.
" Without a knowledge of arithmetic, an officer cannot calculate the expense incurred, or to be incurred, on
any work, or any subject whatever.
" Without that of geometry, he cannot form a just plan or chart, regulate the design of a fortification, with its
lines and angles, trace it upon the ground it is to occupy, nor estimate and measure the solidity and surface of its
several parts.
" Without that of mechanics, he will not be able to appreciate the proportion of the machines used in war, the
dimensions of carriages for artillery, nor to augment or diminish the force of the several kinds of machines, when it
may be necessary.
" Without that of designing, he will not have it in his power, to give plans and profiles of works, nor to exhibit
the topography of the environs of a work, or any part of a country.
"Without that of hydraulics, he will not be qualified to conduct water from one place to another, or to sustain
and elevate it when there may be a necessity in sieges, or other military operations, for so doing.
"It is therefore submitted, whether provision ought not to be made for the employment of three or four teachers
of the enumerated sciences, to be attached generally to the two corps of artillerists and engineers, and obligated to
give instructions and lessons, at such times, places, and under such regulations, as the President may direct.
"The employment of teachers would give the intended effect to the provision of the laws, for the appointment
of two cadets to each company. It was supposed, that these cadets would form a nursery, from which qualified
officers might be drawn to fill vacancies, &c. but it must occur, that without proper masters to teach them the sciences,
necessary to the engineer and artillerist, this nursery can produce no valuable plants.
"It is also submitted, whether it might not be proper to augment the [)ay of cadets to nine dollars per month,
with two rations. This would excite their emulation, give them a consideration above sergeants, and enable them
to appear in a more respectable dress.
"It is with infinite regret the Secretary is obliged to mention, that the ordnance of our country is by no means
in a situation to command respect. That part of it was collected during a season of difficulty and necessity, from
different countries, and consequently, the guns are, many of them, essentially defective, and those of the same class
differ in length, weight, and caliber. The variance in these particulars occasions much trouble and inconvenience,
in providing appropriate ammunition, stores, apparatus, and carriages, besides subjecting the military service to in-
jurious delays, and the fatal consequences which might result from ammunition and implements being supplied
which, in time of need, will be found not adapted to the piece.
" As there is no established standard, it has also happened, from a defect of knowledge in our founders, or some
other cause, that most of the cannon that have been cast within, or on account of, the United States, are defective in
very essential points, and exhibit varieties in those cast at the same furnace, and of the same class, with those pro-
cured from abroad.
" It is important that some arrangement should be immediately adopted, calculated to give efficacy to a proper
system, and correct these evils. It is not enough that the President determine upon the size, weight, dimensions,
and calibers of the different kinds of cannon, either to be made, or imported into the United States, for their use,
unless an inspector of arlillery can be appointed, to see that all regulations appertaining to the ordnance depart-
ment be executed and observed with exactitude.
" We cannot presume that contracts, however carefully made, and conditioned, or even a national foundry,
will produce cannon conformable to a given specific standard for each class, so long as the United States are with-
out an officer of skill to inspect, and receive, or reject them.
" I cannot conceive any appointment more necessary to our military undertakings, and infant navy, than au in-
spector of arlillery, and I must flatter myself that the committee will feel as I do upon this occasion.
"They will not, I am persuaded, imagine that it can be possible for a Secretary of War, to discharge the duties
of his appointment, and, at the same time, to visit foundries, examine all kinds of ordnance, direct the dimensions
of gun carriages and implements, order the proper moulds for casting shot, shells, &c. review and decide upon the
qualities of every different production, and point out the means of remedying existing defects, and generally perform
all the other duties attached to the office of inspector of artillery.
"The Secretary indulges the hope, that the committee will recommend, and the wisdom of Congress think proper
to create, in the Department of War, the office of inspector of artillery, with a salary adequate to its nature and
importance, and calculated to obtain a person qualified to fill it. On this important head he takes leave further to
mention, that other countries owe the excellency of their ordnance to the establishment of such an officer, and that
in England, particularly, and at a late day, the appointment of a scientific and experienced inspector has given a
perfection to their ordnance never before known."
5th Congress.] JVo. 36. [3d Session.
POWERS AND EMOLUMENTS OF BREVET RANK.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 4, 1799.
Mr. DwiGHT Foster, from the committee of claims, to whom was referred the petition of Moses White, with the
report of the former Secretary of the Treasury thereon, made the following report:
That the object of the petitioner was to obtain a settlement and allowance of his account against the United
States, for services and expenditures on behalf of the public during the war.
The powers vested by law in the officers of the Treasury Department are competent to adjust and settle most of
the items mentioned in the account of the petitioner; and, since his petition was originally referred to the Secretary
of the Treasury, those items have been considered, and partially adjusted by the proper officers. The committee are
130 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
therefore of opinion, that with respect to that part of the petitioner's account, it would not be expedient or proper for
the Legislature to interfere: but the item of the greatest magnitude, and of most importance to the petitioner, which
is a claim for additional pay as aid-de-camp to Brigadier General Moses Hazen, from the first of August, 1781,
to November 3d, 1783, not having been expressly authorized by an act of Congress, has not been allowed in the
settlement of the account-
With respect to this part of the petitioner's claim, the committee report, that by the act of Congress of the 21st of
June, 1775, the commander in chief was allowed three, and each major general two aids-de-camp, whose pay and
rank were established by subsequent resolutions. By a resolution of Congress on the 30th of March, 1776,each briga-
dier general, when oncommand, was empowered to appoint abrigadier major, and, by another resolution, on the first
day of July, in the same year, a brigadier general, acting in a separate department, was allowed an aid-de-camp.
On the 27th day of May, 1778, it was provided, '• that the brigade major should be appointed as heretofore by the
commander in chief, or commander in a separate department, out of the captains in the brigade to which he should
be appointed"' — and by a resolution of that date, the additional pay of aids-de-camp and of brigade majors was
estaolished. Upon the 28th of June, 1782, so much of the act of the 27th day of May, 1778, as relates to the addi-
tional pay given to captains and subalterns, acting as aids-de-camp and brigade majors, was repealed, and on the
same day Congress resolved " that there should be such additional pay and emolum.ents to the pay of captains and
subalterns, serving as aids-de-camp to major generals, or brigadier generals, and to brigade majors, as should
make their pay and emoluments equal to the pay and emoluments of a major in the line of the army."
By a resolution of Congress, onlhe 29th day of June, 1781. Generjil Hazen was"appointed abrigadier in the army
of the United States, by brevet." It appears by a certilicate from General Hazen, that the petitioner acted as his aid-
de-camp during the time for which he prays compensation.
The only doubt which appears to have arisen respecting the propriety of allowing this claim is understood to have
been because General Hazen held the rank of brigadier by brevet commission only.
Although brevet officers were not entitled to any additional pay in consequence of their brevet promotion, yet it
gave them conditional rank — when on command of mixed corps, or on court martials, they took rank with the young-
est officer of the grade to which they were promoted — hence, in the local command of his own regiment, General
Hazen had no additional rank; but on command, &c. he took rank as the youngest brigadier. With respect to the
circumstance of his receiving no additional pay, in consequence of the appointment, the committee conceive it will
not apply to the question now under consideration. If a brigadier held the rank and command, whether he was a
volunteer, or held it by courtesy, or received no pay, they apprehend, by established custom, he was entitled to his
staff officers, and they to the customary allowance for their services. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his report on
this part of the petitioner's claim, states that he had not been able ' ' to discover any resolution of Congress by whicli
the claim could be decided; but that there were precedents in practice in favor of it as applied to brigadiers by com-
mission; that, if this practice were to govern, the circumstance of a brevet appointment would not, in the opinion of
the Secretary, constitute a ground of difference, to the prejudice of the petitioner, inasmuch us the brigadier is
understood to have the actual command of a brigade at the time; in which case, the principles of service, with re-
gard to an aid-de-camp, would apply as fully to him as to the brigadier bjr commission."
The committee concur with the Secretary of the Treasury in the opinion above expressed, and think that the
petitioner ought to receive compensation for his services as aid-de-camp; they therefore submit to the consideration
of the House the following resolutions, viz:
Resolved, That in the adjustment of the amount of Moses White, late a captain in the army of the United States,
the accounting officers of the treasury be, and they are hereby, directed to credit and allow the account of the said
Moses White, for his additional pay and emoluments as an aid-de-camp, during the time he acted in that capacity
to Brigadier General Moses Hazen, upon the same principles which have heretofore prevailed in the settlement of
accounts of officers acting as aids-de-camp to brigadier generals in the line of the army.
6th,CoNGRESs.l No_ 37_ [1st Session.
ARMORY AT SPRINGFIELD.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JANUARY 7, 1800.
War Department, January 6, 1800.
I have the honor to transmit a report, exhibiting the expenses of the national armory at Springfield, Massa-
husetts, together with the fullest information I have been able to obtain, relative to the said establishment.
1 am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
^, T, , .- T, . , ,r . , o JAMES McHENRY.
The Hon. the V ice President of the United States.
Sir:
War Department, January G, 1800.
The Secretary of War has the honor to lay before the Senate of the United States, an exhibit of the expenses
of the national armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, together with the fullest information he has been able to obtain
relative to the said establishment.
The following sums appear to comprise the annual expenditures at, and upon, this armory, from the commence-
ment of the same, in the year 1795, down to the 1st of October, 1799.
In the year 1795, expended ---... $12,095 25
Do. 1796, do. ---... 12,286 49
Do. 1797, do. - - - - . ■ - 11,175 28
Do. 1798, do. - . . ... 22,245 00
From 1st January, to 1st October, 1799, - ... - 48,90000
Cost of rations issued during the above periods, - . . . 20,663 00
Estimated value of musket stocks, --.... 2,00000
Making a total of, - - $129,365 2
1800.] ARMORY AT SPRINGFIELD. I3I
The muskets annually fabricated, in the same period, were, viz:
In the year 1795, - - - 245 I To July 1st, 1799, - - - 1,888
Do. 1796, - - - 825 In July, August, and September, 1799, - 1,184
Do. 1797, - - - 1,028
Do. 1798, - - - 1,044 I Total number, - 6,224
In order to form a just opinion of the average price, or cost, of the muskets manufactured as aforesaid, it will be
proper to distinguish, and deduct from tna total amount, the sums which have been expended upon the buildings,
raaclunery, tools, &.C., and the value of the unfinished works, the tools and materials on hand, the 1st October, 1799;
as well as of certain incidental" work, in repairing French arms in store, and making or repairing cannon carriages.
Although it is stated by the superintendent of the armory to tlie Secretary, to be wholly out of his power to de-
termine accurately, and with certainty, what proportion of the money expended was laid out on the works, and what
on the arms; which, he observes, will be readily conceived on reflecting, that, at the commencement of the business,
the public buildings were out of repair; that large sums were expended on them; that new buildings were erected;
and that for want of proper assistants and system, he did not keep separate accounts; that, besides, the artificers
were employed for some time on the buildings, instead of the manufactory, and in making the necessary pieces of
machinery and tools; yet, according to the best judgment he can form, the cost of the worksliops and other buildings
for the armorers, water dam. and privilege, together with the machinery belonging thereto, and rations drawn by
the men while employed in tnese incidentallabors, may be estimated at - - - - $20,006 00
Value of parts of muskets on hand, ..---.. 7,591 50
Stock on hand, -.-..--.. 6,958 17
Expense of cleaning and repairing French arras in store, and work done to cannon carriages for five
years. - - - - - - - - - - 3,800 00
Tools and utensils, estimated at .----.. 9,000 00
$47,349 67
This latter sum, deducted from the total amount of expenditures, leaves a balance of $82,015 35, which, divid-
ed by 6,224, the number of muskets fabribated since the commencement of the armory down to the 1st of October,
1799, makes each musket to cost about $13 17.
If we take into view the ditficulties always attendant upon the first operations of an establishment, requiring so
much skill as the fabrication of arms; that few or none of the workmen were, at first, masters of the business; that
some unsuccessful attempts in the proper construction of the machinery, and formation of parts of the musket, must
necessarily have occurred; that time and some experience was essential to adjust the various branches of the busi-
ness to each oiher, and to ascertain to what branches the capacities and skill of the different persons employed were
most appropriate; we shall find reason to be satisfied with the average cost of the muskets, and a sufficient ex-
planation, should any defects appear in some of the earliest manufactured.
The works being now complete, and labor-saving machines operating to great advantage, the artificers, too, being
generally well instructed, and the business better arranged, and carried on more systematically, what do muskets
now cost the United States at Springfield?
There are, at this time, employed in the armory, 183 artificers, and 11 apprentices. The number employed for
the months of August, September, and October ultimo, average 137 per month. In two of these months, there were
completed, 884 muskets, being 17 to each working day, or 442 muskets per month.
The superintendent states, as the result of positive experience, the monthly expenditures of the armory to be as
follows, viz:
Iron, 3tons, 15cwt. 2qrs. cost .......
Wages of workmen, including the pay of the superintendent and master armorers.
Rations for the men, - . . . ...
Wear of grindstones, ... . . . _
Charcoal and sea coal, .._.--.
Estimated cost of musket stocks, .-..-.
Emery, oil, buff leather, &c. -
Cast steel, brass, crucibles, and wire, -..-..
Screvvs, sand paper, and tallow, _.-.--
Clothing apprentices, and team work, .-----
Files, -.-....--
Contingent charges, .......
This sum, then, or the monthly expenditures apportioned on the number of muskets made monthly, shows their
cost to the United States, to be about $9 29 per musket.
This difference in the cost of the musket may be attributed to the price of the ration being less now than here-
tofore; to the workmen having become more expert; to the materials being bought in larger quantities, cominglower;
to supplies being more regularly furnished; and, generally, to the improvements in the machinery and system for
carrying on the manufactory.
The high prices offered artificers by private contractors for small arms, have obliged the superintendent to give
higher wages since these contracts have been formed. This, however, cannot be long felt disadvantageously, and
must operate to increase the number of workmen skilled in the business, and ultimately lower the price of wages.
At present, the average wages to workmen at the armory is nearly fifteen dollars per month.
The superintendent, however, expresses himself confidently, that the cost of each musket to the Government,
in future, cannot exceed ten dollars.
The progressive improvements in the manufactory will be best evidenced by the statement of the arms made in
each year; and the following one, of the number made and turned into the store, during certain parts of the years
1798 and 1799:
In the month of September, 1798, there were made and delivered to the store keeper.
Do. October,
r,
1799,
$ 592
17
2,180
69
546
00
50
00
250
00
150
00
36 00
18
50
38
00
45
00
100
00
100
00
$4,106 36
Do.
November,
Do.
December,
In the month of January,
Do.
February,
Do.
March,
Do.
April,
Do.
May,
Do.
June,
Do.
July,
Do.
August,
Do.
September,
80 muskets.
80
do.
150
do.
196
do.
200
do.
250
do.
339
do.
338
do.
336
do.
425
do.
300
do.
442
do.
442
do.
(short, owing to a failure in stocks)
During the last six months, there has been nearly the same number of hands employed, or between 130 and 150.
In October, 1798, there werell8 men, and these made 80 muskets only; in November, 121 men, who made 150 mus-
kets; which last is at the rate of near 21 days' work to each musket. The superintendent observes, on this head, that
132
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1800.
the men can now do double, and. in some instances, treble the work, in the same time; and that a workman, at pre-
sent, makes a complete musket in somewhat less than nine days; that he finds the workmen now make and com-
plete, in every part, 17 muskets per day, in the usual working hours; andwhat is, perhaps, of more consequence, that
the work, besides being sooner, is much better done.
Before closing this report, it will be proper to mention, that cogent considerations seem to require there should
be a power vested in the Secretary of War, under the direction of the President, to vary the compensation of the
superintendents and master armorers. Superintendents, in particular, are subjected to expenses wiiich attaches to
their station, and cannot be avoided by them.
It is essential also to notice, that it would greatly conduce to the success and improvement of our armories, were.
1st. The workmen, while employed in them, to be exempted from militia service; and, during the term of their
engagement, from civil process for all debts or contracts.
2. Were they to be obliged, by a summary process, to fulfil their engagements with the armory.
3. Were a fine to be imposed upon any person who shall withdraw them from the armory, or in whose service
they shall be found, after due notice shall be given of their engagements with the armory.
All which is respectfully submitted,
JAMES McHEyinY, Secreim-y of IVar.
6th Congress.]
No. 38.
1st Session.
SUSPENSION OF THE RECRUITING SERVICE.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JAN. 13, 1800.
Mr. Harrison Gray Otis, from the committee to \vhom was referred so much of the speech of the President of
the United States as relates to " a system of national defence, commensurate with our resources, and the situa-
tion of our country," reported in part:
That, in the opinion of the committee, no such material change in the state of the foreign relations of the United
States has happened, as would justify a relinquishment of any of the means of defence heretofore adopted by Con-
gress, but that the national honor and interest, in the present posture of affairs, make it prudent and necessary to
continue prepared for the worst event; but while danger still threatens our country, yet circumstances having
diminished the probability of an immediate invasion, the attention of the committee has been particularly directed
to the state of the military establishment, with a view to reconcile safety with economy, to preserve the establish-
ment, and retrench the expense. The annexed abstract, and letter from the Secretary of War, exhibit the state of
the twelve new regiments of infantry according to the latest returns. As these men have received their bounty and
clothing, and are daily improving in discipline; as they would be useful in any sudden emergency; and the greater
part of them may also be usefully employed, until wanted for actual service, on the fortifications of ports and har-
bors; it is conceived proper to retain them, but to suspend the recruiting service until the approach of danger shall
compel the Government to resume it. This project combines the advantage of an important reduction of the national
expense, with that of having at command a bady of officers ready for the service upon short notice, and a number of
disciplined troops sufficient for the present occasion.
Tlie committee, therefore, submit the following resolutions:
Resolved, That, from and after the day of next, all enlistments, under an act entitled '* An act
to augment the army of the United States, and for other purposes," shall be suspended until the next session of
Congress, unless war shauld break out between the United States and a foreign European power, or in case immi-
nent danger of invasion of their territory, by any such power, shall, in the opinion of the President of the United
States, be discovered to exist.
Sir: War Department, 'id January, 1800.
I received your letter dated yesterday, and have the honor to inform the committee of defence, that I am pre-
paring, and have nearly finished, a report to the President of the United States, on the subject of the military esta-
blishment, containing propositions which it is conceived would improve it, and detailing inlbrmation from the latest
documents, as fiir as they go, that have been transmitted to me, relative to the number of men that have been
actually enlisted in the new regiments.
It will be conceived the report mentioned is intended to embrace die most material objects that have occurred
to me, as promising amelioration to our military system. The President, I respectfully presume, will communicate
the same to Congress.
The number of men enlisted, at the dates therein specified, as appears from the latest returns to the War De-
partment, in the twelve new regiments of infantry, will be seen by the enclosed statements, whicii is respectfully
submitted.
The other requisitions will require some time to prepare an accurate reply to. They shall claim my attention,
and an answer be furnished as soon as possible.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient humble servant,
JAMES McHENRY.
H. G. Otis, Esquire, Chairman
cffthe Committee of Defence, of the House of Representatives of the United Stales.
Return of the non-commissioned Officers, Musicians, and Privates, enlisted for the twelve regiments, directed to
be raised in pursuance of the act of July, IG, 1798.
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War Department, January 2d, 1800.
1800.] MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. 133
tith Congress.] No. 39. [1st SESsio>f.
MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, JANUARY 14, 1800.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
A report, made to me on the fifth of this month, by the Secretary of War, contains various matters, in which
the honor and safety of the nation are deeply interested; I transmit it, therefore, to Congress, and recommend it
to their serious consideration.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, January I3lh, 1800.
The Secretary of War respectfully requests the attention of the President of the United States, to certain mea-
sures and arrangements, which appear to him to be indispensable to the improvement of our military system, and
solicits, if it shall be thought proper, that the same may be submitted to Congress.
No sentiment is more; just than this, that, in proportion as the circumstances and policy of a people are opposed
to the maintenance of a large military force, it is important that as much perfection as possible be given to that
which may at any time e.xist.
It is not, however, enough, that the troops it may be deemed proper to maintain be rendered as perfect as pos-
sible, in form, organization, and discipline; the dignity, the character to be supported, and the safety of the country,
further require that it should have military institutions, should be capable of perpetuating the art of war, and of
furnishing the means for forming a new and enlarged army, tit for service, in the shortest time possible, and at the
least practicable expense to the State.
Let it not be presumed, that a country, however distantly situated from other nations, or favored by the courage
and genius of its inhabitants, can neglect, with impunity, military institutions, or that it may, safely, consider all
regular force to be useless, except when there is an enemy present to employ it. A country which acts upon such
a maxim will invariably attract injuries and enemies, and, sooner or later, sink by internal discords, or see its
noble spirit broke down by repeated humiliations, and the whole people thus prepared for the last stage of national
degradation.
If the farmer would secure his flocks, he must go to the expense of shepherds; if preserve his crops, he must en-
close his fields. In like manner, to ensure safety to the nation, it is necessary that the leading avenues into it be
guarded by troops and fortifications. Before the invention of gunpowder, the smallest villages were invested with
walls, so that a long siege was often requisite to reduce them. Since that epoch, the history of almost, if not every
war, contains undeniable proofs of the utility of fortifications, and the necessity of disciplined troops, to the defence
of a country. Would it be wise or expedient in us to pursue a different course, and shut our eyes against the in-
numerable facts on record, in favor of their essentiality. Are we without regular troops, we may soon lose the
military art; are we without engineers, not a little of the money employed on fortifications will be always hazarded,
if not actually thrown away, and generals of the most consummate genius forced to capitulate in the field, whose
retreat might have been covered by a fortification, or the battle decided in his favor by a happily contrived in-
trenchment.
Since, however, it seems to be agreed, that we are not to keep on foot numerous forces, and it would be impos-
sible, on a sudden, to extend, to every essential point, our fortifications, military science, in its various branches,
ought to be cultivated with peculiar care, in proper nurseries; so that a sufficient stock may always exist, ready to
be imparted and diffused to any extent, and a competent number of persons be prepared and qualified to act as en-
gineers, and others as instructors, to additional troops, which events may successively require to be raised. This
will be to substitute the elements of an army to the thing itself, and will greatly tend to enable the Government to
dispense with a large body of standing forces, from the facility which it w;ll give of procuring officers, and forming
soldiers promptly in all emergencies.
No sound mind, after a fair view of the subject, can doubt the essentiality of military science in time of war,
any more than the moral certainty that the most pacific policy on the part of Government, and the most solemn and
well observed treaties, will not preserve a country from being engaged in war more or less frequently. To avoid
great evils, we must either have a respectable force always ready for service, or the means of preparing such a force
with certainty and expedition. The latter, as most agreeable to the genius of our Government and nation, is the
object of the following propositions.
1st. .5 Military Academy.
This object has repeatedly engaged the favorable attention of the Legislature, and some laws towards its con-
summation have been passed. These, however, being yet inadequate to afford the requisite instruction to officers,
and others, in " the principles of war, the exercises it requires, and the sciences upon which they are founded," the
adoption of a more perfect plan is conceived to be indispensable for these purposes. With this view, the following
plan is respectfully suggested, formed upon those of institutions of a similar nature, from which the nations who
have founded them derive the most decided advantages.
It is proposed, that this academy shall consist of four schools: one, to be called " The Fundamental School;"
•another, " The School of Engineers and Artillerists;" another, "The School of Cavalry and Infantry;" and a
fourth, " The School of the Navy;" and be provided with the following officers, professors, and teachers.
A Director General to superintend the three first schools.
A Director of the Fundamental School.
A Director of the School of Engineers and Artillerists.
A Director of the School of Cavalry and Infantry.
A Director of the School of the Navy.
Six Professors of Mathematics.
Four Professors of Geography and Natural Philosophy.
Two Professors of Chemistry, including Mineralogy.
Three Architects.
Four Designing and Drawing Masters.
One Riding Master.
One Fencing Master.
To be thus distributed among the several schools:
To the Fundamental School-
One. Director.
Four Professors of Mathematics.
Two Professors of Geography and Natural Philosophy.
One Designing and Drawing Master.
One Professor of Chemistry.
18 m
134 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
To the School of Engineers and Artillerists.
One Director.
Two Professors of Matlicmatics.
Two Professors of Geography and Natural Philosophy.
One Professor of Chemistry.
Two Architects.
Three Designing and Drawing Masters.
To the School of Cavalry and Infantry.
A Director.
A Riding Master-
A Fencing Master.
To the School of the Navy.
s\. Director.
A Professor of Mathematics.
A Professor of Geography and Natural Philosophy.
An Architect.
One Designing and Drawing Master.
The Fundamental School is designed to form Engineers, including Geographical Engineers, Miners, and officers
for the Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry, and Navy; consequently, in this school is to be taught all the sciences neces-
sary to a perfect knowledge of the different branches of the military art.
The School of Engineers and Artillerists, to teach those admitted therein, and appointed or designed for Engi-
neers, the application of the theoretic knowledge which they had acquired in the Fundamental School, to the con-
struction of all sorts of fortifications and military buildings appertaining thereto, to mines, and countermines,
sieges, attack and defence, to mineralogy, to the art of projecting and constructing bridges, roads, canals, and
maritime posts, and all works relative thereto, to all geographic and topographic operations, the calculations rela-
tive to the same, to designing and drawing charts, &c.
To those appointed or designed for the artillery service, the application of the theoretic knowledge, acquired in
the Fundamental School, to the construction of gun carriages, pontoons, the fabrication of cannon and fire arms, and
to all the manoeuvres of war which depend upon artillery.
The School of Cavalry and Infantry, to teach those admitted therein, and appointed to, or destined for, the cavalry,
the tactics, exercise, ancl police of cavaliy; those for the infantry, the tactics of infantry, and all that concerns the
police of an army, in the field and in quarters.
The School of the Navy, to teach those appointed to, or destined for, this service, the application of the knowledge
acquired in the Fundamental School in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statics, and navigation. To this end, after
having passed exanlination, they shall make voyages or cruises, under skilful officers, for certain periods, during
which tmie they ousht to be exercised in the manoeuvres and observations most useful in service, and be instructed
in whatever respects rigging of vessels of war, pilotage, and the management of cannon.
Functions of the Principal Officers.
The Director General to have the general superintendence of the schools, particularly of the Fundamental School;
to occupy himself incessantly vidth the means of attaining the end of the institution, which is the greatest possible
instruction to the pupils.
He will inform himself of their progress in the studies relative to the service to which they are destined, and
collect all the facts proper to be laid before the President, to enable him to form an opinion of the fitness of any
individual, who has not had one, for an appointment; or, in case he has, to judge how, and when, his talents can,
upon occasion, be most beneficially employed.
He will attend, particularly, to the execution of whatever respects the admission of pupils; their transfer from
the school of theory into that of practice; their passage from one class or division, in the same school, to another;
and the examinations which they ought respectively to undergo.
He will propose a list of the officers of the army, proper to be received into the schools, and will furnish the
Secretary of War with information, from time to time, relative to their progress, conduct, and capacity to fill
stations to which their genius and knowledge may particularly point.
He \\\\\ give such certificates to the officers, cadets, or pupils, as they shall have merited.
The directors of each of the military schools will receive from the Director General, instructions detailing their
functions and powers; to him they will make their reports.
With respect to the School of the Navy, the director thereof will receive his instructions from the Secretary of
the Navy.
The Director General, and the other directors, to be officers of the army or navy, according as the studies and
exercises of the particular school shall be most intimately connected with either service.
These schools to be provided with proper apparatus and instruments, ibr philosophical and chemical experiments,
for astronomical and nautical observations, for surveying, and such other processes as are requisite to the several
topics and branches of instruction.
The site of schools of engineers and artillerists, and of the navy, ought to be on navigable water. For this pur-
pose, a piece of ground ought to be purchased, sufficient for experiments in tactics, gunnery, and fortification. The
situation upon a navigable water is also requisite, to admit of specimens of naval construction and naval exercises.
It would also tend greatly to the perfection of the plan, if the academy of artillerists and engineers was situated
m the neighborhood of foundries of cannon and manufactories of small arms.
BarracKs and other proper buildings must be erected, for the accommodation of the directors, professors, and stu-
dents, and for the laboratories and other works to be carried on at the respective schools.
The cadets of the army, and a certain number of young persons, destined for military and naval service, ought
to study at least two years in the Fundamental School; and if destined for the corps of engineers or artillerists, or
for the navy, two years more in the appropriate school; if for the cavalry or infantry, one year more in the appro-
priate school. But persons who, by previous instruction elsewhere, may have become acquainted with some or all
of the branches taught in the Fundamental School, may, after due examination by the directors and professors of that
school, be either received then for a shorter time, or pass immediately to one or other of the schools of practice, ac-
cording to the nature and extent of their acquirements and intended destination.
In addition to these, detachments of officers and non-commissioned officeis of the army ought to attend one or
other of the schools, in rotation, for the purposes of instruction and exercise, according to the nature of the corps to
which they respectively belong.
It may be noticed also in this place, that it would be a wise addition if Government would authorize such a
number of sergeants, supernumerary to those belonging to the regiments on the establishment, as would suffice with
them for an army of fifty thousand men. All the supernumeraries to receive, according to their capacities, instruc-
tion at the academy, and occasionally sent to do duty with the army.
This outline of a Military Academy, which is conformable to that of similar institutions in other countries, par-
ticularly in France, is not meant to imply any thing conclusive: the plan may be modified, perhaps, to advantage.
At all events, it ought to be left with the President to proportion the number of cadets, and others, to be admitted
into the schools, ancTto prescribe, definitively, relative to the requisites to entitle to admission, the periods of noviciate,
transfers from the schools to particular corps, and whatever respects organization, regulations, and police.
18b6.]
MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
135
And here it may be proper to observe, that though provision should be made by law for the proposed establish-
ment, in its full latitude, yet it may be left in the discretion of the President to appoint so many of the professors
and masters only, as experience shall show to be necessary.
Will it be thought superfluous to remark, relative to the utility of this institution, that it is from the military
schools of France have issued those general and other officers, whose skill and recent achievements in war havi-
rendered them subjects for military histoiy, and enabled the present governors of that nation, successively, anil
almost instantaneously, to form immense disciplined armies.
Is it not greatly desirable to be so provided and prepared for all emergencies?
An enemy who meditates invasion will naturally examine what he will have to encounter before he undertakes
it. Acting with common prudence, he must proportion his military array to the obstacles in fortifications and dis-
posable force it will have to overcome, and which may be so stationed and improved, as to require from him an armv
and apparatus, expensive beyond his resources to support. Our country, by a skilful application of very moderate
means, may thus avert from its bosom the most expensive and calamitous wars.
In treating upon such an institution, it was encouraging to reflect, that, happily, it coincided with your uniform
wish to see our country placed in a situation which would entitle the just maxims of its policy to be respected, and
enable it to meet any adverse accidents it may be reserved to encounter.
The measure proposed has also the high sanction of our late venerated President, whose talents and services
were devoted, not to produce personal results, but to render a whole people great, flourishing, and happy.
" The institution of a Military Academy," this great man observes, in his last impressive speech, "is also recom-
mended by cogent reasons: however pacific the general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an
adequate stock of military knowledge, for emergencies. The first would impair the energy of its character; and
both would hazard its safety, or expose it to greater evils, when war could not be avoided. Besides, that war
might often not depend upon its own choice. In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a
nation from the necessity of practising the rules of the military art, ought to be its care in preserving and transmit-
ting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of tiiat art. "Whatever argument may be drawn from particular ex-
amples, superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject witl evince that the art of war is at once
comprehensive and complicated; that it demands much previous study; and that the possession of it, in its most
improved and perfect state, is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, therefore, ought to be a
serious care of every government; and, for this purpose, an academy, where a regular course of instruction is given,
is an obvious expedient, which diflerenl nations have successfully employed."
Will not the patriotism and good sense of our country readily consent to found an institution, at a moderate
expense, recommended by such authorities, and which must produce the happiest effects? And yet. it ought not to
excite surprise, if, in a season of profound peace, the minds of a generality of a people, partaking of the public calm,
should become inattentive to the storm that may be collecting at a distance. Are we in the midst of tliat profound
calm, and can the eye perceive no cloud in the horizon? But, were the heavens without one threatening spot, and
peace universal on earth, ought the watchmen of a nation to trust to such evanescent and deceptive appearances?
And will not an intelligent people, instructed by the wisdom of ages, and having every reason to confide in those to
whom they have assigned the direction of their affiiirs, gladly see establishments arise, and arrangements made, which
shall render the thunder harmless when it shall burst over their heads. In such conjunctures, (and such must hap-
pen to the United States,) corps of well instructed officers and troops are to a country, what anchors are to a
ship, driven by a tempest towards a rocky shore.
Second. ./2 modification of the two Regiments of Artillerists and Engineers, so as to create, instead thereof, one
Regiment of Foot Artillerists, another of Horse Artillerists, and a third of Engineers.
It is conceived, that the entire union of the officers of artillerists and engineers, in one corps, as in our present
establishment, is not advisable. The art of fortification, and the service of artillery, though touching each other in
many points, are, in the main, distinct branches, and eacii so comprehensive, that their separation is essential to
perfection in either. This has been ascertained by long experience. Among the powers of Europe, there is not one
recollected, which, at the present day, is not conscious of this truth. When any of them have attempted to unite
these corps, the disadvantages which resulted were soon felt to be so momentous, as to produce conviction that each
required a separate organization. Such an union was once attempted in France.
According to an ordinance of the 8th of December, 1755, the artillery and engineer corps of that nation, which
had been separate, were combined into one. The experiment, however, was of short duration. In 1758, the engineer
corps was disjoined from the corps of artillery, and called, as before, the corps of engineers; since which time these
corps have remained separate.
The two regimeiits of artillerists and engineers consist of the following officers, non-commissioned officers, and
privates; each of, viz:
1 Lieutenant Colonel Commandant,
4 Majors,
1 Adjutant, ^
1 Quartermaster, ^ each being a Lieutenant,
1 Paymaster, j
1 Surgeon,
2 Surgeon's Mates,
IG Captains,
32 Lieutenants, besides the three above mentioned.
32 Cadets,
4 Sergeant Majors,
4 Quartermaster Sergeants,
64 .Sergeants,
64 Corporals,
1 Chief Musician,
10 Musicians,
128 Artificers,
763 Privates.
Let the regiments of foot artillerists and horse artillerists consist each as follows, viz:
1 Lieutenant Colonel Commandant,
3 Majors,
1 Adjutant, ~)
1 Quartermaster, S-each being a Lieutenant,
1 Paymaster, j
1 Surgeon,
2 Surgeon's Mates,
12 Captains,
24 Lieutenants, besides the three above mentioned.
24 Cadets,
3 Sergeant Majors,
3 Quartermaster Sergeants,
48 Sergeants,
48 Corporals,
1 Chief Musician,
12 Musicians,
780 Privates, including Artificers
The artificers forming a part of each company in the regiments as they now exist, to form two companies of nv. -
ners, and two companies of artificers, to be arranged as will be hereafter noticed.
It is also proposed: First. In the event of a war, that these two regiments shall be augmented to the complement of
officers and men, composing the existing regiments of artillerists and engineers. Second. That the regiment of
horse- artillerists shall pertorm their service on horseback during war only. Third. That provision be made to
enable the President of the United States, in case war shall break out between the United States and a foreign Eu-
ropean power, or in case imminent danger of invasion of their territory, by any such power shall, in his opinion, be
discovered to exist, to organize, and cause to be organized, two additional regiments of horse artillery. Fourth. That
the officers which shall become supernumerary, by this aforesaid organization, shall, at the discretion of the Presi-
dent, be transferred to fill vacancies in other regiments, on the establishment, corresponding with their grades,
or be retained to fill appropriate vacancies which shall happen in their respective regiments, by deaths, resigna-
tions, &c.
136 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
In addition to the economical effect of the latter arrangement, it may be mentioned, that the officers to one whole
battalion of the Second Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers have not yet been appointed.
The regiment of engineers consisting entirely of officers, if we exclude the companies of miners, it remains to
speak of its organization.
Let it consist of, viz:
Two Lieutenant Colonels, one first and one second, Twenty-four First Lieutenants,
as already provided by law. Twenty-four Second Lieutenants,
Three Majors, . Twenty-four Cadets.
Twelve Captains,
The companies of miners and their labors to be under the direction and immediate command of officers of this
corps, and to make a part thereof.
It will be perceived, and it is observed with regret, that, the engineer regiment cannot be immediately formed,
by the mere act of transferring into it officers from any of the existing regiments. In order to answer its high des-
tination, it must be filled slowly, and under the exercise of great caution and responsibility.
For this purpose, selections may be made from among the officers of the army, and others who shall have passed
through the military schools, and prescribed examinations, and obtain certificates of their possessing the requisite
knowledge and qualifications.
It may also be permitted, in cases of uncommon urgency, requiring the completion of the corps, to choose offi-
cers among our citizens, whose professions or functions are most analogous to those of engineers, after an examina-
tion made by a special commission named by the President.
But lot it be remembered, that this corps is too essential to the success of military operations, to be hurried in its
formation, or composed of other than persons qualified to discharge its high and important functions. Is authority
necessary to support this truth ? A general, of the first reputation as a commander, observes on this subject, in
speaking to his Government of an officer, who had been killed in action, " He was the best officer of engineers, a
body on which so much of the success of campaigns and the fate of a country depend, and where the least fault may
be attended with the most fatal consequences. "
The horse artillery being a subject that cannot fail to attract attention, it will not, it is conceived, be deemed su-
perfluous to submit a few observations and facts, relative to its structure, advantages, and importance.
The Prussians were the first who employed horse artillery, invented by the great Frederick, at a time, when the
league which was formed against him, called upon his genius to multiply his resources. It was then, that the same
army, transported with a celerity and precision, till then unknown in war, was seen to triumph against superior
forces during the same campaign, upon opposite frontiers, to the East and to the West of his states. It was then
were seen horse artillery accompanying strong advanced bodies of cavalry without embarrassing, or retarding, their
rapid marches and evolutions.
Horse artillery was introduced into the Suslrian army during the reign of Joseph II., but it was not made a
principal object, and remained in a state of imperfection. The cannoneers were transported upon the ridges of
covered caissons, stuffed in the attitude of men on horseback. These carriages were called TVurst-wagen.
Some attempts were made in France to introduce the horse artillery before the revolution there: tlie subject,
however, was not well understood; the general officers, who were present at the attempt, proposed to place the
cannoneers, like the ^ustrians, on Wursts.
In 1791, Mr. Duportail, Minister of War, authorized the commandant of the division of Mity to form two
companies of horse artillery. The success of this experiment was decisive, and answerable to the minister's expec-
tations. The officers and men were in a few weeks in a condition to manoeuvre with light troops.
In 1792, Mr. Narbonne, who succeeded to Mr. Duportail, composed a committee of the most enlightened officers
of the army, to examine and decide upon the means ot improving and extending, in the French army, the use. of
horse artillery.
As no better idea can be given of this new military arm, than what is reported of the result of this conference,
the Secretary takes the liberty to introduce it.
These officers resolved, as fundamental points—
1 . That a numerous horse artillery well served, and kept complete in cannoneers and horses, was the most certain
mean to protect the evolutions of tooops indifferently instructed, to support their attack with bajronets, and to render
null, by positions seasonably taken and with celerity, the advantage which troops 6e//ej- (/isap/merf, might confi-
dently promise themselves from superiority in manosuvres.
2. That with respect to the employment of this arm, the rules of service, instruction, &c. the horse artillery
ought to differ from the field artillery only, in having its pieces so managed, as to be drawn \yith the utmost celerity
wherever they can produce the greatest effect, and in the cannoneers being able to follow their guns, and commence
action as soon as they are placed.
3. That to fulfil this object, it is more convenient to have the cannoneers all mounted on horses, than a part of
them on wursts, because on horses they are less subject to accidents, their movement more rapid, their retreat more
secure, and the replacing of horses easy.
4. That without excluding any caliber, it appears pieces carrying balls of eight and twelve pounds, and howitzers,
may be most advantageously employed.
5. That it is unnecessary to discipline a horse artillerist in the manoeuvres of cavalry; that this would be a de-
parture, without utility, from the principal object; that it is enough for him to know to sit firm on his horse, to
mount and descend quickly, and conduct him boldly; that it is not requisite to oblige him to preserve any order in
following his piece, leaving it to his intelligence to learn, if he chooses, to execute the manoeuvres of cavalry.
S. That the manoeuvre, a, la prolonge,. ought to be employed in every case in which it is practicable to use it.
That the horses remaining attached while the pieces are firing, one gains thereby all the time which would be lost
in removing or replacing the avant train, awA t\\\K one may pass tosses and rivers with the utmost celerity, antl
profit of positions.
7. That in order to form at once a requisite number of companies of horse artillery, without weakening the
artillery regiments, it is sufficient to employ for every piece two skilful cannoneers, and to draw upon the infantry
for the rest. . . ■ ■
On these principles the French have organized an establishment in their armies, from which they have derived
the most important advantages in most, if not all their campaigns. . . . . '
The decisive agency of horse artillery in offensive war was manifested in the invasion of Belgium, by General
Dumouriez, at the end of his campaign in 1792. Tiie affair of TVaterloo is equally in point, as to its superiority in
defensive operations.
Whilst General Pichegru commanded the army oi Flanders, iom- thousand cavalry, manoeuvring with his horse
artillery, sustained the immense effort of an army of thirty thousand men, supporting an artillery chiefly of a difller-
ent kind, of at least triple the force of that opposed to it.
Bonaparte, at the battle of Castiglione, after raising the siege of Mantua, having re-assembled several divi-
sions of his horse artillery in a well chosen position, under General Domartin, broke, by their means, the Austrian
line, and thus decided a victory upon which depended the most important consequences in his favor-
It is also certain, that the horse artillery contributed not a little to gain the battle of Ettingen, where General
Moreau, very inferior in cavalry, maintained, by its means, his left wing against the whole cavalry of the Arch
Duke. The application of the horse artillery procured to General Hoclie, upon the Rhine, in the late affair of
Neuvied, like success.
The Arch Duke Charles, instructed by such events, has greatly augmented and improved this arm of the Aus-
trian army. The English, also, have lately introduced horse artillery into their service, but, it is supposed, too
sparingly to derive therefrom its full effect.
1800.] MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. J 37
Can an agent, so superior in all offensive and defensive operations, and so vastly important from its nature, as
well as the use made of it by other nations, be dispensed with in the composition of our army, or neglected with
impunity.'^
The author of a recent work, entitled " Precis des evenements militaires," published in numbers at Hamburg,
from which most of the aforesaid facts respecting this powerful military agent have been taken, observes, " that It
is become indispensable in all armies; it can accompany almost every where cavalry; it crosses rivers and morasses
impassable to foot artillery; it thunders in mass and with great rapidity upon an unexpected point of attack; turns
a body of the enemy; takes him in flank or rear; can perform the service of advance posts; of artillery position; of
the rear guard; and, in fine, that of a corps of reserve, from which detachments may be made as wanted: it is free
from the inconvenience ascribed to foot artillery, of retarding and restraining the manoeuvres and marches of
troops: the French have, therefore, already confined the use of foot artillery to the service of sieges, with the ex-
ception of four pounders, which they have yet left attached to battalions."
Horse artillery would seem to be peculiarly recommended to the United States by the reflection, that all attacks
on the sea-board must be made by an enemy, water borne from a distant country, who will consequently be ill
provided with horses, whereas, the United States, having a knowledge of this agent, and resorting to their re-
sources in horses, might be able to oppose a horse artillery so superior and so promptly, as to give decided advan-
tages in attack or defence, and relieve their territory from being ravaged, or long possessed in any part of it. If the
United States shall prevent an enemy from procuring the horses of the country, and shall maintain a superiority in
this forcible arm, they will have little to fear from invaders, however powerful in infantry.
The two regiments of artillerists and engineers, as they now stand on the establishment, cost the United States
four hundred and twenty-seven thousand five hundred and fifty three dollars and eighty cents annually. There
will result from the proposed arrangement of these regiments, as will appear by Schedule A. a difference in time ol
peace of twenty thousand nine hundred and fifty-five dollars and thirty cents annually, which sum may be applied
to the expenses of the Military Academy.
When the preceding propositions are respectfully submitted, as essential to the improvement of our military
establishment, it vvould be improper to overlook such other measures as may occur, and, it is believed, would conduce
to perfect our preparations, for securing our rights.
The importance of the volunteer associations or companies, which may be accepted under "An Act authorizing
the President to raise a provisional army," passed the 28th May, 1798, has heretofore been presented by the Secretary.
They may be considered as a reserve body, from which prompt and efiicient reinforcements can be drawn, to our
regular army, and as rallying and supporting points, when completely organized into regiments, brigades, and divi-
sions, for the militia, in all cases of great and comprehensive urgency or danger.
A revision of the law respecting these valuable associations, is earnestly recommended. No other force being
so economical, will it not be proper, in order to derive full and permanent utility from the volunteer companies
in all hazardous conjunctures, that the power of the President to accept their patriotic offers of service should no
longer be confined to a limited period, and that the duration only of their engagements, after acceptance, should be
defined by law. Can a time be fairly presumed to arrive, when we can have nothing to apprehend from either
foreign or domestic enemies ?
An omission in the law to provide the same compensation to the volunteer cavalry, for the use of their horses,
that is allowed to militia cavalry, when in actual service, has been felt, with some sensibility^ by the former, who
were employed during the last insurrection in the same service with militia cavalry. It is, therefore, recommended
that an appropriation be made for compensating the volunteer cavalry so employed, for the use of their horses, during
their service, at the same rates of allowance, which have been paid to the militia cavalry on the same service; and
that equal rates of compensation for the future shall be provided for both by law, for the use of their horses in actual
service.
, The militia of the United States ought to be considered as an essential arm of our defence, and a sure resource
from which reinforcements may be drawn to supply deficiencies in the regular army, in the event of a sudden inva-
sion, or the wasting progress of a long war.
To obtain their aid, however, with celerity and order, in such cases, other provisions are necessary than are to
be found at present in the laws.
The act of the 28th of February, 1795, authorizes the President, whenever the United States shall be invaded, or
in imminent danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, to call forth such numbers of militia of 'the
state, or states adjoining, most convenient to the place of danger, or scene of action, as he may judge necessary to
repel such invasion, and to issue his orders for the purpose to such officer or officers of the militia as he shall think
proper.
To give effect to this power, and enable the President to carry upon an enemy with promptitude the force nearest
to, or best calculated to, annoy him, it is indispensable that he should know the number and species of militia in each
county of a State, and the names and places of residence of their officers respectively.
If these particulars are not precisely known to the President, at the time the force is wanted, the delay which
must necessarily intervene in the circuitous course of orders and instructions, will often, if not always, be productive
of disastrous consequences. To avoid these, the proper officer of the militia in each State should be obliged, by
heavy penalties, and high responsibility, to make quarterly returns to the Department of War, comprehending the
aforesaid particulars.
The troops raised under, and comfonnably to the provisions of " An act to augment the army of the United States.
and for other purposes," passed the 16th July, 1798, demand, at this time, particular attention.
This additional force was to consist of twelve regiments of infantry, and six troops of cavalry, the latter
intended, with the two troops of cavalry, heretofore, and now, in service, to form one regiment of cavalry. For the
infantry, the officers have been appointed, and the recruiting service some time in operation. For the cavalry, the
offi cers have also been appointed ; but, to avoid the expense of this kind of troops, which is always much greater than
that of any species of foot, the recruiting service has not been ordered, as yet, into operation, nor have horses been
purchased, although preparatory measures have been taken.
For the twelve regiments of infantry, the enlistments amount as follows, according to the last returns which have
been received by the department.
From the fifth regiment, which is the first of the twelve, there has been no returns.
Returned for the sixth regiment, enlisted.in North Carolina, from August to December, 1799, viz: 134.
For the seventh, enlisted in Virginia, from May to the first Monday in November, 1799, viz. 258.
For the eighth, enlisted in Virginia, from May to October the 1st, 1799, viz. 424.
For the ninth, enlisted in Maryland, from May to September the 17th, 1799, viz. 314.
For the tenth, enlisted in Pennsylvania, from May to August the 1st, 1799, viz. 448.
For the eleventh, enlisted in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, from April to the first Monday in Octo-
ber, 1799, viz. 458.
B'or the twelfth, enlisted in New York, from May to the first Monday in September, 1799, viz. 287.
For the thirteenth, enlisted in Connecticut, from May to the first Monday in November, 1799, viz. 371.
For the fourteenth, enlisted in Massachusetts, from May to the first Monday in November, 1799,'viz. 337.
For the fifteenth, enlisted in Massachusetts, Maine, from June to the first Monday in November, 1799, viz. 145.
For the sixteenth, enlisted in New Hampshire, from July to the first Monday in November, 1799, viz 233
Total enlisted, 3,399.
Agreeably to the provisions of the act of the 16th July, 1798, all these troops have been, by the terms of their re-
spective enlistments, engaged*' for and during the continuance of the existing differences between the United States
and the French Republic."
The Secretary thinks it necessary to mention that, immediately upon the accommodation of the existing differ-
ences aforesaid, the engagements of all these troops will expire, and every man be entitled to demand his discharge
That, in consequence, if it shall be deemed expedient to keep up a peace establishment, more extended than here-
^33 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
tof'ore or any events should intervene to render a larger army indispensable, it will not be practicable to apply one of
tliese men to the same, who have already received a bounty, without a re-enlistment, and the expense of a new
It is' therefore, thought advisable, that the terms of enlistment prescribed by the law be superceded by a provi-
sion in I'uture to enlist for tlie term of five years, if not sooner discharged. This modification leaves ■with the Presi-
dent the power of reducing tlie numbers of the army at any time, to a prescribed establishment, and if the negotia-
tions of our envoys to the French republic shall be successful, it will procure a number of men, who, without addi-
tional expense, can be retained, if necessary, in service, for the period mentioned, a measure which appears equally
recommended by its policy and economy. ^ ., , ^^ .^ , ^^ ^ , ,, , ,. ■ .u ,
The Secretary has before observed, that if the United States shall prevent an enemy Irom procuring the horses
of the country, and maintain a superiority in horse artillery, they will have little to fear from an invading enemy,
however powerful in infantry. It certainly would be an important addition to our system of defence, was an arrange-
ment devised, to deprive an enemy, as much as possible, after he had eft'ected a landing upon our coast, of the means
of subsistence, and especially to prevent iiim from possessing himself of horses, indispensable to the transport of his
baggage, stores, and pi-ovisions, and for his artillery and cavalry.
An operation promising to be so efficient, and sanctioned by experience in other countries, will perhaps require,
on the part of Government, a promise of indemnification to the individual, for the value of all stock and horse?
which may be removed in consequence of invasion, if not restored to their respective owners.
Provisions and restrictions, it is conceived, may be made, calculated to secure the public against frauds, and
to encourage, at the same time, the aid of proprietors tliemselves in the execution of such a law. It should explicitly
provide, that no compensation will ever be allowed for property of the kind described, destroyed either by the
enemy, or by our own army, to prevent its falling into the hands of an enemy; in all cases, where it shall appear no
previous preparation or exertion had been made use of to remove it, and authorize the destruction of all stock, and
horses in particular, left in an exposed situation, wiien necessary, to prevent their being useful to an enemy, or
employed against the armies of the United States. . , . ■
The Government of a country, blessed with every convenience for an extensive foreign trade, and peopled witlt
iniiabitants distinguished for their commercial spirit, will, from the natural operation of circumstances, and the im-
pulse given by its citizens, consider it a duty to prepare either gradually or promptly, as policy, interest, or neces-
sity, may dictate, the means of aifbrding protection to its property on the ocean.
We find accordingly the foundation of a navy already laid, and its advantages so far felt as to induce a belief
its progress will be permitted to keep pace with the purposes for which it was instituted. This navy, however, whicli
is specially intended to protect trade, will in its turn require to be protected, when in harbor, by suitable fortifica-
tions. Without a place of safety, to which it may retire from a superior fleet, the labors and resources of years
may be destroyed in a single hour.
The fortifications erected for tlie defence of our cities and harbors cannot yet be considered competent to anm'd
this security. Many new and extensive works, even at those places where the fortifications are advanced, will yet
be required to render any of them a secure asylum for our navy.
Whenever, therefore, the harbors in which our dock yards and great naval deposites are to be established, and
to which our navy may retire in time of war or danger, siiall be determined upon, it will be indispensable to make
them impregnable, if possible, to an enemy.
Schedule B will show the sums which have been appropriated and annually expended in fortifying our harboi s,
since the " act to provide for tiie defence of certain ports and harbors in the United States," passed the 20th March,
1794, and the balance remaining on the 1st October, 1799.
The Paymaster General of the Armies of the United States has been, agreeably to the provision of the 15th sec-
tion of" an act for the better organization of the troops of the United States, and for other purposes," quartered by
direction of the late commander in chief, at the seat of Government, it being the station deemed most proper, to
enable him to perform his iunctions with convenience, facility, and the least probable risk of the public moneys.
The functions of this office are, by law, highly important: his trust is eminently responsible. All moneys for
the pay of the armies pass through his hands, including military bounties, and the subsistence and forage of officers,
and he is the auditor, in the first instance, of all accounts for such objects.
The compensation provided for him is eighty dollars per month, with the rations and forage of a major. This
compensation the Secretary conceives, not merely inadequate to remunerate the duties and responsibilities attached
to the office, but insufficient for the decent support of a respectable character, and certainly none other should fill it.
It is, therefore, respectfully suggested to increase the compensation to the Paymaster General of the Armies of
the United States, and submitted whether it might not be attended with some beneficial eftects to vest him with a
suitable brevet rank in the army.
The regularity, discipline, and, of course, the efficiency of all armies have always depended very essentially upor
the system provided for their government. Impressed with this conviction, the Secretary takes the liberty to bring
into your view, " the rules and articles for the better government of the troops raited, or to be raised, and kept in
pay, by and at the expense of the United States of America." This system contains many excellent provisions,
but experience has produced a pretty general wish among military men, that it could be submitted to a complete
revision, as in many particulars it is presumed to require amendments.
This revision would be a \ery serious work, and there is reason to fear could not be undertaken, with a prospect
of being speedily finished. Some things, howevei-, can be done, which would be important improvements.
A great obscurity envelopes the provisions of the existing articles, respecting the power to appoint or order
general courts martial. One construction, by confining the power to the general or commander in chief only, is
inconveniently narrow, and has occasioned too great delay, as well in instituting courts, as in giving effect to their
sentences. Another construction, winch has been practised upon, (commandants of posts, as sucn, of whatever grade,
having assumed the power of constituting general courts martial) is too much diffused, and would place in too many
hands a trust no less delicate than important.
To attempt to attain the proper medium by a more exact legislative definition, of the characters who may exer-
cise the power, would perhaps be attended with difficulty, and might often not meet the new situations which are
constantly occurring in the infinite combinations of military service. The expedient which has appeared most proper,
is to give a discretionary authority to the President, to empower other officers, (than those the soundest interpreta
tion has decided to be designated by the articles of war, viz. generals, or those on whom a general's command has
devolved) to appoint general courts martial, under such circumstances, and with such limitations, as he may deer.i
advisable.
The provisions which refer the determination on sentences extending to the loss of life, or the dismission of a
commissioned officer in time of peace, to the President, must no doubt have frequently been attended with per-
plexity to him, and are inconvenient, if not injurious to the service. It is scarcely possible, for any but the military
commander, to appreciate duly the motives which, in such cases, deniand severity, or recommend clemency. T(.
this, an accurate view of all the circumstances of the army, in detail, is often necessary. The efficacy of punishment,
when requisite in an army, depends much on its celerity, and must be greatly weakened by the unavoidable delay
of a resort to the Executive: during which delay, the mischief it was intended to remedy, may, and sometimes most
probably will, have happened. The reasons mentioned induce an opinion, that it is expedient to empower the com-
manding general of an army, to decide upon, and command to be executed when proper, all sentences of genera!
courts martial, except only such as respect a general officer. The responsibility of the commanding general to the
President, and to his country, must ensure a discreet exercise of the required authority, and its utility is manifest.
The best mode of treating the crime of desertion has been an embarrassing investigation in most countries.
To fix upon a punishment, tliat gives the surest promise of checking or preventing the evil, or which, when it does
happen, in its application will be most analogous to the generally received opinions of a country, and the habits or
1800.] MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. 139
military life, is indeed difficult. The same punishment ought not, perhaps, to be applied to this crime, the most
injurious to armies, and complicated in its nature, at all times and under all circumstances. '
To punish it with death in time of peace in all cases, would, in this country, do violence to the popular habits of
thinking. Whipping is found to be ineffectual. Confinement to hard labur.it is supposed, will produce more
beneficial results, and courts martial have, in their discretion, been lately much influenced by this belief. As, howevei-,
our soldiers are enlisted for given periods, when an engagement is nearly expired, confinement would be an inade
quate punishment, for it could not continue beyond the term of service, and although a soldier may be supposed to
have fewer inducements to withdraw from an engagement which is near terminating, yet, it has sometimes happened,
and may be expected in future, that men, under such circumstances, have been the authors of combinations, to revolt,
desert, and commit other crimes, consequently have been the most atrocious olfenders; and it is known that they fre-
quently have themselves deserted. To make this punishment, then, in time of peace, in all cases, commensurate with,
and proportioned to, the crime, an auxiliary provision to extend the confineiiient and labor beyond the period of ser-
vice the criminal had engaged for, would appear necessary. Such a' provision would have a tendency to render the
sentences of the courts less sanguinary.
The Secretary by no means designs to suggest, that it would be proper to abolish the punishment of death for
desertion even in time of peace. He considers that in aggravated and complicated cases, it would always be proper,
and that in time of war or civil commotion, it should always be applied to this crime. He also inclines to the opinion,
that the power of pardoning ought never to be extended in any instance of desertion, or an attempt to desert to
enemies or traitors.
Connected with the perfection of our military establishment, is a code of well digested rules for the formations,
field exercise, movements, and police, of the different species of ti oops composing our army.
Major General Hamilton has, some time since, been specially charged with this work. As it was not, however,
expected that so extensive an undertaking could be completed without a sub-division of labor, and the co-operation
of various talents and experience, he informs, that he has assigned to Major General Pinckney an important
portion of the task. The execution, it is also understood, will require the aid of other and subordinate officers, for
whose extra service a special compensation is suggested, as being agreeable to usage, and essential to a cheerful and
zealous performance of their duty. This, should it meet your approbation, demands no particular act of the Legis-
lature.
There is another point relative to the army, which he has made the subject of a recent communication to the
Department of War, to which it may be proper to request attention.
The General observes, that " the detaching from their corps, soldiers as servants to the various officers of the
general staff is productive of material inconvenience, by withdrawing altogether, from military service, a coiisidera
ble number of persons; and occasioning dissatisfactions to the commandants of corps, ^^■ho never see their men re-
moved without uneasiness, and are sometimes much disgusted by the selection of those whom they are anxious to
retain. There is no doubt, he adds, that it would operate beneficially, if, after fixing the number of servants to which
the several characters of the general staff should be entitled, they were to be allowed an equivalent in money, regu-
lated by the cost of a soldier to the public, and were to be required to provide their own servants."
Should this measure be adopted, which is agreeable to an obsolete legulation of the old Congress, penalties may
be devised to secure a faithful execution, which, from the force of circumstances, would be very little liable to
abuse.
^yhen treating upon military subjects, it may not be improper to give a general vievv of the positions of the
existing regular force, composing the armies of the United States, conformably to a disposition of the same by your
approbation, and that of the late commander in chief.
The four regiments of infantry, and the two companies of cavalry, on the permanent establishment, are disposed
of as follows:
One regiment is assigned to the frontiers of Tennessee and Georgia. There are also in that quarter the two
companies of cavalry.
The three other regiments are distributed along the lakes from Niagara to Michillimackinac, upon the Miami,
Ohio, Mississippi, and Tombigbee.
There is also one battalion of the artillerists and engineers distributed with the aforesaid troops.
This entire force is manifestly inadequate to the purposes it is intended to answer on our Northern, Western,
and Southern frontiers.
The twelve regiments of infantry now raising, have taken, or are to take, the following provisional positions, viz:
Three of the twelve regiments of infantry in the vicinity of Providence river, near Uxbridge, Massachusetts.
Three regiments in the vicinity of Brunswick, New Jersey.
Three regiments in the vicinity of Potomac, near Harper's Feriy, Virginia.
Three regiments in the vicinity of Augusta, above the Falls of Savannah.
This disposition, it is conceived, combines considerations relative to the discipline and health of the troops with
the economical supply of their wants. It has, also, some military aspects, in the first instance, towards the security
of Boston and Newport; in the second, towards that of New York and Philadelphia; in the third and fourth, towards
that of Baltimore, Charleston, Savannah, and the Southern States generally, and in the third, particularly towards
the reinforcement of the Western army.
The residue of the two regiments of artillerists and engineers, except one battalion stated to be on our Northern,
Western, and Southern frontiers, are stationed in our sea-board fortifications, from Portland, Massachusetts, to the
St. Mary's, Georgia. From these are to be drawn two battalions in succession for the army, when in the field, with
;. vie w to a course of regular instruction.
Schedule C exhibits the actual force (according to the latest returns) of the four regimervts of infantry, aiid two
companies of cavalry on the old establishment, and the two regiments of artilleri'its and engiueei-';.
All which is respectfully submitted.
War Department, 5lh January, 1800.
140
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1800.
Estimate of the Pay, Forage, Subsistence, and Clothing, of a regiment of Artillerists and Engineers, on the
present establishment.
■S
s
S3
^
.-
e
i
e
><
■3
c
a
60
>>
u
D.
e.-
p.
"3
^ .
^
&-
be
a'
|i
O
Ph
fc
&
Pu
fH
B
1)
o
.2 S
I Lieut. Colonel Commandant,
75
$900
$12
$144
6
5P
4 Majors,
55
2,640
10
480
16
s-s
I Adjutant, ^ Including
40
480
6
72
2
-S
cTrt
1 Quartermaster, ^ their pay as
40
480
6
72
2
O 0)
c ^
1 Paymaster, j Lieutenants,
40
480
6
72
2
>
,;r >■
-2 !>
1 Surgeon,
45
540
10
120
3
m
42-E
•sS
2 Surgeon's Mates,
16 Captains,
30
40
720
7,680
6
144
4
120
>>
X)
32 Lieutenants,
30
11,520
-
64
t^
X
32 Cadets,
10
3,840
.
■ 64
>,
D.
4 Sergeant Majors,
10
480
-
4
C.2
1^-
o
4 Quartermaster Sergeants,
10
480
-
4
o
^•i
^J
64 Sergeants,
8
6,144
-
64
tS
3 =
3
64 Corporals,
7
5,376
-
-
64
~
S
1 Chief Musician,
8
96
-
1
o
o
a
10 Musicians,
6
720
-
-
10
o
(U
H
128 Artificers, -
10
15,360
-
192
cd
o
768 Privates,
5
46,080
-
-
768
>
>
H
^_
$104,016
-
$1,104
2,318
$81,781 90
$26,875
$213,776 90
For two regiments of artillerists and engineers, -
$427,553 80
Estimate of the Pay, Forage, Subsistence, and Clothing, of a regim,ent of Artillery, on the proposed peace
establishment.
C
i
>>
■a
a.
i
bS
c
S
>.
53
53
42
SB
o
c.
(i.
o.
s
o
p.
a.
V
5?
i
"
XI
—
Ph
1
W
OJ
1
cS
1 Lieut. Colonel Commandant,
$75
$900
$12
$144
6
3 Majors,
55
1,980
10
360
12
-^
w ^
oj" •"
1 Adjutant, T Including
40
480
6
72
2
§1
gg
1 Quartermaster, S- their pay as
40
480
6
72
2
gg
c-c
j) *»>
1 Paymaster, J Lieutenants,
40
480
6
72
2
^''S
•s c
1 Surgeon, . . -
45
540
10
120
3
u £
|c
^ o
2 Surgeon's Mates,
30
720
6
144
4
o
s =«
g^
12 Captains,
40
5,760
-
-
36
u
X
24 Lieutenants,
30
8,640
-
-
48
t*.
p.
24 Cadets,
10
2,880
-
48
tuo.S
u-
3 Sergeant Majors,
10
360
-
-
3
^g
-i.^
3 Quartermaster Sergeants,
10
360
-
3
g
oS
^
48 Sergeants,
»
4,608
-
•■
48
o
48 Corporals, - - -
7
4,032
-
-
48
o
=3
cs
1 Chief Musician,
8
96
-
-
1
3
(U
12 Musicians, -
6
864
-
12
cS
s
"c
130 Artificers, -
10
15,600
-
195
>
;>
H
650 Privates,
5
39,000
-
-
650
For one regiment,
-
$87,780
$984
1,123
$69,682 15
$22,975
$181,421 15
For two regiments,
$362,842 30
1800.]
MILITARY ACADEMY, AND REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.
141
Estimate of the Pay, Subsistence, and Forage, of the proposed corps of Engineers, including the Clothing for
the Cadets.
j=
_^
.d
a
A
a"
■sg
rt
o
>^
g
p.
ll
SB
C
Total.
c
p.
J*
&
c
S o-
-ss
^^
P-
P^
f^
fM
Ph
> §
■so-
2 Lieutenant Colonels,
$75
$1,800
$12,
$288
12
3 Majors, - - -
55
1,980
10
360
12
■^g
12 Captains,
40
5,760
-
-
36
s >
3
48 Lieutenants, -
30
17,280
-
-
96
!» ^
CS
>
24 Cadets,
10
2,880
-
-
48
-
$29,700
-
$648
-
$12,658 20
750
$43,756 20
Cost of two regiments of artillery, on the present establishment, for one year, $427,553 80
Cost of two regiments, for one year, on the proposed establishment, $362,842 30
Annual expense of the proposed corps of engineers, - - 43,756 20
Saving, in favor of the proposed establishment.
406,598 50
$20,955 30
B.
Statement of moneys applied to the dtfence of certain ports in the United States, in pursuance of the act to provide
for the defence of certain ports and harbors in the United^ States, passed the 20lh March, 1794, distinguishing
the moneys expended in earn year, from and after the passing the said act, upon the fortifications of each harbor,
to the 1st day of October, 1799.
1794.
1795.
1796.
1797.
1798.
1799.
Portland,
Portsmouth, .
Salem,
Marblehead, .
Gloucester, .
Boston,
Newport,
New Ijondon,
New York, .
Philadelphia, .
Baltimore,
Annapolis,
Norfolk,
Alexandria, .
Cape Fear River and Ocracoek, .
Beacon Island,
Charleston, .
Georgetown, .
Savannah,
St. Mary's, .
$1,275 41
1,615 80
1,723 08
1,963 78
2,258 39
496 27
6,383 33
5,437 36
13,737 73
9,187 86
,6,086 49
2,997 75
9,019 52
3,728 36
4,275 02
1,816 49
10,471 94
250 00
2,641 74
1,192 73
$1,791 00
2,266 00
1,000 00
2,011 68
1,000 00
1,342 50
5,231 22
1,144 73
11,866 54
6,658 00
6,922 09
268 50
7,873 95
1,208 00
5,334 49
11,265 45
572 54
2,086 00
2,000 00
$1,369 00
316 00
1,508 8*7
1,280 27
'l98 91
200 85
1,124 oa
14,991 31
2,802 23
1,286 23
1,430 95
8',027 06
3,330 30
2,000 00
$1,068 25
114 84
23,201 87
2,347 41
3,000 00
5,413 03
$1
1
5
30
51
18
4
,200 00
000 00
,900 00
,117 24
,365 44
,022 72
205 98
$4,264 06
2,000 00
6,000 00
50,000 00
7,520 00
30,116 18
43,503 32
4,468 51
402 00
5,333 33
11,500 00
2,000 00
$10,967 72
5,197 80
4,723 08
11,599 17
4,538 66
1,838 77
67,763 46
14,302 94
86,961 69
148,907 80
40,649 45
3,266 25
21,581 70
4,936 36
16,373 79
1,816 49
50,883 46
822 54
8,058 04
7,192 73
Remaining unexpended of the
$620,000 appropriated by the se-
veral acts ot Congress,
512,381 90
107,618 10
$620,000 00
Statement of the number of non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, in the two companies of cavalry,
two regiments of artillerists and engineers, and four old regiments of infantry, taken from the last returns.
Cavalry,
Artillerists,
Infantry,
Total,
116
1,501
1,813
3,429
k
19 m
142 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
6th Congress.] No. 40. [1st Session.
MILITARY ACADEMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 13, 1800.
War Department, January 31, 1800.
Sir:
I have the honor to submit, in compliance with your requisition, a few supplementary observations, and a
view of the probable expense of the military schools respectfully recommended to consideration in my report, com-
municated to Congress, by a message dated the 13th instant, from the President of tlie United States.
The report contemplates certain military schools as an essential mean, in conjunction with a small military esta-
blishment, to prepare tor, and perpetuate to, the United States, at a very moderate expense, a body of scientific offi-
cers and engineers, adequate to any future exigency, qualified to discipline for the field, in the shortest time, the
most extended armies, and to give the most decisive and useful effects to their operations.
It is not conceived the United States will ever think it expedient to employ militia upon their frontiers, or to
garrison their fortified places in time of peace, nor that they will be disposed to place their reliance, for defence,
against a foreign invading enemy, upon militia alone, but that they will, at all times, maintain a body of regular
troops, commensurate with their ability to maintain them, and the necessity or policy that may demand such an
establishment.
To qualify and keep our citizens, in general, of suitable bodily ability, prepared to take the field against regular
forces, would demand the most radical ciianges in our militia system, and such an uninterrupted series of training,
discipline, and instruction, to be applied, as well to the officers as to the men, as comports with regular troops only,
while in its results the measure would be found, on account of the loss to the community, occasioned by the abstrac-
tion from labor or occupation, and direct cost, greatly to exceed in expense what would be required to support a
moderate military establishment. This position, which is thought to be a sound one, does not bring into view the
effects of the measure upon the morals, industry, and habits of the citizens.
Practically considered, may we not as well calculate to be commodiously lodged, and have the science of build-
ing improved, by employing every man in the community in the construction of houses, and by exploding from
society, as useless, architects, masons, and carpenters, as expect to be defended efficiently from an invading enemy,
by causing every citizen to endeavor to make himself master of the several branches of the art of war, and excluding
engineers, scientific officers, and regular troops.
There is certainly, however, a system, as it respects our militia, which, if resorted to, and persevered in, may
secure the utility of their services in times of danger, without much injury to the morals, or materially affecting the
general industry of the nation.
When the perfect order, and exact discipline, which are essential to regular troops, are contemplated, and with
what ease and precision they execute the different manoeuvres indispensable to the success of offensive or defensive
operations, the conviction cannot be resisted, that such troops will always have a decided advantage over more nume-
rous forces composed of uninstructed militia or undisciplined recruits.
It cannot yet be forgotten, that, in our Revolutionary war, it was not until after several years practice in arms,
and the extension of the periods for which our soldiers were at first enlisted, that^we found them at all qualified to
meet in the field of battle those to whom they were opposed. The occasional brilliant and justly celebrated acts of
some of our militia, during that eventful period, detract nothing from this dear bought truth. With all the enthu-
siasm which marked those days, it was perceived, and universally felt, that regular and disciplined troops were
indispensable, and that it was utterly unsafe for us to trust to militia alone the issue of the war. The position, there-
fore, is illustrated, that, even in times of the greatest danger, we cannot give to our militia that degree of discipline,
or to their officers that degree of military science, upon which a nation may safely hazard its fate.
The great man who conducted the war of our Revolution was continually compelled to conform his conduct to
the circumstances growing out of the experimental lessons just mentioned. What was the secret of his conduct?
Must it be told? It may, and without exciting a blush or uneasy sensation in any of his surviving companions in
arms. He had an army of men, but he had few officers or soldiers in that army. Both were to be formed, which
could not be effected in a single campaign, or while his regiments were continually returning home, and, like the
waves of the sea, each in their turn lost in the abyss, and succeeded by new ones. It was not till after he was fur-
nished with a less fluctuating and more stable kind of force, that he could commence, with a prospect of advantage,
military instructions, or enforce the ordinances of discipline; and, even then, he felt that time and instructors were
required to render his labors useful, and enable iiis army to meet the enemy upon any thing like equal terms. Are
we to profit by, or is this experience to be lost to our country?
The art of war, which gives to a small force the faculty to combat with advantage superior nnmbers, indifferently
instructed, is subjected to mechanical, geometrical, moral, and physical rules; it calls for profound study; its theory
is immense; the details infinite; and its principles rendered useful only by a happy adaptation of them to all the cir-
cumstances of place and ground, variously combined, to which they may be applicable. Is it possible for an officer
of militia to obtain a competent knowledge of these things in the short space his usual avocations will permit him to
devote to their acquisition? Is it possible for any officer, having acquired a knowledge of these details, this theory,
and these principles, to carry them into useful practice with a handful of militia, in the few days in each year allot-
ted by law to trainings and exercises? Is tiiat perfect subordination and obedience of men to their officers, and of
each inferior to his superior officer, through all the grades of rank from the corporal up to the commander in chief,
which forms a vital principle essential to the energy and force of armies, to be acquired by, or communicated to, a
body of militia organized and trained according to our laws? And does it consist with a humane and enlightened
policy to march men so imperfectly instructed and disciplined, unless in cases of the last extremity, against veteran
troops, (where this principle reigns in full activity) commanded by skilful and scientific officers? Admitting, however,
that militia officers, during the few months the law permits their corps to be retained in actual service, could render
their men, by incessant instruction, capable of fulfilling the object of their destination; yet, as that advantage is but
momentary, as these borrowed instruments must be quickly returned to the depot which furnished them, as new
ones must be resorted to, and successively instructed, what can be expected from such a system, but perpetual inco-
herence between the means and the end, and certain shipwreck to the best connected and combined military projects.
This, to be sure, is the old story — it cannot, however, be too often repeated, because it can never be refuted.
The secret of discipline, and the importance of military science, were well known to those ancient Governments
whose generals and troops have filled the world with the splendor of their victories. According to Scipio, nothing
contributed to the success of enterprises so much as skill in the individual officers. The severity of the Roman
discipline is well understood, and the estimation in which it was held by Cxsar. Livy has observed, that science
does more in war than/rjrce. Vegetius, that it is neither numbers nor blind valor which ensures victory, but that it
generally follows capacity and science in war. Machiavel, who has written upon military affairs, placed so much
dependence on an exact discipline a.wA military science, as to efface from his list of great generals all those who with
small armies did not execute great things: but to the committee it is unnecessary to repeat the authorities of gene-
rals and writers of the first reputation, to show the high iniportance attached to military science and discipline in all
ages of the world, or resort to history for evidence of its eflfects. They must be well acquainted with the facts, and,
no doubt, will give them their due weight, in considering the subjects now before them. _ .
There is, however, an authority, so much in point relative to the essentiality of the institution in question, that
1 cannot forbear to mention it.
1800.] MILITARY ACADEMY. l43
The Marshal de Puisegur, who has left an excellent treatise on the art of war, the result of his experience, ob-
serves:
" I have been, perhaps, at as many sieges as any of those in service, and in all sorts of grades; as subaltern, I have
commanded troops and working parties in a siege; as major, I have conducted to the trenches and posts to which'
they were destined, troops and laborers; I have been major of brigade, marshal de camp, and lieutenant general:
however, as I have not learned fortification, my practice has not enabled me to acquit myself in conducting attacks,
so that I should be obliged to suft'er myself to be instructed in many things by the lights of engineers, their practice
being founded upon principles which are known to them, an advantage I nave not in this branch of war."
This is the candid acknowledgment of a man who had served sixty years in the army; who had learned the mill-
try art under a father; that, in forty years service, had been present at two hundred sieges; and who had himself
passed through all the military grades, and arrived from an inferior to a superior rank, but after having deserved
each successive promotion by some distinguished action.
A slight attention to circumstances, and the actual position of our country, must lead to the conviction, that a
well connected seiies of fortifications is an object of the highest importance to the United States, not only as these
will be conducive to the general security, but as a mean of lessening tiie necessity, and consequently the expense of
a large military establishment.
By strongly fortifying our harbors and frontiers, we may reasonably expect, either to keep at a distance the
calamities of war, or render it less injurious when it shall happen. It is behind these ponderous masses only, that a
small number of men can maintain themselves, for a length of time, against superior forces. Imposing, therefore,
upon an enemy, who may have every thing to transport across the Atlantic, the necessity of undertaking long and
hazardous sieges, increases the chances against his undertaking them at all, or, if he does, in despite of such circum-
stances, insures to us the time he must consume in his operations, to rally our means to a point, and unite our efforts
to resist him.
We must not conclude, from these brief observations, that the services of the engineer is limited to constructing,
connecting, consolidating, and keeping in repair fortifications. This is but a single branch of their profession,
though, indeed, a most important one. Their utility extends to almost every department of war, and every descrip-
tion of general officers, besides embracing whatever respects public buildings, roads, bridges, canals, and all such
works ot a civil nature. I consider it, therefore, of vast consequence to the United States, that it should form in its
own bosom, and out of its own native materials, men qualified to place the country in a proper posture of defence,
to infuse science into our army, and give to our fortifications that degree of force, connexion, and perfection, which
can alone counterbalance, the superiority of attack over defence.
With these advantages in prospect, is it not incumbent upon us to hasten, with all reasonable diligence, the com-
mencement and completion of an institution essential to realise them. And are expenditures, which give such valu-
able results, to be otherwise viewed than as real economy.'' It is a well known fact, that England had neither native
artillerists nor engineers before the time of the Duke of Cumberland, and till after she established military
schools.
1 shall now, having respectfully submitted tliese observations, present an estimate of the expense of the military
schools, which it appears to me ought to be immediately instituted.
Agreeably to the plan of the Military Academy, thedirectors thereof are to be officers taken from the army, con-
sequently no expense will be incurred by such appointments.
The plan also contemplates that officers of the army, cadets, and non-commissioned officers, shall receive instruc-
tion in tne academy. As the rations and fuel which these are entitled to in the army, will suffice for them in the
academy, no additional expense vidll be required for these objects of maintenance while there.
The expenses of servants, and certain incidental charges relative to the police and administration, may be defrayed,
by those who shall be admitted, out of their pay and emoluments.
According to the plan contemplated, fifty officers, cadets, or non-commissioned officers, may be annually in-
structed in the Fundamental School, and an equal number in the School of Artillerists and Engineers; the only
schools which it is deemed expedient to bring into operation.
To instruct these may require, when both schools are in full activity, the following professors, viz:
In the Fundamental School.
2 Professors of mathematics, at 800 dollars per annum, and two rations per day,
3 do. geography and natural philosophy, . . - -
1 Professor of chemistry, -------
1 Designing and drawing master, - - •• -
In the School of Mrtillerists and Engineers.
1 Professor of mathematics, at 800 dollars per annum, and two rations per day,
1 do. geography and natural philosophy, - .. . -
1 do. chemistry, -------
1 do. architecture, ------
2 Designing and drawing masters, at tiOO dollars per annum, and two rations per day,
5,U4 60
Total, $10,489 20
The cost of the buildings for these two schools, as the one or the other of the annexed plan shall be adopted, will
be, viz:
Plan by John Foncin, Engineer.
For the Fundamental School, ..--.-_ 19,423 00
The School of Artillerists and Engineers, supposed to cost an equal sum, - - - 19,423 00
$38,846 00
Plan by B. H. Latrobe, Civil Jirchitect and Engineer-
For the Fundamental School, .---... 40,000 00
The School of Artillerists and Engineers, supposed to cost an equal sum, . - - 40,000 00
$80,000 00
It may be proper to remind the committee, that no appropriation for the School of Engineers and Artillerists will
be required perhaps these two years, or till after the completion of the Fundamental School.
The Secretary takes occasion also to mention, that the laws have already made provision for four teachers or pro-
fessors to the artillerists and engineers, at a salary of eighty dollars per month, and two rations per day, which may
be considered equivalent to four thousand three hundred and thirty-six dollars and forty-sis cents per annum; and
that the act providing for raising and organizing a corps of artillerists and engineers, passed the 9th May, 1794,
makes it " tne duty of the Secretary of War to provide, at the public expense, under such regulations as shall be
directed by the President of the United States, the necessary books, instruments, and apparatus, for the use and
benefit of the said corps."
$1,848
20
1,848 20
924
10
724
10
924
10
924
10
924
10
924
10
1,448 20
5,344 60
144 MILITARY AFFAIRS. - [1800.
According to the plan and estimate of the buildings by Mr. Foncin, the two schools will cost thirty-eight thou-
sand eight hundred and forty-six dollars.
According to the plan and estimate by Mr. Latrobe, the two schools will cost eighty thousand dollars.
The modification of the two regiments of artillerists and engineers will liberate twenty thousand nine hundred
and fifty-five dollars annually.
The establishment of the two schools will liberate the salaries of the four teachers before mentioned, or four
thousand three hundred and thirty-six dollars annually.
The books, apparatus, and instruments, directed to be provided for the use of the artillerists and engineers, are
considered as an adequate offset for the books, apparatus, and instruments, required for the use of trie schools;
consequently, no charge has been stated in the estmiate for these objects.
If, therefore, we oppose the sums thus annually liberated, to the annual salary of the professors, and original
cost of the buildings; whichever of the plans is adopted, we shall find the measure proposed, viewed merely in the
light of an operation of finance, to result in a considerable saving to the United States.
An individual would think it a good bargain to receive twenty-five thousand two hundred and ninety-one dol-
lars, annually, the sum liberated, and to give, in lieu thereof, ten thousand four hundred and sixty-six dollars, an-
nually, the salary of the professors, and a principal sum, equal to the cost of the buildings- In other words, he
would receive fourteen thousand seven hundred and twenty-five dollars, annually, which is equivalent, at six per
cent, to a capital, or principal, of two hundred and forty -five thousand four hundred and sixteen dollars; a sum
greatly exceeding the estimated cost of the buildings, upon either estimate.
The committee, while they perceive that the seed, which it is now proposed to sow, is to yield a future harvest,
will, at the same time, justly appreciate the various beneficial consequences which must result from the immediate
adoption, and the striking inconveniences, and danger, to be apprehended from a postponement of the measure.
Whether our country is to be plunged into a war, or enjoy, for a length of time, the blessings of peace, and in-
terior tranquillity; whether the portentous events which have afflicted Europe, and, in their progress, threatened
the United States, are to subside into a settled state of things; whether the blessings of peace, and the customary
relations, among the transatlantic powers, are to take place, or, hostilities shall be continued, protracted, and ex-
tended, beyond their present limits — in either view, it is equally a suggestion of policy, and wisdom, to improve our
means of defence, and give as much perfection as possible to such establishments as may be conceived essential to
the maintenance of our rights, and security from insults.
The unavoidable collisions growing out of trade, and the reciprocal restrictions of great commercial states; the
apprehensions and jealousies natural to powers possessing contiguous territory; the inefficacy of religion and morality,
to control the passions of men, or the interest and ambition of nations; the impossibility, at times, for governments
to adjust their differences, or preserve their rights, without making sacrifices more to be dreaded than the hazards
and calamities of war — all these considerations, illustrated by volumes of examples, teach the soundness of the
axiom, si vis pacem para helium. And what time more proper to prepare the materials for war, than a time of
peace, or more urgent, than that in which a nation is threatened with war.
I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
JAMES McHENRY, Secretanj qf War-
Harrison G. Otis, Esq. Chairman of the Committee of Defence.
6th Congress.] Nq. 41. [1st Session.
APPOINTMENT AND EMOLUMENTS OF CERTAIN STAFF OFFICERS.
communicated to the house of representatives, feritary 21, 1800.
Mr. DwiGHT Foster, from the committee of claims, to whom was referred the petition of Campbell Smith, made
the following report:
That the object of this petition is to obtain compensation for his services as "Judge Marshal and Advocate
General to the legion of the United States," from the 16tli of July, 1794, until the 13th of July, 1796; and as an ex-
tra aid-de camp to Brigadier General Wilkinson, from the 12th of August until the 5th of December ui the same
year 1794, and from the 16th of January, in the year 179G, until the 31st of December following.
With respect to the last mentioned claim for services as extra aid-de- camp, considering that during the whole
of the period in which it is stated he acted in that capacity, Mr. Smith was an officer in the line of the army, and, as
such, in the receipt of his pay and emoluments; and, considering that almost the whole of the same period is in-
cluded within the term wherein it is understood he acted as Judge Advocate, the committee are of opinion, it would
not be proper that any further or additional compensation should be made to him as an extra aid -de-camp.
With respect to the other part of the petitioner's claim to compensation as Judge Advocate, &c., the committee
find, that, on the 16th of July, 1794, General Wayne, then commanding the troops of the United States,'did, by his
general orders of that date, give notice that the petitioner was "appointed Judge Marshal and Advocate General to
the Legion of the United States, and that he was to be considered and respected accordingly;" and that the peti-
tioner did accept the same appointment, and did discharge the duties thereof as stated in his petition-
Sundry documents tending to elucidate the nature and extent of his claims are hereunto subjoined, and submitted
as a part of this report. . .....
Upon a due and attentive consideration of the subject, the committee are of opinion, that the petitioner is justly
entitled to relief, and therefore recommend to the House to agree to the following resolution, viz:
Besolved, That the proper accounting officers of the treasury liquidate and settle the account of Campbell Smith,
for his services as Judge Advocate to the Legion of the United States, while he acted in that capacity, under an ap-
pointment made by General Wayne, on the 16th of July, 1794; and that he be allowed such pay and emoluments
for said services, as are allowed by law to officers acting in that capacity.
War Department, bth Febrtiary, 1800.
Sir:
In compliance with tiie request contained in your letter of this date, I transmit, for the information of the com-
mittee of claims, copies of all the papers in my possession, relative to the claim of Lieutenant Campbell Smith-
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, hi?mrv
Hon. DwiGHT Foster, Chairman of the Committee of Claims.
1800.] APPOINTMENT AND EMOLUMENTS OF CERTAIN STAFF OFFICERS. 145
Philadelphia, lOtfi February, 1798.
Sir:
Relative to the claim of Lieutenant Smith, who was appointed Judge Advocate to the army, by the commanding
officer General Wilkinson, in general orders, and who for some time, as it is stated to me, rendered services in that
capacity.to the United States, it is my opinion he is equitably entitled to compensation for those services. Thougli
General Wilkinson does not, in my opinion, possess the power of appointing the Judge Advocate, as I have seen no
act of Congress vesting such power in him, yet as the President of the United States, with the advice of the Senate,
has omitted to make tlie appointment, which omission has been supplied by the commanding officer for the good of the
public service, I think the Judge Advocate should be paid for his services, as in any other case not expressly pro-
vided for by law, where in justice compensation is due from the United States. For_ adjusting the quantum pay-
able to Lieutenant Smith for his services as Judge Advocate, no better rule can be suggested, than the allowance
fixed by law to this officej and the contingent fund appears to me to be the proper fund fur paying this claim.
These principles apply to the case of Lieutenant Webb of the cavalry, who, formerly a captain of the cavalry and
deranged, took the command of a company of cavalry by the orders of General Wayne, when there was no other
officer holding a commission where the company was. He ought to be paid as captain during the period of this ex-
traordinary service out of the contingent fund.
The claim of Major Gushing is distinguishable from each of the former, as he was appointed Brigade Major and
Inspector by General Wilkinson, who ought not to have appointed a field officer to either of these offices, but was
directed by law to appoint to these offices out of the captains and subalterns of the line. Yet as these services were
necessary, and were rendered, the United States owe a compensation to Major Gushing, which I think may also be
paid out of tlie contingent fund, rather than he should go unpaid.
I am, sir, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
CHARLES LEE.
To the Secretary of War.
New York, October 25, 1799.
Sir:
Lieutenant Campbell Smith has made a representation to me, on the subject of some claims which he has
pending in the Accountant's office, and has requested the interposition of my opinion.
Thinking it due to him as an officer now under my command, I trouble you with this letter.
He states that he has claims of two kinds: one for services rendered for more than two years as Judge Advocate,
previous to the law authorizing that appointment, another for the legal emoluments of the office, in virtue of an ap-
pointment of the commanding General, on the cases of that lawj that having been absent in consequence of ill health,
induced by a severe wound received in the service, obstacles have occurred to the allowing of the compensation during
the term of such absence; that the Attorney General has given an opinion, that the appointment was a regular one
under the law, and that he understands this opinion to have been heretofore acted upon by your department-
Upon these data I submit my ideas-
I consider it to be a principle sanctioned by usage, that when an officer is called to exercise in s. permanent way
an office of skill in the army, (such as that of Judge Advocate,) for which provision is not made by law, he is to re-
ceive a quantum meruit, by special discretion,/or the time he officiates, which in our present system would be paid
out of the fund for the contingencies of the War Department.
This applies to the first claim.
As to the second, this is my opinion— that, considering the appointment as regularly made under the law, the
emoluments continue of course, until the office has been abdicated or superseded, the non-exercise of it for any pe-
riod to the contrary notwithstanding.
In the situation in which Lieutenant Smith was placed by his wound, he would seem entitled even to a libera!
application of this rule of right
With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
A. HAMILTON.
The Secretary qf War.
War Department, l-2th November, 1799.
Sir:
I received your letter of the 25th ultimo at Trenton, when the business of the office had closed there, and
preparations were making to return to the seat of Government.
This letter relates to claims against the United States, for services rendered by Lieutenant Campbell Smith,
which are stated to be of two kinds: 1st. For services as Judge Advocate for more than two years previous to the
law authorizing that appointment. 2d. For the legal emoluments of the office of Judge Advocate, in virtue of an ap-
pointment of the commanding General, on the basis of that law.
The first claim I am not sufficiently informed respecting. No general or special order of appointment appears
upon the files of the office. No certificates are presented to show that the duties of the office of Judge Advocate were
permanently performed. The circumstances on which its equity is grounded are not before me. If the appoint-
ment was not permanent, but applied only to particular cases, and not to all, and did not oblige to perform the
duties of the office at every military court, or at least every general court martial, held at or near the army where
the officers served, I should apprehend no precedent authorizes the claim, and that its allowance would introduce a
train of inconveniences; for, would not eveiy officer who has acted, or shall act, in the same capacity on any mili-
tary court, and how many have done and are daily doing so, become likewise entitled to the same measure of com-
pensation, for the time he performed, or shall perform, the same duties? In such case, the whole amount of claims
equally founded, I can form no estimate of.
As, however, no law sanctions this claim, as to do so would be contrary to past and present practice, unless the
duties said to have been enjoined by the appointment were obligatory, permanent, and general; as no expectations
have ever been indulged by other officers, who have heretofore or lately acted on military courts in the same office,
and the balance ol the claim, if for temporary services, would introduce serious inconvenience, I think proper to de-
cline having any thing to do with it.
If, on the other hand, the appointment was intended to be permanent, and to enjoin general duties applicable to
all military courts, held at or near the army with which this officer served, although I sliould then think the claim
equitably founded, for compensation for the time services were performed under it, yet, as the appointment was not
provided for, and no law established the office, I incline to suppose a legislative allowance would be most regular
and conformable to the course heretofore pursued in similar cases, of which Captain Lewis's claim as volunteer aid
is an instance.
The second claim is for the legal emoluments of the office of Judge Advocate, in virtue of an appointment of the
commanding officer, on.the basis of a law authorizing the appointment, relative to which you say it has been stated to
y""- y}'^ Attorney General has given an opinion that the appointment was a regular one, under the law, and that
this opinion is understood to have been heretofore acted upon in this department, but that Lieutenant Smith having
been absent in consequence of ill health, induced by a severe wound in the service, obstacles have occurred to the
allowing of the compensation, during the term of such absence.
• ■^•'P^^^di'ig on the statement made to you as your data, you give your opinion on the second claim as follows,
^ffi' ' C'0"sit*^'"ing the appointment as regulariy made under the law, the emoluments continue of course, until the
office has been abdicated or superseded, the non-exercise of itjfor any period to the contrary notwithstanding."
It will be proper to go into some detail respecting the second claim, and to show you that the opinion of tlie At-
t^rney General by no means establishes the appointment of Lieutenant Smith, by the commanding General, on the basis
ot the law authorizing the appointment of a Judge Advocate as regular, but the contrary. It, however, considers
146 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1800.
Lieutenant Smith, under all circumstances, as equitably entitled to compensation, for the services he hadactually
performed as Judge Advocate, although under an irregular appointment, and recommended the allovi'ance. fixed by
• liw, to this office as the best rule for the compensation, and the contingent as the proper fund out of which it should
When this claim was presented to me, I transmitted it, with those of two other gentlemen similarly circum-
stanced, to tlie Attorney General, and requested his opinion. A copy of this opinion, dated the 10th February, 1798,
I now enclose.
On the 12th February, I wrote to the Accountant, " I enclose the opinions of the Attorney General of the United
States, on the claims of Lieutenant Campbell Smith, Lieutenant Webb, and Major Gushing. I concur in them.''
Rel'erriug to the Accountant's office, I find that Lieutenant Smith was settled with, upon the principles of, and
agreeably to, the rule recommended by the Attorney General's opinion, from the first of March, 1797, to the 30th
of April, 1798.
In consequence of a subsequent application, as I must suppose, by the same officer, referred to me by the Ac-
countant, I wrote to the latter on the 26th of October, 1798 — " Lieutenant Campbell Smith is considered, upon the
principles of an opinion of the Attorney General, dated 10th February last, copy of which was tiansmitted to your
office, to be entitled to all the emoluments attached to the office of Judge Advocate, for such time only as he was
actually employed by Brigadier General Wilkinson, or by orders from the Secretary of War, since the 30th April
last, in that capacity. "
When I wrote thus, I knew Lieutenant Smith had been employed specially, by a warrant directed to him as
Judge Advocate pro hac, on the trial of Lieutenant Parmele, and intended to avoid any expression which could
be construed into a confirmation of his appointment to the office of Judge Advocate generally, and to confine bis
compensation to the time strictly for which he officiated in the capacity of Judge Advocate. No settlement was, how-
ever, made with him, after that which allowed him compensation to the 30th April : he probably decliaed any settle-
ment other than one under his appointment by the General, and giving to him monthly emoluments-"
An act to amend and repeal in part the act entitled " An act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of
the United States," passed the 3d March, 1797, " Provides, section 2d. That there shall be one Brigadier General,
luho may choose his Brigade Major and Inspector from the captains and subalterns in the line, (to each of whom
there shall be allowed the monthly pay of twenty-five dollars in addition to his pay in the line, and two rations ex-
traordinary per day, and whenever forage shall not be furnished by the public, to ten dollars per month in lieu thereof;)
that there shall be one Judge Advocate, who shall be taken from the commissioned officers of the line, and shall be
entitled to receive two rations extra per day, and twenty-five dollars per month, in addition to his pay in the line,
and whenever forage shall not be furnished by the public, to ten dollars per month in lieu thereof.
It will be perceived, that the section of the law cited gives an express permission to-the Brigadier General, to
choose his Brigade Majof and Inspector, but is silent respecting the appointment of the Judge Advocate, which is
therefore conceived to rest in the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The second clause
of the second section of article second ot the constitution, among other powers vested in the President, gives that,
by and with the advice aforesaid, of appointing "all other officers of the United States,^whose appointments are not
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may by law vest the ap-
pointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads
ofdepartment."
It is proper to add that the nomination to the Senate of an officer to act in the capacity of Judge Advocate Gen-
eral, was declared from a conviction that the dispersed situation that the troops had or would assume, was incom-
patible with the attainment of much utility from such an officer, and that the same cause produced my disinclination
to give any countenance to an expectation of permanent emoluments, under what I consider an irregular appoint-
ment.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JAMES McHENRY.
Major General A. Hamilton.
6th Congress.] No. 42. [1st Session
OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 16, 1798, "TO AUGMENT THE ARM\
OF THE UNITED STATES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, APRIL 17, 1800.
Gentlemen of the Senate:
In conformity with your request, I transmit you a return, from the War Office, of those officers who have
been appointed under the act, entitled " An act to augment the army of the United States, and for other purposes,'"
designating such officers who have accepted their appointments, and those who have declined accepting, resigned
their commissions, died, &c.
A report from the Secretary of War, which accompanied this return, as it contains observations which may
throw some light upon the subject, I transmit with it.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, Mpnl 17, 1800.
War Department, April 15, 1800.
The Secretary of War, in obedience to the directions of the President, agreeably to a resolution of tlie Senate,
" That the President of the United States be requested to direct the proper officer to lay before the Senate a returii
of all the officers who have been appointed under the act, entitled 'An act to augment the army of the United States,
and for other purposes,' designating such officers who have accepted their appointments, and those who may have
declined accepting, or resigned their commissions," has the honor to report the information required:
The Secretary respectfully takes the present occasion to mention, that there are a number of vacancies of the
office of second lieutenants in the four old regiments of infantry, and to suggest, that it might be desirable, upon
the disbanding of the twelve additional regiments, to fill these vacancies with the most deserving of the disbandet)
lieutenants. This measure would be particularly gratifying to such of the gentlemen contemplated, as look towards
the military as a permanent profession, while it would cany into the old regiments, whatever military knowledge
they may have already acquired. But it is proper also to observe, such necessary organs to companies and regiments
as second lieutenants, can never long be dispensed with without injury to the service.
1800.] OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 16, 1798.
147
The Secretary takes the liberty to represent also, that there are a number of vacancies in the twelve additional
regiments of infantry, occasioned by resignations and other incidents, to which theofficers next in succession expect
to 1)6 promoted, and that the uncertain duration of this force, and a principle of economy, has heretofore prevent-
ed the Secretary from proposing to the President, in the usual manner, to fill such vacancies by appointments.
As a general rule, the officer next in grade is entitled to a vacant post, and delay in promoting liim to it, when
not liable to special objection, is considered to be a violation of his right. It also prevents the rise or advance to
promotion of all officers who stand below him.
Delay in permitting promotions to vacancies has injurious eft'ects. The officers who are now kept out of their
rights believe, that they suffer from the influence of a parsimonious spirit in tlie Government, and this has a strong
tendency to disgust them with the service of their country. For, notwithstanding the officers of the twelve regi-
ments are at least generally informed of the uniform practice of the Department of War, when an officer is ad-
vanced to a grade to which he is next in order, and entitled to date his commission on the day the vacancy occurred,
and that he is always paid from the date of his commission, which is grounded upon the principle that the officer
next in succession is always called upon the moment a vacancy happens, to do the same duty as the officer who be-
fore filled it; yet they consider their military career as of uncertain duration, and feel a well grounded apprehen-
sion that, if they shall never receive a new commission, the pay and emoluments of a higher grade will never attach
to them, although now actually doing the duty of a higher grade.
All of wliich is respectfulfy submitted,
JAMES McHENRY.
Return of the Officers who have been appointed under the act, entitled " Jin act to augment the Army of the United
States, and for other purposes," designating- such officers ivho have accepted their appointments, and those who
have declined accepting, resigned their commissions, died, ^c.
Lieutenant General.
George Washington, (dead.)
Mqjor Generals.
Alexander Ylamilton, Inspector General,
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
Henry Knox, declined.
Brigadier Generals.
John Brookes, declined,
Jonathan Dayton, do.
William Washington.
William North, Adjutant General.
Cavalry.
John Watts, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Majors.
Soloman Van Rensselaer,
John Tayloe, declined.
Captains.
Richard Willing,
Benjamin Williamson,
Laurence Lewis, declined,
John B- Armistead,
William Spencer,
Cliarles F. Mercer, declined,
James Burn,
James N. Ball.
First Lieutenants.
Robert Gray,
John Wallback,
George Washington Craik,
Laurence Washington,
Charles F. Mercer, declined,
Richard Tilghman.
Second Lieutenants.
William C. Rogers,
Alexander M'Comb, Jr.
Charles Tutt,
George Washington P. Custis,
(barter B. Fontaine,
Richard Cook, resigned,
* Archibald Lee.
FIFTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
*Johii Smith, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Majors.
* James Annstrong,
* Henry M. Rutledge.
Captains.
William Dangerfield,
Fleming Wooldridge,
" John Kershaw,
* James Hartley,
* Paul Thompson,
* Benjamin Easely,
* William Simons, declined,
* Benjamin Fossin Trasier,
* Noah Kelsey,
" Zecharia Nettles,
* John Mitchell.
First Lieutenants.
John Jameson,
Charles Kilgore,
' John Brown,
' Charles Boyle,
* William Taylor,
' Josias Hey ward,
' Peter Williamson,
* Stanmore Butler,
* George Clayton,
* William W. Trasier,
* Pierre Gaillard, declined.
Second Lieutenants.
Willis Morgan,
Elijah Johnson,
^ Samuel Taylor, declined,
* Thomas Osborne, Jr.
* John Parker, son of William, declined,
' Charles Codnor Ash,
' Johnson Wellborn,
' Edward Croft, declined,
* William Darkey,
' Francis Rogers,
Charles Jones Jenkins.
SIXTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
' James Reed, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Mqjors.
' Alexander D. Moore,
' William Brickell.
Captains.
William P. Andei-son, resigned,
* Jatnes Taylor,
* William Dickson,
1 Eli Gaither,
' Edmund Sraithwick,
William Hall,
* John Williams,
' John Nicholas,
* Samuel Graves Barron,
* Maurice Moore.
148
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1800.
First Lieutenants.
Lewis Tiner,
* Robert Troy, declined,
* James Mackay,
* George W. Davidson, declined,
* McKenny Long,
* Benjamin Sinitn,
* Joseph Alexander, declined,
* Carleton Walicer,
* Edward Jones,
* Hugh Newman, declined,
" William Martin, ditto.
Second Lieutenants.
Edmund P. Gaines,
* David T. W- Coolv,
* Mareus Sharpe,
* James Morris,
*John Wilkinson,
* John Carroway,
* Abner Pasteur,
* Benjamin Forsyth,
' Hugh Montgomery, (not heard from,)
* Alexander Hunter.
* Roger Cutler, Surgeon.
SEVENTH REGIMENT.
l^^m. Bentley, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Majors.
Robert Beale,
James Baytop.
Captains.
Daniel Ball, resigned,
Edmund Clark,
John Davidson,
Archibald C. Randolph,
Bartholomew Dand ridge, declined,
Thomas Turner, declined,
William Campbell,
Thomas Greene,
Robert King,
James Caldwell,
^ William K. Blue.
First Lieutenants.
Van Bennet,
John Brahan,
Robert Carrington, declined.
Brewer Godwin, resigned,
Felix Wilton,
Jesse Ewell, Jr.
Joseph Grigsby,
Robert Temple, declined,
Addison Armistead,
Samuel J. Winston,
Calvin Morgan,
* John Heiskell,
* Jesse Dold,
' Horatio Stark,
* Marquis Combs,
* George Armistead,
Second Lieutenants.
John Heiskell, (promoted during recess)
Jesse Dold, ditto,
Horatio Stark, ditto,
Marquis Combs, ditto,
George Armistead, ditto,
William Potts,
Peter Lambkin,
Alexander Henderson, declined,
William Dean, do.
Andrew M. Lusk,
James Brown,
' William Saunders,
* John Crump, declined,
* Bartlett Anderson,
' Francis W. Cook,
* Philip Roots,
' John F. Powell,
'Jacob Call.
* Francis H. Peyton, Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mates.
* Thaddeus Capron,
* James W. Wallace, resigned.
EIGHTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
Thomas Parker, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Simon Morgan, declined,
* Laurence Butler,
William Campbell.
Captains.
Presley Thornton,
Robert Gregg,
Henry Piercy,
George S. Washington,
Richard Chinn,
Garnet Peyton,
Daniel C. Lane,
• Philip Lightfoot,
Edmund Taylor,
Nathaniel Henry.
First Lieutenants.
Francis Foushee, resigned,
James Duncanson,
Lemuel Bent,
Robert Gustin,
Geoi-ge Tate,
Charles J. Love, ,
John G. Brown,
John Williams,
Thomas Jameson,
John Campbell,
* James Tutt,
* Simon Owens.
Second Lieutenants
James Tutt, promoted during recess
Simon Owens, ditto,
Reuben Thornton, declined. ,
George W. Humphries,
ObadTah Clifford,
Strother Settle, declined,
John C. Williams, do.
Charles Shackleford,
John T. Fitshugh, declined,
Willis Wells, do.
Hugh McCallister,
John Craine, Jr.
* John Meredith,
* John Stephens,
* Robert Bell,
* Uriah Blue,
* Richard Taylor,
* Robert Little.
* Edward Conrad, Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mates.
* Thomas Tiplett, resigned,
* Samuel M. Griffith.
NINTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY-
Josiah C. Hall, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Majors.
David Hopkins,
William D. Beall.
Captains.
John C. Beatty, declined,
Thomas Beatty,
Lloyd Beall,
Gerard Briscoe,
Rezin Davidge,
Bradley Beans, declined,
Isaac Spencer,
William Nicholson, declined,
.Jacob Norris,
Valentine Brothers,
John W. Hacket,
Jonathan Hodgson,
Richard Earle.
1800.] OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 16,1798.
149
First Lieutenants.
William Elliott,
Edward A. Howard, declined,
Richard W. West, do.
John B. Barnes,
Ninian Pinckney,
Levi Alexander,
Matthew Tilghman,
Henry C. Neale,
Aquila Beale,
William Sarrn,
Charles Clements,
* John Thompson,
* Robert Gover.
Second Lieutenants.
Alexander Cooper,
John Brangle, declined,
Enos Noland,
Thomas Dent,
Levi Hillary,
John Warren, declined,
William Swan,
Levi G. Ford,
Daniel Hughes,
John Adlum,
Edward Ford, declined,
* George Peter,
* Joseph Bentley,
* Benjamin Nowland.
* Robert Geddes, Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mates.
* Charles H. Winder, declined, '
* Anderson Warfield, do.
* Dardan Brown,
* William Beatty, declined,
* Charles A. Beatty.
TENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Thomas L. Moore.
Majors.
William Henderson,
George Stevenson.
Captmns.
Joseph McKinney,
James Blaine,
Andrew Johnson,
Matthew Henry,
William R. Atlee, declined,
Hugh Brady,
William Graham,
David Duncan,
Benjamin Gibbs,
James Ashman,
* Robert Westcott.
First Lieutenants.
John Sharp, dead,
Samuel B. Magaw,
Henry G. Slough,
Samuel Fulton, declined,
Josiah McElwaine, do. ,^
James P. Nelson, , do.
Benjamin Wallace,
Robert Laurence,
Nelson Wade,
Thomas Swearingen,
Crumwell Pierce,
Henry Westcott, declined,
* Alexander McNair,
* David Irving,
* Paul Weitzell,
* David Offley,
* Samuel R. Franklin,
* William Morrow-
Second Lieutenants.
William Morrow, promoted during recess,
George Hamill,
20 m
Archibald Davis, resigned,
John A. Douglass,
Herman Witner, declined,
Hugh H. Potts,
John S. Porter, declined,
John Smith,
Robert Chambers,
Alexander McNair, declined,
Thomas Lee,
* John Hay,
* Robert George Barde,
* Joseph Knox.
Surgeons.
* Henry Hall, declined,
* William Hurst.
Surgeon's Mates.
* George Wilson,
* James Irvine.
ELEVENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Aaron Ogden.
William Shute,
John Adlum.
Majors.
Captains.
Robert Hunt, resigned,
Charles Maries,
Job Stockton,
Denise Foreman,
Almarine Brookes,
Samuel White,
Samuel Bowman,
Peter Faulkner,
Walter K. Cole, resigned,
James Read,
* Samuel Erwin.
First Lieutenants.
Samuel Erwin, promoted during recess,
Thomas Reading, Jr. resigned,
Robert C. Thompson,
Samuel C. Voorhes,
Walter K. Cole, declined,
George M. Ogden,
John G. Macwhorter,
William Potter,
Henry Betz, declined,
William Carson,
Lewis Howard,
James Battel,
* John Caldwell,
* Samuel Owen Smith, declined,
* Charles B. Green,
* William J. Anderson,
* Thomas BuUman,
* Henry Drake.
Second Lieutenants.
William Piatt,
Charles Read, resigned,
Thomas Bullman, promoted during recess,
Henry Drake, ditto.
Hethcote Johnson,
James Rhea,
James Clayton, junr. declined,
John Milroy,
Benjamin Worrell,
John Montgomery,
Jabez Caldwell,
* Thomas Y. How,
* Joseph Vancleve,
* Laurence Mulford.
Surgeon.
* John Chetwood, junr.
Surgeon's Mates.
* John Howell,
* John C. Wynans.
150
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1800.
TWELFTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
William S. Smith.
Majors.
William Willcocks,
Christopher Hutton, declined,
* Dowe J. Fondy.
Captains.
Dowe J. Fondy, promoted during recess,
Philip Church,
James Bennet,
George W. Kirkland,
Philip Cortland,
Adrian Kissam, resigned,
John W. Patterson, resigned,
Justus B. Smith, 7iot heard from^
Jeremiah Landon,
Andrew White.
First Lieutenants.
Philip S. Schuyler,
Elhanan W. Wheeler^
Moses Foster,
Thomas Thompson,
David Jones, declined,
Robert Le Roy Livingston,
Henry W. Ludlow,
Nathaniel Paulding, rMig-werf,
James Smith,
Richard Baldwin, resigned,
* William Cocks,
* William Cumming,
* Joseph C. Cooper,
* Thomas H. Williams,
* Samuel Hoffman, dismissed.
Second Lieutenants .
William Cocks, promoted in recess-
William Cumming, ditto,
Joseph C. Cooper, ditto,
Thomas H. Williams, ditto,
Samuel Hoffman, ditto,
John Duer,
William W. Wands,
Prosper Brown, dead,
Jacob C. Ten Eyck,
George F. Harrison, declined,
* Israel Loring,
* Joseph Herkeimer,
* Jacob Mancius,
* Nathaniel Smith,
* Cornelius Kip,
* Tobias V. Cuyler, resigned,
* Walter B. Vrooman.
Surgeon.
* Samuel Finley, resigned.
Sicrgeon's Mates.
* John H. Douglas,
* Samuel Davis.
THIRTEENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTR1-
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Timothy Taylor.
Majors.
John Riple)r,
Jabez Huntington, resigned.
Captains.
John Benjamin,
John Meigs,
Elihu Sandiord,
Stephen Ranney,
Samuel Blakeslee,
Jonathan Root,
John Bulford,
Asa Copeland,
William Young, junr.
Coleby Chew, declined.
First Lieutenants.
Samuel Waugh,
Lemuel Harrison,
Bennet Bronson,
Reuben Hurd,
Trueman Mosely,
John Knox,
William W. Cheney,
Ludowick Gallup,
John Eels,
Waters Clark,
* Nathaniel Ruggles,
* John Beers.
Second Lieutenants.
Salmon Clark,
Peter N. Brinsmade,
Trueman Hinman,
Walter Smith,
Joseph A. Wells, declined,
James Gordon, junr.
Ebenezer Learned, declined,
Peter Richards, do.
Robert Hosmer, struck off the list, not being
Solomon Allen, [heard of.
* Austin Ledyard, declined,
* Nathaniel Noyes,
* Fanning Tracey,
* Abijah Fenn, suspended and resigned.
Surgeon.
* Joseph Trowbridge.
Surgeon's Mates.
* Timothy Pierce,
* John Spaukling, declined,
'John Ortori, junr.
FOURTEENTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
Nathan Rice.
Majors.
John Walker,
Isaac Winslow^.
Captains.
William Jones, declined,
Erasmus Babbet, junr.
Ephraim Emmery,
John Tolman,
Solomon Phelps,
Ebenezer Thatciier, declined,
Thomas Chandler, resigned.
Nathaniel Thwing,_
John Burbeck, declined,
Simeon Draper,
Phineas Ashman,
Joseph Peirce,junr. declined,
Arthur Lithgow, do.
* Samuel Mackay,
* John Hastings.
First Lieutenants.
James Church,
Nathaniel Soley, declined,
Jacob Allen,
William A. Baron, declined,
Robert Duncan, junr.
Phineas Ashman, declined,
Alpheus Cheney,
Samuel Flaeg,junr. resigned, •
John Wheelwright,
Isaac Rhand, junr,
Benjamin Beale, junr. declined,
* Henrjr Sargent,
* Francis Barker,
* William Gardner,
* Rufus Child.
Second Lieutenants.
Thomas Heald, declined,
Moses M. Bates, do.
1800.]
OFFICERS APPOINTED UNDER THE ACT OF JULY 16, 1798.
151
Charles Hunt,
James Gardner,
Marshall Spring, resigned,
Daniel Hastings,
-•Duncan Ingranam, resigned,
William Leverett,
John Roul stone,
Thomas Durant,
Samuel W. Church, resigned,
Peyton Gay,
Thos. Hall,
Charles Leonard, declined.
Surgeon.
* Charles Blake.
Surgeon's Mates.
' liUther Stearns, declined,
* Josiah Dwight, declined.
FIFTEENTH REGIMENT.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant-
Richard Hunnewell.
Majors.
John Rowe,
William Jones.
Captains.
James Brown,
Nathaniel Balch, jun.
Hall Tufts.
John Pynchon,
John Blake,
Samuel Jordan,
William Heywood,
Caleb Aspinwall,
Stephen Peabody,
Thomas Philips, declined,
* Eli Forbes.
First Lieutenants.
Charles Cutler,
William Swan,
Samuel P. Fay,
Eleazer Williams, declined,
Nathaniel Kidder,
Thomas Bowman, declined,
Ebenezer Bradish, jun.
John Shepherd, declined,
Joseph Lee, declined,
David C. D. Forrest,
Charles P. Phelps, declined,
Edmund Soper,
* Thomas Stephens,
* Augustus Hunt,
* Daniel Morse, declined.
Second Lieutenants.
Abijah Harrington,
Jonathan Nichols,
Daniel Bell,
John Page, jun.
David Fales,
Franklin Tinkham,
Willard Fales,
Warren Hall, declined,
James D. Wheaton,
Seth Bannister,
' Nathan Parks.
Surgeon.
' Oliver Mann.
Surgeons' Mates,
* Jonathan White,
' Ebenezer Laurence.
SIXTEENTH REGIMENT.
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant.
" Rufus Graves.
Majors.
' Timothy Darling, resigned.
'* Cornelius Lynde.
Captains.
Josiah Dunham,
Nathaniel Green,
Robert Parker,
Henry Tiiton,
William Woodward,
Israel Elliot Trask,
John Rogers, declined,
George Tiilinghast,
Abraham R. EUery,
Jonathan Andrews,
George Woodward.
First Lieutenants.
Francis Gardner, declined,
Daniel M. Durell,
Abel Hutchins, declined,
Sylvester G. Whipple,
Ephraim Whitney, declined,
Whipple Lovett,
Robert Overing,
Thomas Brinley,
Daniel Bissell,
Isaac Putnam,
* Israel W. Kelly,
* Thaddeus Kendall,
* Marmaduke Wait.
Second Lieutenants.
Arthur Rogers, declined,
Moses Sweat,
Israel Bartlett,
Samuel Parker,
Jesse Lull,
Daniel Baker,
Cary Clarke,
Ozeas Danforth,
■ William E. Green, declined,
Christopher Whipple,
John W. Brownson,
* Benjamin F. Starke.
Note. The ofiicers in the foregoing return having the mark * affixed opposite to their names, are those which
were appointed by the President during the recess of tlie Senate. Those where the contrary is not expressed, are
now in service.
JAMES McHENRY, Secretai-y of War.
War Department, Jlpnl 15th, 1800.
152 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1801.
6th Congress.] No. 43. [Ist Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MAY 5, 1800.
Mr. Nicholas, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the President's speech as relates to " a sys-
tem of national defence, commensurate with our resources and the situation of our country," made the fol-
lowing report:
That it is expedient to make a further appropriation for the fortification of the ports and harbors of the United
States, and therefore recommend the following resolution:
Resolved, That there be appropriated, for the present year, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, to be ap-
plied to the fortifications of the ports and harbors of the United States, in aid of the sums heretofore appropriated
for that purpose, and remaining unexpended.
War Department, May 1st, 1800.
Sir:
The schedule, which accompanied my report to the President of the United States, submitted by him to Con-
gress, on the 13th of January, ultimo, exhibits a view of the appropriations and expenditures for the defence of cer-
tain ports and harbors of the United States.
There now remains, of tlie appropriations heretofore made, about thirty-eight thousand dollars, a sum wholly
inadequate to complete the works which have been undertaken, and now are progressing.
Without pretending to an accurate estimate of the sums which will be indispensable to complete certain defences,
for the harbors of Boston, those in Rhode Island, of Salem, Marblehead, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Nor-
folk, and the works on Beacon Island, North Carolina, &c. and not knowing what other ports there may be a de-
mand and necessity for fortifying, may it not suffice, to confine the extended grant of moneys, for the purpose of
fortifying our ports and harbors, to the probable amount which may be required within the present year, predicated
on the average expenditures of the preceding years.
The Secretary, accordingly, respectfully submits an opinion, that it will be proper to appropriate, to the fortify-
ing the ports and narbors of the United States, for the year 1800, one hundred thousand dollars,
And has the honor to be, with the greatest respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES McHENRY.
The Chairman of the Committee of Btfence.
6th Congress.] No 44. [ad Session.
GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, FEBRUARY 23, 1801.
Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
The enclosed report to me, made by the acting Secretary of War, on the 14th of this month, appears to be
SO well founded, in all respects, that I recommend it to the consideration of Congress.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, Februai-y 20th, 1801.
War Department, February 14, 1801.
Sir:
Great inconveniences being experienced in the army, from the want of a competent general staff, I conceive
it to be my duty to submit the matter to your consideration.
Though the army is at present a small one, the duties of adjutant and inspector general must be performed, and,
from the nature of our service, in small detachments, these duties become more laborious than in an army actmg in
one compact body. At present, an officer in the line of the army resides at the seat of Governrnent for these
purposes, but there is no law allowing him any compensation for these extra services. As he is obliged to keep an
office, and be constantly employed himself, and also constantly to employ a clerk, it cannot be expected that he
can continue to do the duties, without compensation beyond his pay in the line.
Perhaps a sufficient power rests in the Secretary of War to allow him an adequate sum for his extra labor and
expenses. But, if this be true, it is a loose discretion, which I conceive ought to be directed by law. It is my
opmion, that a law authorizing the appointing of a field officer in the line to perform the duties, and giving him ad-
ditional compensation for his services, and also giving him an assistant from among the subaltern officers, would pro-
mote regularity in the department, discipline in the army, and public economy.
I have the honor to be, with profound respect, sir, your obedient and faithful servant,
SAMUEL DEXTER.
The President of the United States.
7th Congress.] No. 45. [Ist Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to congress, DECEMBER 8, 1801.
By message of the President of the United States, of which the following is an extract:
The fortifications of our harbors, more or less advanced, present considerations of great difficulty. While some
of them are on a scale sufficiently proportioned to the advantages of their position, to the efficacy of their protection,
and the importance of the points within it, others are so extensive, will cost so much in their first erection, so much
in their maintenance, and require such a force to garrison them, as to make it questionable what is best now to be
done. A statement of those commenced or projected, of the expenses already incurred, and estimates of their future
cost, as far as it can be foreseen, shall be laid before you, that you may be enabled to judge whether any alteration
is necessary in the '— vs respecting this subject.
1801.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
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"154 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1801.
7th Congress.] No. 46. [1st Session.
NUMERICAL FORCE OF THE ARMY,
^nd an estimate (if the number of men requisite for each garrison at the several posts and stations.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 24, 1801.
War Department, 23d December, 1801.
In obedience to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 22d instant, I have the honor of trans-
mitting, herev^ith, a'statement of the present military establishment of the United States, marked A, and an estimate
of all the posts and stations for which garrisons will be expedient, and of the number of men requisite, in my opinion,
for each garrison, marked B, and request you to lay the same before the House.
I have the honor of being, with respectful consideration, sir, your very obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Honorable the Speaker of the Home of Representatives.
1801.]
NUMERICAL FORCE OF THE ARMY.
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156
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1802.
B.
Estimate of all the Posts and Stations tvhere garrisons will be expedient, and of the number of men requisite for
each garrison.
No. of com-
No. of com-
NAMES OF POSTS.
WHERE SITUATED.
panies of Ar-
panies of In-
tillery.
fantry.
Michillimackinac, - - - -
Northwestern Territory,
1
1
Detroit, - - - -. -
Ditto.
1
4
Niagara, - - - - -
New York, - . - .
1
1
Fort Wayne, . - - -
Northwestern Territory,
Pennsylvania and Northwestern Territory,
-
1
Pittsburg and Cincinnati,
-
1
St. Vincennes, . - - -
Indiana Territory, - . .
-
1
Fort Massac, . - - -
Near the mouth of the Ohio,
.
1
South West Point, &c. -
Tennessee, - . . .
1
2
Chickasaw Bluifs, -. - -
On the Mississippi,
On ditto, near the Spanish boundary.
On the Mobile river, near the Spanish
1
Fort Adams,
1
4
Fort . - - - -
boundary.
-
1
Fort Greene, Fort Wilkinson, and (say)
Cumberland Island,
Georgia, - - - - -
1
3
Fort Moultrie, &c. and Fort Johnston, -
South Carolina and North Carolina,
2
?<'ort Norfolk, &c. and Fort McHenry, -
Virginia and Maryland, - - -
2
••fort Mifflin and the arsenal.
Near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
2
] "ort Jay and West Point,
New York, - . . -
2
Fort Wolcott and Fort Trumbull,
Rhode Island and Connecticut, -
2
Fort Independence, and the magazine at
Springfield, . . - -
Fort Constitution, and Fort
Massachusetts, - - - -
2
New Hampshire and District of Maine,
1
Total, twenty companies of Artillery, and twenty companies of Infantry, each company to consist of seventy-six
men. exclusive of commissioned officers and cadets.
H. DEARBORN.
Waii Department, 23rf December, 1801,
7th Congress.]
No. 47.
[1st Session.
ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES, AND AN ESTIMATE OF EXPENSES NECES-
SARY FOR FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to congress, FEBRUARY 2, 1802.
Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives :
I now lay before you,
1. A return of ordnance, arms, and military stores, the property of the United States.
2. Returns of muskets and bayonets, fabricated at the armories of the United States, at Springfield and Harper's
Ferry, and of the expenditures at those places; and,
3. An estimate of expenditures which may be necessary for fortifications and barracks, for the present year.
Besides the permanent magazines established at Springfield, West Point, and Harper's Ferry, it is thought one
should be established in some point convenient for the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; such
a point will probably be found near the border of the Carolinas, and some small provision by the Legislature, pre-
paratory to the establishment, will be necessary for the present year.
We find the United States in possession of certain iron mines and works, in the county of Berkeley, and State
of Virginia, purchased, as is presumable, on the idea of establishing works for the fabrication of cannon and other
military articles by the public. Whether this method of supplying what may be wanted, wijl be most advisable,
or that of purchasing at market, where competition brings every thing to its proper level of price and quality, is for
the Legislature to decide; and if the latter alternative be preferred, it will [rest for their further consideration, in
■what way the subjects of this purchase may be best employed or disposed of. The Attorney General's opinion on
the subject of the title accompanies this.
There are, in various parts of the United States, small parcels of land which have been purchased, at different
times, for cantonments and other military purposes. Several of them are in situations not likely to be accommo-
dated to future purposes. The loss of the records prevents a detailed statement of these, until they can be supplied
by inquiry; in the mean time, one of them, containing eighty-eight acres, in the county of Essex, in New Jersey,
purchased in 1799, and sold the following year, to Cornelius Vermule and Andrew Codmas, though its price has been
received, cannot be conveyed without authority from the Legislature.
I enclose, herewith, a letter from the Secretary of War on the subject of the islands in the lakes and rivers of
our Northern boundary, and of certain lands in the neighborhood of some of our military posts, on which it may be
expedient for the Legislature to make some provisions.
^ ^ *TH. JEFFERSON.
February 2, 1802.
hitf'
1802.]
ORDNANCE, ARMS, AND MILITARY STORES.
157
Return qf Ordnance, Arms, ^c. the property qf the United States.
Brass Cannon.
2
47
26
81
8
II
3
6
9
39
66
115
240
274
284
23
Brass Howitzers.
Brass Mortars.
Brass Swivels.
Iron Cannon.
30
202
207
64
29
5
2
6
14
342
202
591
126
102
1,985
3,658
3,386
280
233
130
,527
9,050
,,365
o613
" 735
118
256
253
Iron Carronades, of sizes.
Iron Mortars.
Iron Howitzers.
Garrison carriages.
Travelling carnages for cannon.
do. do. for howitzers.
Mortar beds.
Travelling forges.
Ammunition wagons.
Tumbril carts.
Backs for travelling forges.
Grape Shot fixed.
for
2 pound
3,094
- 3 do.
1,469
- 4 do.
2,450
- 6 do.
4,789
- 9 do.
9,153
- 12 do.
161
- 24 do.
7,037
115
2? inch.
- 5i do.
2,197
- 8 do.
743
2,299
33
1,378
4j do.
212
5i do.
- 8 do.
■ 10 do.
13 do.
39
16 do.
775
1,886
2,040
116
898
163
195
1 pound.
2^ & 3 do.
110
116
4 do.
664
6 do.
175
9 do.
12 do.
18 do.
24 do.
8,032
32 do.
16,052
34,242
18,463
15,223
17,840
28,743
11,451
6,739
13 inch.
1,145
3i do.
1
18
392
680
990
144
211
3,964
1
6,175
pounders.
14,319
do.
[4,361
do.
3,170
do.
913
4
6
9
12 do.
Strapped Shot fixed.
for
Case Shot fixed.
for
3
4
6
9
12
24
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Grape Shot unfixed.
for
Case Shot unfixed.
for
Cannon Balls.
Bar Shot.
Shells.
3 pounders,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Strapped Shot unfixed.
for
- 3
- 4
- 6
- 9
- 12
- 24
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
- 1 do.
- 2i & 3 do.
- 4
- 6
- 9
- 12
- 18
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
- 24 do.
- 2| inch.'
- 4$ do.
- 5i do.
- 8 do.
- I pounder.
2| & 3 do.
- 4
- 6
- 9
- 12
- 18
- 24
- 32
- 42
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
- 3 pound.
- 6 do.
- 9
- 12
- 18
- 24
- 32
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Pounds of Grape Shot.
■ H inch.
• a do.
5j do.
7 & 8 do.
9 & 10 do.
13 & 16 do.
224,570
Founds of Musket Ball and Buckshot.
- H&L3 do.
4
6
9
12
24
4i
5*
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
inch,
do.
21 m
55,577
Flannel Cartridges.
970 Filled.
18,547 Empty.
129 Paper filled.
78,599 Do. empty.
Founds of Cannon, Musket, andRifie Powder.
573,207
125,307 Pistol cartridges.
1,251,933 Musket do.
22,108 Blank do.
13,697 Fuzes primed.
22,288 Not primed.
158
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1802.
3,818 Portfires.
3J Coils of slow match.
6,062 Pounds of do.
36,857 Tubes.
Cannon Cartridge Paper.
8,622 Quires of.
3,083 Pounds of.
Musket Cartridge Paper.
3,643 Quires of.
465 Rampart arms.
53 Blunderbusses.
947 Carbines.
1,536 Rifles.
32
5,005
82,711
1,205
7,755
15,966
1,585,860
22,991
454
20,011
1,327,254
224,217
13,623
1,438,855
44,769
3,666
816
Fusees.
Muskets.
Muskets complete.
Pairs of pistols.
Swords.
Screwdrivers-
Musket flints.
Pistol do.
Cutlasses.
Gun worms.
Pounds of lead.
Pounds of sulphur.
Brushes and wires.
Pounds of saltpetre.
Cartouch boxes.
Powder horns.
Horseman's pikes.
H. DEARBORN.
The arms in possession of the army are not included in the foregoing return.
Return of Muskets and Bayonets fabricated at the United States Armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, from
and including the year 1795, to the 28th November, 1801.
In the year
1795,
Do.
1796,
Do.
1797,
Do.
1798,
Do.
1799,
Do.
1800,
To the 28th Noven\ber, 1801,
16,120
Muskets.
Bayonets.
245
835
1,028
1,434
390.
4,595
4,595
5,304
5,304
2,679
2,679
12,968
War Department, December 8, 1801.
Statement of expenditures at the armory of Springfield, Massachusetts, from the 10th July. 1793, to
the 31st December, 1800, -' - - - - - $192,847 1
Do. from the 1st January to the SOth September, 1801, .... 37,40422
$230,251 23
Statement of expenditures at the armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, from the 1st October, 1798, to
the 31st December, 1800, ... - - - - 61,725 12
Do. from the 1st January to the SOth June, 1801, - - - - - 13,489 86
$75,214 98
Department of War, Accountant's Office, December 8, 1801.
The above statement exhibits expenditures at the aforesaid armories, agreeably to accounts settled and entered
on the books of this office.
WM. SIMMONS, Ace' t. Department of War.
Return of Muskets and Bayonets fabricated at the United States Armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, from the
1st of January to the 30lh of September, 1801, inclusive.
Muskets. Bayonets.
From the 1st of January to the SOth September, 1801,
War Department, December 8, 1801.
Estimate of Expenditures necessary for erecting and completing Fortifications and Barracks for the year 1802.
For repairs of platforms, and remounting cannon in Fort Constitution, in Portsmouth harbor, N. Hampshire,
For completing Fort Independence and Barracks, &c. on Castle Island, in the harbor of Boston,
For completing two fortifications, of six already commenced, in and about the harbor of Newport, R. Island,
For completing Fort Mifflin, near Philadelphia,
For erecting a battery and barracks near Norfolk, in Virginia,
For completing a battery near Wilrnington, North Carolina, ....
For completing the works in Georgia, ......
For a new enclosed work at Niagara, ....--
For sundry repairs at Detroit, Michillimackinac. Chickasaw Blufts, and Fort Massac,
$1,000
38,000
1,500
1,000
12,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
Dollars, 70,500
; l^v'i**^
1803.1 MILITIA. 159
Washington, January 25, 1802.
Sir:
It appears that Potts, Wilson, and North, under the firm of George North & Co. having previously purchased
of General Lee, on the 7th day of May, 1800, agreed with the United States, to convey to them, in consideration of
42,000 dollars, two hundred and thirty acres of land, or about that quantity, (describing it, J with a furnace, mill,
corn mill, houses, improvements, with privileges, &c. and also the right of digging ore; which right they held under
General Lee, from Friend's ore bank, the United States being subject to pay the rent of 1000 dollars, annually, to
the said Lee, as a rent reserved to him. The consideration money was to be paid by the United States on their re-
ceiving a good title to the premises.
Lee, on the same day, by a similar agreement, engaged with the United States to convey to them, by good and
sufficient deeds, all his iron ore in a tract of land of about 1600 acres, and on which is a bank of iron ore, called
Fi-iend's ore bank, with certain privileges of ways for carrying oft" the ore, &c. He also agreed to release, or con-
vey, to the United States, his right to the above mentioned annual rent of 1000 dollars, which, by their agreement
with North & Co. they were liable to pay to Lee. For, and in consideration of this conveyance, the United States
were to pay 24,000 dollars.
On the next day. May the 8th, Lee made and executed to the United States, in pursuance of the agreement
above stated, his deed of the premises, with a general warranty, to defend them to the United States against all
persons.
In the same year. North &Co. conveyed, by a deed, regularly executed, in pursuance of their agreement, two
hundred and twenty-one acres of land, more or less, with their right of digging ore from Friend's ore bank. Both
these deeds, or instruments, appear to be properly made and authenticated, and sufficient to vest the premises in
the United States, if the several grantors were respectively possessed and seised of the premises, free from incum-
brances, at the time when the deeds were executed.
It appears, by the oregoing statements, that the United States have paid for the purchase of North & Co.
$42,000, in addition to an annual rent of $1 000, which they were to have paid to Lee: ancl that for the release from
paying this annual rent, and the privilege of digging ore in a described 1600 acres of land, and the accommodation of
one-half acre of land to build on for workmen, they have paid $24,000 to General Lee.
Upon searching the records of the general court's office, at Richmond, it appears by a certificate of the clerk,
that 3000 acres of land, including Friend's ore bank, was mortgaged June, 1794, to secure the payment of $8000, by
several instalments, the last of which ought to have been paid on tiie 1st day of May, 1798. This mortgage deed is
not among the papers. It is said this money has not been paid; if so, and there is no reservation in the deed of this
ore bank, the United States title is incumbered to the amount of the whole mortgage money which is now due.
It is said that the title is further incunibered by a mortgage to one Wilson, of Alexandria, on which some
considerable part of the money has been paid. Nothing, however, of this appears from the papers you put into my
hands. I have no information respecting this purchase, excepting what has appeared on the face of the documents.
1 am, sir, with esteem, your humble servant,
LEVI LINCOLN.
Henry Dearborn, Esq. Secretary of War.
War Department, December 5, 1801.
Sir:
I take the liberty of suggesting, for your consideration, the propriety of proposing to Congress that provision
be made for designating the boundary line between the United States and the adjacent British possessions, in such
manner as may prevent any disputes in future from the outlet of Lake Ontario to Lake Superior, if not further.
There are many valuable islands in the lakes and rivers, some of which are already inhabited, which are claimed
on each side: it is to be presumed that the sooner the line is ascertained, the more easily all disputes will be settled.
From Mr. Tracey's report, and from information obtained from other sources, it appears that many disputes now
exist respecting titles to lands at and about Detroit, as well between the United States and individuals, as between
many of the citizens; and also between citizens of the United States and subjects of Great Britain. Will it not be
necessary for Congress to authorize the appointment of some board or tribunal for hearing and deciding these dis-
putes.'
H. DEARBORN.
The President of the United Stales.
7th Congress.] J4q_ 48_ [ad Session.
MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, JANUARY 5, 1803.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
Agreeably to the request of the House of Representatives, I now transmit a statement of the militia of those States
from which any returns have been made to the War Office; they are, as you will perceive, but a small proportion
of the whole. I send you also the copy of a circular letter, written some" time since, for the purpose of obtaining
returns from all the States; should any others, in consequence of this, be made during the session of Congress,
they shall be immediately communicated.
TH. JEFFERSON.
[circular.]
War Department, .
Sir:
I have the honor, by direction of the President of the United States, to call your Excellency's attention to
the 10th section of the act of Congress of the 8th of May, 1792, which provides that a return shall annually be
made to the President, stating the military strength of each State, the actual situation of the arms, accoutrements,
and ammunition of the several corps, within the same, and every other thing which may relate to their government,
and the general advantage of good order and military discipline.
It would be very desirable, as it is highly important, to receive the information contemplated by the act alluded
to. I therefore take the liberty of suggesting to your Excellency, the propriety of giving the necessary directions
for TSkcrying the said law into effect; and for the purpose of introducing and presei-ving uniformity in the returns, a
form is herewith enclosed.
With high consideration, I am, sir, your most obedient servant.
His Excellency .
160
•fe
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1803
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1803.] MILITIA. jg^
7th Congress.] No. 49. [ad Session.
COMPLAINT AGAINST CERTAIN OFFICERS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 31, 1803.
War Department, January 29, 1803.
Sir:
In obedience to the resolution of Congress of the '25th instant, the Secretary of War has made such inquiries,
relative to the object* of the resolution, as present circumstances would admit of, and respectfully reports, that no in-
formation has been lodged in this office, nor any procured relating thereto, excepting, that a military post, consist-
ing of one company, has been established on the Alobile, and continued about three years, no complaints have come
to the knowledge of the Secretary of War, excepting those communicated in that clause of the resolution, on which
the report is requested from this department — the military post is between the junction of the Tombigbee and the
Alabama rivers, and the boundary line between the United States and West Florida, and as near the said line as a
suitable site could be found.
General Wilkinson having been, for a considerable time, in the course of the last autumn, on the river Tombigbee ,
in tlie vicinity of the post, it may be presumed that the citizens in that quarter had an opportunity of giving him in-
formation relative to any improper conduct of the troops; but as information has been received at this office on the
subject, it is probable that no complaint was made to the General, or, if made, that he had taken such measures as, in
his opinion, would remedy the evil complained of.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your humble servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United Slates.
•This was an application to Congress, from the inhabitants of Washingtbn county, in the Mississippi Territory, for the re-
moval of two garrisons, on account of alleged misconduct of the officers.
7thCoNGREss.] No. 50. [2d Session.
MILITIA. ^
communicated to the house of representatives, FEBRUARY 7, 1803.
Mr. Varnum, from the committee to whom was referred that part of the President's message of the 15th day ot
December last, which relates to the Militia institution of the United States, and a bill which was reported to
the House at the last session of Congress, on the same subject, made the following report:
That, after a full investigation of the subject, they are of opinion, that a law which passed the eighth day of
May, 1792, entitled "An act more effectually to provide for the national ^defence, by establishing an uniform mili-
tia throughout the United States," embraceth all the objects of a militia institution, delegated to Congress. The
principles of that law lay the foundation of a militia system, on the broad basis prescribed by the constitution, and
are well calculated to ensure a complete national defence, if carried into effect by the State Governments, agreeably
to the power reserved to the States respectively, by the constitution, and therefore ought not to be altered. But,
although the committee are of opinion that the principles of the system established on the part of the United States
ought to be adhered to, yet they believe that some small alterations in the details of these principles would render
that system still more efficacious, and have reported a bill for that purpose.
In those States which have taken energetic measures for carrying into eft'ect the system adopted by Congress,
agreeably to the power constitutionally vested in them, the militia are making great proficiency in military discipline,
and in the knowledge of tactics, which evinceth, that the deficiency in organization, arming, and discipline of the
militia, which is too apparent in some of the States, does not arise from any defect in that part of tlie system which
is under the control of Congress, but from omission on tlie part of the State Governments.
In order, therefore, to impress the State Governments with the importance of the subject, and the indispensable
necessity of their vigorous co-operation with the General Government, to complete the inilitia institution, so as to en-
sure, from that source, a permanent national defence, they submit the following resolution:
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to write to the Executive of each State, urging
the importance and indispensable necessity of vigorous exertions, on the part of the State Governments, to carry
into efl'ect the militia system adopted by the national Legislature, agreeably to the powers reserved to the States
respectively, by the constitution of the United States, and in a manner the best calculated to ensure such a degree
of military discipline and knowledge of tactics, as will, under the auspices of a benign providence, render the militifi.
a sure and permanent bulwark of national defence.
7th Congress.] No. 51. [2d Session.
MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, march 1, 1803.
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
According to the request stated in your resolution of December 20th, I communicated to you such returns of
the militia, of the different States, as had then been received. Since that date returns have been received from
New Hampshire; Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, North Carolina, Georgia, and Kentucky, which are
now transmitted to you . „ . ^
TH. JEFFERSON.
March 1, 1803.
164
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1803.]
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168
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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8th Congress.]
No. 52.
[1st Session.
MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, MARCH 22, 1804.
To the Senate and House qf Representatives of the United States:
I lay before Congress the last returns of the Militia of the United States. Their incompleteness is much to
be regretted, and its remedy may at some future time be a subject worthy the attention of Congress.
TH: JEFFERSON.
March 22, 1804.
1804.]
MILITIA.
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[1804.
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1805.] DISOBEDIENCE OF ORDERS JUSTIFIED ON THE GROUND OF ILLEGALITY. 173
8th Congress.] No. 53. [2d Session.
RATIONS COMMUTED.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOIFSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 16, 1805.
War Department, January I5th, 1805.
Sir: ^
In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives of the 14th instant, I have examined the petition of
sundry ofhcers of the army of the United States on the subject of rations; and 1 beg leave to submit the following
observations, by way of report thereon.
The principle, as stated in the petition, has long been established, that the officers should receive, in lieu of their
rations, when not drawn in kind, the contract price at the posts where they may respectively be stationed, upon the
presumption that the price of rations would generally be in proportion to the expense of the necessaries of life at the
respective posts. There may, however, be, and probably are, exceptions to the general principle: and as some incon-
veniences occur in settling the accounts of officers' subsistence, in consequence of their frequent removals from one
post to another, it may not be improper to establish by law what sum of money each grade shall receive in lieu of
rations- And as the prices of the necessaries and conveniences of life have considerably increased, since the esta-
blishment of the present pay and emoluments of the officers of the army, and although the average contract price for
the two last years has not been more than fourteen and a half cents per ration, I take the liberty of suggesting the
propriety of establishing the subsistence of the officers at the rate of twenty cents for each ration allowed to the re-
spective grades; or of allowing to each subaltern, for his subsistence, in addition to his pay, twelve dollars per month;
to each captain, eighteen dollars per month; and in like proportion to all other grades of commissioned officers, in-
cluding surgeons and surgeons' mates.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant-
H. DEARBORN
To the Honorable the Speaker of the
House of Representalives of the United States.
8th Congress.] No. 54. [2d Sessiow.
DISOBEDIENCE OF ORDERS JUSTIFIED ON THE GROUND OF ILLEGALITY.
communicated to THE SENATE, JANUARY 30, 1805.
To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. The remonstrance and petition of
sundry citizens and officers of the militia in the State of Tennessee.
Your remonstrants, having those respectful feelings for your honorable body, which citizens ought to possess, and
which those bearing commissions in the militia ought ever to cherish, beg leave to represent —
That they have, with much concern, seen a veteran and meritorious officer in the army of the United States ar-
rested for imaginary crimes, compelled to travel a distance of fifteen hundred miles to stand his trial, and that trial
then postponed for several months, contrary not only to the rules and articles of war, but also to those natural rules
of justice, to the benefit of which every member of society is entitled.
That the only crime of which he was found guilty, and the only one perhaps of which any serious expectation of
convicting him was ever entertained, was a refusal to crop his hair, in conformity to an order which he conceived to
be illegal, and which your remonstr.ints conceive to have been an arbitrary and useless exertion of authority; that,
in the execution of the sentence of the court martial, which subjected him to a reprimand from the commanding
General, your remonstrants have been able to discover, not the calmness and dignity to be expected from a person
invested with so high an office, but a disposition to passion and invective, well calculated to nirike impressions unfa-
vorable to the military character of the accused, and foreboding a renewal of persecution.
Your remonstrants have been prompted to an expression of these feelings, not only from a disposition to resist
oppression from whatsoever quarter it may come, even if directed against the most humble and obscure member of
the community, but also from a long acquaintance \yith the person injured in this instance, a knowledge of his vir-
tue and integrity as a man, and his bravery and fidelity as a soldier. During a command of several years at a post
■where not only the greatest firmness and the strictest attention to discipline were necessary, but also the discharge
of his duty in enforcing obedience to the laws had an almost unavoidable tendency to create numerous and impla-
cable enemies; in this situation, the trae state of which was but little known beyond the bounds of this State, we
have seen him not only cause the laws to be respected and obeyed, but also, by the humanity and delicacy of his
conduct, conciliate the esteem of the offenders, and cause those to refrain through affection, whom fear alone had
been found insufficient to restrain. In other situations also, in all of which no glory or reputation in the view of the
world could be acquired, and where no reward awaited him beyond the approbation of his own conscience, we have
ever seen him patient, persevering, industrious, and obedient to all orders, which were in any way directed to the
promotion of the public good. In fine, we declare that in the whole of his official conduct, which has fallen under
our inspection, we have seen much commanding our approbation, and deserving our imitation, but nothing which, in
our opinion, even malice itself could censure.
Your remonstrants further beg leave to call to the recollection of your honorable body, that the accused. Colonel
Butler, entered into the service of his country early in the revolutionary war, during the whole of which depressing
and perilous period he stood the firm and active officer — after its close, his desire to serve his country continued.
The defeat at the site of Fort Recovery, which witnessed the death of General Butler, left his brother atnong the
wounded. Search the history of the American army, you will often find the name of Butler; but where was it
marked with disgrace.' Was he ever accused of disobedience? Never, until the case occurred to which we now
call your attention. When roused by the signal of danger, he was first at his post, and the first to refuse submis-
sion to indignity. The pride of a veteran of twenty-six years' service was roused by the order for cropping his
venerable grey hairs, an order unsanctipned either by law, reason, or the usages of the army.
Your remonstrants further represent, that, possessing the principles of freemen, they shudder at the idea of being
compelled to obey an illegal and arbitrary mandate — that, possessing the feelings of men, they can never passively
stoop to such degradation. While the delegated powers of the Union are generally circumscribed by barriers,
which they must not overleap, how long must it be regretted, that our fellow-citizens of the army are subject to an
authority absolute and arbitrary. How much is it to be feared, that the uncontrolled power of a commander of your
army shall, by the force of a general order, drive from your service the most experienced and most useful officers;
oppress the bravest and most virtuous men; pursue with unrelenting persecution, under pretexts the most frivolous,
those who have fought your battles, and spilled their blood in your defence: and finally degrade the military cha-'
23 TO
174
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1805.
racter of your army, by illegal and unnecessary orders, unmerited censures, malicious arrests, and reprimands, cru-
''' ' Your'remorlst'rants are well aware of the necessity of discipline and subordination in an army; but they cannot
conceive it the duty of a freeman to obey an order unsanctioned by law, without meaning, without utility, capri-
cious and absurd, irrelative to the duties of a soldier, degrading to a man, and destructive ot that pnde which consti-
'^"'Hfthfs^desDotfc abuse of power is tolerated, when shall it cease? Shall your militia, when called out in defence
.,f their country, partake of the humiliation.? Shall they be compelled to sustain a mutilation to humour the caprice ot
m individual ? J&ust they submit to a mark to render ihem unlike their fellow citizens? They hope not; and that
when their country requires the calling out a military force from the body of its citizens, it will not be shackled with
such humiliating conditions as to render it ineffectual. ,, . , ■ n, j.- ^
Under the impressions excited by the transaction which has called forth an expression of these sentiments, your
petitioners hope, with due submission and respect, that your honorable body will ordain and establish such articles
iVnd rules for the future regulation of the army, as will prevent abuses of power, and preserve from indignity and
insult those who devote their lives to the service of their country- ^, . , . ■ ,.
Your remonstrants beg leave further to represent, that Colonel Thomas Butler, of the United States Army, is tne
character that has been thus illegally and improperly dealt with, and in consequence thereof, the feelings ot your
remonstrants have been raised to make that representation of facts which they have now done; and they also beg
leave to represent, that the order alluded to in this remonstrance, is radically illegal and despotic, that the cause
which gave to it birth is triiing, and unworthy the attention of a great General belonging to the United States army,
and, therefore, as republicans, we feel ourselves justified and emboldened in bringing to the view ot your honorable
body his particular situation. , . , ,,,,,. j * r
We vour remonstrants, further and lastly beg leave to make known to your honorable body, the second arrest ot
Colonel Thomas Butler, of the United States Army, for the simple crime ot not cropping his hmr, during his late
command at New Orleans; and hope your honorable body will not only render such general reliet as the nature oi
our Government requires, in its present peculiar state of good order and tranquillity, but that you will specifically
relieve this worthy, aged, and respectable officer, Colonel Butler, from persecution.
Andrew Jackson, Major General,
Shadrach Nye, Adjutant,
Charles Donoho,
James C. Wilson, ., . ^ ,
W. J. Anderson, Aid-de-camp to Major General,
Daniel Smith,
J. Whiteside, Attorney General,
Henry Bradford, Major,
William Trigg, junr.
G. 0. Blackmore, Brigade Major,
James Cryer, Justice of the Peace,
Hinchey Pettway, Merchant,
Thomas Mitchell,
James Desha, Merchant,
Robert B. Mitchel,
B. Seawell, Attorney at Law and Colonel,
Nathaniel W. Williams, Attorney at Law,
Robert Whyte, Attorney at Law,
John H. Bauen, Attorney at Law,
J. Wharton, Attorney at Law,
J. Hatchings, Merchant,
H. G. Burton, Attorney at Law,
Josephus H. Coun, Merchant,
Thomas Master, Major,
James Mannell, Senator,
Griswald Latimer, Captain,
Demey More, Major,
William Gwin, Captain,
Joseph T. Williams, Major,
Isaac Lane, Captain,
Archibald Marlin. Magistrate,
J. C. Hamelton, Attorney at Law,
David Shelby, Clerk S. C.
Thos. Stuart, Attorney for West Tennessee dist.
William W- Roose, Colonel,
Isham T. Davis, Captain,
William Montgomery, Justice of the Peace,
J. Winchester, Brigadier General 4th Brigade,
Edward Douglass, Lieut. Colonel, Sumner county.
William Hall.
Stockley Donelson, Colonel,
Thomas Harney,
Robert Hays, Colonel,
Robert Puidy, late Captain United States Army,
Jno. Dickinson, Attorney at Law,
Jno. Anderson, Merchant,
Samuel Finney,
John Gordon, Captain,
Joseph Hays, Doctor,
Thomas A. Claiborne, formerly of the Army of the Unit-
ed States,
A. Foster, Merchant,
John McNaiiy, Judge, &c.
William Tait, Merchant,
Deaderich & Tatum, Merchants, Nashville,
Stephen Cantrell,
James Tatum, Lieut. 3d N. C. R. late Revolutionary
Army,
J. Childress, jun. Marshal,
King, Carson, & King, Merchants, Nashville,
Tho. Dillahunty, J. P.
Moses Fisk,
Roger B. Sappington, Physician of Nashville,
Beal Bossley,
William Lytle,
John Childress,
Wm. Black,
Jos. Ervvin,
Tho. Thopson,
William Russell,
R. C. Foster, Member of the Legislature,
Robert and William Searcy, Merchants.
Tho. Cruteher, Treasurer, Mero District,
James Hennen, M. D.
J. H. Parker,
Jos. Colman,
Ho. Tatieur, late Captain in the Revolutionary army of
the United States.
8fll CONGRESS.I
No. 55.
[2d Session.
MILITARY FORCE, THE POSTS AT WHICH STATIONED, AND THE EXPENSES OF FORTI-
FICATIONS, ARSENALS, ARMORIES, AND MAGAZINES, IN THE YEARS 1803 and 1804.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 15, 1805.
War Department, February 13, 1805.
Sir
In obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United States, of the 22d ultimo, I have
the honor of transmitting, herewith, a statement of the number of officers and privates in the actual service of the
United States during the years one tliousand eight hundred and three, and one thousand eight hundred and tour;
and also the names of the posts where soldiers were stationed during those periods, together with the number of
privates and officers at such posts: and also a detailed statement of the sums expended during the years one thou-
sand eight hundred and three, and one thousand eight hundred and four, on fortifications, arsenals, armories, and
"* ^ I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient humble servant, DEARBORN
To the Honorable the Speab3!r of the
House of Representatives of the United States.
MILITARY FORCE.
175
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Fort Nelson, Virginia,
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Fredericktuwn, Maryland,
Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,
Fort Fayette, Pennsylvania,
Fort McHenry, Maryland,
Fort Jay, New York,
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Fort Trumbull, Connecticut,
Fort Wolcott, R. Island,
Springfield, Massacluisetts,
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Fnrt Constitution, N. Hamp.
Fort Sumnev, Maine,
Fort Niagara, New York,
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176
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1805.
RECAPITULATION.
Fortifications.
Boston, ....
Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
New London, Connecticut,
Baltimore, Maryland,
Norfolk, Virginia,
Fort Johnston, Wilmington, North Carolina,
Vincennes, Indiana Territory,
Kaskaskias,
St. Louis,
Washington, Mississippi Territory, .
Harper's Ferry, Virginia,
Springfield, Massachusetts,
Armories.
Albany, New York,
West Point, do. .
Schuylkill, Pennsylvania,
Washington City,
South Carolina, .
Kentucky,
Fayetteville, North Carolina,
New London, Virginia,
New Brunswick, New Jersey,
Arsenals and Magazines.
Dollars,
Expenditures Expenditures Total
in 1803. in 1804. Amount.
316 18
7,500 00
358 50
200 00
28,563 84
33,246 80
468 01
2,712 90
8,776 11
1,433 68
8,448 00
5,312 00
170 00
233 33
36 01
$2,000 00
J 00 00
132 00
40 00
2,000 00
2,900 00
370 00
500 00
108,887 77
$12,457 41
100 00
132 00
356 18
9,500 00
2,900 00
358 50
570 00
500 00
655 00
33,400 00
4
719
432
27
65
798
89
9,615
34
4,987
89
6,000
00
6,200 00
133
45
162
50
-
61,963 84
77,966 07
900 66
3,511 79
18,391 45
6,421 57
14,448 00
11,512 00
303 45
395 83
36 01
114,491 99 223,379 76
In addition to the above expenditures on fortifications, other charges will arise on the settlement of agents'
accounts, which have not yet been rendered for adjustment.
Department of War, dccountanV s Office^ February 6, 1805,
WM. SIMMONS,
.Accountant Department of War.
8th Congress. ]
No. 56.
[2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, FEBRUARY 28, 1805.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I now lay before Congress a statement of the Militia of the United States, according to the returns last
received from the several States. It will be perceived that some of these are not of recent dates, and that, from the
States of Maryland, Delaware, and Tennessee, no returns are stated. As far as appears from our records, none
were ever rendered from either of these States.
TH: JEFFERSON.
February 28, 1805,
1805.]
MILITIA.
185
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1806.] MILITIA. 189
9th Congress.] No. 57. [1st Session
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 2, 1806.
Mr. Varnum, from ihe committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the President of tlie United
States, of the 3d of December, as relates to the organization and classification of the militia, and to the augment-
ation of the land forces, made the following report, in part:
In relation to a classification and new organization of the militia. The most extensive view of this part of the
subject which has occurred to the committee is, a division of the militia into four classes, in the following
manner, viz. those between eighteen and twenty-one years of age to compose one class; ihiise between twenty-
one and twenty-six to compnseasecond class; those between twenty six and thirty-five to compose a third class;
and those between thirty-five and forty -five to compuse the fourth class; each class to be under a separate organization,
and to be commanded by separate corps of officers. To this kind of organization, as it relates to tht- first class, we are
met by a constitutional objection. By the Constitution of the United States, Congress are empowered '• to provide for
organizing, arming, and disciplining themilitia. reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the oflScers."
By some of the State constitutions it is provided, that the captains and subalterns of the militia shall be chosen
by such of the pei-sons who compuse the respective companies as are upwards of twenty one years of age, so that
there is no constitutional provision by which such States can appoint officers to command a class of the militia com-
posed of minors.
Knowledge of tactics, and an acquaintance with subordination and discipline, are acquirements of such impor-
tance to our national defence, that the promotion of them among the militia ought to be a primary object with the
Government, and, no doubt, is exceedingly desirable in (he minds of the individual citizens. But such means ought to
be adopted by the Government as are best calculated to effect the object, with as little fatigue and expense to in-
dividuals as the nature of the case will admit. Jt is conceived, that the fatigue and expense of military discipline
is, in a very great degree, proportionate to the population of the different parts of the country where the duty is per-
formed, or, in other words, it is proportionate to the distance each individual composing the different corps is com-
pelled to travel to reach his place of parade. Under the present organization of the militia, this idea is fully veri-
fied— the dilTerence in the expense of militia meetings, in those parts of the country where the inhabitants are the
most dispersed, when compared with similar meetings, in the more populous parts, is very apparent; and, besides,
the nature of the case compels us to believe, that the same cause will produce a similar disparity in military ac-
quirement.
These, however, are evils which grow out of the nature of the case, and cannot be remedied, but by the in-
crease of population, because the principles of the organization are calculated to render the fiarmation of the differ-
ent corps as compact as is consistent with proper military arrangements.
By the organization and classification of the militia, in the manner which has been named, the limits of each
corps must be extended over four times the quantity of territory it now occupies, and, consequently, would burthen
the citizens with a pioportionate additional expense in the acquisition of a competent portion of military information,
or operate as a proportionate preventive to such acquisition. The subject has been viewed in another point of
light, that is, to call on the two senior classes to exercise but once in a year, so as to proportion the quantum of
exercise to the extension of the corps. In this case, all the evils attendant on the extension of the diffiirent corps
• over additional territory will attach to the junior classes which could attach to them in the other case, and the con-
sequent hazard of a failure in discipline will remain.
Military knowledge, like that of every other science, without practice, is soon forgotten, and, although it is not
probable that the whole of the militia will be needed in the field at any one time, yet, in case of invasion, it is very
possible that all who are in the vicinity of the assailants may be necessary, and, as it is (uncertain at what point an
enemy may make his attack, all should be prepared to meet such an event; but, from a deficiency in discipline, or the
want of a competent knowledge in tactics, in the two senior classes only, an important opportunity for a speedy
extermination of an enemy might be lost, and the lives of many valuable citizens put in jeopardy. It is, therefore,
believed, that this experiment is inadmissible.
Another view of this subject has suggested a classification of the militia by ages, under the existing organization,
for the sole purpose of designating those persons who are under twenty-six years of age as the only proper objects of mi-
litia duty in the field, except in cases of great emergency, and in their particular vicinage. From eighteen to twen-
ty-one years of age is a period of life in which the young men of the United States are employed in completing an
education, in pursuit of mechanical information, or in acquiring a necessary acquaintance with some other branch
of business, occupation, or profession, on the improvement of which they calculate to obtain a subsistence. From
twenty-one to twenty-six, they are improving their previous acquirements in their various occupations and profes-
sions, and thereby laying a foundation for a decent support of themselves and families through life: this is a period,
also, at which the young men of the United States generally engage in matrimony, and become chargeable with
families, all which renders their time as dear to them, from eighteen to twenty-six years of age, as at any other pe-
riod of life.
It would seem, therefore, that an arrangement which would compel this class of our citizens to bear the princi-
pal part of the burthen of national defei ce might justly be deemed a departure from that principle of distributive
justice which ought to be a paramount characteristic of the Government of the United States.
That young men wonid better endure the fatigues of a long campaign than those more advanced in life is not
doubted; but whether, on a sudden emergency, they would be more useful in repulsing an enemy than an equal
number of enrolled militia, on an average from eighteen to forty-five, is a question of doubt; if, however, it should
be considered that the advantage is in favor of the young men, it is confidently believed, that the advantage in that
case to the public would not be of a sufficient magnitude to justify the Government in imposing on them such an
unequal burthen.
If the proposed system should be adoptedj the total deran";ement of the existing organization of the militia must
be the consequence. It may be proper here again (o remark, that, by the Constitution of the United States is vested
in the General Government the power " to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States;" but the same article of the
constitution is express in ''reserving to the States, respectively, tiie appointment of the officers, and the authority
of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress." By this arrangement in the constitu-
tion, the powers necessary to produce an efficient militia are divided between the General Government and the
State governments. In pursuance of the power vested in the General Government on this subject. Congress did,
in the year 1793, pass an act to establish an unifoi-m militia throughout the United States, which act seems to embrace
all the principles in the case delegated to Congress. Soon after the passage of that law by Congress, a considera-
tion of the subject was assumed by the Legislatures of all the States, and laws have been passed by all the States
for carrying that system into effect, so that, by the co-operation of the General Government and the State govern-
ments, the militia are now completely organized and officered throughout the Union. It is now thirteen years since
this system has been in operation; the people practising under it have, in a great degree, become acquainted with it,
and attached to it; and, in many parts of the Union, military discipline is rapidly progressing under it, and it can-
not with propriety be doubted, that the militia of the United States, under the existing organization, are amply com-
petent to a defence against the intrusion of any invading enemy. To derange this system, then, and introduce one
totally new and untried, one in which it is not certain that the State Legislatures will concur, and which is of
doubtful aspect as it relates to the approbation of the body of the People, would, in the opinion of the committee,
at this important crisis of our national affairs, be putting too much at risk.
They therefore recommend the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is inexpedient to adopt measures for the classificatioa o r new organization of the militia.
25 m
190
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1806.
9th Congress.]
No. 58.
[Ist Session.
FIRE ARMS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY II, 1806.
War Department, January 10, 1806.
In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives of the United States of the 8th instant, 1
have the honor, through you, to lay before the said House, a statement of the number of fire arms fit for use, the pro-
perty of the United States, designating the places where they are deposited.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United Slates.
A Statement of the Fire Arms Jit for use, the properly of the United States, designating the places where they are
deposited, made by the Secretary of War, in obedience to the resolution of the House of Representatives y the
United Stales of the Sth qf January, 1806.
PLACES WH
DEPOSITED.
Fort Constitution, - - - .
Do. Sumner, - -
Do. Wolcott, . - - .
Do. Independence. - - - -
Do. Trumbull, . - . .
Do. Jay, - - - - -
Do. Detroit, . - - .
Do- Michillimackinac, - - -
Do. McHenry, . . - .
Do. Nelson, . - . _
Do. Johnston, South Carolina, - , -
Do. Greene, . - . .
Do. Claiborne, ....
Do. St. Philip. ....
Do. Johnston, North Carolina, - . -
Do. St. Stephens, - - . .
Do. Wilkinson, - - - -
Southwest Point, ....
St. Vincennes, ....
Natchitoches,
New Orleans, ....
West Point, ....
Carlisle, . - - . .
Harper's Ferry, _ - . .
Springfield, ....
Albany, ....
Pittsburg, ....
New Haven, ....
On board Revenue Cutter Virginia,
Due from McPherson's corps,
Due from volunteer corps, ...
Due from Navy Department,
Treasury Department, ...
War Office, ....
Portland, ....
State of Rhode Island,
State of South Carolina, ...
State of North Carolina, ...
State of Georgia, ....
City of Washington, &c. ...
At the arsenal in Kentucky, ...
Deposited by certain recruiting officers, with sundry persons,
Philadelphia, ....
Fort Washington, ....
New London, ....
Niagara, ....
Loaned Captain John Turner, - - .
Loaned the Indian Department, - - -
Mississippi Territory, - - -
Muskets with
Bayonets.
Total,
76
189
83
131
31
216
959
79
5
100
31
20
299
92
238
943
31
27
5,398
2,276
287
9,486
39,668
6,712
853
500
12
128
234
809
12
8
200
500
2,000
1,550
1,500
3,347
8,000
250
26,063
105
Pairs of
Pistols.
2,488
113,501
5
51
2
75
322
500
37
30
58
245
246
6
1,206
77
3,666
1,938
Carbines.
West Point,
Springfield,
Pittsburg,
Philadelphia,
590
349
19
60
The arms now in the hands of the troops in the service of the United States are not included in the above
return.
1806.] FORTIFICATIONS. 11^1
9th Congress.] No. 59. [Ist Skssion-
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JANUARY 28, 1806.
Mr. MiTcHiLL, from the committee to whom was refeired tlie memorial of the merchants of New York, submitted
a report on that part of the same wliich relates to " the defenceless situation of the port of New York."
Early in the history of North America, the harbor of New York was discovered by the Dutch to be a convenient
place of resort for ships. Subsequent experience has proved (he judgment of the Hollanders to have been good.
The place where the North river forms a junction with Long Island sound is as well, if not better, adapted to na-
vigation and trade than any which the Atlantic coast affords.
The city, at the head of the harbor, is about twenty-seven miles from the ocean, the ebb and flow of the tide is
about six feet. The saltness of the water is not much inferior to that of the neighboring sea.
The harbor is a bay or basin, surrounded chiefly by islands; though the space fiom the foot of the Neversunk
hills, to the mouth of the river Raritan, and another space from Bergen point to Hobocken, are parts of the main
land which skirt the shores between the insular positions. The land is mostly low, and is composed principally of
gravel, sand, and loam, and, in certain spots, strata of solid granite appear.
The island of Sandy Hook, where the light house stands, is little more than a beach rising not far above the level
of spring tides. Staten Island swells into moderate hills, and presents, especially on its eastern side, several bold
elevations. Long Island, whose western extremity loses its ridges and hills in the plains of Flatlands and New-
trecht, still retains at the Narrows, where its clitt's aie somewhat abrupt and prominent, several positions of consider-
able strength. On these shores of the two last mentioned islands, the army of the enemy was landed in 1776, and
a repetition of such an invasion might be discouraged by the erection of suitable ^yorks to oppose it. Governor's
Island has already been much improved by military works, and is the spot on which Fort Jay and the principal
other fortifications have been erected. Bedloe Island, though very small, has also been considered proper for de-
fensive operations, and, in some degree, prepared to annoy an enemy. On Manhattan Island, where the city of
New YorK stands, there was once a fort and battery. These have been demolished of late years, under a conviction
of their unfitness, as have likewise some more recent breastworks and parapets, which, though constructed but eight
or nine years ago, were, within a twelvemonth, destroyed by the people who made them.
Between these islands there are deep channels and rapid currents. Ships of large force may be brought in from
sea and anchored in safety abreast of the town. And, having once reached that station, theie is water enough to
convey frigates or even larger ships quite to the city of Hudson.
To the saltness, depth, and swiftness of the current, is to be ascribed the openness of the harbor of New York
during the winter. In 1780, its surface was covered by a thick and strong covering of ice. The like has never
happened since, not even during the rigorous winter of 1805. And it is remarkable, that, while the Delaware, Pa-
tapsco, and Potomac are frozen, and Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Alexandria are secured thereby from the fleets of
an invader, the bay of New York, though situated further to the northward, possesses commonly nosuch protection,
but is accessible from the ocean, with but trifling impediment.
The insecurity of the city is evinced by other facts. With a small squadron of ships in 1674, the English took
it from the Dutch. Shortly afterwards it was retaken with almost equal ease. No cause of attack occurring until
the commencement of the revolutionary war, it was found utterly incapable of defence against a hostile fleet and
army in 1776, and abandoned to the enemy by the troops arrayed for its protection. And that very foe, which then
gained the possession, held it as a garrison until 1783, when, on its evacuation, the inhabitants were enabled to
return to their homes, after an exile of seven long years.
Since the Revolution, New York has greatly mcreased in population, extent, capital, and enterprise. The me-
morialists state that there one third of the national revenue is collected. They hope so important a sea port may be
thought worthy of an ef&cient defence; and they beg that a portion of the public treasure accumulated in that place,
may be expended in rendering both that treasure and the city in which it i^ kept more secure.
For the further information of the Senate, the committee beg leave to observe, that a piece of land has been al-
ready purchased by the State, on Staten Island, comprehending the high point on which the signal poles of the mer-
chants are erected. The greater part of Governor's Island is understood to be the property of the State — a small
part of it only having been purchased by the nation. On these parcels of ground the labor of constructing works is
the principal matter of expense. And it is in this posture of atfairs that the memorialists, after the State has done
so much, ask the nation to bear a proportional part of the charge, necessary to provide more formidable means of
defence and oifence.
Extravagant estimates haye been made by certain jobbers and projectors. Artificial islands, and immense piers,
and enormous floating batteries, and vast chevaux de frises, have been talked of; enough to absorb the whole reve-
nue, and to terrify all sober calculators of the cost. The committee hive dismissed those schemes, as savouring
rather of the visionary and magnificent, than of the useful and feasible. They content themselves with recommend-
ing an appropriation to a moderate amount, for making further military improvements on the sites already purchased,
and which the State may hereafter purchase and surrender; in full confidence, at the same time, that a due propor-
tion of the heavy artillery, armed ships, and gun boats of the nation, will be stationed at the harbor of New York.
Under these impressions, the following proposition is submitted:
Resolved, That it is expedient to appropriate tl e sura of — dollars, to be laid out in such manner, and under
such direction, as Congress shall judge proper, in fortifying the harbor and city of New York.
The committee have deemed it to be within the limits assigned them, to recommend another proposition, in favor
' ■ of the capital of South Carolina:
Resolved, That it is expedient to appropriate the sum of dollars, to be laid out in such manner, and under
such regulations, as Congress shall judge proper, in fortifyin" the port of Charleston in South Carolina.
And, for the purpose of providing for other defenceless places, if any such there be, the commit.ee submit an-
other proposition:
Resolved, That it is expedient to appropriate the sum of— dollars, to be laid out in fortifying such ports and
harbors, other than New York and Charleston, as the President of the United States shall think most conducive to
the public security.
Committee Room, January 27, 1806.
192
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
tieo6.
9th Congress.]
No. 60.
[1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 18, 1806.
To the House of Representatives of the United States:
I now coitimunirate to the House of Representatives the information desired by their resolutions of January
24, relative to the fiirtifications erected at the several ports and harbors of the United States, and tlieir territories^ ■
and to the navy and navy yards of the United States.
TH: JEFFERSON. ,,
February 18, 1806.
Report of the Secretary of War, made by direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of f hat part
of a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United Stales, of the 2ith tilt, relating to fortifications
■ withiti the United Stales, and the territories thereof.
Ports & Hurbors
fortified.
Names of the
Forts.
Sums expended on the
Works.
Probable sum
necessary foi
repairs and
improvements
s
A general description of the Works, with Remarks.
Portland,
Dist. of Maine.
Fort Sumner,
1795 $791 00
1796 369 00
1797 68 25
1798 1,200 00
1799 4,294 06
1800 1,419 48
1801 357 46
1802 60 00
A small enclosed work, with a block house,
magazine, and barrack, and a detached battery,
near the water, for heavy cannon, with a store
house, and furnace for heating cannon ball; au-
thorized by an act of Congress, of the 20th of
March, 1794. The works generally require re-
pairs.
Total, $8,559 25
Portsmouth,
N. Hampshire.
Fort
Constitution,
1794 $250 00
1795 266 00
1796 316 00
1798 1,000 00
1800 2,570 81
1801 6,699 87
1802 537 54
1804 100 00
1805 3,000 00
$6,000 00
The remains of an ancient fortification, which
have been repaired, at different periods, with
some improvements; but still require consider-
able improvements and repairs.
Total, $14,740 22
Cape Ann,
Massachusetts.
1
1 -
j
Fortifications authorized by act of Congress,
of the 20th of March, 1794. A site selected,
and drawing made, by the engineer, of works
contemplated; which were commenced but
never completed.
i
Salem,
Massachusetts.
1794 $93 60
1799 2,000 00
1800 500 00
A block house, magazine, and battery; au-
thorized by act of Congress, of March 20th,
1794. Wanting repairs.
Total, $2,593 60
Marblehead,
Massachusetts.
1794 $300 00
1795 1,011 68
1796 508 87
1797 114 84
1799 8,500 32
1800 2,560 15
1801 639 05
A block house, magazine, and battery; au-
thorized by act of Congress, of March 20th,
1794. Wanting repairs.
Total, $13,634 91
Boston Harbor,
Massachusetts.
Fort
[ndependence.
1794 $496 27
1795 . 1,342 50
1800 40,304 21
1801 66,710 14
1802 58,844 42
1803 10,497 57
1804 2,000 00
A regular, strong, enclosed work; the ram-
parts of stone and brick, with magazine, quar-
ters, barracks, and other buildings; commenced
in the year 1800, and completed in 1803. In
good repair.
Total, $186,195 11
1806.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
IPS
REPORT— Continued.
Ports & Harbors
fortified.
Names of the I Sums expended on the
Forts. I Works.
Probable sums
necessary for
repairs and
improvements.
1794
$500 00
1795
864 75
1796
198 91
1793
5,900 00
Newport,
Forts Adams
1799
50,700 00
Rhode Island.
and Wolcott.
1800
40,731 25
1801
8,500 00
1802
240 33
A general description of the Works, with Remarks.
New London,
Connecticut.
Total, $107,635 24
Fort
Trumbull.
Two enclosed works, with batteries, maga-
zines, and barracks; and, in addition to a stone
tower at the entrance of the harbor, and a block
house and battery on Rhode Island, near the
town ot Newport, an extensive regular fort was
commenced on a small island, but no part com-
pleted except a range of stone barracks. These
woiks were principally erected in the years
1798, 1799, and 1800. To complete the whole
would require very large expenditures; and,
when completed, would not, in the smallest de-
gree, annoy ships of war, but in one of three
open and convenient passages by which Rhode
Island may be approached. 3
1794
1795
1796
1799
1800
1802
1804
$350 00
943 88
200 85
7,520 00
413 66
204 14
4,398 19
Total, $14,030 72
Fortified in the course of our revolutionary
war. Several repairs have been made, at dif-
ferent periods, since, with consi<lerable im-
provements. No considerable repairs are now
necessary.
New York
Harbor,
Fort Jay.
1794
1795
1796
1798
1799
1800
1801
$1,327 00
6,866 54
1,124 00
30,117 24
40,116 18
10,124 40
10,348 05
Total. $100,023 41
$60,000 00
Remarks in relation to New York Harbor.
In the years 1794, and 1795, considerable expenses were incurred in the harbor of New York, in fortifications
on Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis's Islands, and in front of the city.
On Governor's Island, a regular enclosed work, with detached batteries for heavy cannon and mortars, was erected
with a magazine and barracks, vvhich require considerable repairs and improvements. On the other islands, there
were batteries and magazines, with some barracks, which also require repairs.
A formidable battery of heavy cannon and mortars (which is now in ruins) was erected in front of the city. A
heavy park of artillery was also mounted on travelling carriages, and placed in a building belonging to the State,
within the city.
No considerable improvements have been made on the above mentioned works, or additional fortifications erected,
for the defence of the harbor of New York, within the last five years; there having been no funds for those objects
furnished by the State, as contemplated by the act of Congress of the 3d of May, 1798, and understood to have been
intended by the State.
Engineers were employed by^ the Governor of the State to survey and examine the harbor, and to report the best
practicable mode of defence. The report, accompanied by drawings and estimates, was transmitted to the President
of the United States in the year 1801. By this project, the principal works were to be at Sandy Hook. The es-
timates, amounting to 3,968,658 dollars, vitve: considered as a sufficient reason for rejecting the report; the debt of
the State of New Vork (which was the limit of the sura authorized to be expended) being only $1,852,035. In
January, 1805, a report was also received from another engineer, accompanied by a letter from the mayor of the
city, in which the Narrows were contemplated as the principal place of defence. The estimates for completing the
works amounted to 2,000,000 of dollars, and the plan of defence proposed inspired no confitlence.
Lieutenant Colonel Wdliams, of the corps of engineers, was, last autumn, directed to make such a survey of
the harbor of New York, as would enable him to report, with accuracy, the width of the Narrows, from the water's
edge on each side; the distances from Governor's Island to Bedloe's, to Ellis's Island, and to the battery in front of
the city, and from the city to the nearest point on the Jersey shore. This duty he performed, and reported, accompany-
ing his report with a drawing of the harbor, showing the relative situation of the several points alluded to in his in-
structions, with remarks on the subject generally, and particularly on fortifying the Narrows.
I will here take the liberty of offering some general remarks, on the subject of defending our ports and harbors.
Notwithstanding the experience of ages to the contrary, an opinion appears to have been prevalent, and in many
cases relied upon, tnat fixed batteries, on the margins of channels not more than one mile in width, might, under
the direction of skilful officers, render the passage of ships of vvar so difficult and unsafe, as to prevent their attempt-
ing such passages. It is the more remarkable, that such an opinion should have continued to prevail, after so many
instances have occurred of ships of war not only having passed the best batteries within even point blank shot,
(which is less than 500 yards) but of their presenting their broadsides to such batteries, with springs on their
cables, and sustaining the fire for a considerable length of time, and even, in many cases, of silencing the batteries.
The action, in the year 1801, between a British squadron and several strong batteries, in the harbor of Copenha-
gen, where, probably, there was no want of skill or bravery on the side of the Danes, (the result of which is in the
recollection of every one) proves, beyond any reasonable doubt, the incorrectness of the opinion alluded to. Many
other instances might be adduced, as evidence of the impropriety of relying on fixed batteries for preventing ships
of war, with a fair wind and tide, passing through a channel of one mile in width, or even within point blank shot
of the batteries, especially where the course is nearly direct, as is the case at the Narrows, at the entrance of New
York harbor. This passage cannot be reduced to less than seven-eighths of a mile in width, and that only by erect-
ing works on a reef 500 yards from Long Island shore, where there are three feet of water at the lowest time of tide,
and nine feet at high water.
194
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
tisoe
It will be recollected by many, that in the summer of 1776, a British ship, of about forty guns, had been some
distance up tlie Hudson, above New York; that it was known she would soon pass down by tliat city, and the bat-
teries were prepared at several places on the bank of the river, in and above the city, with the most sanguine ex-
pectations of destroying the ship on her passage; but, although she descended in the day time, with a moderate breeze,
which afforded full time for the batteries to act on her, and a tremendous cannonade commenced from the respective
batteries as siie passed, no apparent injury was received by the ship; and it was generally remarked, that she ap-
peared to be no more incommoded by the batteries than if no shot had been fired. Her distance from the batteries
was about haUa mile, which is little more than the distance of the centre of the channel in the Narrows from any
batteries wliich could be erected on either or both shores.
It now remains to be decided: 1st. Whether the Narrows, or any other points, arc susceptible of being so forti-
fied as to afford a sufficient defence to the harbor and city?
2dly. Whether any other practicable system of defence may be sufficiently relied upon? and,
3dly. What general or particular system ought to be adopted?
That the harbor of New York is not susceptible of such defence as ought to be relied on by permanent or fixed
batteries, must be evident to every one who will reflect upon the subject; and, consequently, that some other system
ought to be adopted. This, it is presumed, should consist of at least one regular enclosed work, capable of being
defended against a sudden assault, together with such fixed batteries as may most effectually annoy ships of war on
their approach to the city, and while in a situation to batter it; and also of a suitable weight of moving batteries, by
lancl and water, such as a heavy park of cannon and howitzers, mounted on travelling carriages, and placed in the
city, together with a sufficient number of well constructed gun boats. Should such a system of defence not be con-
sidered as sufficient for the security of the harbor and city of New York, it will be difficult, if not impracticable, to
propose any adequate to the object, short of heavy ships of war, in sufficient number to meet any force which an
enemy may direct against that place.
Ports & Harbors
fortified.
Mud Island,
below Phila-
delphia, Penn-
sylvania.
Names of the
Forts.
Fort Mifflin.
Sums expended on
the Works.
Probable sums
necessary for
repairs and
improvements.
1794
1795
1798
1799
1800
1801
1803
$5,142 00
2,382 00
13,576 53
38,000 00
15,000 00
1,169 25
91 32
$2,000
Total, $64,361 09
A general description of the Works, with Remarks.
A regular enclosed work, with batteries, ma-
gazines, and barracks, principally erected in the
years 1798, 1799, and 1800. Some repairs are
necessary.
Wilmington,
Delaware.
A selection and survey of a site for a fortifi-
cation, authorized by the act of Congress of
the 20th of March, 1794, but no works erected.
Baltimore Har-
bor, Maryland.
Fort M' Henry
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
$500 00
900 69
1,068 39
802 00
17,624 50
11,538 41
53,044 66
8,185 71
1,052 58
316 18
40 00
Total, $95,073 IS
A regular fortification of mason work, with
batteries, magazine, and barracks, erected prin-
cipally in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800. No
considerable repair necessary.
Annapolis,
Maryland.
$268 50
An examination and a survey of a site for for-
tifications, but the works not completed.
Alexandria, 1
District of Co-
lumbia.
1794
1795
$800 00 '
1,308 00
Total, $2,008 00
Temporary works erected in the year 1795,
now in ruins.
Norfolk, Vir-
ginia.
Fort Nelson.
1794
1795
1799
1800
1802
1803
1804
1805
Total,
$3,310
85
1,193
50
403
00
1,181
58
4,000
00
7,500
00
3,000
00
600
00
$20,087 93
$8,000
Commenced in the year 1794, repaired and
improved in the years 1802, 1803, and 1804,
with extensive batteries, a magazine, and bar-
racks. Considerable improvements and repairs
yet necessary.
M
1806.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
195
REPORT— Continued .
Ports & Harbors
fortified.
Names of the
Forts.
Sums expended on
the Works.
Probable sums
necessary for
repairs and
improvements
A general description of the Works, with Remarks.
Ocracock Har-
bor, North
Carolina.
On an island, called Beacon Island, a work
was commenced in the year 1795, but not com-
pleted; and in the year 1799 measures were di-
rected ("or the erection of an enclosed work on
the ruins of the former work, but from a belief
that no work could be erected and supported
at that place, which would afford any consider-
able protection to the harbor, none has been
erected. It is presumed that two gun boats
would more securely protect that harbor than
any fixed batteries that might be erected-
Cape Fear river
N. Carolina.
Fort Johnston
Georgetown,
S. Carolina.
1794
1795
1796
1799
1800
1801
1804
$2,418 00
1,463
50
1,430
95
6,333
33
9,457
16
3,823
79
2,900 00 1
S27,826
73
$4,000
$250 00
The site of an ancient fortification. In the
years 1799 and 1800 some progress was made
in erecting new works on the old site, which,
from unfortunate arrangements and delays, on
the part of the gentleman who contracted to
complete them, are yet unfinished, [but will
probably be completed the present year. They
will, when finished, require the aid of some
gun boats to afford sufficient protection to the
river, and the town of Wilmington.
Some cannon were mounted in the year 1794,
but no works erected.
Charleston,
S. Carolina.
Forts
Moultrie,
Pinckney and
Johnston.
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1801
$3,850 00
4,625 45
1,149 00
912 00
4,205 98
11,500 00
48 68
$30,000
Total, $26,291 11
Forts repaired and improved on the ruins of
works erected in the course of our revolutionary
war; but as the State of South Carolina has not
considered it expedient, until the last session
of its Legislature, to cede the sites of those
works, or of any others, no considerable repairs
have been made on them, or any new works
commenced.
The fortifications are now almost in ruins,
principally occasioned by an unusual storm
which happened in 1804.
If the cession recently made should meet
the approbation of Congress, improvements on
the fortifications in Charleston harbor ought,
without delay, to be commenced.
Sa^^nnah,
Georgia,
Fort Green,
1794
1795
1796
Total,
$1,050 00
86 00
426 00
$1,562 00
St. Mary's
Georgia,
$15,000, if
suitable sites
can be ob
tained.
1799
1800
1801
$2,000 00
2,578 91
2,090 38
Total, $6,669 29
On a small island called Cockspur, near the
mouth of the river, irregular fortifications were
erected in the year 1794, witii a battery, maga-
zine, and barracks. In the year 1804 the works
and barracks were totally destroyed, and a part
ol the garrison drowned, by a storm which
occasioned such a rise of the water as over-
flowed the island to a considerable depth; but
as no cession has been made to the United States,
by the State of Georgia, of any suitable site or
sites, for permanent fortifications, and it not
having been in the power of the Executive of
the United States to procure any, on reasona-
ble terms, either on the Savannah river or the
St. Mary's, no considerable expense has been
incurred on the sea coast of that State, for the
last five years, and the garrison has been re-
moved from the St. Mary's as well as from fort
Green.
Suitable gun boats, with some heavy cannon,
on travelling carriages, would, it is presumed,
afford the safest protection to Savannah and
St. Mary's, aided by some fixed batteries.
196
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
REPORT— Cotifmued.
[1806.
Ports & Harbors
fortified.
New Orleans,
Names of the
Forts.
Forts
St. Louis,
St. Charles,
and St. Philip
Sums expended on
the Works.
Probable sums
necessary for
repairs and
improvements,
$25,000, for
New Orleans
and its de-
pendencies.
A general description of the Works, with Remarks.
The town of New Orleans is surrounded, ex-
cept the front, by a mud wall, with three re-
doubts in the rear, and two in front; the two
latter called forts. If the works were in repair .
they would be incapable of sustaining a siege,
or of affording any considerable protection
against an assault. .
About fifty miles below the town there is an
ancient fortification called St Phdip, with a
battery, magazine, and barracks, which require
considerable repairs and improvements.
At the junction of Bayau St. John with lake
Ponchartrain, a small ancient work remains,
intended to guard that communication with
New Orleans, against the approach of an
enemy, by way of the lake. This work is out
of repair, and will probably require considera-
ble improvement. ^ ,, , r
Gun boats will be necessary for the delence
of the river and lake, in addition to fixed bat-
teries.
H^^-.
1806.]
FORTIFICATIONS.
197
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MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1806.
9th CoKGREss.] No. 61. [I3t Session.
PAY OF OFFICERS OF THE ARMY-
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, APRIL 1, 1806.
War Department, March 29, 1806.
The Secretary of War, to whom the petition of sundry officers of the army, serving in the territory of Lou-
isiana has been refei red, by an order of the House of Representatives of the United States, of the 25th instant, begs
leave to remarit thereon:
That he feels a delicacy in offering any opinion on the competency of the present pay of the army.
Whether the facts stated in the said petition, as to the relative value of money, or the prices of the necessa-
ries and comforts of life, between the year 1792 and the present time, are correct or not, it is presumed that it will
not be necessary for the Secretary to give an opinion. , . , .
If undef existing circumstances, it should not be thought advisable to increase the monthly pay of the otncers of
the a'imy, there may be a propiieiy in establishing an uniformity in the price or value of the ration allowed to
the officers, at a rate at least equal to the highest price at present given for the supply of our troops, which is
eighteen cents per ration; and Congress will consider whether the present necessary expenses of living will not ren-
der it advisable anfl just to increase the value of the officer's ration to twenty cents. An established uniformity in
the value of their rations would prevent many inccmveniences in the settlement of their accounts for pay and sub-
sistence, as it is not uncommon lor an officer to be at several pusts in the course of a few months, at no two of
which the price of the ration is the same.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Representaiives of the United States.
To the Honorable the Senate and House of Jicpresentalivfs of the United States in Congress assembled, the memo-
rial of the subscribers, officers of the army, serving in Louisiana, humbly showeth:
That the pay of the officers of the army hath not been augmented or increased since the 5th of March, 1792, at
which time the necessaries of life, generally, could be purchased in any part of the United States for about one half
of their present prices; that, in the territories of Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, and Orleans, the present price of
almost every article necessary for their use, is threefold what it could be purchased for in the United Statesin 1792;
and that, in this territory in particular, prices are much more exorbitant: as evidence of this fact your tnemorialists
be" leave to state, that the common price of brown sugar is fifty cents, and of coBee from seventy-five to a hundred
cents per pound, in the town of St. Louis, and that groceries and merchandise of eveiy kind are proportionably
high throughout the territory. ,,.,,.
If it be true, as your memorialists believe it is, that the pay of the army, as established in 1792, was but a mo-
derate and reasonable compensation, and so considered by the Groverr.inent and people of the United States, and if
that compensation has depreciated to less than half its original value, is it not reasonable and just that it should be
so increased, as that each individual may receive lor his services a sum equal in value to that originally intended tor
him and established by law? Your memorialists presume it is; and relying on the principles of fair contract, and
the justice of their country, for which all their blood is ready to flow, they respectlully approach your honorable
body and beg leave to submit their case to your consideration, in full confidence that you will grant such relief as may
be Ueeined reasonable and just.
Thomas Hunt, Colonel- Daniel Hughes, Lieutenant.
T. 11. dishing. Lieutenant Colonel. J. Rhea, Lieutenant.
Jacob Kingsbury, Lieutenant Colonel. George Peter, Lieutenant.
J. Brutf, Major artilleiy. W- Carson, Lieutenant.
B. Lockwood, Captain. William Richardson, Lieutenant.
James Richmond, Captain. Joseph Kimball, Lieutenant.
E. B. Clemson, Lieutenant. J. Roney, Ensign.
Territory of Louisiana, November 8, 1805-
9th Congress.] ■ No. 62. [Ist Session.
THE MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, APRIL 2, 1806.
Mr. Varnum, from the committee instructed to inquire what measures are necessary to be adopted to complete the
arming the militia of the United Slates, made the following report:
That, by the laws of the United States, each citizen enrolled in the militia is put under obligations to provide
himself with a good musket or rifle, and all the other military equipments prescribed by law. From the best esti-
mate which the committee have been able to form, there is upwards of 250,000 tire arms and rifles in the hands of
the militia, which have, a lew instances excepted, been provided by, and are the property of, the individuals who
hold them. It is highly probable, that many mure of the militia would have provided themselves with fire arms in
the same way, if they had been for sale in those parts of the United States where the deficiencies have happened;
but the wars in Europe have had a tendency to prevent the importation of fire arms from thence into the United
States, which, together with the limited establishments for the manufacture of that implement in the United States,
has rendered it impossible for individuals to procuie them.
There are several State magazines of tire arms, but the amount of the number of stands has not been ascertained.
There are in the magazines of the United States about 120,000 fire arms and rifles fit for use, and about 12,000
which need repairs. It is conceived that the number of fire arms in the public magazines is not greater than ought
to remain there in time of peace.
J806.] MILITIA. 199
And the committee are of opinion that, to provide for the exigency of war, it will be expedient to extend the
manufacture of fire arms, ia the armories of the United States, as far as can conveniently be done, without the
erection of new buildings; to eft'ect which, it will be necessary to appropriate, for that purpose, $62,100 in addition
to the sums reported in the general estimate.
War Department, March llh, 1806.
Sir:
In answer to the queries contained in your letter of the 1st inst. I beg leave, through you, to submit the fol-
lowing statements and remarks to the consideration of the committee instructed to inquire " what measures are
necessary to be adopted to complete the arming of the militia of the United States."
In the years 1802, 1803, 1804, and 1805, there have been manufactured 16,234 muskets with bayonets, at the
armory in Springtield, Massachusetts.
The expense of this armory within the same time, exclusive of the expenditures incurred in consequence of the
burning of one of the buildings attached to the establishment, has amounted to 145,214 dollars. The average expense,
therefore, of each musket, within the aforesaid four years, is eight dollars ninety-four and a half cents.
In the armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, there have, within the same years, been manufactured, of muskets
with baycmels, .....---... 2,676
Of rifles, 2,488, equal to muskets, -------- 3,732
Old arms repairetl, estimated equal to the manufactory of muskets, . - . . 750
Total, - - - 7,158
The expenses of the armory, within the same time, exclusive of repairs of dam and canal, amount to 96,169 dol-
lars.
The average expense of each musket, within the aforesaid term of four years, manufactured at this armory, ap-
pears consequently to be thirteen dollars forty-three and a half cents.
A delect in the dam and canal occasioning, in the year 1802, a want of water for the use of the machinery, and
the prevalence of a bilious complaint among the workmen, in a subsequent year, considerably retarded, in those
two years, the operation of the armory at Harper's Ferry. It will not be improper, moreover, to remark, that the
muskets and rifles manufactured at this armory are superior in workmanship to any others intended for military
purposes, which are manufactured either in this, or, I presume, in any other country.
Although the muskets manufactured at the Springfield armory are not as highly finished as those made at Har-
per's Ferry, they are still considered equal, if not superior, in workmanship, to the best muskets, manufactured for
the use of soldiers, in either France or England.
To what extent the existing public armories may be increased in number of workmen, and how far the
number of arms manufactured annually may be augmented, without increasing the average expense of the arms,
it is difficult to determine. It is probable, however, that such an additional number of workmen may be employed,
as would ensure the manufacturing of from ten to eleven thousand muskets annually, with but a small, if any, addi-
tional average expense on each musket.
The existing armories might be so extended, by additional buildings and apparatus, as to admit of a much greater
number of workmen, and, ot course, of the manufacturing of a proportional increase in the number of arms annually.
But, for such an additional number of workmen, as is first above contemplated, it is presumed that no considerable
augmentation of expense would be required for buildings or apparatus.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Honorable Joseph B. Varnum.
9th Congress.] ]Vo. 63. [Ist Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, APRIL U, 1806.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Slates;
I now lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United States, according to the returns last
received from the several States and territories. It will be perceived that some of these are not of recent datesj
and that, from the States of Maryland and Delaware, no returns are stated. As far as appears from our records,
none were ever rendered from either of these States. From the territories of Orleans, Louisiana, and Michigan,
complete returns have not yet been received.
TH: JEFFERSON.
^pnlU,ie06.
200
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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202
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3,966
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204 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1806.
9th.C0NGRESS.] _ No. 64. [2d SES8IOW.
FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, DEC. 15, 1806.
Mr. MiTcHiLL, from the committee appointed on the 5th inst. to take into consideration that part of the message
of the President of the United States, of December 2d, 1606, which relates to the protection of the seaports,
harbors, and waters of the United States, made a report, as follows:
It appears from the communication of the Secretaiy of War, made to Congress on the 18th February, 1806,*
that several of the public works erected in different parts of the nation, for the purposes of defence, stood in need
of finishing, or repairs. The condition of the fortifications at Fort Sumner, in Maine; Fort Constitution, in New
Hampshire; Fort Independence, in Massachusetts; Forts Adams and Wolcott, in Rhode Island; Fort Trumbull, in
Connecticut; Fort Jay, in New York: Fort Mifflin, in Pennsylvania; Fort McHenry, m Maryland; Fort Nelson, in
Virginia; Fort Johnston, in North Carolina; Forts Moultrie, Pinckney, and Johnston, in South Carolina; Fort Green,
in Georgia; and of Forts St. Louis, St. Charles, and St. Philip, in Orleans; and of the various other forts and mili-
tary stations, is well known to the War Department, and only requires appropriations of money, from year to year,
to enable the needful additions to be made.
It is, therefore, deemed unnecessary to enter into a detailed enumeration of their respective wants: but the com-
mittee cannot forbear to make mention of New York, Charleston, and New Orleans.
They are fully sensible of the great and growing importance of New York; its exposed situation is a subject of
public and general concern. It is agreed that the national power ought to be employed in its protection. The at-
tention of the Executive was, therefore, turned to that object during the summer and autumn of 1806, and upwards
of $25,000 were expended in repairing and enlarging, in the most substantial manner, the works on Governor's
Island. These are progressing with all convenient speed; and, though at this moment suspended, on account of the
rigor of the season, the committee has had the satisfaction to learn that the labor will be resumed with the cessation
of the cold, and be steadily continued until both the city and harbor shall be put into a respectable state of defence.
By the fortifications which it is intended to construct, upon tiie different favorable positions which the land affords,
both above and below Governor's Island, skilful eng'ineers conceive that so much will be done as to repel every or-
dinary assault of ships, and of all other force less than an invading army. The intended substitution of permanent
structures of solid masonry, instead of wood and sand, will indeed require more time for their completion; but an
ample compensation for this will be found eventually in their greater strength and durability.
The fortifications at Charleston, South Carolina, having been almost totally ruined by the severe hurricane of
1804, measures have been already adopted to rebuild them in the best manner that the situation of the ground admits.
Preparations are also making for the protection of New Orleans, and the mouth of the Mississippi, and evince a
similar attention to the public interests in that quarter.
The committee, however, has not judged it necessary to particularize the specific sums vvhich it may be needful '
to apply to each of these important objects. There would be considerable difficulty in this, for want of circumstan-
tial and minute information. They, therefore, believe it will be sufficient to recommend an ample appropriation in
gross, for the repair of existing fortifications, and the erection of such new ones as may be required; and to leave
the expenditure of the same, where the general safety or local welfare shall demand it, to the ample information
and sound discretion of the Executive.
Under these considerations the committee ask leave to report a bill making further appropriations for 'fortifying
the ports and harbors of the United States and for building gun boats.
•See No. 60.
9th Congress.] No. 65. [2d Session.
DEFENCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI AGAINST SPANISH INVASION.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 18, 1806.
Mr. John Randolph made the following report:
The committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the Piesident of the United States as relates to the
invasion of our territory by the troops of Spain, and to the adoption of measures for the protection thereof, re-
spectfully recommend the following resolutions:
1. Resolved, That provision ought to be made by law to fortify and defend such position on the Mississippi,
below the city of New Orleans, as the President of the United States shall designate, for the protection of that city;
and that further provision ought to be made by law for guarding the approaches to tiie same from the east.
2. Resolved. That the President of the United States be authorized to accept of any company or companies of
volunteers, either of artillery, cavalry, or infantry, who may associate and offer themselves for the service, (not ex-
ceeding thousand men) who sliall be clothed and furnished with horses, at their own expense, and armed
and otherwise equipped at the expense of the United States, except such of them as may choose to furnish their own
arms, and whose commissioned officers shall be appointed by the respective state and territorial authorities; who
shall be liable to be called upon to do military duty, at any time the President shall judge proper, within years
after he shall accept the same; and when called into actual service, and whilst remaining in the same, shall be under
the same rules and regulations, and be entitled to the same pay, rations, forage, and allowance for clothing, with the
regular troops of the United States.
CoMMiTi-EE Room, December 10, 1806.
Sir:
The committee appointed in pursuance of the enclosed resolution have instructed me to request that you will
lay before them such information, touching the subject, as may be in possession of your Department,
1806.] DEFENCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 205
The committee are desirous to be informed, What is the present state of the American and Spanish forces in
the territory of Orleans and the adjacent provinces of Spain. To what extent the strength of the last may probably
be increased; and the means on which Government relies for the protection of its citizens on that frontier.
I am, very respectfully, sir, yours,
JOHN RANDOLPH.
The Secretary of War.
War Department, December 15, 1806.
Sir:
Agreeably to the request of the committee, as expressed in your letter of the lOth instant, I herewith enclose
such information on the subject referred to tiiem, as is possessed by this Department, in addition to what was com-
municated to Congress, with the message of the President of the United States, at the commencement of the present
session, viz:
A copy of Governor Cordero's answer to General Wilkinson's letter, of the 4th of October, marked No. 1, and
an extract from Captain General Salcedo's answer to Governor Claiborne's first letter to Governor Herrera, marked
No. 2.
To which I would beg leave to add the following statement and remarks:
The law fixing the military establishment of the United States being under the eye of the committee, it may
only be necessary to remark that, of the force which it authorizes, eighteen companies are posted as follows, viz:
1 Company in Portland and Portsmouth harbors,
1 ditto in Boston harbor and at the arsenal, Spring-
field,
1 ditto in Rhode Island and Connecticut,
1 ditto in New York harbor,
1 ditto on the Delaware, below Philadelphia,
1 d.tto in Norfolk and Baltimore harbors,
1 ditto in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, and in
North Carolina,
2 ditto on frontiers of Georgia,
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
1 Company on frontiers of Tennessee,
at Chickasaw Blufts and Arkansas,
at Massac and Vincennes,
at St. Louis,
at Chicago, south end of Lake Michigan,
at Detroit,
at Michillimackinack,
at Niagara,
at Fort Wayne, on the portage between the
Wabash and the Miami of the Lakes.
The remaining force is under the immediate command of the General in the Orleans and Mississippi territories.
The corps are nearly complete, including the recruits now on their passage for the Lower Mississippi.
In addition to the regular force, under the imn\ediate command of the General, he is authorized to call on the
Orleans and Mississippi territories for such reinforcements of militia as may be thought expedient.
Arms for infantry, and pistols and swords for a due proportion of cavalry, have been forwarded to New Orleans,
for the use of such militia as might be called into service.
The Spanish force, which has lately crossed and recrossed the Sabine, has been represented as amounting to one
thousand five hundred men, principally mounted militia; there is, however, reason for believing that their numbers
have been over-rated. Their force at Pensacola, Mobile, and Baton Rouge, amounts, probably, to from five hundred
to six hundred and fifty men.
It is not possible to form any thing like a correct opinion of the force which Spain could bring into the field from
her extensive western and southern territories, or from beyond sea. It may be presumed, that the war in which she
is at present engaged, and which endangers some of her valuable possessions, must render it difficult for her to draw
a very considerable force to any point on our frontiers.
As to the protection of our citizens, I may be allowed to refer the committee to the message of the President of
the United States to Congress, of the second instant; in which he has expressed his ideas of the means of protecting
them, at the comniencement of a war, and until a regular army may be raised. But as the right of deciding on this,
as well as other questions, rests with Congress, the President must rely on the means they shall judge it most expe-
dient to provide.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Randolph, Chairman, &c.
Camp of Nacogdoches, October 11, 1806.
Sir:
I informed your Excellency, by my letter of the 29th of last month, that I had sent that of your Excellency,
of the 24th of the same month, to the Captain General Brigadier Don Nimesio Salcedo, on whom 1 depend, because
I was not invested with a competent authority for its discussion, and as the answer belonged to said chief. 1 flatter
myself that, in consideration of the good of humanity, which your Excellency professed to wish, and of the good har-
mony which reigns between our Governments, your Excellency would have expected his answer to determine on
your operations, because I am not at liberty not to carry into execution the orders which command me to consider
the Hondo run as the boundary line of the province.
I see, by the letter of your Excellency, of the 4th instant, which I have just received, that, against my hopes, you
have marched your troops towards the Sabine; without any hostile views against the Spaniards, but with the inten-
tion only of maintaining the pretensions of the United States to that side of said river.
Your Excellency is very well acquainted with the sacred duties of a soldier: I must, in consequence, declare to
your Excellency, that, though the result of the operations which your Excellency has undertaken, ought not, in any
manner whatever, to be considered as an act of hostility provoked by my Government, I must oppose myself to it, in
discharge of the obligation which 1 am under, to oppose myself to the aggressions of the United States, and to pre-
serve entire, as far as lies in my power, the dominions of my sovereign.
I take the proper means that your Excellency may receive this letter, praying the Lord our God that he may
preserve your life for many years.
• I am, respectfully, &c.
ANTONIO CORDERO.
His Excellency General James Wilkinson.
Extract of a letter from the Captain General Don Nemesio Salcedo to Governor Claiborne, dated
CHinnAGUA, September 18, 1806.
By my orders, I am bound to maintain the best harmony with the Government of the United States; and to that
end, I have directed all my views, as your Excellency may be convinced by the conduct which has been followed,
and by the letter which, under my directions, the Governor of Texas wrote on the 7th of March last, to the com-
mandant of the fort of Natchitoches, exhorting him not to repeat, on either side, any acts of hostility concerning the
disputed territory. Of this letter. Major Porter acknowledged receipt, and gave assurances that he was on the point
of sending an account of it to General Wilkinson, to whom he left the decision; which, however, has not as yet been
verified.
After this intelligence, your Excellency will find no just motive to draw the sword on account of the movements
of the troops on this frontier; especially after being assured, that neither those troops nor their chiefs have had, or at
present have, any orders to make new establishments. Your Excellency may be assured, that all my actions are
directed in compliance with my duties, and with a view that I may, at no period whatever, be reproached with hav-
27 m
206 MILITARYAFFAIRS. tl80r.
irig suffered, in any manner, Ihe usurpation of the smallest part of the dominions of my king under my charge. But
in consideration of the assurance which your Excellency gives, that the subject is now in treaty between the two
Governments, and the frankness with which you state the disputed claim as one that shall be amicably adjusted,
without availing ourselves of our rights, the operations of our troops shall be limited (under the responsibility ot
your Excellency) to patrolling the disputed lands, to see and prevent any settlement from being made by citizens
of either nation. , . , j ^ t ^ i i
Your Excellency knows very well, that, whilst this is the most moderate behavior 1 can adopt, 1 must also repei
all aggressions of the American Government, and act conformably to the strictest accomplishment of the first obli-
gation of my station.
9th Congress.] No. 66. ['2d -Sessiow.
FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARV 12, 1807.
Mr. Roger Nelson, from the committee to whom was referred, on the third ultimo, so much of the message of the
President of the United States as relates to the repairs of fortifications and to the further protection of our ports,
towns, and rivers, reported that they have taken the same into consideration, and beg leave to recommend the
foUowmg resolutions:
Resolved, That a sum of money, not exceeding dollars, be appropriated, to enable the President of the
United States to cause our fortifications to be improved and repaired.
Resolved, That a further sum of money, not exceeding dollars, be appropriated, to enable the President
of the United States to cause to be built a number of gunboats, not exceeding , for the better protection of our
ports, towns, and rivers. *
War Department, December 9, 1806.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the third insfant, permit me to refer the committee, of which you are chairman, to
the report of the Secretary of War, of the 13th of February last, on the subject of fortifications; and to add thereto,
the following remarks, relative to the repairs, additional works, and expenditures, which have since been made:
At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, about three thousand dollars have been expended in erecting new barracks.
At Fort Trumbull. New London, Connecticut, repairs have been made on the barracks.
On Governor's Island, in the harbor of New York, a regular work in masonry has been commenced, and is far
advanced. The expenses attending it have not yet been adjusted, but probably amount to between twenty-five and
thirty thousand dollars.
At Fort Nelson, Virginia, twenty heavy cannon have been mounted on travelling carnages.
At Fort Johnston, North Carolina, further progress has been made in the works.
In South Carolina, every thing remains as heretofore, owing to a disappointment in fixing the proper sites.
Although Captain Macomb, of the Corps of Engineers, in pursuance of orders from this Department, proceeded,
on the 20th of June last, to Charleston, and remained there until the 11th of July, nothing on this head could be
done, in consequence of his being unable to procure from the office of the Deputy Secretary of State of South Caro-
lina, the map on which the land and sites for fortifications, ceded to the United States, were particularly delineated.
Having been ordered a second time to Charleston, it is expected that he will be able to do something on the sub-
ject this winter.
In Georgia, a new military establishment has been made, on the Oakmulgee river.
At New Orleans, we have been disappointed in having suitable sites selected for proposed works; it is presumed,
however, that some progress has lately been made in fortifications at that place, which will be continued.
Of the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, appropriated the last session of Congress, for fortifying ports and
harbors, not more than fortv-eight thousand have probably been expended. . , r, r -j
.Arrangements have been made for the next year, which will likely exhaust the remainder of the aforesaid appro-
priation, together with the sum applicable to that object, in the estimate of this Department for the ensuing year.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. Roger Nelson.
' For letter of the Secretary of the Na^-y, see Naval Affairs, No. 58.
9th Congress.] No. 67. [2d Session.
DEFENCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
OOMMXINICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 15, 1807.
Committee Room, December 31, 1806.
Gentlemen:
The committee to whom have been referred the enclosed resolution of the House of Representatives, have
instructed me to request that you will furnish them with information on the following points, and with such other
remarks as you may deem material :
1807.] GRATUITIES TO LEWIS AND CLARKE AND COMPANIONS. 207
1. The protection which now is, or can be, afforded to the city of New Orleans, by the existing military and naval
establishments.
2. The mode in which that city may be most effectually defended. ^
3. The probable expense of such a system of defence.
I am, with high respect, gentlemen, your obedient servant,
r^ ^ .^ . , ^ ^ , .r J^^HN RANDOLPH.
/Tie Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy.
Resohed, That provision ought to be made, by law, to fortify and defend such position on the Mississippi, below
the city of New Orleans, as the President of the United States shall designate, for the protectmn of that city; and
that further provision ought to be made, by law, for guarding the approaches to the same from the east.
War Department, January 9, 1801.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the 31st ultimo, enclosing a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 24th
of the same month, I have the honor to remark, that, from the recent movements of the troops in Orleans territory,
and its vicinity, I am unable to state, with correctness, the present strength of the regular force, now under General
Wilkinson, at New Orleans, and must rely on an expression of the General, in a late communication of his to this
Department, which stated the probable number at one thousand men, exclusive of the militia of Orleans, and the
naval force under Captain Shaw. The number of militia is uncertain; probably not exceeding three or fourhundred
to be relied on.
The naval force not being under the direction of this Department, the committee will please to excuse my not
being able to comply with their request in this respect. Many opinions have been received on the subject of defend-
ing the city of New Orleans and its vicinity, by fortifications; but the present prevailing opinion appears to be, that
no system of fortification, within our power, at or about the city, could be of any essential use for its defence; and
that an improvement of the old work at Placquemines, an estabfishment of batteries at the English Turn, and a bat-
tery, with a suitable cover, at the junction of the Bayou St. John with Lake Pontchartrain, aided by a suitable num-
ber of gunboats, in the river and the lake, together with such a body of troops as circumstances may, from time to
time, appear to require, must be relied on for the defence of that place.
The expense necessary to complete the works mentioned above, is the more difficult to be estimated, on account
of the scarcity of suitable materials, and the uncertainty of what may be requisite to secure the foundations of the
works.
From fifty to seventy thousand dollars may be sufficient; but no estimate, in my power to make, on this subject,
can be depended on for its accuracy.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Randolph, Chairman, &c-
Note. — For letter of the Secretary of'the Navy, see Naval Affairs, No. 59.
9th Congress.] No. 68. [2d Session.
GRATUITIES TO THE OFFICERS AND MEN IN THE EXPEDITION TO THE PACIFIC OCE\N,
UNDER LEWIS AND CLARKE.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 23, 1807.
Committee Room, January 12, 1807.
Sir:
The committee to whom has been referred a resolution of the House of Representatives, to inquire what com-
pensation ought to be made to Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, and their brave companions, f^r their late service in ex-
ploring the Western waters, have instructed me to request that you will furnish them with such information in the
possession of the Department of War, as you may deem necessary to guide the committee in establishing their rate
of compensation; also a list of the names of the officers, and their respective grades, and the names of the soldiersun-
der their command.
From your most obedient servant,
WILLIS ALSTON, Jun.
Secretary of War.
War Department, January 14, 1807.
Sir:
Agreeably to the request of the committee, as expressed in your letter of the 12th inst., I herewith transmit a
list of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates, who formed the party recently returned from an enter-
prise, which they commenced and prosecuted with a degree of boldness, perseverance, judgment, and success that
has rarely, if ever, occurred, in this or any other country. '
The officers and soldiers will receive their usual compensations from this Department, up to the time of their re-
turn to St. Louis.
The quantum of gratuity, either in land or money, or in both, to which such meritorious and unusual services
may be entitled, on the score of national justice, or on the principles of sound policy and national liberality being
principally a matter of opinion, it is with diffidence I take the liberty of proposing, for the consideration of the com-
mittee, a grant to each non-commissioned officer and private, of 320 acres of land; to Lieut. Clarke, of 1000- and
to Captain Lewis, of 1,500; with the addition of double pay to each while engaged in the enterprise; and that each
one should have permission to locate his grant on any lands that have been surveyed, and are now for sale by the
United States. '
It may be proper for me to remark, that, in a conversation with Captain Lewis, he observed, that whatever grant
of land Congress might think proper to make to himself and Lieutenant Clarke, it was his wish there should be no
distinction of rank so noticed as to make a difference in the quantity granted to each; and that he would prefer an
equal division of whatever quantity might be granted to them.
1 alsa transmit, herewith, the letter from Captain Lewis to the Secretary of War, which accompanied said list
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
Hnn w A ^7 • 0 "" f^EARBORN.
Hon. Willis Alston, C/iatrman, Sfc.
208 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1807.
City of Washington, January 15, 1807.
Sir:
Herewith enclosed I transmit you the roll of the men who accompanied me on my late tour to the Pacific
Ocean, through the interior of the continent of North America.
In addition to the men whose names are entered on this roll, there are two others who have some claims to a
gratuity, as connected with the expedition; but as I cannot consider them, in all respects, as of the permanent party,
I have thought their pretensions more properly the subjects of this detached communication, than of the roll which
accompanies it.
Richard Warfington was a corporal in tlie infantry of the United States' army, whom I had occasion to take with
me on my voyage as far as the Mandan nation. His term of service expired on the 4th of August, 1804, nearly
three months previous to my arrival at that place. Knowing that it would become necessary for me to send back
my boat in the spring of 1805, with a parly of soldiers, whose terms of service had not expired; that it was of some
importance that the Government should receive, in safety, the despatches which I was about to transmit from
thence; that there was not one of the party, destined to be returned from thence, in whom I could place the least
confidence, except himself; and that, if lie was discharged at the moment of the expiration of his term of service,
he would necessarily lose his military standing, and thereby lessen the efficiency of his command among the soldiery;
I was induced, under these considerations, to make an arrangement with him, by which it was agreed between us.
that he should not receive his discharge from the military service until his return to St. Louis, and that he should.
in the interim, retain his rank, and receive only for his services the accustomed compensation- Accordingly, he re-
mained with nie (luring the winter, and was, the next spring, in conformity to my plan, placed in command of the
boat, and charged with my despatches to the Government. The duties assigned him, on this occasion, were per-
formed with a punctuality wliich uniformly marked his conduct while under my command. Taking into view the
cheerfulness with which he continued in the service after every obligation had ceased to exist from his enlistment;
the fatigues, labor, and dangers, incident to that service; and, above all, the fidelity with which he discharged his
duty; it would seem, that when rewards were about to be distributed amon"; those of the party who were engaged
in this enterprise, that his claim to something more than his pay of seven dollars per month, as corporal, cannot be
considered unreasonable.
John Newman was a private in the infantry of the United States' army, who joined me as a volunteer, and en-
tered into an enlistment, in common with others, bjr which he was held and mustered as one of the permanent
party. In the course of the expedition, or shortly before we arrived at the Mandan village, he committed himself
by using certain mutinous expressions, which caused me to arrest him, and to have him tried by a court martial,
formed of his peers: they, finding him guilty, sentenced him to receive seventy-five lashes, and to be discharged
from the permanent party. This sentence was confirmed by me, and the punishment took place. The conduct of
this man, previous to this period, had been generally correct; and the zeal he afterwards displayed for the benefit of
the service, was highly meritorious. In the course of the winter, while at Fort Mandan, from an ardent wish to
atone for the crime which he had committed at an unguarded moment, he exerted himself, on every occasion, to be-
come useful. This disposition induced him to expose himself too much to the intense cold of that climate, and on
a hunting excursion, he had his hands and feet severely frozen, with which he suifered extreme pain, for some weeks.
Having recovered from this accident by the 1st of April, 1805, he asked forgiveness for what had passed, and begged
that I would permit him to continue with me through the voyage; but deeming it impolitic to relax from the sen-
tence, although he stood acquitted in my mind, I determined to send him back, which was accordingly done. Since
my return I have been Informed that he was extremely serviceable as a hunter, on the voyage to St. Louis, and that
the boat, on several occasions, owed her safety, in a great measure, to his personal exertions, being a man of un-
common activity and bodily strength. If, under these circumstances, it should be thought proper to give Newman
the remaining third which will be deducted from the gratuity awarded Baptlste Le Page, who occupied his station
in the after part of the voyage, I should feel myself much gratified.
I have the honor to be, with due consideration, and much respect, your obedient servant,
MERIWETHER LEWIS,
Captain, 1st U. S. Reg^t Infantry-
Gen. H. Dkarborn, Secretary qf War.
1807
1 GRATUITIES TO LEWIS AND CLARKE AND COMPANIONS. 209
A Roll of the men who accompanied Captains Lewis and Clarke on their late tour to the Pacific Ocean, through
the interior of the continent of North America, showing their rank, with some remarks on their respective
merits and services.
No.
John Ordnay,
Nathaniel Pryor,
Charles Floyd,
Patrick Gass,
W illiam Bratton,
John Collins,
John Colter,
Pierre Cruzatte, -
9 Joseph Field,
10 Reuben Field,
Robert Frazier, -
Silas Goodrich, -
George Gibson, -
Thomas P. Howard,
Hugh Hall,
16 Francis Labuicke,
Hugh M'Neal, -
John Sheilds,
George Shannon,
John Potts,
John Baptiste Le Page,
John B. Thompson,
William Werner,
Richard Windsor,
Peter Wiser,
Alexander Willard,
Joseph Whitehouse,
George Drulyard,
Nouisant Carbono,
Sergeant.
Do.
Do.
Private,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
r Deceased the 30th of August, 1804. A young man of much
I merit. His father, who now resides in Kentucky, is a man much
I respected, though possessed of but moderate wealth. As the son
<( has lost his life whilst on this service, I consider his father entitled
' to some gratuity, in consideration of his loss; and also, that the
deceased being noticed in this way, will be a tribute but justly due
^to his merit
r Promoted to sergeant, 20th of August, 1804, in the place of
< Charles Floyd, deceased; in which capacity he continued until
C discharged at St. Louis, November 10, 1806.
f Two of the most active and enterprising young men who ac-
J companied us. It was their peculiar fate to have been engaged
j in all the most dangerous and difficult scenes of the voyage, in
which tliey uniformly acquitted themselves with much honor.
Interpreter. .
Do.
r He has received the pay only of a private, though, besides the
l' duties performed as such, he has rendered me very essential ser-
I vices as a French and English interpreter, and sometimes also as
I an Indian interpreter; therefore, I should think it only just that
some small addition to his pay, as a private, should be added,
Lthough no such addition has, at any time, been promised by me.
r Has received the pay only of a private. Nothing was more pe-
I culiarly useful to us, in vai'ious situations, than the skill and in-
■{ genuity of this man as an artist, in repairing our guns, accoutre-
I ments, &c. and should it be thought proper to allow him something
Las an artificer, he has well deserved it.
r Entitled to no peculiar merit: was enlisted at Fort Mandail, on
j the 2d of November, 1804, in order to supply the deficiency in my
permanent party, occasioned by the discharge of John Newman.
J He performed the tour to the Pacific Ocean, and returned to St.
} Louis, where he was discharged, in common with others, on the
10th of November last. As he did not perform the labors incident
j to the summer of 1804, it would be proper to give him the gratuity
1 \,only of two-thirds as much as is given to others of his rank.
f A man of much meritj he has been peculiarly useful from his
knowledge of the common language of gesticulation, and his un-
I common skill as a hunter and woodsman; those several duties he
I performed in good faith, and with an ardor which deserves the
I nighest commendation. It was his fate also to have encountered,
) on various occasions, with either Captain Clarke or myself, all the
j most dangerous and trying scenes of the voyage, in which he uni-
formly acquitted himself with honor. He has served the complete
term of the whole tour, and received only 25 dollars per month,
and one ration per day, while I am informed that it is not unusual
I for individuals, in similar employments,- to receive 30 dollars per
Lmonth.
f A man of no peculiar merit; was useful as an interpreter only,
I in which capacity he discharged his duties with good faith, from
tthe moment of our departure from the Mandans, on the 7th of
April, 1805, until our return to that place in August last, and re-
ceived, as a compensation, 25 dollars per mouth, while in service.
GENERAL REMARK.
With respect to all those persons whose names are entered on this roll, I feel a peculiar pleasure in declaring,
that the ample support which they gave me under every difficulty; the manly firmness which they evinced on every
necessary occasion; and the patience and fortitude with which they submitted to, and bore, the fatigues and painful
sufferings incident to my late tour to the Pacific Ocean, entitles them to my warmest approbation and thanks; nor
will I suppress the expression of a hope, that the recollection of services, thus faithfully performed, will meet a just
reward, in an ample remuneration on the part of our Government.
• MERIWETHER LEWIS,
City of Washington, January 15, 1807. Captain 1st U. S. RegH Ir\f.
210 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1807.
9t\i Congress.] No. 69. [2d Sessiow.
THE MILITIA.
C;OMMUN10ATED TO CONGRESS, FEBRUARY 12, 1807.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I now lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United States, according to the latest returns re-
ceived by the Department of War. From two of the States no returns have ever been received.
TH: JEFFERSON.
February U, 1807,
1807.]
MILITIA.
211
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Mississippi Territory,
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MILITIA.
213
214
MI LITARY AFFAIRS.
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"S'S c c.2.§
1807.] NATIONAL FOUNDRY AND SALE OF ARMS. 215
10th Congress.] No. 70. [1st Sessiow.
DEFENCE OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 29tH OF OCTOBER, 1807.
Albany, March 27, 1807.
Sir:
Pursuant to the orders of the Senate and Assembly of this State, we have the honor to enclose you their joint
resolutions, relative to the protection of the port of New York.
"With sentiments of liigh consideration, we are, sir, your obedient humble servants,
JOHN BROOM,
President of the Senate-
A. M'CORD,
Nathaniel Macon, Esq. Speakn- of the House of Assembly.
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States.
State ok New .York, March 20, 1807.
Resolved, As the sense of this Legislature, that every consideration of policy and duty requires, that adequate
measures should be adopted by the National Government, for the protection of the port of New York,
That the agricultural, as well as commercial interests of tlie State, are deeply interested in this most desirable
object. • . . J 1 .
That, in surrendering to the United States the revenue arising from imposts, this State anticipated, and has now
a right to expect, that a competent portion of that revenue would be appropriated for its defence, and that the Con-
gress of the United States are bound by their constituti(mal duties, as guardians of the common defence and gen-
eral welfare, to satisfy this proper and reasonable expectation.
Resolved, That an application be made to the President of the United States, in behalf of this State, to fix upon
a plan of durable and permanent defence for the port of New York, fully adequate to the impoi-tance of the object,
and that he be also respectfully requested to appropriate, out of the moneys placed at his disposal, as large a sum as
can be usefully expended for that purpose, until Congress shall have it in their power to make further provision in
the premises.
Resolved, That the Legislature of this State fully approve of the conduct of our Senators and Representatives in
Congress, in advocating and enforcing the claims ot'^this State, in this respect, and that they be requested to support
and entbrce such further measures as may be necessary for the permanent defence of this State, and to obtain, either
by annual appropriation, or by general provision, a sum competent to that important object.
Resolved, That three copies of the above resolutions be signed by the President of the Senate and Speaker of
the Assembly, and that they be requested to transmit one of the said copies to the President of the United States,
one to the President of the Senate, and one to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States.
By order of the Senate.
JOHN BROOM, President.
By order of the Assembly.
A. M'CORD, Speaker.
loth Congress.] No. 71. [1st Sessiow.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A FOUNDRY, AND THE SALE OF ARMS TO THE STATES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NOVEMBER 19, 1807.
Mr. Dawson, from the committee to whom was referred that part of the message of the President of the United
States which relates to our military and naval establishments, and a resolution directing them to inquire into the
expediency of sellmg to individual States arms owned by the United States, made the following report, in part:*
Resolved, That a sum of money, not exceeding tiiousand dollars, be appropriated for the purpose of build-
ing a national foundry in the city of Washington, for casting ordnance.
Resolved, That the Secretary of War be authorized, under the direction of tlie President of the United States,
to sell to individual States, which may wish to purchase, any arms owned by the United States, and which may be
parted with without injury to the public.
Lettenfroin Henry Foxall to the Secretary of fVar, dated Columbia Foundry, August, 1807, relative to a National
Foundry.
Honored Sir:
I shall now endeavor to make some remarks on the substance of several conversations that have passed be-
tween us, on the subject of a large foundry and boring mill, intended solely for public use.
I find your wish is to have such an establishment erected as soon as the nature of the thing will admit of it. 1
also find, or at least I think [ do, that it is not in any addition to the works I have already in operation in George-
town that would be satisfactory, but one to be built on the public land on Greenleaf's Point, city of Washingt(m.
Your wish for my establishing such a work in that place, at once presented to my view several difiiculties, which
did, and still do, appear insurmountable, at least to my becoming proprietor of such a concern, a few of which I
shall candidly notice for your consideration.
Although I have been, for aught I know, successful in giving general satisfaction in my professional habits as a
man of business, to every department for which I have been engaged, and cheerfully acknowledge the obligations I
am under to the administrators thereof for the attention I have constantly received from them; yet, it is possible,
• For the report, see No. 73.
216 MILITARY AFFAIRS. tiSfOf.
this might not always be the casej I might not always be so fortunate as to please. Was I to erect so large an es-
tablishment as is contemplated, at my own expense, I should stand in an enviable situation (or it might be thought
so) by ■'entlemen of my profession; an attempt no doubt would be made to wrest the business out of my hands, or
leave it^with me not worth following. But, if none of these difficulties, with many more I could mention, should
take place, there is one which I earnestly hope will arise, which is this — that Government will not stand in need of
such an establishment to be kept constantly in operation. Although it is absolutely necessary that a government
like ours should have such an establishment under their control, independent of all private ones through the conti-.
tient (.which can be called in to their aid on so much better terms in all cases of emergency) nevertheless itdoes not
ioUow that this itself will be kept in continual operation.
I should suppose a few years would give you a sufficiency of ordnance for your forts, your garrisons, and your
ships and this before any adequate return could be made of the expense of building the works. Were I to build
the works on my own land, and no longer wanted for the public, I might convert them into mills for making flour.
I'r some other manufactory; but were they built on your land, that would be out of the question. No person could
be found to purchase my right at a time you had no orders to give; and I suppose the public would find a disinclina-
tion to purchase property they had no immediate use of. Under this view of the subject, the works would at times
be useless to the United States, and, in the end, destructive to me; and at the time, I might have no just cause ot
complaint, yet should be left without remedy. When we were on the spot at Greenleaf 's Point, looking at the situ-
ation I saw it was good, and the conveniencies for its adoption many. But how the plan could be eftected by me,
to mutual advantage, I was at a loss to understand: for no sooner was one difficulty overcome, than another pre-
sented itself to my mind; nor did this view of the subject, which I am about to lay before you, strike my mind till
after I parted with you. The more I consider it, the more unexceptionable it appears to me. In it you will have
all you contemplated answered, and, it may be, some new ideas brought into view. .
To erect a cannon manufactory in the city will require the agency of a steam engine, for the several purposes ot
turnin", boring, &c. &c. This, with all the necessary buildings, say foundry, furnaces, boring mdl, and all the
component parts, I will undertake to build on Greenleaf 's Point, for the United States, their extent and magnitude ■
to be (letermiiiecl by you. I wilf engage to make all the models in brass or iron ot the different ca ibers of every
kind of ordnance, with complete iron flasks to each caliber; the patterns completely turned, with all the moulding
and joints from end to end; and in the same way prepare moulds and flasks for all sizes ot mortars, together with
shot moulds turned complete. •„ , • ' i • u ii
I will establish in your factory a brass furnace for brass cannon, with turning machines, such as i nave now in
use and in every way make it worthy of the name of a iVa/iowaZ/bwHrfr?/, on as large, or on as small a scale as you
mav determine The utility of metal models for casting cannon from, is not inconsiderable. It not only prevents
a continual making and repairing of patterns: for, when the size and form are correctly ascertained, and a metal
rattern made therefrom, it may be cast from for years, and every cannon, in size and form shall be alike. INo ex-
tension from damp weather, or contraction from heat, will take place, which is always the case where wood is used
for patterns This is a part of the business I never yet attended to. The reason has been, I did not consider you
wou^d be willing to go into the expense; but you may be assured that every nation has them, or, at least, ought to
have them, of every caliber, thus prepared. , „ , • , r i- ■ t ^i * k„
I will now mention an idea that has struck me with much force, the propriety of which, I must leave you to be
the iudge Might you not, within the limits of this establishment, have all your shops for smiths, carpenters, &c. &c.
^vhich are now fixed on that contracted spot at the end of Greenleaf 's Point.? You might take as much power from
the steam engine as would be necessary to turn your lathes, grind stones, blow your smiths' ines, and many things
now done by manual labor, and your place of deposite for mounted and unmounted cannon much better arranged
I have now painted out some of the advantages that would unquestionably arise to Government by the establish-
ment of such a work, and offer my services to them for the completion of it in all its parts, (the steam engine except-
^^Z 'S^te;7a;^a^"ex=r;hoi;iTthe^^ I would gladly pay them.a
i^nt %• the use of the works: that would be satisfactory, for as long a time as it might be necessary to keep them m
• "*'Trecoilect you mentioned that it might possibly be the wish of the Government to have one or more young gen-
tlemeinnstnicted in the art of fabricating cannon, mortars, &c. I feel no objection of meeting your ideas on that
score under certairi restrictions; what I mean is, for them not to be sent to me under the idea of power to control,
'" Bii'e^ToSreXf SrpeS^^^^ make some few general observations on the whole My reason for
thinkin" Ve w"ought to be built at the expense of the public in preference to any individual, is because they
will ceiive much advantage therefrom, by having an establishment to resort to in case of emergency; but may I not
Tv thev ou 'ht in pohit of economy also: for fhe| will have it in their power to ascertain the fair price that ought lo
Sfglt:»S;!^:?de in that ^le, when dif have to .^^
opinion,
" "i" ftve teen intimately acquainted with the heads of the Departments of War and Navy for about ten years past;
not oS lliose Smer(til^ you came into office) ever pretended to depend on their own judgment what ought
obetLdimensiorofTny S and the best it was possible (or them to do, was to depend on tlie
,hilfties of tl^^t officer in whom they had the greatest confidence. This has been the cause of the great diversity of
$e and shape of th^^ ou? arsenals, dockyards, and vessels of war present to the eye of the
"'' Honored sir I have to entreat you not to understand these remarks as reflections on the Government in general.
'"''ftill™ w ™ir'n,, npinion i„ point of Ih. e,p.«>e of cr.c.ms .,ch a„ •fWltr"' ..'^'.ft'J^'if.ir
completed, I could wish the general impression was the same while building., .f' ^ "^^^^^'^ '„n einZv^^
and become personally responsible for all engagements enter into for materials bought, and m^^^
1 odoubtbutl shall get through the business with much less d'^culty, m a slu, iter tine^^a^^^^^^^
than if it were built under the authority, and tor the express purpose, of the Un ted States national wo^^^^^
of money drawn from you on this account, I would hold myself accountable for, agreeable to a contract
be entered into previous to the commencement ot the undertaking. +.,i-;ncr nre to have vouchers of all
I would cause to be kept a regular set ol books ol expenditures, t"f t'fr ^-th taking cae to ha^^^^^
moneyed transactions, as far as practicable, which books and papers sliould be open at all times to the inspeciion
ISO-.]
FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS.
217
any person you might appoint, and, at the completion of the works, the books and papers to be given up into your
hands. This security, together with some confidence I flatter myself Governmenthas in my integrity, will, I should
suppose, be a sufficient guarantee for moneys advanced, particularly as they are to be expended on their own
premises.
While I have been endeavoring to throw my ideas together on paper, and give my opinion at large on the neces-
sity and utility of a national foundry, I think you will agree with me that I have done it like one that had no esta-
blishment of the kind of his own, and not like one who has an establishment of the kind, and has nearly his aJl
invested in it, and this done at the particular request of Government, and at the time they shall withdraw their aid
and patronage therefrom, as a manufactory, with all its expensive machinery, become useless and of little value to
me its proprietor.
The above is submitted to your consideration by your obliged servant,
HENRY FOXALL.
Hon. Henry Dearborn, Secretary of If 'ar.
Number of Brass Cannon, Mortars, and Howitzers, he
longing to the United States'' War Department.
24
pounders,
18
do.
13
do.
9
do.
8
do.
6
do.
4
do.
3
do.
8 inch howitzers.
H
do.
21
do.
Light Iron Field Pieces.
12 pounders,
6 do.
tzers, he-
18 pounders,
393
Iment.
12 do. - -
230
9 do.
130
!3
1
1,287
35
5
4
360
t
927
115
1
40
Heavy Iron Cannon necessary for Forts,
^c. from 18 to
.48
42 pounders.
For New Orleans,
44
261
Georgia, - - - -
33
*
South Carolina, - . -
. 48
33
North Carolina,
32
56
Virginia, - - - -
80
35
Maryland, . - - -
30
Pennsylvania and Delaware river.
40
385
New York, - . .•
150
Connecticut,
32
Rhode Island,
36
Old Massachusetts,
80
60
New Hampshire, - -
36
40
District of Maine,
32
—
The Lakes,
30
Mortars.
13 inch,
10 do.
8 do.
54 do.
45 do-
Iron Cannon.
3
- ■ 18
6
21
19
67
42 pounders,
32 do.
34 do.
-
20
116
498
937
692
Remaining for other services, 335
Forty 10 inch mortars are in forwardness b;^Foxall.
Muskets, about - - - 130,000
Rifles, - - - - 5,000
Pistols, - ... . 3,000
Horseman's Swords, - - 3,000
3,000 pair more will be completed by April next-
4,000 more are contracted for, wliich will probably be
received within six months.
The foregoing statement is believed to be correct.
H. DEARBORN.
lOth Congress.]
No. 72.
[1st Session
FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NOVEMBER 34, 1807.
Mr. Blount, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the President of the United
States, as relates to aggressions committed within our ports and waters by foreign armed vessels;* to violations of
our jurisdiction; and to measures necessary for the protection of our ports and harbors, made the following report,
further, in part:
That the numerous aggressions and violations of our jurisdiction, recently committed within our ports and waters
by British ships of war, whether they are to be regarded as the eflfects of positive orders froin^the British Govern-
ment, or as proceeding from that unrestrained insolence and rapacity in British naval commanders which previ-
ously produced the murder of our citizen John Pearce, and the perpetration of many other \veil remembered, out-
rageous, and irritating acts, are convincing proofs of the necessity of placing our ports and harbors, as speedily as
possible, in a situation. to protect from insult and injury the persons and property of our citizens living in our sea-
port towns, or sailing in our own waters, and to preserve therein the respect due to the constituted authorities of
the nation.
That the committee, havin" maturely considered the subject, are of opinion, that the protection desired -can be
best and most expeditiously afforded by means of land batteries and gun boats; as they have been induced to believe,
* See Foreign Relations, No. 26, page 7.
218 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1807.
that, by a judicious combination and use of these two powers, effectual protection can be given, even to our most im-
portant seaport towns, against ships of any size unaccompanied by an army.
That our most important ports and haibors, and those requiring the earliest attention, and the most expensive
fortifications, are, New Orleans, Savannah, Charleston, S. C. Wilmington, N. C. Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadel-
phia, New York, New London. Newport, R. I. Boston, Salem, Ne\yburyport, Portsmouth, N. H. and Portland.
And that the ports, harbors, and places, of minor importance, requiring protection, and which may be protected by
less expensive works, are, St. Mary's, Georgia, Beaufort and Georgetown, S. C. Ocracock, Albemarle Sound,
James river, York and Rappahannock rivers, Potomac, Patuxent, Annapolis and Eastern Shore, MarylamI, Delaware
bay and river, Egg Harbor, N. J. Amboy. Longlsland.Connecticut Shore, Tiverton, R. I.'New Bedford, Marblehead
and Cape Ann, York, Kennebunk and Saco, Kennebeck, Sheepscut, Damariscotta, Broad Bay and St. George's,
Penobscot, Frenchman's Bay, and Passamaquoddy Bay.
Wherefore, your committee, holding themselves bound by the tenor of the resolution referred to them, to re-
port hereafter their opinion of the expediency of interdicting the waters of the United States to foreign armed ves-
sels, according as circumstances, now unknown, may, when known, seem to require, submit the following reso-
lutions, viz:
Keaolved, That it is expedient to authorize the President of the United States to cause such fortifications to be
erected as, in addition to those heretofore built, will, with the assistance of gunboats, afford effectual protection to
our ports and harbors, and preserve therein the respect due to the constituted authorities of the nation; and that
there be, and hereby is, appropriated for that purpose, out of any moneys in the treasury, not Otherwise appropri-
ated, the sum of dollars.
Resolved, 'I'hat it is expedient to authorize the President of the United States to cause to be built an additional
number of gunboats, not exceeding , and to arm, equip, man, fit. and employ the same for the protection
of our ports and harbors; and that there be, and hereby is, appropriated for that purpose, out of any moneys in the
treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of .
lOthConGHEss.] No. 73. 1st Sbssioit.
INCREASE OF THE ARMY, MARINE CORPS, AND NAVY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 2, 1807.
Mr. Dawson, from the committee to whom was referred " that part of the President's message which relates to our
military and naval establishments," made the following report, in part:*
1. Resolved, That it is expedient to increase the military establishment of the United States, by raising
regiments of infantry, to consist of men each; regiments of artillerists, of men each; regiments
of rifiemea. of men each; and — — regiments of cavalry, of men each.
3. Resolved, That it is expedient to increase the marine corps, by raising additional number of men.
3. Resolved, That provision ought to be made, by law, for the speedy equipment of all the frigates and other ves-
sels of war belonging to tl)e United States; and, to render the establishment more effectual, that ships, of
guus each, be built.
War Dep.artment, November 'iOth, 1807.
Sir: ■ , r
The committee to whom was referred " that part ot the message of the President ol the United States which
relates to our military and naval establishments," having already received from this Department such information
as it possesses on the subject of a foundry for casting cannon in the city of Washington, it only remains for the
Secretary of War to state, in answer to your letter of the 16th instant, that the military peace establishment of the
United States is composed of one regiment of artillery, consisting of twenty companies, of eighty-one men each, in-
cluding officers and cadets; and of two regiments of infantry, of ten companies each, each company consisting of
eighty men, officers included. The companies on the sea-board, on the Lakes, and upper Mississippi, are com-
plete, or very nearly so; those on the lower Mississippi were, from the latest information, from sixty to seventy
strong.' The number of recruits at the different rendezvous are not accurately known, but are believed to be
nearly sufficient to complete the regiments.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Honorable .Iohn Dawson, Chairman, <^c.
1807.] FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS. 219
loth Congress.] jy^^ y4_ [1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS.
COJIMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, ON THE THIRD OF DECEMBER, 1S07.
Mr. MncHiLL, from the committee to whom was referred, on thelSlh of November last, " that part of the Pre-
sident's message which relates to the defence of our seaport towns and harbors, and the further provisions to be
made for their security," made a further report, in part, of sundry documents on the subject; also, a bill making
appropriation for the more eflfectual defence of the ports and harbors of the United States.
War Department, November 20, 1807.
Sir:
In compliance with the request of the committee, as stated in your letter of the 15th instant, I herewith
enclose a statement I had the honor of making, by direction, and lor the.consideration of the President of the
United States, on the subject of delence for our ports and harbors.
The aggregate of such an estimate, as circumstances permitted, for erecting the contemplated works, amounts
to $750,000, in addition to former appropriations, and exclusive of the additional defence of New York, as noted
under that head.
In considering the necessary defence for the respective ports and harbors, the aid of a suitable floating force was
taken into view, but not into the estimate of expense, as that portion of the defence is not under the direction of
the Department of War.
Should the committee desire any further information from this Department, either by a personal interview or
otherwise, the Secretary will with pleasure attend them when requested, or furnish any documents or inl'ormatioa
in his possession, in relation to the object referred to the committee.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. Samuel L. Mitchill, Chairman, ^c.
The following statement exhibits, 1st. A list of ports and harbors that, from their importance in a commercial
view, and their exposed situation to the attacks of an enemy, require a primary attention in the event of actual
war, with a general description of the existing and contemplated works for the protection of each, together with
such estimates of the necessary expenditures tor said works, and of the number of gunboats requisite in aid of them,
as the information at present possessed will permit. The estimate of expenditures are not generally from minute
calculations, but from such information as to induce a belief that they will not, in the aggregate, difter materially
from tiie actual expense of the works contemplated.
2d. A list of ports and places of minor importance, with similar details.
1st. The m,ore important Ports and Harbors.
Nkw Orleans will require the erection and completion of the works heretofore contemplated, and now in a
state of progress, viz: A strong work at Placquemines, on the site of the present battery; a battery at the English
Turn, (abuuttwenty miles below New Orleans) with barracks; and a battery and block house at the mouth of Bayou
St- John, on tlie margin of Lake Pontchartrain. The probable expense oi' which, in addition to the expense already
incurred, will be . And, when completed, will, it is presumed, with a suitable number of cannon and men,
and with the aid of gunboats, afford a sufficient defence for that place.
Savannah will require a regular enclosed work, with six heavy cannon, mounted on travelling carriages, and
gunboats. The probable expense of the works will not amount to less than .
Charleston, S. C— It may not be improper to remark that, as soon as the commissioners of the State, and our
engineer, shall have designated the sites as ceded by the Legislature, measures will betaken for the commencement of
a strong work on the site of Fort Pinckney, and anothei'at White Point, between the mouth of Ashley river and
the city. Measures have been taken for procuring materials; and an engineer has been directed to forward these
works with all practicable despatch. The probable expense, .
An additional work is contemplated on Sullivan's Island, on or near the site of old Fort Moultrie. These works,
and a train of heavy cannon, mounted on travelling carriages, (which has been directed to be placed in the town,
under the immediate direction of the militia of the place) are, together with gunboats, considered as capable
of affording a sufficient defence for the town and harbor.
Wilmington, N. C. — Considerable sums of money have been expended on a new work on tlie site of old Fort
Johnston, on Cape Fear river; it is yet unfinished, and will require an additional expense to comp'ete the works.
A battery has been contemplated on Oak Point, near the mouth of the river, which will probably require an ex-
penditure, including the completion of Fort Johnston, of .
As no ship of force can approach the town, it is believed that the above works, with gunboats, would affiird suf-
ficient protection.
Norfolk. — Fort Nelson is on a commanding site, and in good repair, but may require some additional support
in the rear. A battery at Portsmouth, oneon Hospital Point, and one on the site of the town, for the cover of heavy
cannon on travelling carriages, aided by a suitable number of gunboats, are thought capable of affording a compe-
tent defence against any naval armament that can approach the town. The contemplated additional works will
probably require .
The number of gunboats for the defence of Hampton Roads, the mouth of the Chesapeake, and its immediate
vicinity, should not be less than .
In addition to the above cimfemplated works, it will probably be considered expedient to erect a strong enclosed
work at or near the mouth of Lynnhaven creek.
Baltimore. — At the entrance of the harbor of Baltimore a regular enclosed fort of mason work was erected in
1798, 1799, and 1800, and will require but very little additional expense, except that of mounting an additional num-
ber of guns, which has been already directed, and will probably require an expenditure of — ; ;.
This work, with the aid of gunboats,, will, it is presumed, afford a sufficient protection for that port, espe-
'cially while the floating force, proposed for thie Inouth of the bay, is in actual existence.
Philadelphia. — Fort Mifflin, on an island in the Delaware, about eight miles below the city, is an enclosed
work-of masonry, and requires but little repair, except that of the gun carriages, which has been directed. But
the strongest and most effectual defence of Philadelphia, against a naval force, has been established by nature, with
some artificial aid. At a short distance below Fort Mifflin, a bar has been formed across the river, over which there
•221) MILITARY AFFAIRS. ■ 11807.
are but about fifteen or sixteen feet of water; of course no ship of war, superior to a twenty gun^iiip, can pass at
high water with her guns on board.
In the city there is a number of heavy cannon, mounteil on travelling carriages, sufficient, with the aid of
gunboats, to destroy any small vessels of wav that might venture and succeed in the passage of the bar and fort.
Repair of carriages, &c. will probably occasion an expense of .
New York. — In addition to Fort Columbus, (on Governor's Island) which is in great forwardness, and will be
a strong i-egular work of the best materials, it has been considered necessary to erect a strong circular battery for
two tier of cannon, one above the other, at the extreme westerly point of Governor's Island. A battery of a cir-
cular kind on Ellis's Island, enclosed in rear, a strong circular battery adjoining the front of the bastion of the old
t)attery in front of the city; and a circular battery for one tier of cannon on a large block or wharf, to be established
on the North River, at the northerly part of the city; and a strong redoubt on Bedloe's Island, for mortars and
some heavy cannon, with a large train of heavy cannon on travelling carriages, with all necessary apparatus, de-
posited in an arsenal in front of the city, fron\ whence they may be removed, with facility, to any part where they
may be required; and about two miles to the northward of the front of the city a magazine and laboratory will be
established for powder, and for fixing ammunition, with a small magazine for cartridges near each battery. When
the abovementioned works sliall be completed, it is presumed that, with the aid of from to gunboats, the
city may be defended against any naval force, unaccompanied with an army; but, as a further security, batteries
ultimately at Robius's Reef, or the Narrows, or at both, mav be of use. The probable expense of the \yorks first
contemplated (and for the immediate commencement of which, directions have been given to the principal engi-
neer, and to tliejagent for furnishing materials and workmen) no accurate estimate lias yet been made, but will,
it is presumed, in addition to the completion of Fort Columbus, require a sum of not less than .
Note. — If, in addition to the above works, a defence obstructing the channel by sinking blocks, as contemplated,
with a strong work for coveiing the line of blocks, should be decided on, an additional sum will be necessary, of
not less than -^.
New London is situated on the bank of the Rivei- Thames, three or four miles from its mouth. The town of
Groton is on the opposite side of the river, and Noi -^vich about fifteen or sixteen miles higher up. The harbor or
mouth of the river is free from any obstructions, aiid has sufficient depth of water for large ships. About one mile
below the town is Fort Trumbull, on a commanding point. This fort will require some repair; and, when aided
by gunboats, will probably aftbrd a reasonable security to the towns on the river. The probable expense, .
Newport. R. I. — Large sums of money were expended in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800, in fortifications for
the defence of this port. Two enclosed works, for the more immediate defence of the town, were erected, and
several others commenced, one of which was on an extensive scale; but, had the whole been completed, they could '
only afford protection against one line of approach, for ships of war, while two others, with sufficient depth of water,
remained unguarded. In fact, the different channels by which ships of war can conveniently approach the Island
of Rhode Isrand, renders it so nearly impracticable, without an army, to prevent their approach, as to necessarily
reduce a system of defence to the mere front .of the town of Newport, which is now covered with two enclosed
works, and which, with the necessary repair of those works, some heavy cannon on travelling carriages, placed in
the town, and the aid of or gunboats, may be sufficiently protected against ships of war, unaccompanied by
an army. The same floating force contemplated for Newport may extend a protection to Providence, Bristol, and
other places on the same waters.
The sum probably necessary for repairs, &c. at Newport, may be estimated at .
Boston. — In defence of the harbor of Boston a regular fort, composed of the best materials, has been erected
on the site of the old works, on Castle Island, about three miles below the town- In addition to this fort, it has
been considered necessary, in the event of a war, to erect a small enclosed work on an island which bounds the
opposite side of the channel to Fort Independence.
Temporary batteries may be necessary on some of the adjacent heights. With these several works, aided by
gunboats, it is presumed that the harbor and town could be defended against any naval force, unattended by
an army, that may be reasonably expected.
Salem and NEWBURVPORT.T-Bafteries and block houses repaired and strengthened, with two cannons at each
place, mounted on travelling carriages, aided by gunboats; for Salem and for Newburyport. Proba-
ble expense, .
Portsmouth, N. H. — The harbor of Portsnmuth is open, with a sufficient depth of water for ships of the line,
to some distance above the town, which is situated but three miles from the entrance of the harbor, where is an
ancient work, \vhich has been repaired and improved from time to time, and now requires additional improvements.
• Between the fort and town there were, in the course of our Revolutionary war, two strong works erected on oppo-
site sides of a narrow pass in the river; but, having been principally constructed of earth, are now in ruins. Bat-
teries on the sites of those works will be necessary, as well as some moveable heavy cannon in the town, which, to-
gether with gunboats, when completed, may be considered as a sufficient defence for that place. The expense
tor fortifications will probably amount to -.
Portland — The town of Portland is on the margin of an open capacious harbor, sufficient for the reception
of an immense fleet, and at so small a distance from the ocean as to render the approach of an enemy easj' and
sudden. A battery and block house were erected for its defence (near the town) in the year 1795 or 1796. It be-
ing impracticable to defend the harbor by batteries, against the approach of ships of war, a defence for the town is
all that can be contemplated; for which pumose some additional batteries, with the repairs of the existing works,
may, with moveable heavy cannon, and some floating force, equal to gunboats, be considered as sufficient.
The expense necessary for fortifications may be .
2dly. Fo7-ts and Harbors of minor importance.
St. Marv's, Geo. — This place will require a small battery and block house, and two heavy cannon mounted or
travelling carriages, aided by — — gunboats. Piobable expense, .
Also, auditional gunboats may be necessary between St. Mary's and Savannah.
Beaufort will require a battery and block house. Probable expense, .
Georgetown, S. C. — This place is extremely difficult to approach by water, but it may be proper to erect a
small battei-y for two heavy cannon on travelling carriages, to be aided by gunboats.
OcRAcocK. — The passage over Ocracock bar is like the mouth of a funnel to the waters of North Carolina, except
Cape Fear river, and several small inlets for shallops. On Ocracock bar there are twelve feet water, but a fev\'
miles from the bar, in the only channel for vessels of burthen; there is a place called the Swash, over which are only
eight feet water, of course large vessels are obliged to take out a considerable part of their cargoes by the help of
lighters, from which, after passing the Swash, they again receive them. Outward bound vessels being obliged frt
wait some time for receiving their cargoes from the lighters, in what is called Wallace's Channel, within two oi-
three miles of the bar, it frequently happens that twenty or thirty vessels are lying together in that channel, waiting
for a favorable time to go out; and, while so situated, might become an easy prey to a single privateer or small sloop
of war. A battery on the shell flats, near the light house, for foui- or six cannon, aided by gunboats, would
i
1807.J FORTIFICATIONS AND GUNBOATS. 221
probably afford sufiBcient security. The expense of a battery in mason work, (for no other would stand any time)
including a small magazine and guard house, will be, .
Albemarle Sound may require light gunboats, to guard against small privateers that may enter Currituck
or New Inlet, with a small battery at Edenton. Probable expense, .
James River. — At a place called Hood's Point (considered a commanding position) a strong battery, covered
by a redoubt, may, perhaps, when aided by the floating force below, be considered a sufficient defence for the towns
above. Probable expense, .
York River and Rappahannock. — For each a battery and block house. Probable expense, .
Potomac. — Digges' Point, below Alexandria, is a commanding position; and, with a strong battery, covered by
a redoubt and two block houses on the highest parts of the adjacent eminence, would, with gunboats, render
sufficient protection to Alexandria, the City of Washington, and Georgetown, against the approach of any such
naval force as could be reasonably contemplated. Probable expense, .
Patuxent. — A battery and block house. Probable expense, .
Annapolis, Md. and Eastern Shore of Maryland. Probable expense, .
Delaware Bav and River. — A battery and block house at some place on the Bay, as a cover for gun-
boats; also batteries near Newcastle and Wilmington. Probable expense. .
Egg Harbor, N. J. — This place will require a battery for a few cannon, and a block house, aided by gun-
boats. Probable expense, .
Amboy will require a battery, and probably two block houses, aided by gunboats.
Long Island. — From Frog's Neck eastward, two or three small batteries and block houses, and some cannon
on travelling carriages, aided by gunboats. Probable expense, .
CoNNECTionT Shore. — The ports in Connecticut, on the Sound, (exclusive of New London) may require five or
six small batteries and block houses, aided by gunboats. Expense, .
Tiverton, R. I. — A Small battery and block house, with one cannon on a travelling carriage, and gunboats.
Probable expense, .
New Bedford. — Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Barnstable, Plymouth, and Duxbury, each a battery, with —
or — gunboats. Probable expense, .
Marblehead and Cape Ann. — Batteries of block houses repaired and strengthened, with two cannon, at each
place, on travelling carriages, aided by gunboats at each. Probable expense, • .
York, Kennebunk, and Saco. — At each a small battery, — — gunboats at each of the two latter places. Prob-
able expense, .
Kennebeck, Sheepscut, Damaries, Scotta, Broad Bay, and St. George's, each a small battery and two can-
non, mounted on travelling carnages, aided by gunboats. Probable expense, .
Penobscot. — A strong battery and block house, aided by gunboats. Probable expense, .
Frenchman's Bay and Machias. — Two or three small batteries, and three cannon, mounted on travelling car-
riages, aided by gunboats. Expense, .
Passamaquoddy Bay. — Two batteries and a block house, aided by gunboats on a large scale. Probable
expense, .
General. — Other places, not mentioned, may require some defence, for which it may be proper to add .
The following Statement exhibits the principal articles on hand necessary for military operations.
Gunpowder, ------- Jbs. 500,00o
Saltpetre sufficient for powder, ---..- Jbg. 1,500,000
Sulphur sufficient for powder, ------ lbs. 2,330,000
Lead and lead balls, equal to - - - - - . lbs. 1,350,000
Musket cartridges, - - - -- - - 1 ooo 000
Pistol do. - - - - - - , 'lOO^OOO
Musket flints, ••-...-„. 1 642,000
Pistol do. - •- - - - . . ' 17^800
Swords, -------- 9^000
Pistols, ----...- 4^000
Rifles, - - - - - - - - 4,500
Muskets, - - - - - - - - 130,000
Carbines, wall pieces, and blunderbusses, •• - - . . 1,420
Brass field ordnance, (pieces) ------ 372
Iron field pieces, (new) -.--.. Iqq
Mortars, (small) ------- 40
Do. 8 inch, ---..... g
Do. 10 inch, ----... Ig
Do. 13 inch, ------- 2
Iron battering cannon, from 18 to 42 pounders, - - . . 1 973
Smaller do. ------ - '46O
Cannon balls of diffi;rent kinds, - - - . . . Hjg, 175,000
Grape, canister, case, and strapped shot, - - . - Ujg_ 341 qqq
18 and 24 pounders, mounted on travelling carriages, - - . - 82
Shells, - - - - - - - 35^000
Cartridge boxes, ----- - 48 qoo
N. B. Marquees, tents, intrenching tools, carriages, harness, port fire, slow match, cartridge paper, worms and
brushes, screw drivers, rammers and sponges, ladles and worms, fuzes for shells, &c. returned by the superinten-
dent of military stores, but not enumerated in this list.
29 m
222 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1805.
Note. — Forty 10 inch mortars have been engaged, and eight of them are nearly completed; the remainder wil
probably be completed within a few months.
From four to five thousand pairs of pistols will be finished within three or four months, in addition to those men-
tioned above.
Four thousand horsemen's swords, and two thousand rifles, are engaged, and will probably be delivered in the
course of a few months.
Contracts have also been made for an additional supply of cannon ball.
H. DEARBORN.
November 26, 1807.
Estimate of the number of Chmboats.
For New Orleans, --...--le
"• Georgia, South and North Carolina, ------ 31
" Chesapeake and its waters, -.-_.. 65
" Delaware bay and river. New Jersey and New York, - - - - 71
" Connecticut and Rhode Island, - - - - - - 25
" Old Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and the District of Maine, - - - 49
Total, _257
Estimate of Expenses for Fortifications.
For New Orleans, .-..--- 60,000
" Georgia, South and North Carolina, .... - 252,000
" Chesapeake and its waters, ..-..- 160,000
" Delaware bay and river. New Jersey and New York, . . - . 211,000
" Connecticut and Rhode Island, ------ 31,000
" Old Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and the District of Maine, - . - 135,000
$849,000
For other places, not mentioned, ------ 25,000
$874,000
lOthCoNr.RESS.l No. 75. '. [Ist Session.
MILITARY FORCE IN 1807.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 3, 1807.
War Department, December 2, 1807.
Sir:
I have the honor, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 25th ult. to trans-
mit, herewith, a statement of the respective numbers of officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, composing
the army of the United States, noting the number wanting to complete the present establishment.
I beg leave also to state, that, in addition to the directions given in July last, letters were written on the 22d day
of October, ult. to each of the Governors of the several States, from whom no reports had been received, urging the
necessity of their forwarding to this Department, with as little delay as possible, the muster rolls and inspection re-
turns of their respective quotas of one hundred thousand militia. A small proportion of the returns, however, have
as yet been received: And, as the Governors were generally authorized by the President of the United States to
accept, as a part of their respective quotas, such volunteer corps as might oft'er their services, in conformity to the
act of Congress of the 24th of February last, the Secretary of War will not possess the necessary documents for
forming the statement, directed to be laid before the House, by their resolution of the same date as the former, un-
til he shall receive the returns before mentioned. There is reason, however, to expect, that they will generally be
in his possession within a short time, as it appears, as far as answers have been received from the Governors to the
letters addressed to them as above stated, that every exertion has been made, on their part, to have the returns
completed and forwarded.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
To the Hon. the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
A Statement of the respective nuiribers of Officers, Non-commissioned Officers, and Soldiers, composing the Army
of the United States, agreeably to the act fixing the military peace establishment, passed March 16, 1802, and to
the several acts in addition thereto.
General and other Staff.
1 Brigadier General, 27 Assistant military agents, taken from the line,
1 Aid-de-Camp, taken from the line, 7 Paymasters of districts, do.
1 Adjutant and Inspector, do. 2 Assistant paymasters, do.
1 Paymaster of the army, 2 Surgeons; 1 wanting to complete the number,
3 Military agents, 31 Surgeons' mates; 4 do- do.
One Regiment of Artillerists.
1 Colonel, 40 Cadets; 11 wanting to complete the number,
1 Lieutenant Colonel, 2 Teachers of music,
4 Majors, 80 Sergeants,
1 Adjutant, taken from the line, 80 Corporals,
20 Captains, 80 Musicians,
20 First Lieutenants, 160 Artificers,
20 Second Leutenants, 1,120 Privates.
1807.] FORTIFICATIONS. 223
Two Regiments of Infantry.
2 Colonels, 20 Ensigns,
2 Lieutenant Colonels, 4 Teachers of music,
2 Majors, 2 Sergeant Majors, >
2 Adjutants, taken from the line, 80 Sergeants,
20 Captains, 80 Corporals,
20 First Lieutenants, 80 Musicians,
20 Second Lieutenants, 1,280 Privates.
Note. — It appears from the latest returns, that about two hundred privates are viranted to complete the establish-
ment. It is believed, however, although not accurately known, that the number of recruits at the different rendez-
vous is nearly sufficient to supply the deficiency.
Corps of Engineers at present consists of
1 Lieutenant Colonel, 6 Cadets,
1 Major, 1 Teacher of French language,
3 Captains, 1 Do. of drawing,
3 First Lieutenants, 1 Corporal,
4 Second Lieutenants, 18 Privates.
War Department, December 2, 1807
H. DEARBORN.
lOthCoNGREss.] JVo. 76. [1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to the house of representatives, DECEMBER 8, 1807.
.-2 report of the Secretary of War, in pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United States,
nf the first instant, directing him to lay before the House, an account of the state of the fortifications of the re-
spective ports and harbors of the United States, with a statement of the moneys appropriated for fortifications,
and remaining unexpended; and an estimate of the sums necessary for completing sxich fortifications, as may be
deemed requisite for their defence.
DISTRICT OF MAINE.
Fort Sumner, Portland. — A small enclosed work with a block house, magazine, and barracks, and a detached
battery, near the water, for heavy cannon, with a store house and furnace for heating cannon ball; authorized by an
act of Congress, of March, 1794. The sites of the works were injudiciously selected ; new ones will be necessary.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Fort Constitution, Por^smoii^/t.— The remains of an ancient fortification, which have been repaired at different
periods. Considerable progress has been made within the last three months in the improvement of the works.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Cape Ann. — Fortifications authorized by act of Congress, of the 20th of March, 1794. A block house and a bat-
tery were erected; but are now out of repair.
Salem- — A block house, magazine, and battery, authorized by act of Congress, of March 30th, 1794; out of
repair.
Marblehead. — A block house, magazine, and battery, authorized by act of Congress, of March 20th, 1794; want-
ing repairs.
Fort Independence, Boston Harbor. — A regular, strong, enclosed work of masonry, with magazine, quarters,
barracks, and other buildings, commenced in the year 1800, and completed in 1803; in good repair.
RHODE ISLAND.
Forts Adams and Wolcott, Newport. — Two enclosed works, with batteries, magazines, and barracks; and
111 addition to a stone tower at the entrance of the harbor, and a blockhouse and battery on Rhode Island, near the
town of Newport, an extensive regular fort, was commenced on a small island, but no part completed, except a range
of stone barracks. These works were principally erected in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800. To complete the whole
would require very large expenditures ; and when completed, would not, in the smallest degree, annoy ships of
war, but in one of three open and convenient passages, by which Rhode Island may be approached. The two
first mentioned works have recently been put into a tolerable state of defence.
CONNECTICUT.
Fort Trumbull, New London. — Fortified in the course of our Revolutionary war. Several repairs liave been
made, at different periods, since, with considerable improvements; further repairs are necessary.
NEW YORK.
Fort Columbus, New Fork Harbor. ~- An enclosed work of earth and wood, on Governor's Island, has, within
the two last years, been improved, and faced with permanent mason work, and is nearly completed, and may be
considered as a strong, well constructed, regular fort. A strong, marine, casemated battery has been commenced
on the extreme western point of the same island; and some progress has been made in forming foundations, for bat-
teries, at other points in the vicinity of the city; a train of heavy cannon, mounted on travelling carriages, has been
placed in the city.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, below Philadelphia.— A. regular enclosed work, with batteries, magazines, and
barracks, principally erected in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800, and now in a good state of defence.
224 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1807.
DELAWARE.
Wilmington. A selection and survey of a site for a fortification, authorized by the act of Congress, of the 20th
March, 1794, but no works erected.
' ' MARYLAND.
Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor. — A regular fortification of mason work, with batteries, magazine, and
barracks erected principally in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800; no considerable repair necessary.
Annapolis.— An examination and survey of a site for fortifications, but tiie works not completed.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Alexandria. — Temporary works, erected in the year 1795, now in ruins.
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk, Fort Nelson. — Commenced in the year 1794; repaired and improved in the years 1802, 1803, and
1804, with extensive batteries, a magazine, and barracks. Considerable improvements and repairs are now pro-
gressing.
^ * NORTH CAROLINA.
Ocracock Harbor. — On an island called Beacon Island, a work was commenced in the year 1795, but not com-
pleted; and in the year 1799, measures were directed fortlie erection of an enclosed work, on the ruins of the former
one; but from a belief that no work could be erected and supported at that place, which would aftbrd any considera-
ble protection to the harbor, none has been erected. It is presumed, that gun-boats would more securely protect
that harbor than any fixed batteries which could be erected.
Cape fear river. Fort Johnston. — The site of an ancient fortification. In the years 1799, and 1800, some pro-
gress vi'as made in erecting new works on the old site, which, from unfortunate arrangements and delays, on the part
of tiie gentleman who contracted to complete them, are yet unfinished. When completed, they will be insufficient
for the protection of the river, or the town of Wilmington, without the aid of gunboats, or other floating force.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Georgetown.— Some cannon were mounted in the year 1794, but no works erected.
Charleston, Forts Moultrie, Pinckney, and Johnston. — The old forts are in a state of ruins; and, as no sites
had been ceded and designated by the State for fortifications, until the month of August last, no effectual measures
could, with propriety, be adopted, for the defence of the town and harbor, until within a few months past, in which
time all necessary measures of preparation have been pursued for commencing and completing the contemplated
works, on the most permanent and durable principles.
GEORGIA.
Savannah and St. Mary's, Fort Green. — On a small island called Cockspur, near the mouth of the river,
irreugular fortifications were erected, in the year 1794, with a battery, magazine, and barracks. In the year 1804,
the works and barracks were totally destroyed, and a part of the garrison drowned by a storm, which occasioned
such a rise of the water, as overflowed the island to a considerable depth; but as no cession has been made to the
United States by the State of Georgia, of any suitable site or sites for permanent fortifications, and it not having
been in the power of the Executive of the United States to procure any, on reasonable terms, either on the Savan-
nah river or the St. Mary's, no considerable expense has been incurred on the sea coast of Georgia, for the last five
years, and the garrison has been removed from St. Mary's as well as from Fort Green.
NEW ORLEANS.
Forts St. Louis, St. Charles, and St. Philip. — The town of New Orleans is surrounded, except the front,
by a mud wall, with three redoubts in the rear, and two in front; the two latter called forts. About fifty miles
below the town, there is an ancient fortification, called St. Philip, with a battery, magazine, and barracks, which re-
quire considerable repairs and improvements.
At the junction of Bayou St. John, with Lake Pontchartrain, a small ancient work remains, intended to guard
that communication with New Orleans, against the approach of an enemy, by way of the Lake- This work is out of
repair, and will probably require considerable improvement. ...
Within the last twelve months, a considerable sum of money has been expended in repau-ing the ancient works
about the town, and for materials and workmen for repairing the other works and erecting new ones.
As a considerable proportion of the accounts for expenditures on fortifications, for the present year, have been
received and adjusted, a correct statement, as to the sum remaining unexpended, of former appropriations, cannot
at present be made; but from such information as is now possessed, it is believed that not more than from one hun-
dred and twenty to one hundred and thirty thousand dollars remain unexpended at this time-
For erecting and repairing fortifications as contemplated, exclusive of a line of blocks, for the more eftectual
defence of New York, the aggregate estimate is nine hundred thousand dollars.
What sum will be necessary for the line of blocks, and a work for covering them, has not been fully estimated:
it is presumed that it would require from two hundred and fifty to three hundred thousand dollars.
H. DEARBORN.
War Department, December 7, 1807.
10th Congress.] No. 77. [1st Session.
ESTIMATES FOR AN ARMY OF 32,800 MEN.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 9TH OF DECEMBER, 1807.
War Department, December 7, 1807.
Sir:
In compliance with your note of the 5th instant, I herewith enclose an estimate of the annual expense of pay,
forage, subsistence, and clothing, for an army of 32,800 men, officers included; also, an estimate of the sums neces-
sary for the hospital, quartermaster, and ordnance departments, for the first year.
And am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Honorable John Dawson, Chairman, ^c-
1807.]
ESTIMATES FOR AN ARMY OF 32,800 MEN.
Estimate of the expenses of a Regiment of Infantry, per annum, consisting as follows, viz:
Pay per
Forage.
Pay per
Forag'e.
No. of rations
month.
annum.
per day.
1 Colonel, - - - -
$75
$12
$900
$144
6
1 Lieutenant Colonel, -
60
11
720
132
5
1 Major, . - - -
50
10
600
130
4
1 Surgeon, - - - -
45
10
540
120
3
1 Surgeon's Mate,
30
6
360
72
3
1 Adjutant, - - - -
10
6
120
72
10 Captains, at $40 per month.
400
4,800
-
30
10 First Lieutenants, at $30 per month.
300
3,600
20
10 Second Lieutenants, at $25 per month, -
250
-
3,000
-
20
10 Ensigns, at $20 per month.
200
2,400
20
1 Sergeant Major,
11
-
131
-
1
2 Teachers of music, at $9 per month.
18
216
-
2
40 Sergeants, at $10 per month, -
400
4,800
-
40
40 Corporals, at $8 per month.
320
3,840
-
40
40 Musicians, at $8 per month, -
320
-
3,840
40
840 Privates, at $7 per month,
5,880
-
70,560
-
840
$100,427
Pay per annum.
Forage do. . - _ .
40,150 rations, to officers, at 25 cents,
351,495 rations, to non-commissioned, rank and file, at 16 cents,
Clothing, at $30 per suit,
$100,427 00
660 00
10,037 50
56,239 20
28,890 00
Total, $196,253 70
Estimate of the expenses of a Regiment of Artillerists, per annum, consisting asfolloivs:
Pay per
Forag'e.
Pay per
Forage.
No. of rations
month .
annum.
per day.
1 Colonel, - - - -
$75
$12
$900
$144
6
I Lieutenant Colonel, ■
60
11
720
132
5
1 Major, . - . -
50
JO
600
120
4
1 Surgeon, - - - -
45
10
540
120
3
I Surgeon's Mate, - . -
30
6
360
72
2
1 Adjutant, - - .. -
10
6
120
72
10 Captains, at $40 per month.
400
-
4,800
-
30
10 First Lieutenants, at $30 per month.
300
-
3,600
.
20
10 Second Lieutenants, at $25 per month, -
250
3,000
_
20
1 Sergeant Major,
11
-
131
-
1
2 Teachers ot music, at $9 per month.
18
-
216
-
2
40 Sergeants, at $10 each.
400
4,800
.
40
40 Corporals, at $8 each.
320
-
3,840
-
40
40 Musicians, at $8 each.
320
3,840
-
40
80 Artificers, at $12 per month, -
960
-
11,520
-
80
570 Privates, at $7 per month.
3,990
-
47,880
-
570
$86,167 j
Pay per annum, - - - -
Forage per annum, - _ . .
32,850 rations, to officers, at 25 cents,
282,145 rations, to non-commissioned, rank and file, at 16 cents.
Clothing, at $32, per suit.
$86,167 00
660 00
8,212 50
45,143 20
24,832 00
Total, $165,014 70
226
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1807.
Estimate of the expenses of a Regiment of Cavalry, per annum, consisting as follows, viz:
Pay per
Forage per
Pay per an-
Forag-e per
No. of Rations
month.
month.
num.
annum.
per day.
I Colonel, - - " -
$75
$12
$900
$144
6
1 Lieutenant Colonel, -
60
11
720
132
5
1 Major, - - .
50
10
600
120
4
1 Surgeon,
45
10
540
120
3
1 Surgeon's Mate, - ' -
30
6
360
72
2
1 Adjutant, - - " -
10
120
8 Captains, at $40 per month.
320
64
3,840
768
24
8 Lieutenants, at $30 per month, -
240
48
2,880
576
16
8 Cornets, at $25 per month.
200
48
2,400
576
16
1 Sergeant Major, at $11 per month.
11
121
-
1
2 Teachers of Music, at $9 per month,
18
.
216
-
2
32 Sergeants, at $10 per month, -
320
.
3,840
-
32
32 Corporals, at $8 per month.
256
.
3,072
-
32
16 Musicians, at $8 per month,
128
.
1,536
_
16
8 Saddlers, at $12 per month,
96
.
1,152
-
8
8 Farriers, at $12 per month.
96
_
1,152
.
8
384 Privates, at $7 - -
2,688
-
32,256
-
384
$55,705
Pay per annum, - - - . .
27,740 rations to officers, at 35 cents. - - -
176,295 rations to non-commissioned, rank and file, at 16 cents.
Forage, ---...
Clothing, at $36 per suit. - . - -
The forage of officers horses only are included.
Total.
$55,705 00
6,935 00
28,207 20
2,508 00
16,988 00
$110,343 20
Estimate of the expenses of a Regiment of Riflemen, per annum, consisting as follows, viz:
Pay per
Forage per
Pay per an-
Forage per
No. of rations
month.
month.
num.
annum.
per day.
I Colonel, - - - -
$75
$12
$900
$144
6
1 Lieutenant Colonel, ' -
60
11
720
132
5
1 Major, - - - .
50
10
600
120
4
1 Surgeon, - - - -
45
10
540
120
3
1 Surgeon's Mate, . . -
30
6
360
72
2
1 Adjutant, - - - .
10
6
120
72
10 Captains, at $40 per month,
400
_
4,800
_
30
10 First Lieutenants, at $30 per month,
300
3,600
-
20
10 Second Lieutenants, at $25 per month, -
250
-
3,000
-
20
10 Ensigns, at $20 per month.
200
.
2,400
20
1 Sergeant Major, at $11 per month,
11
-
131
-
1
2 Teachers ot music, at $9 per month.
18
-
216
2
40 Sergeants, at $10 per month.
400
4,800
40
40 Corporals, at $8 per month.
320
-
3,840
-
40
20 Musicians, at $8 per month.
360
1,920
.
20
660 Privates, at $7 per month,
4,620
-
55,440
-
660
$83,380
Pay per annum, - . - . .
Forage per annum, - - ...
40,150 rations to officers, at 25 cents, - - .
278,495 rations to non-commissioned, rank and file, at 16 cents.
Clothing, at $30 per suit. ....
Total,
$83,380 00
660 00
10,037 50
44,559 20
22,890 00
$161,526 70
1808.]
INCREASE OF THE ARMY.
227
Estimate of the expenses of a Corps qf Sappers and Miners per annum, consisting as follows, viz:
Paj per
Forage.
Pay per
Forage.
No. of rations
month.
annum.
per day.
1 Major, . - - - -
$50
10
600
120
4
4 Captains, at $40 per month,
160
-
1,920
12
4 First Lieutenants, at $30 per month,
120
-
1,440
.
8
4 Second Lieutenants, at $25 per month, -
100
-
1,200
.
8
16 Sergeants, at $10 per month,
160
-
1,920
_
16
16 Corporals, at $8 per month.
128
-
1,.536
.
16
8 Musicians, at $8 per month.
64
-
768
. •
8
248 Privates, at $7 per month,
1,736
■
20,832
-
248
30,216
Pay per annum, - - - -
11,680 rations to officers, at 25 cents,
105,120 rations to non-commissioned rank and file, at 16 cents,
Forage, . . . .
Clothing, at $30 per suit,
Total,
$30,216 00
2,920 00
16,819 20
120 00
8,640 00
$58,715 20
Annual expense of Pay, Forage, Subsistence, and Clothing.
22 regiments of infantry, of 1,000 each, 22,000
3 regiments of artillery, of 800 each, 2,400
5 regiments of cavalry, of 500 each, 2,500
3 regiments of riflemen, of 800 each, 2,400
1 corps of sappers and miners, 300
The present peace establishment, 3,200
Number of men, 32,800
Forage for the cavalry.
Hospital department.
Transportation,
Contingencies,
6,000 common tents,
1,000 wall tents,
8,000 camp kettles,
100 covered wagons.
Ordnance department, . - .
For powder and ball, -
For horses, saddles, bridles, &c. for 5 regiments of cavalry,
War Department, December 7, 1807.
at $15 each.
at
30
at
1 50,
at
200
$4,317,582
495.043
550,706
484,579
58,715
713,108
197,210
$6,815,943
100,000
250,000
150,000
$7,315,943
120,000
12,000
20,000
150,000
170,000
300,000
$8,087,943
H. DEARBORN.
10th Congress.]
No. 78.
[1st Session.
INCREASE OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, ON THE 26TH OF FEBRUARY 1808.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
The dangers to our country, arising from the contests of other nations, and the urgency of making preparation for
whatever events might affect our relations with them, have been intimated in preceding messages (o Congress. To
secure ourselves by due precautions, an augmentation of our military force, as well regular as of volunteer militia,
seems to be expedient. The precise extent of that augmentation cannot as yet be satisfactovily suggested : but that
no time may be lost, and especially at a season deemed favorable to the object, I submit to the wisdom of the Legis-
lature whether they will authorize a commencement of this precautionary work, by a present provision for raising
and organizing some additional force; reserving themselves to decide its ultimate extent on such views of our situa-
tion, as I may be enabled to present at a future day of the session.
If an increase of force be now approved, I submit to their consideration the outlines of a plan proposed in the en-
closed letter from the Secretary of War.
I recommend also to the attention of Congress, the term at which the act of April 18, 1806, concerning the mili-
tia, will expire, and the effect of that expiration.
TH: JEFFERSON.
February 25, 1808.
228 MILITARY AFFAIRS. " [1808.
War Department, February 2ith, 1808.
Sm:
I take the liberty of suggesting, whether, umler existing- circumstances, it would not be advisable to propose
to Congress an augmentation or our regular troops, as soon as practicable; and also the engaging and organizing of
twenty-four thousand volunteers, on the principles I have had the honor of proposing for your consideration; the
general outlines of which are contained in the paper marked No. 1.
The number of regular troops]! would propose being raised immediately, is six thousand, to be composed of suit-
able pioportions of infantry, artillery, cavalry, and riflemen, and organized as stated in the enclosed paper,
marked No. 2.
It may be presumed that, previous to the close of the present session. Congress will be possessed of such further
information in regard to our foreign relations, as will be necessary for forming an ultimate opinion on the ex-
pediency or inexpediency of a greater augmentation of our army than is now proposed; and, in the mean time,
measures may be taken for the recruiting service in different parts of the United .States.
In the event of war, it will, I presume, be considered necessary to arrange our military force into separate de-
paitments, and to have a commander to each department; and, of course, to have no such officer as a commander
in chief; and, until a larger army shall be raised than is now proposed, it may not be advisable to have any officers
above the rank of Brigadier Generals; of that grade it may be proper to have four or five, as soon as a suitable pro-
portion of the troops is raised.
With sentiments of the highest respect, I am, sir, your humble servant.
The President of the United Stales.
No 1.
H. DEARBORN.
It is proposed to have engaged, in the several States and territories, twenty -four thousand volunteers, to be en-
listed to serve twelve months in any twenty- four months within the term of five years, at such times and places as
the President of the United States shall direct,'to be armed and equipped by the United States, and to be regularly
encamped in their respective States and territories, from two to three months in each year; and be exercised un-
der the direction of inspectors to be appointed by the President of the United States, to receive pay and rations, and
be furnished with camp equipage, and one suit of uniform clothing, once in three or four years; the officers, except
the inspectors and paymasters, to be appointed by the respective States; the pay, annually, to commence the day
they march for the respective encampments, and to continue until their return home, allowing one day for each
twenty miles march to and from the encampment; no corporal punishments to be inflicted, but all oftences to be
punished by close confinement and short allowance or tines, or both; the commissioned officers to be governed by
the rules and articles of war established for the regular army. The 24,000 to be apportioned on the States and ter-
ritories in such proportion as circumstances may require, and in such proportions of infantry, artillery, cavalry, and
riflemen, as the President of the United States shall direct, and organized into companies, battalions, regiments, and
brigades, or other corps, as shall be found expedient, according to the numbers in each State, respectively; and to
be encamped in the respective States and territories, at such time and place, or places, as the President of the
United States shall, from time to time, direct.
No. 2.
The six thousand regular troops may consist of five regiments of infantry, one regiment of riflemen, one regiment
of light artillery, and one regiment of light cavalry. The regiments of infantry, riflemen, and artillery, to consist of
ten companies each, and the regiment of cavalry of eight companies. The field and staff of each regiment to con-
sist of one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, one major, one adjutant, one quartermaster, one paymaster, one surgeon,
one surgeon's mate, one sergeant major, one quartermaster sergeant, and two principal musicians, and for the regi-
ment ol cavalry one riding master.
Each company of infantry and riflemen to consist of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one
ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, four musicians, and sixty eight privates.
Each company of artillery to consist of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, two cadets, four
sergeants, four corporals, four musicians, eight artificers, and fifty-eight privates.
Each company of cavalry to consist of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one cornet, four
sergeants, lour corporals, two musicians, one saddler, one farrier, and thirty-eight privates.
\
10th Congress.] No. 79. [1st Session. j
i
MILITARY ACADEMY.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, MARCH 18, 1808. J
To the Setiate and House of Representatives of the United Stales:
The scale on which the Military Academy, at West Point, was originally established, is become too limited to
furnish the number of well instructed subjects, in the different branches of artillery and engineering, which the
public service calls for. The want of such characters is already sensibly felt, and will be increased with the
enlargement of our plans of military preparation. The chief engineer having been instructed to consider the sub-
ject, and to propose an augmentation which might render the establishment commensurate with the present circum-
stances of our country, has made the report which I now transmit for the consideration of Congress.
The idea suggested by him of removing the institution to this place, is also worthy of attention. Besides the
advantage of placing it under the immediate eye of the Government, it may render its benefits common to the Naval
Department, and will furnish opportunities of selecting, on better information, the characters most qualified to fulfil
the duties which the public service may call for-
^ TH: JEFFERSON.
March 18, 1808.
Washington, March 14, 1808.
Sir:
In conformity to the commands of the President of the United States, I have the honor to transmit a report on
the progress and present state of the Military Academy, with some suggested alterations, in which I have included
those you had the goodness to point out.
I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
JONA. WILLIAMS, Colonel of Engineers. j<
The Secretary of War. 1
1808.] MILITARY ACADEMY. 229
Washington City, March 14, 1808.
In obedience to the verbal commands of the President of the United States, the subscriber has the honor to submit,
to the Secretary of War, the following report on the progress and present state of the military academy:
This institution was established at West Point, in the year 1801, under the direction of a private citizen, and
was nothing more than a mathematical school for the few cadets that were then in service. It was soon found that .
the government of young military men was incompatible with the ordinary system of schools, and, consequently,
this institution ran into disorder, and the teacher into contempt.
When the peace establishment was made, the corps of engineers was created, and the twenty-seventh section
enacts that the corps " shall be stationed at West Point, in the State of New York, and shall constitute a military
"academy, and the engineers, assistant engineers, and cadets, shall be subject to do duty at such places, and on.
" such service, as the President of the United States may direct." It was not probably foreseen, that, although the
head quarters of the corps might be at West Point, yet the duties of the individual officers necessarily spread them
along our coast from one extremity of the United States to the other; and as the whole number of officers can be no
more than sixteen, they could not, in their dispersed state, constitute a military academy. The incongruity of a
stationary and errant existence, in the same corps, has been amply exemplified by experience. Indeed, it never can
be supposed that engineers, as such, could be efficient elementary teachers; their capability, consistent with other
duties, is confined to practical teaching, by combining example with precept, and carrying the rudiments of tlie art
into practical execution; in the same manner that other professional men generally have youth under their tuition
after they have gone through every branch of elementary learning relating to their profession.
A part only of the officers were appointed soon after the passage of the act, of whom the major, who was ex-offi-
the chief engineer, and two captains, took charge of the " ...-.•.
to the regiment of artillery. The major occasionally re
ueid, and taught the use of instruments generally. The
geometrical, the other in that of algebraical demonstrations
As the coips was small, as it had little or nothing to do in its more appropriate professional duties, and as the
students were few, the institution went on producing all the effect in its power, and all that could be expected on its
limited scale. It was soon discovered that mere mathematics would not make either an artillerist or an engineer,
and a power was given, by law, to appoint a teacher of drawing and of the French language. Had this law, instead
of absolutely limiting the number of teachers and designating their duties, left it general in the discretion of the
President to appoint such and su many as he might find requisite to produce the effect contemplated by the establish-
ment, and left the internal organization to him, who, from constant observation, could judge of the most expedient
one, with a reasonable but ample appropriation, we should, at this day, have a greater number of well instructed
young officers than we can boast of. From that time to this, however, the academy has progressed beyond what
could have been expected from its means; but now the first mathematical teacher has resigned, and the second has,
for several years, been employed as Surveyor General of the United States in the Western country.
During the last year, a citizen, of eminent talents as a mathematician, has been employed as principal teacher,
and a first lieutenant of engineers performed the duties of assistant teacher, while the professor of French and draw-
ing confined his abilities to these branches. So far as talents can go, nothing is wanting as to these teachers; they
are all capable in the highest degree: the subscriber is only apprehensive that he shall not be able to retain them.
Mr. Hassler, the chief mathematician, is already designated for a survey of the coast, when circumstances shall per-
mit that business to be undertaken, and it could not be committed to more able hands. Mr. Mason, the professor
of French and drawing, is a man of too great and too extensive abilities to be kept in a situation so much below his
merit; this gentleman, being perfect master of the French and English languages, fully acquainted with all that has
been written on the art of fortification, and eminently distinguished in science and general erudition, ought, in the
opinion of the subscriber, to be placed at the head of what the French call Le Genie, which cannot be literally trans-
lated in its extensive sense. It signifies the art of an engineer, generally, in all its branches. Mr. Mason being the
only teacher designated by the law, he is the only one that, exclusive of the corps of engineers, can be said to
belong to the institution.
In short, the military academy, as it now stands, is like a foundling, barely existing among the mountains, and
nurtured at a distance out of sight, and almost unknown to its legitimate parents. The questions that have been
frequently put to the subscriber, by members of Congress, evidently show tliat the little interest the institution has
excited arises solely from its being unknown to those who ought to be, and doubtless would willingly become, its
generous guardians and powerful protectois. Had it been so attached to the Government (its real and only parent)
as to be always with it, always in sight, and always in the way of its fostering care, it would probably have flou-
rished, and have become an honorable and interesting appendage to the national family.
The question recurs, What ought to be done? The subscriber would wish the answer to arise out of the nature
of the case, and carry with it a demonstration of its being founded in the most pure, though zealous regard for the
public good Actuated only by such motives, and without the stimulus ot either ambition or interest, he begs leave
to state, in the form of a proposition, what appears to him to be the natural and proper remedies.
First. Let the military academy be placed under the direction of the President of the United States in all that
does or can relate to it, any thing contained in any former law to the contrary notwithstanding.
Second. Let an academical staff be created in manner following; and as the regulatiims must necessarily be mili-
tary, let the proi'essors, when not of army rank, take that of their denominations (as relates to the academy only)
in the manner of brevets:
1. The commanding officer of the corps of engineers to be ex-officio superintendent of the institution, with the
power of appointing one of the officers or professors to do the duties of superintendent in his absence.
2. Let there be a professor of natural and experimental philosophy in all its branches; if taken from the corps of
engineers and of lesser grade, let him have as much, in addition to his pay and emoluments, as will equal those of a
lieutenant colonel; and if not of the corps, let these be his emoluments, and that his denomination, without similar
rank in the army.
3. Let there be a professor of mathematics generally, with the pay, emoluments, and denomination of a major,
and allowed to have two teachers under him, with the pay, emoluments, and denominations of captains: to this
branch will expressly belong nautical astronomy, geography, and navigation.
4. Let there be a professor of the art of an engineer in all its brancnes, expressly to include fortification, attack,
and defence, gunnery, and castrametation, with the pay, emoluments, and denomination, of a major, and allowed
to have a drawing teacher, with a French teacher, and a German teacher, under him, with the pay, emoluments,
and denomination of captains.
To this academical staff he begs leave to suggest the addition of the foUovying professors; they are thus sepa-
rately named, because they are supposed to be citizens engaged in other pursuits, and could only give a portion of
their professional labors to this institution.
5. A professor of architecture, to be occasionally at the academy, and to give lectures, accompanied with demon-
strations by models and specimens of the nature of the materials, ot cements, of the composition of works, of bridges,
causeways, canals, &c. &c. to be paid per diem, when on duty, and to be allowed quarters in the academy.
6. A professor of chemistry and mineralogy, on the same terms and conditions-
7. A riding master and teacher of the broad and small sword.
Third. With respect to the corps of engineers, whose functions have become extensive, let the following addi'
tions be made to it.
230 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1808.
libran
Two Captains, 1
Two first Lieutenants, I
Two second Lieutenants* 1 The officers to be appointed, and the men to be engaged, on
Four Cadets, j the same conditions as those now composing the corps.
Nine Artificers, |
Thirfy-one Men, J
The whole will then consist of twenty- two officers, eight cadets, fifty men, and ten artificers.
It will appear necessary to make, in the first instance, an appropriation for the proper buildings, apparatus,
..i^rary, &c.; this being done, (and it should be remembered that, being once well done, it will be but one expense,
not subject to repetition) it is presumed the annual appropriation would be inconsiderable,; it might indeed be so
connected with the appropriation for the corps of engineers, that all the surplusage of one would fall into the other,
and the extension of the sum would not be felt.
It might be well to make the plan upon such a scale as not only to take in the minor officers of the navy, but,
also, any youtlis from any of the States, who might wish for such an education, whether designed for the army or
navy, or neither, and to let these be assessed to the value of their education, which might form a fund for extra or
contingent expenses. On this plan it might be proper to suppress the ration system whije the students are at the
academy, and oblige all but commissioned officers to board in commons as in other universities. The citizen youth,
so adopted, should be required to sign the articles of war, (for the time being) since it would be impossible, and
improper if it were possible, to make any exceptions to the rules and regulatiras of the academy. As these youths
■rrow up and take their stations in society, they would naturally become militia officers, and, in a few years, in the
ordinary course of events, we should see an uniformity in our militia, resulting from a spirit of emulation, which
the reputation of having received a military education would naturally excite, and the same duties, which have often
been considered a burthen, would become a pleasurable privilege. There is nothing more fascinating to youth than
excellence in arms, and a little knowledge will create a desire to .Require more.
That Congress may have as little trouble as possible, and to avoid a frequent recurrence to its authority on mat-
ters of course, it might, perhaps, be expedient to pass one short act, naming the additions to be made to the corps of
engineers, but placing the direction ot the academy, external and internal, in the President of the United States,
leaving the site, the buildings, the number and kind of professors, and all other matters connected with the insti-
tution, entirely to his judgment. ,,. „ ^ .,, .
All which IS most respectfully submitted,
JON A. WILLIAMS, Colonel of Engineers.
1 0th -Congress.] No. 80. [1st Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, MARCH 25, 1808.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I now lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United States, according to the latest returns re-
ceived by the Department of War. From the State of Delaware alone no return has ever been made.
TH: JEFFERSON.
March 25, 1808.
1808.]
MILITIA.
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FIFTY THOUSAND VO.LUNTEERvS.
235
lOth Congress.]
No 81
[1st Session
SITES FOR FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, ON THE 25rH OF MARCH, 1808.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Stales:
Id proceeding to carry into execution the act for fortifyiog our ports ami harbors, it is found that the sites most
advantageous for their defence, and sometimes the only sites competent to that defence, are, in some cases, the pro-
perty of minors, incapable of giving a valid consent to their alienation; in others, belong to persons who may refuse
altogether to alienate, or demand a compensation far beyond the liberal justice allowable in such cases. From
these causes the defence of our seaboard, so necessary to be pressed during the piesent season, will, in various parts,
be defeated, unless a remedy can be applied. With a view to this, I submit the case to the consideration of Con-
gress, who, estimating its importance, and reviewing the powers vested in thein by the constitution, combined with
the amendment providing that private property shall not be taken for public use, without just compensation, will
decide on the course most proper to be pursued.
I am aware that, as the consent of the Legislature of the State, to the purchase of the site, may not, in some in-
stances, have been previously obtained, exclusive legislation cannot be exercised therein by Congress, until that con-
sent is given. But, in the mean time, it will be held under the same laws which protect the property of individuals,
and other property of the United States, in the same State; and the Legislatures, ar their next meetings, will have
opportunities of doing what will be so evidently called for by the particular interest of their own State.
TH: JEFFERSON.
March 25, 1808.
10th Congress.]
No. 82.
[2d Session.
FIFTY THOUSAND VOLUNTEERS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTAJIVES, DECEMBER 36, 1808.
Mr. Nelson, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the President of the United
States as relates to the Military and Naval Establishments, and to whom was refeiTed, on the 17th insbint, a
resolution of the House of Representatives, in the words following, to wit: "Resolved, That means ought to be
immediately taken for placing the country in a more complete state of defence," reported the following resolu-
tion, in part:
Resolved, That it is expedient immediately to raise, arm, and equip, fifty tiiousand volunteers, to serve for
the ^erm of two years.
Will it not be advisable to propose raising an army of fifty thousand, volunteers, to be engaged for two years,
and to serve, if required for actual service, any proportion of the term, not exceeding twelve months, within the
term for which they shall be engaged; each non-commissioned oificer, musician, and private, to receive ten dollars
bounty, and each commissioned officer to receive one mouth's pay when appointed, and the whole to receive pay
and rations when attending musters, as well as when in actual service. The non-commissioned officers, musicians,
and privates, to be armed and equipped by the public, and to receive an uniform coat, vest, one pair of pantaloons,
hat, two shirts, one pair of shoes and a blanket, and if called into actual service for any term over three months, to
receive other articles of clothing in proportion to the terra of service, not exceeding, in the whole, (including tho.se
first received) what are allowed to soldiers in the regular army for one year. The whole to be mustered and ex-
ercised in companies, four days within the first two months after being engaged, and six days in each succeding
year, and to meet and encamp in their respective States and territories, thirty days in each year; no man to be
enlisted into any company whose place of residence shall not be within a reasonable distance from (he company
parade to which he shall belong. A suitable number of inspectors to be appointed by the President of the United
States, to direct and inspect the exercise of the troops when encamped, and to give directions for the drilling and
exercise of the companies, and to direct and receive all returns, muster and pay rolls, to be trdnsmitted to an adju-
tant and inspector general, (to be appointed by the President of the United States) who shall give general instruc-
tions to all sub-inspectors fur the drilling, exercise, discipline, and police, of the volunteers, \yhen not in actual service.
The officers to be appointed and commissioned by the President of the United States. The proposed corps to in-
clude as many of the volunteers who have offered their services under the act of 24th February, 1807, as shall
engage in the volunteer army now proposed. The whole to consist of 44,000 infantry. 3,000 artillery, and 3,000
riflemen, to be organised into companies of one hundred each, including officers, regiments of 1,000, brigades of
5,000, and divisions of 10,000 each; to have the usual staff, including surgeons and mates; the surgeons and mates
to attend the annual encampment, and actual service, and to receive pay only fo:- their actual services, at the same
rute. as allowed to regimental surgeons and mates, in the other corps of the army.
5 Major Generals, pay per month, . - - -
10 Brigadier Generals, "-.---
50 Colonels, «' .
50 Lieutenant Colonels, '' . . . - -
50 Majors, "-..--
500 Captains, " . . . .
500 Lieutenants, "-..--
500 Ensigns, "-._.-
50 Surgeons, "---.-
50 Surgeons' Mates, "-.---
d,000 Sergeants, "-_.-_
•3,000 Corporals, " -
1,000 Musicians. "-....
43,500 Privates, "--...
166
§830
104
1,040
75
.3,750
60
3,000
50
•2,500
40
•20,000
30
15,000
•20
10,000
45
2,850
30
1,500
S
16,000
7
14,000
li
6,000
■ '
•217,500
— 59.870
Pay per month
8313,370
'253,500
236 iP^^iir MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1809.
A '
2j Months pay for the commissioned officers, - - - - - ■• $134,707 50
li ilo. non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, - - - 316,875
Ij do. Subsistence of the commissioned officers, at 20 .cents per ration, - - - 35,587 50
1| do. do. non commissioned officers, &c. at 15 cents per ration, - - 272,812 50
Clothing for non-commissioned officers, &c. at 14 dollars each, . - - - 679,000
Bounty for ditto do. 10 dollars each, .... 485,000
Tents, and contingent expenses per year, -_..-- 160,000
$2,083,982 50
The fiist year's expense will be, ----- - 2,100,000
The second year will be, - - - - - - - 800,000
$2,900,000
10th Congress.] No. 83. [2d Sb
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 3, 1809- ■•. .>' V" "
. ■ ' ' ■ '!'■''•
Mr. Macon, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the message from the President df tKfe tJhited
States as relates to revising and improving the militia system of the United States, made the following report:
That, having carefully examined the subject referred to them, are of opinion that it would not be pcQ^ei:, at this
time, to make any alteration in the militia system of the United States. •,..'•
10th Congress. ] No. 84. [ad Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
communicated to congress, JANUARY 6, 1809.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Slates:
I now lay before Congress a statement of the works of defence which it lias been thought necessary to provide,
in the first instance, for tne security of our seaport towns and harbors, and of the progress towards their completion.
Their extent has been adapted to the scale of the appropriation, and to the circumstances of the several places.
The works undertaken at New York'are calculated to annoy and endanger any naval force which shall enter
the harbor, and still more one which should attempt to lie before the city. To prevent altogether the entrance of
large vessels, a line of blocks across the harbor has been contemplated, and would, as is believed, with the auxiliary
means already provided, render that city safe against naval enterprise. The expense as well as the importance of
the work render it a subject proper for the special consideration oi Congress.
At New Orleans two separate systems of defence are necessary, the one for the river, the other for the lake,
which at present can give no aid to one another. The canal now leading from the lake, it continued into the river,
would enable the armed vessels in both stations to unite, and to meet in conjunction an attack from either side.
Half the aggregate force would then have the same effect as the whole: or the same force double the effect of what
either can now have. It would also enable the vessels stationed in the lake, when attacked by superior force, to
retire to a safer position in the river. The same considerations of expense and importance render this also a question
for the special decision of Congress.
January 6, 1809.
TH: JEFFERSON.
REPORT.
Sir:
I am now enabled, from the reports received from the respective engineers, to form a statement that will give
you a general view of the works which have been erected or repaired, for the defence of our ports and harbors, and
particularly of those which have been commenced the past season.
TERRITORY OF ORLEANS.
Fori St. Charles, at the lower end of the city of New Orleans, and immediately on the bank of the river, is now
in a good state of repair, with all its cannon mounted, with the necessary apparatus.
At the mouth of Bayou St. John, a strong new battery has been erected, which commands the passage from lake
Pontchartrain to the city of New Orleans.
The battery of mason work, ordered to be erected at English Turn, is in such forwardness as to require but a few
weeks for its completion.
A new fort ot substantial mason work, has been commenced on the site of fort St. Philip at Placquemines: the
two main bastions are completed and the cannon mounted; and there is reason to believe that the fort will be com-
pleted in two or three montns.
When the above works shall have been finished, it is believed that, with suitable garrisons and the number of
gun boats destined for that quarter, they would afford such protection as had been contemplated-
1809.] FORTIFICATIONS. 237
Unavoidable delays in procuring the necessary sites have very much impeded the progress of tlie fortifications in
this State.
As soon as a site could be obtained, a strong battery of mason vifork was commenced a few miles below the town
of Savannah, at Five Fathom Hole, where large vessels generally take in their cargoes. This work is in such forward-
ness that it will prolDably be completed in the course of a few weeks.
A regular enclosed fort of mason work was directed to be built on the site of old Fort Wayne, near the town of
Savannali, with a battery in front; a battery and redoubt or strong block house on Point Petre, at the mouth of St.
Mary's river; and a small battery near Sunbury. The site for the fort near the town being private property, except
a small pait owned by the corporation, has been|obtained with great difficulty, through the friendly aid ot Doctor
Jones and other gentlemen. All the titles are not yet conveyed to the United States, but it is expected the busi-
ness will soon be completed. The unavoidable delays occasioned by these circumstances have necessarily post-
poned the commencement of the fort to so late a period, that it will not probably be finished earlier than next sum-
mer. No sites have yet been obtained for the proposed works at Point Petre and Sunbury.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
The works in the harbor of Charleston are progressing with all possible despatch.
A new fort on the site of old Fort Mechanic, in the town of Charleston, was directed to be built of mason work.
It is now completed and ready for the reception of a garrison: its situation is a commanding one.
The battery of Fort Johnston has been some time since finished, and is now completely mounted with heavy
artillery.
Fort Moultrie, which is little inferior in magnitude and importance to any work in the United States, is now en-
closed, and ready to receive a garrison.
A new fort of mason work on the site of old Fort Pinckney is commenced, and in a rapid state of progi-ess.
A new brick arsenal in the town of Charleston has been built, and the public property moved into it.
It is believed, when the above works are completed and fully garrisoned, that they will, with the aid of the light
and heavy artillery in the town, be adequate to such defence as has been contemplated.
A small battery for the immediate defence of Beaufort, S. C. with a magazine and barrack, had been ordered to
be erected on the site of old Fort Lyttleton. But the land being the property of the State, and no cession having
been made by her to the United States, nothing as yet has been done at this place.
A small battery, with a magazine and block house, was directed to be built at Georgetown, S. C. The works aie
progressing, and will soon be completed.
NORTH CAROLINA.
A battery of mason work and barracks were ordered to be erected at Old Topsail Inlet, near Beaufort, N. C.
Although no regular report of the progress made at this place has been received, it is believed that the woiks ai'e
7iearly completed.
The|works at Fort Johnston, on Cape Fear river, with the magazine and barracks, are finished.
VIRGIMA.
Fort Nelson has been strengthened, and a large strong battery of mason work erected on the site of old Fort
Norfolk, with brick barracks.
A site and materials for a strong battery at Hospital point, near Norfolk, have been procured, but too late for
completing it the present season.
At Hoods, onj James river, a strong battery of mason work has been erected, and a regular enclosed work, on an
eminence commanding the battery, is in considerable forwardness, with barracks for two liundred men, nearly com-
pleted, including quarters for the officers.
MARYLAND.
Fort Washington, on the Potomac, between Alexandria and Mount Vernon, is a new enclosed work, of stone
and brick masonry, to which is attached a strong battery of like materials. The whole is so nearly completed as to
be ready for the reception of the cannon and garrison, whicii have been ordered, and have ariived at the fort. A stone
tower has also been commenced on an eminence that overlooks the fort, and is in considerable forwardness.
A circular battery of mason work at Windmill point, for the protection and defence of Annapolis, is nearly com-
pleted— the cannon are mounted. Another^battery on the bank of the Severn, below the town, is also nearly finished.
Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, is in a good state of defence.
PENNSYLVANIA.
The works at fort Mifflin have received considerable repair, and the cannon mounted. Some further repairs of
carriages are said to be necessary, and have been directed.
NEW YORK.
tort Jay, on Governor's Island, with the whole of its buildings, was demolished in 1806, except the walled
counterscarp, the gate, sallyport, magazine, and ,two barracks; all the rest was removed as rubbish, to give place
for a work composed of durable materials. On the site of the old fort, a new one (fort Columbus) has been erected,
of the same shape, on three of its sides, as the former, with the addition of fourteen feet on each side. On the north
side a ravelin has been added, with two retired casemated flanks. The new fort, with two new brick barracks, is
now nearly completed, and has fifty cannon mounted.
On a point of rocks, at the western extremity of Governor's Island, a circular castle, of durable mason work, to
be connected with fort Columbus by a zig-zag covered defile, has been commenced and completed to the second
floor, and is now ready to receive its first tier of guns, which are mounted, and ready to be placed. The exterior
diameter of this castle is two hundred and ten feet, and, when finished, will mount one hundred pieces of heavy
ordnance.
On Bedloe's Island, a mortar battery commanding all the anchoring ground between Red Hook and the quaran-
tine, andaftbrding a protection to Ellis's island, has been commenced, and the front wall carried up to the intended
height. Part of the redoubt in the rear has been excavated, but, as the season is too far advanced to begin any new
piece of mason work, nothing more than a continuance of excavation and a collection of materials vnW be attempted
this winter. Two brick barracks, consisting of only the walls and roof, have been raised another story and rendered
habitable.
On Ellis or Oyster Island, advantageously situated for defending the entrance of North River, an open barbette
battery for heavy ordnance on one platform had been ordered to be erected, and is now nearly completed. The
platform is ready for the guns and the carriages mostly finished. The barracks within the old fort on this island
have, by some alterations, been made habitable.
In addition to the works already described, a battery in North river, two hundred feet without the permanent line
of the city, oft' Hubert street, has been commenced.
The foundation is of stone, and has been carried up to high water mark, in which situation it will remain till
spring. This battery is connected with Hubert street by a bridge 200 feet long and 30 wide.
Preparations have also been made for erecting a heavy battery on a stone foundation with a superstructure of
solid mason work at the southwest point of the city. The point selected has a complete command from the whole
SI m
238
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1809.
ranae of North river on one side to the complete width of East river on the other. Nothing more than the exterior
hlnrUc nrVoiintprffiiards for sinking the foundation can be eftected this winter.
Connected wifh the plan ^ defence for the ^larbor^ and city of New Yo£,_^theUnit«lJtates have purc^^^^^^^ a
house ;
nages,
sile"containh/'''i"early' b which has been enclosed with a wall nine feet high, and on which have been erect-
ed an arsenalt laboratory, and large powder magazine, from whicli the smaller deposites in the batteries can be sup-
^ '^t^Sa"" Harbor, onLong Island, a small battery, with a magazine and barracks, had been ordered to be erected,
and an agent appointed and supplied with funds for procuring the necessary materials; but, from the want of a suf-
ficient number of engineers, to superintend the numerous works contemplated for the defence of our ports and har-
bors, nothing more has been done than to survey this harbor, and select a proper site for the battery.
CONNECTICUT.
In tliis State directions were given, and agents appointed and furnished with funds, for the erection of a battery,
magazine and barracks, for the defence of the harboi- of New Haven; tor the repair, improvement, and completion
of Port 'iVumbuU, near New London; and for the erection of a small battery for the defence of Stonington. But
the same want of engineers which has delayed the prosecution of the works at Sagg Harbor and several other places,
has also prevented any more being done in this State than merely to select the proper sites for the defence of New
Haven and Stonington, and the examination of the state of the works at Fort Trumbull.
Heavy cannon, on travelling carriages, with apparatus and ammunition, have been ordered to these places.
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport Harbor.— At fort AVolcott and fort Adams some repairs have been made, and the works extended so
as to admit some additional guns. The barracks at the latter have also been repaired.
On the main island, to the south of the town of Newport, a small battery has been erected, which commands the
inner harbor between fort Wolcott and the town, and the channel between the two ports.
At Bristol, ten heavy cannon have been mounted on travelling carriages for the defence of that and other towns
and harbors in its vicimty. MASSACHUSETTS.
At the entrance of the inner harbor of New Bedford, two miles below the town, a small enclosed work has been
erected of stone, brick, and sod. It commands the entrance into the harbor for a mile and a half in a direct line,
is completed, and has a brick magazine and wooden barracks. . , ,. ...
The old work on Gurnet head, near Plymouth, lias been repaired, and platforms m front. A barrack and brick
magazine have been built.
Boston Harbor.— In addition to fort Independence, the following works have been erected for the defence of
this harbor. , . , , , c .• i • • . ■ .
Fort fVarren.— On the summit of Governoi- s Island an enclosed star tort, ot mason work, with a brick barrack
and quarters, magazine and guard house, has been completed. Fort Warren battery, on the south point of the same
island, is completed of stone, brick, and sod, with a brick guard house and magazine. It is contemplated to erect a
block house in the rear of this battery. . , , ^, , , ^r . .
Westhead battery is staked out and materials collected. On a point formed by Lharles and Mystic rivers; a bat-
tery has been built of sod, on a stone foundation.
Salem. — The fort and block house, with a magazine under it, on a point at the entrance of this harbor, have been
repaired and a new barrack erected .
Marblehead.— The fort at this place, with the magazine, barracks, and block house, has been repaired.
Gloucester, Cape Ann. — The old fort of stone, in front of this place, with the block house and magazine, has
been repaired.
Newburvport.— On the point of Plum Island, at the mouth of Merrimack river, a battery of wood, filled in
with sand and surmounted with sod, has been erected. It contains a barrack and brick magazine, and was con-
structed of wood on account of the shifting sands.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Portsmouth Harbor.— /br< Constitution, on New Castle point, at the entrance of this harboi-, is an enclosed
■work, built principally of stone masonry. It is now complete with the necessary buildings.
Fort McClary, a new strong work of masonry, has been erected on Kittery point, opposite fort Constitution. It
is now finished with new barracks, magazine, and guard house.
DISTRICT OF MAINE.
Portland Harbor.— /'orf Preble, a new enclosed work of stone and brick masonry, with a brick barrack, quar-
ters, and magazine, is coinpleteil. This work is erected on Spring point, and commands the entrance of this harbor,
through the main channel.
Fort Scamniel, also a new work of similar materials, is erected on House island, opposite fort Preble, and com-
mands the main and other channels. It is now completed with its block house and other buildings.
Fort Sumner ballcry, to tlie north of the town, has been repaired.
Kennebeck. — At Shaw's point, on the west side and at the mouth of this river, a battery and brick magazine
are completed, with a brick barrack ready for the accommodation of a small garrison.
Sheepschtt. — On Davis's point, on the east side of this river, and about one mile below the town of Wiscasset,
a strong battery, brick magazine, and a block house, are ready for immediate use.
Damariscotta. — On the southeastern angle of Narrow Island, in this river, and in the town of Boothbay, a bsvt-
tery and brick magazine are completed. A block house is begun, but not finished.
St. George's River. — At Robinson's point, on the eas*. side of this river, a small battery is begun, and materials
provided for proceeding with the work as soon as the season will permit.
Penobscott and Baggaduce River. — Nothing more has been done on this river, than select a site and procure
materials for a battery, which is on Perkins's point, on the north side of the river, opposite the northwest end of
Noddles' Island.
Machias- — A small battery has been erected at this place.
Passamahuoddv. — A battery and block house have been erected, and a garrison placed in the works. Cannon
have generally been mounted on the works now prepared for their reception, and will be ready for mounting on the
others, as soon as they are in sufficient forwardness for the purpose.
Upwards of one hundred travelling carriages have been completed for heavy cannon, and a large proportion of them,
with cannon and necessary apparatus, have been distributed in the various seaports.
1809.] MILITIA. 239
The following sums have been advanced for the erection and repair of fortifications, and the construction of gun
carriages, during the year 1808, viz:
For New Orleans, - - - - - - - ^ $80,373
Georgia, North and South Carolina, ------ 204,289
Virginia and Maryland, ---.... 111,432
Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, - ... - 5.00U
New York, -.--.... 379,133
Connecticut and Rhode Island, ....._ 11,000
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, ------ 223,475
$1,014,702
For completing the works already commenced, and for erecting such others as have been contemplated, or may iie
deemed expedient, it is believed that an additional appropriation, to the amount of four hundred and fifty thousand
dollars, will be necessary, exclusive of the expense of a line of block chains, &c. across the harbor of New York. The
chain and timber for these blocks have been already procured, at an expense of upwards of 40,000 dollars; but, by the
latest calculation made by persons considered as competent for the purpose, it appears that, to complete this plan,
as heretofore proposed, would require an expenditure of one niillion of dollars.
For affording facility to that part of the contemplated defence of New Orleans, which depends on gunboats, a
canal, from the river near the city to Lake Pontchartrain, of sulficient width and depth to admit, atall times, a passage
for the gunboats stationed in the river and lake, would be highly important.
And as a company has been formed for the purpose of opening a canal from the lake to the city, by the way of
the Bayou St. Jorin, and proceeded far towards its completion, it is believed, from information received from said
company, that, with the aid of , the canal may be extended, so as to open the communication as proposed above.
It is therefore submitted for consideration, whether an appropriation should be made to enable the President of
the United States to effect so important an object.
I have the honor to be, with high consideration, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The President of the United Slates-
10th Congress.] No. 85. [ad Sessiok:
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 9, 1809.
War Department, Februaw yth, 1809.
Sir:
In obedience to the resolution of the honorable Senate, of the 2d instant, requiring the Secretary of War to in-
quire and report to the Senate, whether it be expedient that one or more batteries or fortifications should be erected
at or near Wilmington, at or near New Castle, at or near Port Penn, and at or near Lewis, in the State of Delaware,
the Secretary begs leave to remark, that, from the general information obtained in relation to suitable sites for bat-
teries, or other works, in the State of Delaware, it had been considered expedient to erect a battery of mason work, at
or near the town of New Castle, and a similar one on the communication between the Delaware river and the town of
Wilmington. The particular sites for these batteries were to have been designated by an engineer, and it was in-
tended to have had the works erected in the course of the past year; but the principal engineer, under whose direc-
tion they were to have been constructed, not having a sufficient number of subordinate engineers to superintend the
whole of the works contemplated within the district assigned him, was compelled to postpone the construction of
those in Delaware, as well as others within his district. They will, however, be undoubtedly attended to in the
course of the present year. The expense for these works was included in the general estimate; and it is presumed
that no additional appropriation tor them will be necessary. Whether it will be expedient to erect other works in
the State of Delaware than those above mentioned, the information at present possessed by the Secretary of War
will not enable him to decide.
All which is respectfully submitted, by your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Hon. the President of the Senate of the United States.
10th Congress.] jNJo. 86. [2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
communicated TO congress, FEBRUARY 25, 1809.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Slates:
I now lay before Congress a statement of the Militia of the United States, according to the latest returns
received by the Department of War.
TH: JEFFERSON.
February 25, 1809.
240
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1809.
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MILITIA.
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New Hampshire, -
Massachusetts,
Vermont, - - - -
Rhode Island,
Connecticut, . . -
New York, . . -
New Jersey, . . -
Pennsylvania, _ . -
Delaware, - . - -
Maryland, . _ .
Virginia, . . . -
North Carolina, -
South Carolina, -
Georgia, . . . .
Kentucky, - - - -
Tennessee, ...
Ohio,
District of Columbia, -
Mississippi Territory, -
Indiana Territory,
Orleans Territory,
Lousiana Territory,
Michigan Teriitory, -
1809.]
MILITIA.
243
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244 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1809.
nth Congress.] No. 87. [1st Session.
MODIFICATION OF THE LAWS RELATIVE TO THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JUNE 6, 1809.
War Department, May 31, 1809.
Sir:
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 29th instant, requesting information on the
following points:
" Is it expedient, in the present state of our foreign relations, and the threatening aspect upon our Western
frontiers, to reduce the present military establishment ?
" If not, is it expedient to arrest the recruiting service,- or, is it probable, from the progress that has heretofore
been made in recruiting, that the number which may be enlisted before the next session of Congress, will be more
than sufficient to fill up the vacancies which will probably arise from different casualties happening in the old and
new regiments ?
" Is i( expedient, at this time, to make any modifications of the laws relative to the military establishment ?"
The enclosed statement contains the substance of the latest information which has been received from the West-
ern frontiers.
This information encourages a belief that the precautions which have been taken will prevent the meditated at-
tack on the post atlBelle Vue, as well as discourage an execution of the hostile intentions of the Prophet and his
allies. At the same timej it may be proper to observe, that this movement and hostile attitude of the savages, brings
to view, and confirms, tne correctness of the opinion of well informed men, and of the Legislature of the State of
Kentucky, as expressed in certain resolutions adopted by (hat honorable body on the 29th of January, 1809, that the
posts at St. Louis and Detroit ought to be permanently strengthened.
Should the honorable committee be of opinion that the state of our foreign relations, taken in connexion with
the information herein contained, renders it inexpedient to reduce the military establishment at this time, and that
the recruiting service may be suspended, a discretionary power to renew it being vested in the President, will be an
effectual security against any vacancies which may arise from different casualties, before the next session of Con-
gress. '
In answer to the last interrogatory, experience has shown that improvements may be made in the military esta-
blishment. That branch of business, which falls, properly, within the quartermaster's department, requires anew
arrangement. Should the committee be disposed to bestow their consideration on this subject, 1 shall be happy in
an opportunity of attending on them, or giving information respecting it, in any manner which they may be pleased
to point out.
I am, with respectful consideration, your most obedient servant,
W, EUSTIS.
The Honorable Joseph Anderson,
Chairman of the Committee of the honorable Senate.
nth Congress.] No. 88. ' [1st Session..
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 6, 1809.
War Department, June 2, 1809.
Sir:
In obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 27th of May, requesting the President of
the United States to cause the Secretary of War to lay before the House an estimate of the sums necessary to com-
plete the fortifications commenced or contemplated; and also the amount of any deficiency of former appropriations
for this object, I have the honor to state that, of the $450,000, appropriated by the act of February 10th, 1809, there
are expended $265,000, leaving a balance oi $185,000.
The difficulty of forming a correct opinion of the sums which will be required for each work, must be obvious,
from the nature and extent of the business, and from the deficiency of all former calculations and.estimates. From
the best judgment which can be formed on the information and evidence in possession of this Department, the
sum of $750,000, in addition to the balance before mentioned, \vill be sufficient, certainly, to cover the expendi-
tures of the piesent year, and most probably to complete the system of defence contemplated by Government.
For the States East of New York, .... - $75,000
For the State of New York, - - - - - 340,000
For the States South of New York, including New Orleans. - - - 335,000
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
$750,000
W. EUSTIS.
1809.] FORTIFICATIONS.
245
Uth Congress.] ]Vo. 89. [2d Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 21, 1809.
War Department, December 19lh, 180».
Sir:
I have the honor herewith to transmit to you a report of the state of the fortifications for the defence of the
ports and harbors of tlie United States,
And am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Jieport qf Fortifications for the defence qf the ports and harbors of the United Stales.
DISTRICT OF MAINE.
Passama(juoddy.— A circular battery of six guns, mounted, covered by a block house, with barracks for fifty men.
Machias.— A circular battery of four guns, mounted, covered by a block house, with barracks for forty men.
Penobscot. — A small enclosed work of four guns, mounted.
St. George's River. — A small enclosed work of three guns, mounted.
Booth Bay, on Damarisco}(a.—A battery with three guns, mounted, covered by a block house.
Edgecomb, on Sheepscot. — A battery with six guns, mounted, covered by a block house.
Georgetown, mouth of Kennebec. — A small enclosed battery of six guns, mounted.
Portland Harbor.— /br< Preble, on Spring's point, at the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed star fort of
masonry, with an elliptical battery in front, mounting fifteen guns, with brick barracks, for one company officers
included; a brick magazine. Fort Scammel, on the opposite side, three quarters of a mile distant; an enclosed semi-
circular work, with two circular flanks of inasonry,mounting eighteen guns, covered by a block house which will contain
40 men; a brick magazine. In the town of Portland, a battery of masonry, mounting five guns; also a brick gun-house
with four pieces mounted on travelling carriages. '
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Fort Constituilon, at the entrance of the harbor at the mouth of Piscataqua river, three miles below Portsmouth'
an enclosed work of masonry, mounting thirty-seven guns, with brick barracks, for one hundred and fifty men in-
cluding officers; also two brick magazines.
Portsmouth Harbor.— At Kittery Point, an enclosed elliptical battery of masonry, mounting ten "uns covered
with a redoubt of earth, with barracks for one company, including officers; also, a brick magazine. In the town of
Portsmouth, a brick gun-house, containing six guns on travelling carriages, wth harness complete.
MASSACHUSEITS.
Newburyport.— On the east point of Plum Island, at the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed battery of timber
and earth, mounting five guns, with a brick magazine, and barracks of wood for twenty -five men.
Cape Ann, Gloucester. — At the head of tlie harbor, a battery !\'ith seven guns, mounted, covered by a block house
which will contain twenty men. '
Salem.— Fort Pickering, on the west side of the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed woik of masonry and earth
mounting six guns, covered by a block-house, with barracks for thirty men, including officers and a magazine. '
Marblehead.— Fort Sewall, at the west point of the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed work of masonry and
earth, mounting eight guns, covered by a block house, with barracks for forty men, including officers, and a magazine.
Boston Harbor.— Fort Warren, on Governor's Island; a star fort, of masonry, with twelve guns mounted; a brick
barrack for one company, including officers; also, a brick magazine and guard-house; on the south point and west
head of tlie island, semicir-cular batteries of masonry, calculated for ten guns each, ten guns mounted in the
west head. Fort Independence, on Castle Island, south side of the inner harbor; an enclosed pentagon of five
bastions of masonry, calculated for fifty guns; thirty-nine mounted, with two batteries to contain twenty-five "uns-
brick barracks for four hundred men including officers; also, a large brick magazine, built in 1801. '^ '
At Charlestown.— -Near the Navy Yard a small circular battery of six guns, with a brick gun-house, contain-
ing guns, on travelling carnages; also, a stone and brick magazine.
Plymouth Harbor.— At Garnet head, the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed work, repaired with stone and
earth, mounting five guns, with a brick magazine, and barracks for thirty men.
New Bedford.— At Eldridge's point, commanding the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed work of masonry,
mounting six guns, with a brick magazine, and barracks for forty men, including officers.
RHODE ISLAND.
Newport.— Fort Adams, on Brenton's point, entrance of the harbor; an enclosed indented work of masonry
calculated for twelve guns, six mounted, with a brick magazine, and barracks for one company, including officers'
Fort Wolcott, on Goat Island, in the centre of the harbor; a star fort of stone, brick, and timber, mounting twelve
guns, with flank batteries mounting eighteen guns; a brick magazine, and barracks for one company, including officers
On the Dumpling rocks, on the west side entrance of the harbor, a battery unfinished; on Rose Island, an enclosed
work of four bastions of masonry, calculated for sixty guns, unfinished: all the works in this harbor were begun in
the year 1798 and 1800. At Newport and Bristol, guns mounted on travelling carriages.
CONNECTICUT.
S'^onington. — A gun house of brick, to contain four pieces of cannon on travelling carriages.
New London.- An enclosed work, of masonry and earth, calculated for twenty-five guns, twelve mounted' with
a magazine, and barracks for forty men, including officers, called Fort Trumbull '
32 m
iJ46
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1809.
New Haven.— a small work for the defence of the harbor, mounting six guns, with barracks for forty men.
NEW YORK,
New York Harbor. Fort Columbus, on Governor's Island; an enclosed pentagonal work, with four bastions
of masonry calculated for one hundred guns, iifty-five mounted, with brick barracks for two hundred and thirty men,
includin'' officers. A stone and brick magazine; a castle, or stone tower, of three tiers, on a projecting point of the
island calculated for fifty-two heavy guns, under a bomb-proof cover, and forty-eight on the terrace; the lower
tier finished calculated for twenty -six guns, twelve mounted; guns may be placed in the second tier in case of ne-
cessity The bombproof will serve as barracks for two or three hundred men.
On Bedloe's Island, on the opposite side of the harbor; an enclosed indented work of masonry, calculated for
On ElliVs Island, opposite Fort Columbus; an enclosed battery of masonry, calculated for twenty guns, eight
mounted, with barracks for one company, including officers. At the West point of the city, near the old battery, a
circular battery, calculated for thirty guns, has been commenced. ,,,,-■ ^ ■ ,
On Hudson river, at the termination ot Hubert street, a battery of masonry, calculated tor sixteen guns, finished.
In the city of New York, an arsenal and store house of brick, with twenty-four guns, mounted on travelling carria-
"es. Three miles above the city of New York, an arsenal, magazine, and laboratory, all of brick.
'^ JBy thereport received, it appears that seventy-one guns are actually mounted; one hundred and fiftv may be actual-
ly brought into action on an emergency; and that the works for the defence of the city of New York are calculated
for thre*e hundred guns, and ten mortars, exclusive of those mounted on travelling carriages, and of the works on
Staten Island, erected by the State of New York, calculated for eighty guns.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Delaware River.— /'or/ Mifflin, on Delaware river, seven miles below Philadelphia; an enclosed work of
masonry, defended by bastions, calculated for sixty guns, twenty-nine mounted; a water battery of eight guns
mounted, with a brick magazine, and barracks for one hundred men, including officers.
DELAWARE.
Wilmington.— An arsenal of 96 by 26 feet, one and a half stories high; intended for cannon on travelling car-
riages, with their equipments.
New Castle.— The same as Wilmington.
MARYLAND.
Baltimore. Fort McHenry, at the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed pentagon, with five bastions of mason-
ry, calculated for forty guns, ten mounted; a water battery, often guns, mounted; a brick magazine; gun house, and
barracks for two companies, including officers.
Annapolis. — Fort Madison, an enclosed work of masonry, comprehending a semi-elliptical face, witli circular
flanks, calculated for thirteen guns; with a brick magazine, and barracks for one company, including officers.
At Windmill point a circular battery of masonry, calculated for eleven guns, eight mounted. In the rear of the
work quarters for two companies.
Potomac River.— Fort Washington, an enclosed work of masonry, comprehending a semi-elliptical face, with
circular flanks on the side next to the Potomac, mounting thirteen guns, commanded by a tower of masonry, calcu-
lated to mount six guns; with a brick magazine, and barracks for one hundred and twenty men, including officers.
Virginia!
Norfolk Harbor.— /br/ Nelson, on the west side of the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed work of brick
and earth, defended by half bastions, calculated for forty guns, thirty-three mounted; with a brick magazine, and
barracks for two companies, including officers.
Fort Norfolk, on the opposite side; an enclosed work of masonry, calculated for tiiirty guns, ten mounted; with
a brick magazine, and barracks for two companies, including officers.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wilmington.— /b?-/ Johnston, on Cape Fear river, miles below Wilmington; an enclosed work and battery,
calculated for twelve guns, four mounted; and barracks for forty men, unfinished.
Beaufort.- A small enclosed work, with five guns, mounted; and baiTacks for fifty men.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Charleston Harbor.— i^ort Johnston, an enclosed work defended by bastions and batteries of masonry, calcu-
lated for forty guns, twenty-six mounted; with a brick magazine, and barracks for two companies.
Fort Moultrie, near the entrance of the harbor; an enclosed work defended by bastions and batteries of masonry,
calculated for thirty guns, seven mounted; with a brick magazine, and barracks for two companies.
Fort Finckney, an enclosed work of masonry for two tier of guns, nearly completed.
Fort Mechanic, in the town of Charleston; an enclosed work, and battery of masonry, with barracks; an arsenal
for guns on travelling carriages.
Beaufort. — An enclosed work, and battery, unfinished.
GEORGIA.
Savannah. — At Five Fathom Hole, three miles below the town; a battery of masonry, calculated for eight guns.
Works have not been commenced in the town of Savannah, or at St. Mary's, the title to the lands selected for the
sites at those places not having been obtained.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
New Orleans.— /br-i St. Philip, at Placquemine, near the mouth of the river; an enclosed work of masonry
and wood, calculated for twenty guns; with a magazine, and barracks for one company.
EnglishjTurn, an enclosed work vvith two bastions, anda battery of masonry for nine'guns; with a magazine, and
barracks for one company, nearly finished.
Fort St. Charles, in the city of New Orleans; an enclosed redoubt of five sides, of masonry and earth, mounting
nineteen guns; a magazine, and barracks for thirty men.
At the Bayou St. John, a strong battery of six guns, which commands the passage of Lake Pontchartrain; with bar-
racks for thirty men.
Note.— The aforegoing report was referred to a select committee, to whom the Secretary of War made the fol-
lowing communication:
1809.] FORTIFICATIONS. 247
War Department, February 5, 1810.
Sir:
Conformably to the request contained in your letter of the seth of January, I have the honoi-, lierewith, to
transmit to you the enclosed statement of the Accountant of this Department, exhibiting " the sums which have been
expended out of the appropriations for fortifications, by the acts of February 10, and of June 14, 1809, and the par-
ticular sums expended on each fortification.'' It is not practicable to ascertain, with precision, the particular sum
expended on each work respectively, as materials have, in some instances, been purchased by the agents and applied
to different works in the same harbur, and, iu siune instances, to works not considered appurtenant to the port or
place at which the disbursements have been charged.
The fortifications embraced in the report made to Congress at the present session, with the addition of tliose
at Georgetown, S. C. (of which the return had not been received, but wliich are now reported as completed) and
of those at Wilmington, N. C. not completed, comprehend the principal works projected by the former Secretary
of War. They are considered permanent works, which are to be, kept up.
To these should be added West Point, on Hudson river, and additional works on the island of Rhode Island.
During the revolutionary war, the naturally strong post of West Point formed the point nearest to the ocean,
which connected the Eastern and Southern States. The relation of this post to the city of New York, with its
importance to the continent as a barrier station, in case a hostile fleet should be able to pass New York, render it
higtily expedient that the present works should be repaired, or that others, on an improved plan, should be con-
structed.
Rhode Island, from its insular and peculiarly exposed situation, offering to an invading fleet advantages not com-
bined in any other port, requires additwnal means of defence.
The extensive fortifications projected, and in part constructed, by the State of New York, at the entrance of
the harbor of New York, when ceded to the United States, will likewise be considered permanent works, and re-
quire a further appropriation.
Other fortifications, on a smaller scale, have been projected on the western frontier, and in several of the States.
A want of satisfactory title to the ground which had been selected has occasioned delay in some instances. In
others, they have not been commenced, for other reasons. A part of them are, at this time, in execution.
The sum already appropriated by law being deemed sufficient to complete the fortifications which have been
projected, no further appropriation on account of fortifications has been suggested in the estimate of this Department
for the year 1810.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Honorable John Clopton.
Statement of the sums expended out of the appropriations for Fortifications, per acts of the \Oth February, and
nth June, 1809, showing the particidar Fortifications for which the expenditures have accrued, and the sums
expended on each, respectively.
Castine, - Maine, - - - -
Thomastown, Do. - - - - -
Damariscotta river. Do. - -
Machias, - Do. -----
Georgetown, Do. -
Portland, - Do. -
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, - , -
Salem, Massachusetts, - - - -
Boston, Do. - ■ , "
New Bedford, Do. - - ' -
Newburyport, Do. . - - - .
Newport, Rhode Island, - - . -
New Haven, Connecticut, - - - -
New London, Do. - - - - ' •■
New York, - - - ' - -
New Castle and Wilmington, Delaware, - . .
Fort McHenry, Baltimore, -
Annapolis, Maryland, . - - - .
Fort Washington, Potomac river, - - . -
Fort Powhattan, James River, . - - .
Norfolk, Virginia, - - - - -
Wilmington, North Carolina, _ . - -
Beaufort, Do. . - . .
Highwassee, Tennessee, - - . -
South Carolina, . - . . .
Savannah, Georda, . - - . .
Fort Hawkins, Do. - . - . .
Fort Madison, Mississippi, - . -
New Orleans, - - - -
Amount appropriated per act of 10th February,
Do. per act of 14th June, 1809,
Expended,
Balance of appropriations unexpended.
-
$8,000 00
-
2,085 90
2.029 71
3,399 80
-
2,198 28
11,597 20
-
10,714 12
11,729 37
24,173 59
-
1,119 57
962 66
-
789 12
-
6,295 96
-
9.837 29
225,609 09
-
13,119 71
-
100 00
-
18,371 12
-
9,781 15
10,000 00
-
36,800 00
-
1,253 20
- .
8,863 82
-
1.000 00
"
101,000 00
26,936 74
-
64 09
-
332 02
-
91,769 17
$450,000 00
- 750,000 00
$639,954 68
$1,200,000 00
639,954 68
$560,045 32
248 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
11th Congress.] No. 90. [2d Session.
20,000 VOLUNTEERS AND A DETACHMENT OF 100,000 MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, JANUARY 3, 1810.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
The act authoiiziiiR a detachment of one hundred thousand men from the militia, will expire on the 30th of
March next. Its early revival is recommended, in order that timely steps may be taken for arrangements, such as
the act contemplated.
Without interfering vifith the modifications rendered necessary by the defects, or the inefficacy, of the laws restric-
tive of commerce and navigation, or with the policy of disallowing to foreign armed vessels the use of our waters, it
falls within my duty to recommend, also, that, in addition to the precautionary measure authorized by that act, and to
the regular troops, for completing the legal establishment of which enlistments are renewed, every necessary provi.
sion may be made for a volunteer force of twenty thousand men, to be enlisted for a short period, and held in a
state of organization and readiness for actual service, at the shortest warning.
I submit to the consideration of Congress, moreover, the expediency of such a classification and organization of
the militia, as will best ensure prompt and successive aids, from tliat source, adequate to emergencies which may call
for them.
It will rest with them, also, to determine how far nirther provision may be expedient, for putting into actual
service, if necessary, any part of the naval armament not now employed.
At a period presenting features in the conduct of foreign Powers towards the United States, which impose on
them the necessity of precautionary measures involving expense, it is a happy consideration, that such is the solid
state of the public credit, that reliance may be justly placed on any legal provision that may be made for resorting
to it. in a convenient form, and to an adequate amount.
JAMES MADISON.
January 3, 1810.
11th Congress.] No. 91. [ad Session.
OFFICERS AND CADETS OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
COMMUNIOATED TO THE SENATE, JANUARY 8, 1810.
War Department, January 5, 1810.
Sir :
In obedience to a resolution of the Senate, of the 4th instant, I have the honor to transmit, herewith, a return
of the Corps of Engineers and Cadets belonging to the Military Academy,
And am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The President of the Senate of the United States.
Return of the Corps of Engineers and Cadets belonging- to the Military Academy.
One Colonel, One Professor of French,
One Lieutenant Colonel, One Professor of Drawing,
Two Majors, Four Cadets of Engineers,
Four Captains, Forty-three Cadets of Artillery,
Four First Lieutenants, One Artificer,
Four Second Lieutenants, Eighteen Privates. — Total, 84.
W. EUSTIS.
War Department, January 5, 1810.
1810.] MILITARY FORCE AND ITS DISPOSITION IN 1810. 249
nth Congress.] No. 92. [ad Session.
MILITARY FORCE AND ITS DISPOSITION IN 1810.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 1, 1810.
War Department, January 30, 1810.
Sir:
In obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 22d inst. I have the honor to transmit
you the following returns, marked A, B, and C.
A exhibits a general return of the troops of the United States, composing the military peace establishment and
the additional military force, specifying the particular force of each regiment and corps, taken from the latest re-
turns received by the adjutant and inspector of the army, to the 28th of November, 1809; to which is subjoined the
present disposition of the general and field officers.
B. A return of the regular forces allotted for the defence of New Orleans, comprehending those of the military
peace establishment on that station, and the additional military force ordered there on the 2d December, 1808.
C. The disposition and effective strength of the additional militaiy force ordered for the defence of New Or-
leans, taken from the latest reports received at the office of the adjutant and inspector of the army; to which is sub-
joined a list of resignations, dismissals, and deaths, of officers of the army, since the 1st of January, 1809.
The additional force ordered for the defence of New Orleans, was detached from the several corps as they had
been recruited, and arrived at that place between the tenth of March and 20th of April, 1809. Leaving a detach-
ment in the city of New Orleans, this army moved and encamped at Terre au Boeuf, on the Mississippi, fifteen
miles below New Orleans, on the eighth of June, where they remained until the month of September. In Septem-
ber they embarked for Natchez, and in the month of October encamped near Washington, six miles in the rear of
Natchez, at which place they hutted for the winter.
It must have been expected, that the sickness and mortality incident to new troops in the summer and autumnal
months, would be aggravated by their removal to a more southern climate. The whole of this detachment has been
affected with disease; and the number of deaths will be found eventually to exceed those stated in the returns.
Since their removal to their present station, the latest advices state that they are convalescent.
1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The President of the United States.
250
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1810.
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254
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1810.
C — Continued.
Resignations of Officers since 1st January, 1809.
NAMES. ■
BANK.
REGIMENT.
DATE OF RESIGNATION.
William A. Murray,
Captain,
Artillerists,
October
1, 1809.
Joseph Kimball, -
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
August
1, "
George Peter, - -
Captain,
Light Artillery,
June
11, "
Josepli Chandler, - - -
Do.
Do.
Sept.
1, "
Daniel Gano,
Do.
Do.
April
20, "
Samuel Watson, -
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
Sept.
11, "
Samuel H. Holley,
2d do. -
Do.
January
1. 1810.
Alexander F. Rose,
Captain,
Light Dragoonsj
Nov.
10, 1809.
Clement Biddle, - . -
Do.
Do-
Sept.
30, "
Isaac A. Coles, -
Do.
Do.
January
18, 1810.
John M. Barclay, -
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
Sept.
1, 1809.
George Nichols, - - -
2d do. -
Do.
July
4, "
Jonas Munroe, - - -
Do.
Do.
Sept.
15, "
Ferdinand Ludlow,
Do.
Do.
Decern.
15, «
John Read,
Do.
1st Infantry,
January
31, '^
John Brahan,
Captain,
2d Infantry, -
Do.
1, 1810.
Benjamin S. Smoot,
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
April
1, 1809.
John Hacket,
Do.
Do.
January
31, '*
Abner Pasteur,
Captain,
3d Infantry, -
Do.
1, 1810.
Charles C. McKenzie,
2d Lieutenant,
Do.
October
15, 1809.
Nicoll Fosdic,
1st do. -
4th Infantry,
'Decem.
1, "
Samuel Haines, - - -
Do.
Do.
June
15, "
Lewis Harrington,
2d do. - ■ -
Do.
October
15, "
Timothy Gerrish, -
Ensign,
Do. - . -
Sept.
1, "
Alexander Parker,
Colonel,
5lh Infantry,
Decem.
31, "
Tully Rubinson, - - -
Major, ' -
Do.
May
9, "
Roger A. Jones, -
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
Sept.
1, "
James Fonerdon, -
Do.
Do.
April
16, "
Mordecai Griffith,
Do.
Do.
July
10, "
Jeremiah Yancy, ■•
Ensign,^
Do.
October
20, "
Ebenezer Cross, - - -
Captain^
6th Infantry,
June
10, "
Thomas Davis,
Do.
Do.
January
1, 1810. ■
William Cock,
Do.
Do. -
Decem.
31, 1809.
William Pennell, -
Do.
Do.
Sept.
1, "
Abel Morse,
2d Lieutenant,
Do.
Nov.
10, »
John Gailland, . - r
Do.
Do.
Do.-
11, "
William Gamble, - - -
Ensign,
Do.
April
30, "
Asa Grimes, , - .
Do.
Do.
May
31, » .
Edward Hord,
Captain,
7th Infantry,
January
1, 1810.
James Desha, . - .
Do.
Do.
Decem.
1, 1809.
Duff Green, - - -
2d Lieutenant,
Do. -
October
6, "
Alexander Smith, - - -
Do.
Do. . -
Nov.
1, "
John Hughes, - - -
Ensign,
Do.
May
2, "
William S. Allen,
Do.
Do.
October
20, "
Horace S. White,
2d Lieutenant,
Riflemen,
July
1, "
Joseph S. Pepper, - - -
Ensign,
Do. > -
Unknown.
Angus Langhara, -
Do.
Do.
April
15, "
John Logan, ... -
Do.
Do. • -
October,
1, "
Edmund Foster, - - -
Do.
Do. - -
July
1, "
Enos Lewis,
Surgeon's mate,
Do. - -
Sept.
', "
Thomas H- Holland,
Do!
Peace Establishment, -
Do.
1, "
Dismissal of Officers, by sentence of General Courts Martial, since \st January, 1809,
NAMES.
RANK.
REGIMENT.
DATE OF DISMISSAL.
Robert McDougal, .
Isaiah Doane,
David Byers, • . .
Alden G. Cushman,
Alexander S. Walker,
Matthew Cannan, .
1st Lieutenant,
Captain,
Do. .
1st Lieutenant,
Captain,
2d Lieutenant,
3d Infantry,
4th Infantry,
Do.
Do.
Riflemen,
Do.
August 7, 1809.
June 12, "
Oct. 31, "
July 3, «
January 1, 1810.
Do. 1, "
1810.]
ARMORY AND ARSENAL AT SPRINGFIELD.
C — Continued.
Deaths of Officers since \st January, 1809.
NAMES.
RANK.
REGIMENT. '
DATE OF DECEASE.
AT WHAT PLACE.
Alpheus Roberts, •
2d Lieutenant, .
Light Artillery,
August 27, 1809,
New Orleans.
James I. Bowie,
1st Lieutenant,
Light Dragoons,
May 27, "
Do.
Milton Haxton,
Cornet, .
Do.
Dec. 29, "
Carlisle, Penn.
William Lithgow,
Ensign, .
1st Infantry,
June 19, "
New Orleans.
Francis Johnson,
Captain,
2d Intantry,
Feb. 17, "
Columbian
John C Carter,
2d Lieutenant, .
Do.
Aprd 2, "
[Spring.
Edward Mason,
Do. .
3d Infantry,
June 19, "
New Orleans.
Robert Watson,
Ensign, .
Do.
Unknown-
Point Coupee.
John T. Bentley,
Captain,
6th Infantry,
Oct. 20, 1809,
New Orleans.
James Chambers,
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
Oct. 10, "
New York.
Lewis P. Ducros,
Ensign, .
7th Infantry,
June 20, •'
New Orleans.
David Findley,
Captain,
Riflemen,
July 1, "
Fort Adams,
George Morrison,
1st Lieutenant,
Do.
May 21, "
[M. T.
William D. Jones,
Ensign,
Do.
August 22, "
New Orleans.
Samuel McKee.
Surgeon's mate,
Peace Establishment,
Nov. 5. "
Vincennes.
John Biglow,
Do.
Do.
Unknown.
Inspector's Office, Washington City, January 29, 1810.
A. Y. NICOLL,
Major Artillerists and Jldjutant and Inspector of the Army.
11th Congress.]
No. 93.
[2d Session.
Sir:
ARMS SOLD TO THE STATES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 20, 1810.
War Department, February 17, 1810.
I Have the honor to transmit to Congress an account of sales of public arms, as authorized by the act of the
9d of April, 1808, entitled " An act authorizing the sale of public arms,"
And have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States.
War Department, Accountant's Office, February 16, 1810.
Account of sales of public arms sold to individual States, as authorized by the act of the 2rf of April, 1808, entitled
'■'■An act authorizing the sale of public arms," as far as the same are entered on the books of this office.
Sold to the State of Georgia, and charged to her account, on the books of this office, 31st May, 1808, 4,000
stands, at ten dollars, - - - - - - -- - $40,000
Sold to the State of Maryland, the money for which has been paid into the treasury of the United States,
24th May, 1809, 4,000 stands, at ten dollars, - - - - - - 40,000
$80,000
WM. SIMMONS.
Note. There has also been sold, and charged to the account of the State of Georgia, on the books of this office,
the following articles, viz:
160 arm chests and expenses packing arms, --.---_ $993 70
4,000 cartouch boxes and expenses packing, - . - - - - - - 6,049 00
$6,332 70
W. s.
11th Congress.]
No. 94.
[2d Session.
ARMORY AND ARSENAJL AT SPRINGFIELD.
communicated to the house of representatives, on THE 28th OF FEBRUARY. 1810.
War Department, February 27, 1810.
In obedience to a resolution of the honorable the House of Representatives, of the 25(h January, the Secretary of
War has the honor to report:
That the public armory and arsenal, at Springfield, in the State of Massachusetts, have been recently inspected,
by an officer selected for that duty, who vvas directed to make strict and particular examination into the quality of
the muskets manufactured at that place.
256 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
From the report of this officer, on whose judgment and fidelity reliance is placed, it appears that, in the early
stages of that manufactory, muskets of an inferior quality were made; that improvements have been gradually mak-
ing; and that those manufactured within the last year are of superior quality. ,.,.., , „
From the statement made by this otficer, and from an inspecti(m made by himself, m the summer past, the se-
cretary of War is of opinion, that the muskets manufactured at tiiis time are of good quality, and that the public
works at Springfield are well conducted. .„..,. .„ u -.. j
All which IS respectfully submitted.
W. EUSTIS.
The Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
11th Congress.] No. 95. [2d Session.
T H B^ M I L I T I A.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, MARCH 6, 1810.
Mr. Smith, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the President as relates to an
effectual organization of the militia of the United States, reported:
That, in considering the subject submitted to them, impediments of various and insuperable kinds presented
themselves to view. The constitution of the United States gives to Congress only a qualified agency on the subject
of the militia, and authorizes them only " to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for go-
verning such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States; reserving to the States, respec-
tively, the appointment of the ofl5cers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed
by Coii'iess." As, under this provision, no authority is delegated to Congress to regulate tines for non-attendance,
nor to iTx tlie days for training, the only efficient means seem to be wanting to give force and skill to this establish-
ment, i'lie aw of 1793 already provides for organizing and disciplining the militia; and a subsequent act makes
provision tor aiming them. All, therefore, within the power of Congress, seems to have been already done, unless
it should De deemed expedient to make a new organization, by a classification which shall constitute a select and
a reserve inilttia.
The prejudices against such a mode of organization. in many parts of the Union, and the difficulties to be sur-
mounted, at a moment like the present, have deterred the committee from submitting such a project.
If the States are anxious for an effective militia, to them belong the power, and to them too belong the means of
rendering the militia truly our bulwark in war, and our safeguard in peace; and as the committee are willing to hope
that the States will not be unmindful of the great duty of providing for the national safety by a well ordered and
effective militia, and as the committee are unwilling to derive any powers to Congress, not expressly given by the
constitution, nor necessarily incident to the powers delegated, they submit the following resolution, viz:
Resolved, That the committee be discharged from further consideration of this subject.
11th Congress.] No. 96. [2d Session.
DEFECTS IN THE QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, MARCH 12, 1810.
War Department, January 1st, 1810.
Sir:
The inconveniences and embarrassments to the service, together with the neglect and loss of property, arising
from the irregular and unprecedented manner in which the Quartermaster's Department is conducted, render it my
duty to suggest the propriety of some further legal provision on the subject. The defects of the present system
originate in the laws. By the law fixing the military peace establishment, provision is made for the appointment of
three Military Agents, and as many Assistant Military Agents, not exceeding one to each military post, as the Pre-
sident shall deem expedient. The law authorizing an additional military force, provides for two Brigade and eight
Regimental Quartermasters. The Military Agents and Assistant Military Agents are appointed by the President.
The Brigade Quartermasters by the Brigadiers, and the Regimental Quartermasters by the Colonels of regiments.
The result of this organization is, that the Assistant Military Agents, who ought to account for, and make returns
to, the Military Agents, of all property delivered to them, are not held by a proper responsibility, the Military
Agents having no power or influence in thgir appointment, nor authority to call them to account for mal-practices
or neglect of duty. The Brigade and Regimental Quarteiinasters are as little under their control.
It will. also be perceived that no provision is made for the appointment of an officer whose duty it should be to
have charge of, and be responsible for, the property appertaining to that department, to regulate and superintend the
distribution of all supplies, and to whom all subordinate officers shoidd be accountable.
In want of such an officer, the Secretary of War has been obliged to perform the duties of Quartermaster Gene-
ral. Under the. military peace establishment, those duties were laborious. Since raising the additional military
force, they have necessarily increased, until it is suggested by experience that, if they were compatible with other
duties required of him, the Secretary of War cannot continue to discharge them, either satisfactorily to himself, or
with justice to the public.
It is, therefore, respectfully suggested, that the President be authorized by law to appoint a Quartermaster Gen-
eral, with rank in the army not exceeding the rank of , with pay and emoluments not exceeding those
of .
An Assistant Quartermaster General , to be taken from the line of Captains, whose compensation shall not exceed
one half his monthly pay and emoluments.
As many Deputy Quartermasters General, not exceeding four, as the service may require.
If taken from the line, their compensation not to exceed one half (heir monthly pay and emoluments; if not of
the line, not to exceed the present compensation of the Military Agents.
As many Assistant Deputy Quartermasters, not exceeding one to each military post, as the service may require,
to be taken from the line, and allowed eight dollars per month, (as provided by law for the present Assistant Military
Agents. )
1810.] DEFECTS IN THE QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 257
Under this arrangement the Deputy Quartermasters General would perform the duties at Jjresent performed by
the Military Agents: the Assistant Deputy Quartermasters, those performed by the Assistant Military Agents.
Their compensation being the same, the additional expense to be incurred will consist principally in (he pay and
emoluments of the Quartermaster General, with the incidental expenses of his office, and in one additional Deputy
Quartermaster General, if the. service should require his appointment.
In time of peace, the proposed system being less complicated, and possessing a more regular and rigid accounta-
bility, would be far less expensive in its consequences: at the same time that it would instruct the officers in a branch
of service acknowledged by military men to be of the first importance.
To meet a state of war without such an establishment, which has been justly denominated the right hand of an
army, wduld be to disregard the practice and experience of our own and every other nation, and expose to hazard
and defeat every military operation.
With respectful consideration, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. W. B. Giles, Chairman.
Committee Chamber, January 13, 1810.
Sir:
In obedience to the instructions of the committee of the Senate, to whom was referred the message of the Pre-
sident of the United States of the 3d instant, I now have the honor of requesting you to submit a plan to the com-
mittee for establishing a General Staff', or Quartermaster's Department, for the Army of the United States. I am
also instructed to intimate to you, sir, that it would be agreeable to the committee to have the plan as much in detail
as your convenience will permit.
I have it also in charge from the committee, to ask of you a statement of military munitions, which may be
required by the' present exigencies of the country; together with an estimate of the sum of money which may be
necessary for providing the same.
Be pleased, sir, to accept assurances of my high consideration, &c.
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Honorable William Eustis, Secretary of War.
Washington, January 15, 1810.
Sir:
Your favor of the 1st instant, respecting the establishment of a Quartermaster's Department for the Array of
the United States, addressed to me, as chairman of a committee of the Senate, &c. was not put into my hands until
late last evening.
It is probable, if it had been sooner received, a part of my letter of the 13th instant, addressed to you in relation
to that subject, might have been deemed unnecessary by the committee.
Be pleased, sir, to accept my respectful compliments, &c.
WM. B. GILES.
The Honorable William Eustis.
War Department, January 15, 1810.
I take the liberty of submitting for perusal and consideration, the enclosed extracts from the letters of Mr.
William Linnard, (a faithful and indefatigable Military Agent) which letters were accompanied with the names of
several Assistant Military Agents to whom he had made disbursements, and from whom he had not been able to
procure satisfactory statements and settlements.
They are among the evidences daily occurring which evince the necessity of a reformation in the Quartermaster's^
Department.
With respectful consideration, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Hon. W. B. 3iLEs, Chairman Committee of the Senate.
Extract of a letter from William Linnard, Military Jigent, dated
Philadelphia, September 15th, 1809.
" With respect to instructing the assistant agents to forward requisitions and other evidence, to show on what
authwity expenditures have been made, I beg leave to observe, that, whenever I have had occasion to write to a newly
appointed agent, I have never failed to inform him that such documents were indispensably necessary to accompany
their vouchers; and although I have been very particular in those instructions, little or no regard has been paid to them;
and, in fact, in some instances, vvhere the commanding officer was assistant agent, they have ridiculed the idea as ex-
tremely absurd to make requisitions on themselves. I do believe it to be impracticable to obtain those documents in every
instance, unless the assistant agents were more stationary, and the principals clothed with more authority than they
fossess. I shall, however, not lose sight of the object, but continue to use my endeavors to obtain them; and, if
fail, it ought not to add to my duties, already too much multiplied."
Extract of a letter from William Linnard, MiRlary Jigent, dated
Philadelphia, December 1th, 1809.
" On receipt of your instructions relative to the accounts, I wrote circular letters to all the assistant agents,
and in order to enforce your injunctions, and that I might not be misunderstood, I enclosed copies of your instructions
to me. To press the necessity of a particular attention to the vouchers, I introduced the following quotation from
your letter: ' That, in all their disbursements, the authority of the commanding officer should accompany the voucher,
particularly stating the object of the expenditure.' Some of the assistant agents and officers have strangely con-
strued those expressions to require the authority the commanding officer had to make the requisition; and instead of
writing to me for an explanation, they have delayed their accounts until the commanding officer could write to the
Secretary of War for his authority, or an explanation."
Washington City, November 29th, 1809.
Sir:
On the eve of leaving the army, (unless a prospect of active service should forbid it) permit me to address
you on the important necessity of the Quartermastei's Department being restored, if it was only on the ground of
economy: for, to that department, belongs the care of all stores belonging to the army. By the derangement of that
department, were strict inquiry made, it would be found that more than 100,000 dollars have been lost, in the course
of a few years, by the abolition of the Quartermaster's Department, and the introduction of a system of military
agency. Instances may be found of ciiaracters being employed as agents, perfectly ignorant of military afiairs, and
the great duties imposed on them, and at times unsupplied with the means necessary of performance.
The Quartermaster General of an army is an officer of great importance, and should be of high rank, active,
persevering, and experienced, perfectly acquainted with i.ie geographical situation and advantages of tlie country in
253 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
which an army is to act, so as always to draw his supplies at the least possible injury and expense. He is primarily
charged with all the articles belonging to his department; on him requisitions are to be made by the division quarter-
masters tor such stores as may be required for their divisions; which stores are to be issued on the returns of the
brigade quartermasters, and so to the regimental quartermasters, who are to make and deliver returns of all stores
on hands and delivered once in three months, to the brigade quartermasters, who will consolidate and transmit them
to the division quartermasters, who, in like manner, are to consolidate and transmit them to the Quartermaster
General, who will transmit them to the Secretary of War. Pursuing this principle it can always be ascertained in
what division, brigade, or regiment, there may be delinquency.
You will please excuse the liberty 1 have taken in addressing you on a subject of great importance to the army,
either on a peace or war establishment. The importance of this subject will perhaps be more iully impressed by an
application to military gentlemen who have experienced the inadequacy of the present system to the general welfare
of our country.
Accept the assurances of my perfect esteem.
A. PARKER, Col. 5th Infantry.
War Department, January 20, 1810.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the 13th instant, requesting " a statement of military munitions which may be re-
quired by the present exigencies of the country, with an estimate of the sums v^hich may be necessary for providing
the same," I must ask the indulgence of the honorable committee in stating to them, tliat, as the sums already ap-
propriated by law, for completing the fortifications for the defence of the ports and harbors, which had been com-
menced or projected, were deemed sufficient for the object, no further appropriation on account of fortifications was
proposed in the estimate for the present year. But, in case of war, additional works will be required. Their situa-
tion, nature, and extent, depending on the emergencies which may require them, cannot be ascertained. In many
instances, they will probably be of a temporary nature, and constructed principally by the troops.
The island of Rhode Island, from the peculiarity ol its local situation, bordering on the ocean, accessible at all
seasons of the year, atlbrding a safe and commodious harbor, fertile in itself, commanding other islands, well stocked
with provisions, and as a central station from which to harass the trade of the continent, otters to lin enemy advan-
tages not combmed in any other port, and requires additional means of defence.
To meet the expenditures required at this and other places, it is therefore respectfully suggested that the sum of
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars be appropriated on account of fortifications.
For supplying the several works with additional cannon, ammunition, and implements; for mounting on travel-
ling carriages, with proper equipments, a train of heavy ordnance, for the defence of such points or places as are not
protected by batteries; to mount and equip a train.of field artillery; to provide arsenals for the deposite of small arms
and artillery, with laboratories for preparing ammunition; and for procuring additional supplies of sulphur and salt-
petre and other' articles in the ordnance department, the sum of five hundred thousand dollars will be required.
The purchase of knapsacks,- cartridge boxes, scabbards, belts, and other equipments for infantry and cavalry, of
tents and other articles in the Quartermaster's department, with suitable store houses for their preservation, may be
estimated at four hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
The munitions embraced in the foregoing estimates are considered as preparatory, requiring time to providfe them,
and admitting of such extension and additions as exigencies may require.
For future supplies of cannon, with their implements, of small arms and accoutrements, and of clothing, if suita-
ble encouragement yvas given, great reliance may be placed on the public and private armories, and on the foun-
dries and manufiictories already in operation, the crude materials being the growth and produceof our own country.
Should the public exigencies render it necessary to call into actual service an additional military force, provision
should be made in season for furnishing each non-commissioned officer and private with clothing for one year.
I have the honoi- to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. W. B. Giles, Chairman.
War Department, February 4, 1810.
Sir:
The precarious state of foreign commerce, together with other considerations equally important, renders it ex-
tremely desirable that provision should be made for clothing the army of the United States from our own manufac-
tures.
On the contracts for provisions made annually by this Department, and on other contracts requiring a large capital,
it has been customary to make advances of money in order to enable the contractors to fulfil their engagements.
An extension of this practice to supplies of clothing would enable the purveyor to publish proposals and make his
contracts in the same manner as the provision contracts are made. From the encouragement which would thus be
given to the several manufactories, a spirit of competition would be excited, improvements would be made in the
works and in the several fabrics, and there can be;no doubt that ample supplies would be offered, on terms equally
advantageous with those attending imported cloths, while the necessity of having recourse to importations in future
would be finally removed.
In order to ensure success to this desirable object, it will be necessary that the appropriation for clothing should
be made in the year preceding that in which the clothing is to be delivered.
I have thought the subject of sufficient importiince to be communicated to the honorable committee of which you
are chairman.
And am, with respectful consideration, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Hon. W. B. Giles, Chairman.
11th CoNGRESs.1 ^Q_ Ql t2d Session.
THE xMILITIA.
CJOMMtlNlCATED TO CONGRESS, MARCH 21, 1810.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I lay before Congress a return of the militia of the United States, as received by the Department of War
from the several States and territories.
JAMES MADISON.
March 20, 1810. ,;j
1810.]
MILITIA.
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1810.] MILITIA. 263
11th Congress.] No. 98. ' [2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 29, 1810.
Mr. Clay, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the message of the President as relates to the
organization of the militia of the United States, reported " That the committee, in considering the several, sub-
jects to them referred, are of opinion, that it would be improper, at this time, to innovate on the present system
of organization of the militia of the United States."
Washington, December ISth, 1809.
Sir:
The organization of the militia ol the United States has long been deemed a subject of primary importance
by those who have been conversant with public aBairs. Various systems have been proposed and rejected, and,
indeed, it is not an easy matter to make any regulation which shall be adapted to the laws and the habits of the dif-
ferent States. Being a member of the committee to whom was referred that part of the President's message
which relates to the organization of the militia of the United States, ( take the liberty to inquire of you, what are
the prominent defects of the present system. The act of Congress under which the militia are formed, was passed
on the 8th of May, 179sJ, and must be perfectly familiar to you. By conversing with gentlemen from different parts
of the United States, I tind that all the Governors have not given that law the same construction: for instance, in
the formation of corps of horse, artillery, light infantry, and grenadiers, in some States, the Executive authority has
supposed that the act of Congress aforesaid, authorized the lormation only of troops and companies; while in other
States, regiments and even brigades are formed, and the officers have been duly commissioned.
A question hence arises, whether the orders of such general and field officers would be obeyed by officers from
those States where no such system had obtained, if they should be called into service together. What has been the
practice in this respect in your State.'' How are your dragoon and artillery corps formedj whether into troops and
companies only, or into regiments and brigades, and if into the latter, under the sanction of what law.'
Would it not be advisable, for the sake of uniformity, either to authorize by law the formation of regiments,
especially of dragoons, or else to reduce the regiments now formed and attach one troop to each regiment or brigade
of infantry.
In some States it has become a practice to obtain commissions, and resign them immediately, only for the sake
of being exempt from militia duty- What inconvenience would result from limiting the shortest period of service
to a commissioned officer, (extraordinary cases excepted) and if he should resign before the expiration of that period,
to be liable to be called into the ranks? This is now the case in some States.
What are the objections, to embodying a corps, to be composed of all such able bodied men as have reached the
age of 45, and under 60, and who are exempt from military duty, on!y by a^e, under the present law, to be
called the alarm list, and never liable to march out of the State, nor to perform military duty or parade; but to be
obliged once a year to appear on parade armed, and, in case of invasion, or insurrection, to march with the other
militia?
It has been a favorite theme with the Southern members, to class the militia so as that" the burthen of active duty,
if needed, should fell on that portion of our citizens who are between twenty-one and twenty-five years of age. The
Northern members have pretty uniformly opposed such an innovation upon our system. What objections to such a
Pleasure have occurred to your tnind?
Would it be advisable for the General Government to attempt to arm the militia? and if so, in what mode? whether
by giving them the arms, or to apportion them to the States, to be preserved in magazines against time of need?
Is there any thing, in the present mode of discipline, which needs the interference of the General Government?
Would it be advisable to call out any portion of the militia yearly, to take the field? and if so, on what principles
should such a sj'stem be adopted?
These, sir, are some of the prominent points on which, perhaps, some amendments may be made to our present
militia system. Other improvements may undoubtedly have occurred to your mind. Any reflections which you
may please to bestow upon this subject, and any amendments which you may propose to our present system, if com-
municated to me, shall be submitted to the committee who now have this subject under consideration.
This letter will be enclosed to Governor Treadwell, that he may make any remarks, or communicate such in-
structions to you, as he may deem necessary.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
BENJ. TALLMADGE.
General E. Huntington.
Norwich, 5th January, 1810.
Dear Sir:
In answering your letter of the 18th ultimo, which came to liand on the 29th, I find a task which, on
opening and reading, I did not anticipate; but if, in the course of it, I shall give you one new idea worth preserving,
I shall be more tiian satisfied.
The subject matter has frequently presented itself to my mind as attended with serious difficulty, as well as of
great national importance; but, owing to the diversity of habits which are to be included, and probably in many re-
spects, subdued, by a militia system pervading the United States, (without any knowledge of the respective State
systems to which the men have been accustomed) I feel myself inadequate to form a plan which would be accept-
able. Indeed I frankly own I have never seen any system proposed, in which I had confidence, nor do I believe
any system, commensurate to the object, will ever be adopted by the Government, or, if adopted, be submitted to by
the sovereign people. A man possessing so little confidence in militia to oppose regular troops, except for the mo-
ment, and on the spur of the occasion, and who absolutely knows, so fully as I do, the enormous waste and expense
attending their every movement, is not capable of aftbrding much aid in the completion of a militia system. Too
much has already been done with the militia, if they are not to be a substitute for standing troops, and too little will
always be done if they are made a substitute. The song which has been incessantly sung, ever since the constitu-
tution was adopted, that the militia are the sure bulwark of our nation, the safe guardians of our liberties, is now
in the mouth of every one, and he who doubts the truth of it is deemed a political infidel; yet, with all the odium
attached, I acknowledge myself no convert to such doctrine. Let the Government proceed to regulate the militia
to the utmost length their masters, the sovereign people, will bear — it will be just so far as to make them fond for
powder in the day of battle; and death, or what is worse, loss of honor, must be expected by every officer of spirit
connected with them. General Knox's system (a copy of which he was pleased to send me) is the only system which
I have seen, that can be considered as possessing any efficiency.
That system was rejected by the Government as being too expensive; it was approaching the mark, but, in my
opinion, short, and not altogether correct in detail. Less energy than what that system contained is a downright fraud
on the public mind. You observe that all the Governors have not given the act of Congress of 1792 the same construc-
tion in the formation of cavalry, &c. I reply that the act of 1792 was laid before the Legislature of this State,
and a law passed to carry the same into effect, but some things to be effected, which the Legislature could not con-
veniently do, were submitted to his Excellency Governor Huntington, the then chief magistrate, to execute: among
264 MILLTARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
those referred, was the arrangement of the cavalry, which then consisted, if I recollect, of twenty-nine companies
or troops, unequally divided into five or six regiments, one regiment containing seven companies. His Excel-
lency the Governor, knowing that some of the troops had been raised under the immediate patronage of particular
officers, and whose limits were not recorded in the office of ihe Secretary of State, though the officers had been com-
missioned, and the companies recognised by the Government, deemed it expedient to call to his counsel the general
officers throughout the State j and when met, it was discovered that an uniformity of opinion did not prevail re-
specting reiaining the cavalry in regiments. A majority of the gentlemen, however, considering the privileges which
had been granted in raising the companies of cavalry, with the custom and usage oiF being regimented, brought the
corps within the letter and spirit of the 3d section, and of the last clause of the lOth section of the law of 1792, and
recommended that the cavalry sliould be formed into eight regiments, one of which to be attached to each brigade,
and that his Excellency the Governor be requested to grant permission to raise three more companies to complete
the eight legimenls to four troops each. (The above detailed account I believe correct; I give it from recollection,
and it IS possible that, in some respects, my recollection may not have served me.) His Excellency, in confor-
mity to such advice, did alter and new iorm the limits of the regiments of cavalry, did raise three more companies,
and completed the eight regiments, and assigned them to the respective brigades of infantry. I cannot conceive
that any collision can possibly arise respecting rank in any one State, among the cavalry officers; for the commis-
sions issuing from the same source are of equal validity in the .eyes of the officers; but it is possible, if the before
■mentioned exposition of the law is not correct, that collisions may arise when portions of militia from different
States are called into the field together. The power of forming artillery companies is, by law, placed under the
direction of the Captain General of this State; such companies as were in existence at the time of passing the act of
1792, with such as have been since raised, have been attached to the regiments of infiintry from wlience they enlisted.
Whether it is advisable to have the cavalry in regiments, or only in companies attached to infantry regiments,
or what relative proportion is best, I cannot determine. The number of cavalry which might be employed to advan-
tage ill the Southern or Middle States, would, in a great degree, be useless in the New England States. For a sud-
den irruption into an enemy's country, or in a retreat, cavalry have a decided superiority over infantry, and if you
could have them diciplined and instructed in the duties of an artillerist, they would become highly useful to operate
with the artillery; but, under any general law for the government of the militia, I cannot persuade myself that they
could be useful but in small numbers to clear a tract of country before an invading foe.
Ill an army where you can provide magazines, you can have large bodies of cavalry, but, in case of invasion,
infantry, principally, are more to be relied on than large bodies of cavalry — they cannot be supported. I think
the officers, commanding in the higher grades in the cavalry, require experience, and that experience which can be ob-
tained only by serving with cavalry. Although you may frequently find an officer in the ititiintry, who would com-
mand a body of cnvalry with honor to himself, still I believe that you must have your field officers used to, and fa-
miliar wiih, the cavalry discipline, which is not expected from an infantry officer. In this place, I would suggest,
that the enormous expense of cavalry ought to have its influence to lessen its number. 1 am decidedly of opinion,
that one company of cavalry to a brigade of infantry is a large proportion. If the number of cavalry were dimi-
nished to one company to a brigade of infantry, you might, with propriety, expect your men better mounted and
equipped, and, in tiict, be more efficient than a larger number. You might require the men to be of a certain size,
of a certain age, and hold themselves owners of the horses, which horses should be inspected, accepted, and regis-
tered, and not harrowed, on a muster day, as, at present, is very common. The men might be enlisted under an
express condiiion that they should always hold themselves liable to march, completely equipped and mounted, on
the earliest notice. You well know that a great proportion of the horses used at present in our cavalry corps are
totally unfit for field service.
You mention that, in some States, it is not unfrequent to accept commissions, and then resign, merely accepting
the appointment to avoid service. The observation applies to every State, I presume, in a greater or less degree, and
must always be expected, where the profession of arms is so little encouraged as in the United States, and where
the honor of serving his country is held in so cheap estimation.
The length of time which an officer ought to serve, to entitle him to an honorable discharge, is difficult to ascertain;
but I think if an officer was obliged to do duty in the ranks, who should not serve four years in the commission or
grade from which he wished a discharge, it would be the mean of bringing forward a class of men, better calculated
to do the public justice, than permitting so easy an evasion of military duty; perhaps, if above years of age,
and under years of age, he might have his election, whether to pay an annual sum to the regimental purse, ra-
ther than be subjected to do duty in the ranks, would be desirable. Ought not the act of Congress to define exempts
from military duty, and the States be permitted to add none to that number, except the persons exempted be liable
to an annual composition in money, to be paid into the military chest, for supplying the regiment with blank car-
tridges, colors, drums, fifes, &c., and for any use to which an expense now arises to the regiment.
The experience which this State had of alarm list companies, as they were called, during the revolutionary war,
which were composed of those exempt from military duty in the common militia companies, and, I think, under se-
venty years of age, has induced me to reject the idea of such men being embodied as soldiers; they may be useful
as men, with their families, and some few of them may be employed about an army, but as soldiers they are not
worth their rations. The sparsely settled state of our country, even in Connecticut, throws obstacles in the way of
classing the militia, which have much weight in my mind; a great part of this State spreads the limits of a military
company over an extended districtof nearly nine miles in circumference, to obtain sixty-four, liable by law to do mi-
litary duty, and many of the companies embrace a district of double that extent; which company, if brought into
classes, would live so remote from a common centre, that the duties on ordinary trainings would be an unreasonable
tax on the men, as a large proportion of those liable to do duty are of that class who neither own horses, nor are able
to hire on such occasions. To avoid that inconvenience you must have small companies, and the whole worth of the
company would be inadequate to furnish officers and non-commissioned officers. If ever classing of the militia should
be thought essential, or a substitute must be found, I should prefer that every battalion should be obliged to have its
flank company kept full, and that the flank companies, the artillery companies, and the cavalry, should have some
incitements from the public treasury, to be in complete readiness on any and every emergency, and should be called
for in the first instance, and without any previous notice, leaving to the Adjutants General to detail from the militia
such a number of field and staff oflicers as to completely officer them, which detailed field and staff should be con-
sidered under requisitions for a certain length of time, and, if not called into the field in twelve months, then other
officers to be detailed tor the same duty ''and relieve them; and, if called into the field, to be relioved, on returning,
after the tour of duty was performed. Such a corps, as abovementioned, would be more efficient than double their
numbers, detached in the usual manner; it woukl take from this State about six thousand men, officers included,
which is nearly our proportion of two hundred thousand men from the United States, making the last detail by the
Secretary of War our guide. In respect to arming the militia by the General Government, I cannot believe it ex-
pedient in any point of view. If the public should be willing to place their arms in the hands of the soldiery, they
would, under every care which would be taken, be nearly rendered useless in a very short period. If they should
be placed under the care of the officers, they would soon be destroyed with rust, without a regular armorer to take
care of them; if they should be put into the hands of the men on their responsibility, they would be sold by them in
many instances, and loaned; and used for gunning in others, and, I have no doubt might be considered a total loss in
five years; besides, if the public were to furnish arms for the militia, the arms, now in our country, and many of
them very fine pieces, would be totally neglected, which are now kept in some .kind of order by the owners, while
they are impressed with the necessity of taking care of their property, and that, possibly, they may be called to
take the field, and hazard their lives on the goodness of their arms. I should consider a magazine in each Stale,
supplied with field pieces, arms, ammunition, and all the equipments necessary for a thousand men, and under the
care of a suitable man paid for the purpose, more to be relied on than a supply for three thousand, dealt out to the
men, or placed under the care of militia officers, at the close ot every training day. If our liberties are worth pre-
serving, and we will not pay enlisted troops to preserve them, we must be willing to pay a little out of the common
stock, to support a system which is reiied on as a substitute. I have no confidence in the mode of detaching the
1810.] MILITIA. 265
militia, as heretofore practised by our Government; I presume it has been calculated for its eifect abroad, but you
may rest assured its effects have been confined to ourselves — i«e have been imposed on — we have relied on the militia;
without this detachment ive should have considered ourselves neglected, but I firmly believe our country hath ob-
tained, by the different detachments, nothing but the expense. You cannot find an European officer, and but lew
American officers, who hold the militia in much estimation; they do not respect them, only as they hold an enemy in
bay tor a moment, until other troops may be called in.
It is our parsimony which makes us too highly estimate militia; if the militia were more expensive than enlisted
troops, there is not an American but would reprobate the idea. Having remarked on each of the points mentioned
in your letter, I shall take the liberty to remark on the act of 179'2, the consideration of which gave rise to your
letter.
The first section, which respects enrolling the inhabitants, I wish to see altered in such a manner as to embrace
all above the age of sixteen and under forty years of age. The experience I had, in the year 1777, of the exertions
of our light inliintry company, which was composed generally of lads under eighteen, and some under sixteen, sa-
tisfied me fully that, for nearly all and every service, the lads at sixteen were as much to be relied on as those
above that age. On the approach of action they were always in spirits, calculating on the honor they should ac-
quire. I had rather risk my reputation (m the exertions by the class of yotfng men, from sixteen to twenty, than on
all those above that age. The young court danger from motives of honor and love of country combined; the elder
class, on the approach of danger, are ruminating on their wives and children; the bodily strength of those of six-
teen is equal to all the duties ordinarily required to be performed by the militia; they will be more ambitious in their
acquiring the use of arms, and laying the foundation for promotion, which those with families, and more advanced
in life, hold in much less estimation. In our Northern States, our military days of parade are geneially considered
holidays, and the class of citizens from sixteen to eighteen, are always found about the parade, and their amusements
as laborious as the duties of a soldier, and frequently more injurious to their health and morals. By embodying all
able bodied from sixteen to eighteen, will, in this State, I presume, add one-fifth, if not one third, to the number of
militia. .
I think the notice of six months to be equipped ought to be given, before the person arrives at the age of sixteen,
so as to be obliged to do duty at that time; and I humbly conceive, that, if tiie law required no notice to be given by
the officer enrolling, it would not be a hardship: for it is universally known by the boys among us when they are to
be enrolled for duty. I am not very tenacious of that part of the law which requires the men to furnish themselves,
and carry their ammunition to the field; if, on an emergency, they could receive ammunition from some common
stock, more reliance could be placed on their being properly furnished, than in the present mode. I think no ex-
emptions ought to be made from militia duty, but by act of "Congress, and that such list of exemptions ought not to
embrace so large a class of citizens as at present. By so many exemptions, the militia duty is rendered less popu-
lar, and the exempts are frequently those very characters who would make the best ofiiccrs. Every man whose
public duty will permit him to do military duty, and is under forty years of age, I could wish to see become a citi-
zen soldier, whilst the defence of our country is entrusted to the militia. If you will consent to embody those ci-
tizens from sixteen to eigliteen, I firmly believe you may enlarge your companies to one hundred, without extending
their limits, and I can see no inconvenience resulting from such an enlargement; it will excite more emulation
among the officers. I think brigade majors should uniformly be taken from the line of Captains, and should have
no additional rank thereby; all other staff officers, for the brigades or regiments, should be taken from the commis-
sioned officers; indeed, 1 would allow no staff officer, except aides-de-camp, and the adjutant and quartermaster
general, and their staff and hospital officers, to be taken from those not liable to military duty, and I would restrain
the appointment of surgeons and surgeons' mates to regular bred licensed physicians and surgeons, and to those above
years of age. It is highly exceptionable, in my view, to have such appointments made from favoritism; I have
known some appointments to those important offices, made from boys under eighteen years of age, whom I would
not have entrusted to open a vein, or extract a tooth. It is worse than murder to employ and depend on such crea-
tures to attend the sick and wounded defenders of their country, when called to the field.
Instead of the uniform in any instance to be regulated by the brigadiers, as in the third section, I would have it
established by Congress, tliat, when the militia of the different States are called to perform service together, they
may be in uniform.
If the uniform should be established by Congress, to take place at a short future period, 1 have no doubt the troops
would be completely clad in the course of two years, if not in one, and, having one fixed uniform, would be attend-
ed with economy. The State and regimental colors, mentioned in the fifth section, I would have provided from
the funds of the regiment, into which, as a fund, I would have paid all fines collected for absence on days of muster
or review, and the sums paid for exemptions from military duty before suggested, and all other fines; and I think,
whenever a regiment is under arms, the Colonel or commanding officer should possess power to inflict fines on
those who absent themselves, after the muster has commenced, or for improper conduct, to the amount of dol-
lars. Confinement on such a day is not a pleasant mode to be adopted, with some of those liable to do duty, whose
feelings are not alive to such punishment, but would feel the effects of a fine; it should be left optional with the
commandant to fine, confine, or both. To the duties of an adjutant general i:i each State, I would annex the duties
of inspector general, and make it his duty personally to inspect the troops, (taking to his aid, whilst inspecting
each brigade.'the brigade majors of such brigades respectively.) He ought to examine every article, required by law
tobe part of the equipment, the ability of the horses belonging to the cavalry, andloccasionally to exercise the troops,
if he deems it expedient and necessary. To this officer, from whom I would require so much duty, I would have
annexed a compensation, sufficient to call into such service suitable persons to perform the duty. I do not hazard
any thing, in my opinion, when I say, that more can and will be effected by such an ofticer, to make your militia ef-
ficient, and be constantly in readiness for service, than fiom any other cause whatever. No provision is made by
the law of 1792 for furnishing field artillery; I ask you whether it is the duty of the State to furnish pieces for their
militia, when called out of the State? and whose diity it is to furnish horses to drag the artillery, when detached,
and to find ammunition, &c..^ and whether the respective States would permit their brass pieces to be removed out
of the State, without, or with, a provision for payment in case of losses? This subject may be worth consideration,
and, if the pieces are damaged, whose duty is it to repair them? I think whenever a fine is placed on a man by a
military tribunal, having cognizance of the crime, it should not be within another tribunal to re-examine and re-
view; many of our officers neglect laying fines, more through fear of a law suit, than from a willingness to neglect
their duty. I would have all fines, laid by the company officers, reported to the field officers, who should compose a
court, to review and judge of the propriety of collection, or remitting, and their judgment should not be reviewed
or reversed by any civil court. If a man, by his age, is liable to be enrolled in the first instance, (until he arrives
at the ag-e of exemption) he shall have no other tribunal, before whom he may bring his claim, but the board of field
officers. If Congress should leave to the respective States to make exemptions, they ought to provide that the per-
son who had been dismissed, or exempted from militia duty in his native State, or place of residence, for services
which he had performed as an officer in the line or staff, should not be liable to be enrolled in another State, to
which he may remove, provided he produces evidence of his former service and exemptions. A person who may
have served as a staff officer in Connecticut, is, by the law of New York, liable to do duty in the ranks, if he moves
into that State, which ought not to be the case. Courtesy dictates otherwise.
The manner of appointing officers to take command of tha militia in this Slate, and, perhaps, in many other
States, is a subject which I doubt whether the United States would think expedient to meddle with. It is one of
those points respecting which advocates may be found for'and against regulating the same; but, it it should be thought
within the constitution, and expedient to meddle with the subject, a question will arise, whether the appointment of
commissioned and non-commissioned officers to companies may not be placed in better hands than in the hands of
the soldiers? But, as it is doubtful in my mind exactly where the constitution intended to limit the arrangement of
the militia, by the word organize, and as taking the appointment of the officers and non-commissioned officers from
the soldiers, is rather aristrocratic and anti-republican, I v. ill not extend my remarks on that subject. Permit me
2QQ MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
to suggest that the bestowment of rank by brevet, to persons not in the line, was a source of inconvenieince in
the Revolutionary war, and requires great caution and care. Having so largely remarked on the subject of the mili-
tia as 1 have clone, you will permit me to observe, that I have not prepared the same for criticism; I have suggested
my ideas wilh freedom to you as a friend, and in compliance with your request; I hope they will not be exposed to
much inspection but by my friend. The gentlemen who compose the military committee are unknown to me, but
presume they are strangers, and will not highly appreciate my remarks; but to you I submit them.
I am with mucli esteem and respect, your obedient and very humble servant,
EBEN. HUNTINGTON.
The Honorable Benjamin Tallmadge.
Trenton, 29th December, 1809.
I do not presume I can add to the information of an officer of your experience; it is, however, proper to pay
respectful attention to the subject of the letter you did me the honor to write on the 20th (received the 26th) inst.
You will therefore please accept of the following answers given to your questions, relative to the organization of the
militia of the United States, as the result of my observations:
First. How are your dragoon and artillery corps formed?
Answer- Previous to the Western expedition, in 1794, the companies of cavalry and artillery, in New Jersey,
were attached to the regiments within whose bounds they were formed.
Besides a brigade of upwards of 1,500 infantry, including two companies of artillery thereto attached, in requi-
sition, 537 cavalry marched as volunteers to Pittsburg. Governor Howell appointed General White, then adjutant
general of New Jersey, to the command of the cavalry, arranged in squadrons under the command of senior captains.
The like formation into squadrons was made of the cavalry of Pennsylvania, by Governor Mifflin.
Upon the return of the cavalry to New Jersey, application was made to the Legislature, and by the militia law
of New Jersey were formed into ten squadrons, making five regiments, and composed one brigade, under the com-
mand of a brigadier general, five lieutenant colonels, and ten majors, and have so continued.
The artillery of the State was also formed into two battalions, making one regiment, and officered accordingly.
It was found absolutely necessary to organize such a body of cavalry as 500 into squadrons and regiments, for
subordination and discipline.
It will therefore be advisable, as well for the sake of uniformity, throughout the United States, as for their better
military regulation and discipline, to direct the organization of the cavalry in squadrons and regiments. It will be
more satisfactory, where the cavalry have been thus organized, and prevent oftence by their being reduced.
Second. What inconvenience would result from limiting the shortest period of service to a commissioned
officer? . .
Answer. It would be an improvement of the militia law of the United States to restrain the resignatmn of offi-
cers, until they shall have served seven years, unless in cases of necessity; and after-service of seven years, to be
exempted from service in the ranks, nevertheless, to be embodied and mustered with ihe senior class.
There are no exempts in New Jersey but those exempted by the militia law of the United States. If an officer
resigns, he must return to the ranks or be fined.
Third. What are the objections to embodying a corps of between the ages of forty -five and sixty?
Answer. There is no reasonable objection. The militia law of the United States ought to require the muster
of all able bodied men, between the ages of forty-five and sixty, for review, properly armed, but not to perform mi-
litary duty, only in case of invasion; nor to be required to march out of the State: to be denominated the' Senior
Corps, or Senior Class, of militia.
Permit nie here to ask, what objections can be made to class ?mnors, between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one?
These youths to put on their frocks, or other regimentals, and be exercised in their several towns, two hours be-
fore sunset, on the last Saturday in April, May, June, July, August, and September, under officers above the age of
twenty-one.
Great complaints are made in New Jersey by parents and masters having their children and apprentices put in
requisition; in many cases, inability to equip, pay fines, &c. which operates as a heavy tax on poor parents, and par-
ticularly on mechanics, who have trom five to twenty apprentices. I wish to see such a corps well disciplined in
their non-age.
There was some objection made to the enrolling of minors when this business of classification, between twenty-
one and twenty-six, was before Congress, in 1806. Yet I have never heard of a constitutional objection against
that part of the present militia law of the United States, which directs the enrolment of those who shall, from time
to time, arrive at the age of eighteen years. And why not enrol minors of sixteen, as well as those of eighteen, &c.
If it is unconstitutional in any of the States to enrol minors, what becomes of those between eighteen and twenty-
one? If the objection arises from the constitution of any of the States, on account of the appointment of the officers
to command minors, this can be accommodated in those States, by incorporating the minor with the senior class,
and let the seniors exclusively elect the officers to command both classes.
There ought to be some amelioration made in favor of those between eighteen and twenty-one, as to the equip-
ments, fines, penalties, and particularly on requisitions of the Government.
The Junior Corps, of course, will be those between twenty-one and forty-five, compose the great body and active
militia force of the nation; be put in requisition as heretofore, to march out of the State, &c.; nor do I wish to see
this corps paralyzed by the classification, of men between twenty-one and twenty-five, as has been proposed.
Fourth. What are your objections against classing the militia, so that the burthen of active duty shall fall on
men between the ages ol twenty-one and twenty-five years?
Answer. Doubts are entertained:
I. Whether this would not infringe the constitution of the United States, art. 1, sec. 8, page 16, "reserving
to the States, respectively, the appnintment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia," &c. And
the article of amendment to the constitution of the United States, " a well regulated militia being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."
Although I sincerely wish this reservation and amendment were stricken out of the constitution of the United
States, yet, whilst they remain, no good, energetic, general, uniform, national system of organization, of the.
militia of the United States, can be effected. In the administration of President Adams, it was alleged that the act
authorizing the President of the United States to raise a provisional army, passed 22d May, 1798, particularly sec-
tion 3, and the supplementary act thereto of 22d June, 1798, were infringements of these articles of the constitution
of the United States, inasmuch as it was unconstitutional —
1st. To separate a part of the militia within the State.
2d. Exempted these volunteer corps, whilst within the State, from the government of the militia laws of the
State.
3d. The appointment of the officers by the President. ■
II. The impolicy of such a corps at this time:
1st. It would derange, at one stroke, the system of organization of the militia of the several States, adopted
near eighteen years, under the mditia law of the United St.ates.
2d. It would annul, or operate as a repeal, of the several militia laws of the United States, passed in confor-
mity to the law of the United States, of 8th May, 1792.
1810.] MILITARY AND NAVAL EXPENSES. 267
3(1. It would require at least a year for tlie passmg of the militia laws, in the several States, conforming to the
proposed alteration, and perhaps some of the States would nut concur.
4th. The extended residence of men, between twenty-one and twenty-six, in the country, will make Iheir as-
sembling, for exercise, &c. very burthensome and unequal with those in the cities and populous parts of the
United States.
5th. The exercise under officers (as it must be) of their own choice will not improve these corps in military
knowledge, better than the great body of the militia under the present system.
6th. It will be an insupportable expense to allow this select corps pay and rations.
7th. It will weaken the natural defence of the nation, composed of the great body of the people, by placing en-
tire dependence on this select corps.
8th. In requisitions, substitutes are usually obtained of the poorer classes of men above twenty-six, and, indeed,
many only " fit food for powder and ball." If these select corps are established, the nation cannot be purified
of these gross materials above twenty-six.
If such corps should be selected, and separated from the militia, to allow them rations would be sufficient, to be
exercised by their officers, under the direction and inspection of an inspector in each State, distinguished for mili-
tary acquirements; to be paid by the United States.
Fifth. Would it be advisable for the Government to arm the militia?
Answer. That article of the constitution of the United States, respecting the militia, expressly directs, that
Congress shall "provide for arming:" the militia. They have not done it. The National Legislature have neglect-
ed viTiat they ought have done the moment it was in their power, to have apportioned arms, accoutrements. &c. to
the amount, at least, of one-sixth of the number of the enrolled militia; established arsenals for their preservation,
with magazines of powder and ball, and camp eq'iipage, &c. But, instead of doing this. Congress, by their militia
law of 1792, order every citizen enrolled to provide himself with arms, &c. and m five years require all muskets
to have bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound. The Legislatures of some of the States have
f>assed militia laws directing this to be done. Seventeen years have elapsed, and it has not been effected, it is be-
ieved, by any State in the Union. In New Jersey, only one regiment have (from fines collected froiii the Quakers
within its bounds) purchased six hundred stand of arms and accoutrements.
The supply of arms, ammunition, cainp equipage, arsenals, &c. in every State ready for the militia, particularly
for one-sixth thereof, being, perhaps, sufficient for any requisition of the United States, would give spirit and confi-
dence to the great body of the militia.
The amendment of the constitution of the United States, cited, secures " the right of the people to keep and
bear arras;" nor will the constitution of the United States, or the rights of the States, or of the people, be infringed,
and I am very confident not endangered, if the concurrent authority of the National Government is exercised to
provide arms, establish magazines, &c. and to arm indeed the great body of the militia of the United States.
Sixth. Would it be advisable to call out any portion of the militia, yearly, to take the field? and if so, on what
principle would it be advisable to adopt such a system?
Answer. Before this can be done to any advantage, arms, accoutrements, tents, and camp equipage must be
furnished by the Government of the United States; after the national Legislature shall have provided and delivered
into the magazines established in every State, sufficient for a requisition of, say, 100,000 men, to be enrolled for
three years' service, from the junior class of militia, that is, between twenty-one and forty-five, according to the quo-
tas of the several States, who shall meet once a year in the vicinity of the arsenal, and perform, for fifteen days,
all the duties incident to a camp, to be exercised by their officers, and inspected by their respective State adjutant
teneral, who will perform similar duties to those prescribed in the sixth section of the militia law of the United
itates.
Neither officers or men to receive pay, but to be furnished with rations and clothing, of a frock, pantaloons, &c.
from the magazines, to be returned on breaking up the camp, &c.
Seventh. What are the prominent defects of the present system?
Answer. The answer to this question has been, in a manner, anticipated by the observations already made, par-
ticularly respecting the neglect of the Government of the United States in not making provision to supply arms,
tents, Src.; establishing magazines in the several States: for the making of militia laws, willnol avail, without arms,
ammunition, camp equipage, Sfc. ready to take the field.
Whether the classification of the senior and minor, or either of these corps, be adopted; that, in preference to
the proposed select corps, between twenty-one and twenty-six, the junior corps of men, between eighteen and
forty five, or twenty -one and forty-five, be put in requisition, without disciimination, whenever a call is made by
the Government.
The returns of militia being very incorrect, the quotas on the several States ought to be according to the repre-
sentation in the House of Representatives in Congress.
I beg leave to suggest here, that the law to take the census provides for the enumeration of all males under six-
teen; between sixteen and twenty-one; between twenty-one and forty-five; and between the ages of forty-five and
sixty; and from sixty upwards; at any rate, of the number of males between eighteen and forty-five, if the present
militia system shall be continued.
Sincerely wishing you health, and many returns of this season of joy and festivity,
I am, very respectfully, your most obedient servant.
The Honorable Colonel B. Tallmadge.
nth Congress.] ]Vo. 99. [2d Session.
MILITARY AND NAVAL EXPENSES, FROM 1789 to 1810.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, APRIL 5, 1810.
Treasury Department, Jlpril 3, 1810.
Sir:
I have the honor, in obedience to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 31st ult., to trans-
mit a statement of the annual amount of expenditure, in relation to the military and naval establishments, from the
4th of March, 1789, to the end of the year 1809.
The sums paid for military pensions, and for the Indian department, are not included in the statement; but it
embraces all other expenses, including those for fortifications, arms, and military stores, purchase of navy yards,
and building of vessels.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
-ru Ti u. .u o . . rr ^ „ , ALBERT GALLATIN
Ihe nonorable the Speaker of the House qf RepreserUativea,
268
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1810.
Jl Statement exhibiting the gross annual amount of Expenditure, in relation to the Military and Naval Esta-
blishments, from the ith of Alarch, 1789, to the end of the year 1809.
Years.
Military Establishment.
Naval Establishment.
Total.
From March 4,
1789. to Dec. 31, 1791,
$632,804 03
.
$632,804 03
Do.
do.
1792,
1,10.3,038 47
-
1,103,038 47
Do.
do.
1793,
1,132,443 91
-
1,132,443 91
Do.
do.
1794,
2,589,097 59
$61,408 97
2,650,506 56
Do.
do.
1795,
2,422,385 81
410,562 03
2,832,947 84
Do.
do.
1796,
1,246,827 82
274,784 04
1,521,111 86
Do.
do.
1797,
1,002,999 04
382,631 89
1,384,930 93
Do.
do.
1798,
1,939,692 39
1,381,347 76
3,321,040 15
Do.
do.
1799,
2,405,669 17
2,858,081 84
5,263,751 01
Do.
do.
1800,
2,517,409 99
3,448,716 03
5,966,126 02
Do.
do.
1801,
1,600,944 08
2,111,424 00
3,712,368 08
Do.
do.
1802,
1,179,148 25
915,810 87
2,094,960 12
Do.
do.
1803,
822,055 85
1,246,317 89
2,068,373 74
Do.
do.
1804,
875,923 93
1,273,860 25
2,149,784 18
Do.
do.
1805,
712,781 28
1,597,500 00
2,310,281 28
Do.
do.
1806,
1,224,355 35
1,649,641 44
2,873,996 82
Do.
do.
1807,
1,288,685 91
1,722,064 47
3,010,750 38
Do.
do.
1808,
2,900,834 40
1.884,067 80
4,784,902 20
Do.
do.
1809,
3,345,772 17
2,427,758 80
5,773,530 97
$30,941,669 47
$23,645,979 08
$54,-587,648 55
Treasury Department, Register's Office, Mpril S, 1810.
JOSEPH NOURSE, Register.
11th Congress.]
No. 100.
[2d Session.
MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, APRIL 27, 1810.
Mr. Newton, from the committee, in obedience to a resolution which passed the House of Representatives of the
United Slates, on the thirteenth of March last, instructing them to inquire into the cause or causes of the great
mortality in the detachment of the army of the United States, ordered for the defence of New Orleans, sub-
mitted the following report:
The committee perceived, at the instant their attention was directed to the subject referred to them, its impor-
tance, difficulty, and extent. The solicitude which was expressed for the acquisition of accurate information, and the
manner in which the inquiries of the committee were pointed to a specific object, stimulated them to fulfil, to the
utmost of their power, the expectation and desire of the House. In performing the duties assigned to them, they ne-
cessarily had many difficulties to encounter; these consisted in collecting, collating, and arranging a multitude of
facts and circumstances, which had their origin in a distant territory, and the dissimilar aspects in which the same
object would be represented, according to the medium through which it had been seen. Not discouraged at the pros-
pect of such labors, they proceeded to commence them witli every disposition and with all the patience so essential
to ensure a fair, candid, and impartial disclosure of the state of the detachment of the army ordered to New Orleans.
To accomplish a purpose every way so desirable and interesting, and likewise to obviate objections, the committee,
on mature deliberation and reflection, determined to make a plain and succinct statement of facts, as the method
best calculated to impart information, and to guide the understanding in the formation of a current judgment.
In pursuing this plan, which the committee early laid down for their observance, they are led to present to the
House, in a narrow compass, the correspondence which passed between the Department of War and the command-
ing officer.
Next in order, the number of troops sent to New Orleans, and the present effective force.
The measures taken for paying the troops, and the precautions observed for ensuring a prompt supply of sound
and wholesome provisions for their subsistence.
The instructions given to the military agent by the Department of War, and the authority invested in the com-
manding officer over the military agent, as gathered from the instructions. Under this head will be included what-
ever relates to clothing and medical and hospital stores.
The depositions taken by the committee.
Lastly, the causes which, in the opinion of the committee, produced the mortality in that detachment of the army.
A No. 1.
A letter from the Secretary of War, dated February 24, 1810, in answer to one addressed to him in obedience to
the direction of the committee, requesting information on the subject submitted to them.
The Secretary says, '" I have the honor accordingly herewith to submit to their inspection a transcript of the ori-
ginal order, bearing date December 2, 1808, designating the force destined for the defence of New Orleans, and of
the subsequent orders from this Department, together with such extracts from the letters of the commanding gene-
ral as relate to the selection and occupancy of, and the removal of the troops from, the encampment at Terra au
Boeuf."
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 269
A No. 2.
On the 2d ot December, 1808, the Secretary of War, (General Henry Dearborn) in a letter to General James Wil-
kinson, says, " I am directed by the President of the United States to have the necessary measures taken, without
delay, for assembling as large a proportion of our regular troops at New Orleans and its vicinity, as circumstances
■will permit." Immediately following this extract, the regiments and companies destined for New Orleans are de-
signated, and the previous preparatory arrangements connected with the movements are directed to be made. The
leUer then- concludes: " You will please to take measures for being at New Orleans in season to take command of
the army in that department as early as practicable, and to have such a disposition of the troops in that department
formed, as will most effectually enable you to defend New Orleans and its dependencies against any invading force.
In case of emergency, you are authorized by the President of the United States to call on the Governors of the Or-
leans and Mississippi territories, for such detachments of the militia as may be deemed necessary.
On the 30th ot April, 1809, the Secretary of War. (William Eustis, Esquire,) addressed a letter to General
James Wilkinson, expressing great anxiety and solicitude for the health of the troops. Alive to apprehensions on
this important point, he proceeds to say, " on inspecting the general instructions given by this Department, 2d of De-
cember. 1808, it appears that the troops were to be assembled at New Orleans: an apprehension that the letter of
this instruction may be construed to limit any measures which your own judgment might suggest respecting a change
of position, induces me to remove any such obstacle, if itshallhavehadaninfluence. By thereturnsofthe24thof March,
it appears that more than one-fourth part of the troops were sick. Without a knowledge of this fact, the removal of
the army from New Orleans, during the summer and autumnal months, is suggested by every consideration of pru-
dence and experience. If, therefore, such removal shall not, on receipt of this letter, have been already commenced,
you will be pleased to give the necessary orders to have it effected immediately. After leaving the necessary gar-
rison, consisting of old troops, at New Orleans, it will be desirable that all the others should be transported either to
the high ground in the rear of Fort Adams, or a part of them in the rear of the Natchez; perhaps both these sta-
tions shouTd be occupied, a division of the troops being more favorable to their health than quartering the whole to-
gether in one body: of this you will judge. The primary object will be to preserve the health and lives of the menj
next, to have them so quartered as will best admit of a regular system of order, government, and discipline, with as
much economy as is practicable."
On the 29th "of May, 1809, General James Wilkinson addressed a letter to the Secretary of War. He says, " after
much inquiry, I have determined on a spot for the encampment of the troops. It was a difficult matter, from the
localities of the country, to adjust; and being an object of primary importance in relation to economy, discipline,
and health, it has truely occupied all my cares and attentions, and will, I hope, be my excuse for inattention to
minor objects." In the:part immediately succeeding this extract, the General mentions that he had abandoned the
idea of encamping on the site spoken of by General Henry Dearborn, called Galvestown, on the Amite river, on
account of its being the most sickly spot in the territory. The General then says: " with the general voice of the
Americans and Creoles in favor of it, I have selected a piece of ground on the left bank of the Mississippi, below
this city about four leagues, which I find perfectly dry at this moment, although the surface of the river, restrained
by its dykes, is in general three feet above the level of the country. You will put your finger on the spot at the head
of the English Turn, just where the route to the settlements on the Terre au Boeuf leaves the river. The disadvan-
tages of the position are private ground, private wood, and its vicinity to New Orleans. But its advantages are, pro-
mised health, the best water of the country, the accommodation and comforts of a market, the immediate protection
of the city, and the prompt defence of the river and lakes against an invading force. Under such considerations, and
the rapid advance of the season, I could pause no longer; but shall proceed to take the position, and make the ne-
cessary establishments for the reception and safe keeping of the stores and provisions, necessary to supply and sup-
port the troops, and for the comfortable lodgement of the sick and well."
Letter from General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Camp, Tekre au Boeuf, June 18, 1809.
" Your letters of the 30th April, and 4th ultimo did not reach New Orleans until the last mail, the 14th instant,
though we received at the same time the President's speech. I am happy that I have so far anticipated your wishes
as to have encamped the troops, though I have not sought the position you recommended; nor should I have done so
while permitted to exercise my discretion, and for the following reasons: The movement to Fort Adams or to
Natchez must have been made by water, as the Spaniards will not permit our passage through West Florida: the
toil, the time, and exposition to the sun, in ascending the river one hundred leagues, with a corps of two thousand,
would probably have deceased nine-tenths of the men, many of whom were in a convalescent state, and as many
sick." The General then states the expense of transportation; that the position is too remote for the seasonable
protection of New Orleans against external attack or internal commotion; that the upper country might prove more
sickly than the bank of the Mississippi; that the movement to Terre au Boeuf was made without inconvenience to
the well, or injury to the sick, and at no expense, because the chalons which transported them will be employed in
erecting the necessary temporary buildings, and for flooring the tents. The General further states, that the position
taken is refreshed by sea breezes, and that although more than five hundred sick and convalescent were brought to
the ground which had been previously occupied by five hundred and sixty men, from the 1st instant not more than three
men died, and one of these of an apoplexy; that the morning reports of the 13th and 16th will exhibit a frightful re-
turn of the sick; " yet, says he, you are to understand that nine-tenths are strongly convalescent, and are returned
sick to prevent their being detailed for the general fatigues, to which we are now, and shall be for some time to come,
necessarily exposed." After mentioning that the safety of those who are entrusted to his charge impress him with
an awful sense of responsibility, and will occupy all his attention, he proceeds to say: "It is a source of pleasura-
ble reflection to me, that the aspects and accommodation of the position have prepossessed every man and oflicer in
its favor. We have a good market of vegetables, milk, eggs, and fowls, from the settlements of Terre au Boeuf."
He then speaks of arrangements in the sutling department; wishes to be advised whether it is the intention of
Government to erect a cantonment, as one would be necessary, either at Natchez or Terre au Bceuf: if the latter,
expenses of such establishment are set forth. He then says, " 1 submit these observations to you for your considera-
tion, as it is my duty to aid your judgment, and shall be ready to execute the Presidential will."
Tlie Secretary of War to General James Wilkinson, dated
War Department, June 23, 1809.
Being unable to perceive any advantages in the position which you have selected for an encampment, as stated
in your letter of the 29th of May, which give it a preference over the high ground in the rear of Fort Adanis, or its
vicinity, to which my letter of the 30th of April directed, conditionally, the removal of the troops, I am left to pre-
sume either that my letter has not been received, or that some causes unknown to me and reconcileable with the ob-
ject stated in that letter have governed your decision. On receiving this letter you will be pleased immediately to
embark all the troops, leaving a sufficient garrison of old troops at New Orleans and at Fort St. Philip, and proceed
with them to the high ground in the rear of Fort Adams, and to the high ground in the rear of Natchez, (the public
ground) and form encampments; dividing them equally, or in such proportions between the two places, as your own
35 m
270 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
judgment shall direct. The enclosed copy of an order from the Navy Department will present you the means of
transportation. The movement of the troops will be committed entirely to your direction."
By a letter bearing date Camp Terre au Boeuf, July 23d, 1809, General Wilkinson acknowledges that the pre-
ceding order had come to his hand: he says, "your duplicate of the 22d ultimo reached New Orleans by last mail
on the 19th, and came to my hands on the night of the 20th, at ten o'clock: the original has not yet arrived. The
peremptory tenor of your order for the removal of the troops has relieved me from an opppressive load of responsi-
bility, and I have not lost a moment in entering on the execution." He states the impossibility of controlling the
effect's of the climate; that it will be in vain to seek refuge from disease in that region, with unseasoned recruits.
He also states, that, when possession was taken of the present healthful site at Columbia Springs, near Fort Adams,
two hundred and forty-six men were down at one time out of about five hundred. After mentioning some things re-
lating to the movement of the detachment up the river, he says, " you will discover, from my letter of the 18th ult.,
the causes which opposed our ascent of the river: the employment of the gun boats removes the expense, and the la-
bor of the sailors will save that of the troops, but the tardiness of the movement and the heat of the sun in dog days
must endanger our health."
After expressing his sense of the necessity of economy, and stating that the establishment had cost something,
but that the cost will bear comparison with antecedent expenses, he then mentions that the public cost, in future,
would not exceed six or eight hundred dollars per month, the year round, for every incidental expense, wood, pas-
turage, and quarters, included; and concludes thus: " under all circumstances, I must frankly say, that, was my dis-
cretion permitted, 1 should stay here and hazard the consequences; but as there would be hazard, I am glad ol your
order to move, not only as it lessens my responsibility, but because the change of place may prove salutary to our
men; in all events you may depend on whatever my judgment, experience, personal exposition, and attention, can
effect.
A No. 3.
The following letter, dated Camp, Terre au Boeuf, August 19, 1809, is addressed to the Secretary of War, by
General Wilkinson: he says, " I have not received the scrip of a pen from you since the 30th of June, but am pro-
gressing rapidly in my arrangements for moving the troops, an object near my heart, and which occupies all my at-
tentions. "
The General then states, that not one of the gunboats had been reported in readiness; that the preparation was
difficult, owing to the general sickness of their crews, and the impracticability of shipping men; that the condemned
barges at Fort Adams had been ordered down, and were repairing at a small expense; tliat if the gun boats fail him,
he should hire three or four barges, and that in twenty days he expected to make good his landing at Natchez, or in
that vicinity. He then states, " our sick have increased considerably, but our maladies are confined almost univer-
sally to the ague and fever; nearly all the officers had it, but we have not lost one, nor do I expect we shall " He
states the difficulties which occurred in the department of provisions: he says, " the clamors ot the troops had been
loud and just; that he had offered one hundred dollars for a small cow, without effect; that the flour was affected
by the climate immediately after landing; and that, on the utter failure of the contractor to furnish bread or flour,
for two or three days successively, he had purchased a hundred barrels of flour, and had the same distributed. " He
attributes to the absence of the contractor, and the consequent management of his business being entrusted to a
young man, without knowledge or experience, and, apparently, of an obstinate, perverse disposition, all the difficul-
ties they had to encounter on the subject of provisions. He then says, " I wish, indeed, that he may not oblige me
to take the whole business out of his hands, and to appoint a commissary to purchase and supply; but, in the last ex-
tremity only, shall I resort to this step." After stating " that the inhabitants were down with the prevailing disease
of the camp, a thing which, according to them, had never before occurred," he concludes thus: " I am alarmed for
our medical and hospital expenses, but I do not understand that a particle of either has yet arrived for the new levies,
and of course I have no alternative but to submit to the requisitions of the surgeons. We shall not, however, press
your appropriations for this department, although the consumption of five or six hundred sick must be considerable. "
n.
Do.
K.
Do.
F.
Do.
Detachment of the Jlrmy ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
Aggregate, according to the returns which have been printed, . . . . . 2,036
B. Absentees accounted for-
C. A return of the troops commanded by Brigadier General Hampton, for December, 1809.
of the troops at the cantonment, Washington, M. T. for January, 1810.
of the troops at the last mentioned cantonment, for February, 1810.
of deaths, desertions, and discharges of the " additional military force," allotted for the defence
of New Orleans, from 1st May, 1809, to 28th February, 1810, viz: Deaths, . . 686
Desertions, . 108
Discharges, . 58
852
G. Do. of the effective strength of the " additional military force," allotted for the defence of New
Orleans, taken from the latest reports which have been received at the inspector's office,
Washington citv, April 16, 1810, aggregate, ..... 1,184
H. Do. of a detachment of the United States' marines, stationed at New Orleans, from the 1st of March,
1809, to the 31st of December, 1809. Exhibiting the monthly force of the detachment, and
the number of deaths, respectively.
Funds placed at the disposition of the Paymaster of the Army of the United States, for the pay of the detachment
ordered to New Orleans.
Sum estimated for this object for the year 1809, ...... $250,000
Lieut. Simeon Knight, the District Paymaster at New Orleans, was, in the early part of the year 1809, fur-
nished with the sum of . . . . . . . . • 100,000
In June, 1809, Lieut. Simeon Knight was authorized to draw for fifty thousand dollars, of which sum, he
drew .......... 40,000
July, 1809, there was remitted to Lieut. Simeon Knight, and received by him before the 7th of August fol-
lowing, the sum of ......... 100,000
Authority was given, in order to enable him to commence the payment of the troops for the year 1810, to
draw for .......... 60,000
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 571
K.
PROVISIONS.
These are furnished by contract. By the second article of the contract for supplying provisions to the troops,
it is provided, " that it shall be in the option of the general or officer commanding an army on a great military dis-
trict, to direct when and how often fresh or salted meat shall be issued by general orders, to be promulgated a rea-
sonable time before the issue is to commence."
By the fourth article, " whenever, in the opinion of the commanding officer, the provisions ofiered to be issued
are unsound, unfit for use, or of an unmerchantable quality, a survey shall be held thereon by two disinterested per-
sons, one to be chosen by the commanding officer, and the other by the contractor, or his agent; and, in case of dis-
agreement, a third person, to be chosen by mutual consent, who shall have power to condemn such part of the pro-
visions as to them may appear unfit for use." If the contractor, "or his agent, fail, or neglect to appoint a person to
inspect the provisions, after reasonable notice in writing, the commanding officer may appoint such persons as he
may think proper."
The fifth article authorizes the commanding general, " in case of absolute failure, or deficiency in quantity, of
provisions contracted to be delivered and issued, to supply the deficiency by purchase, at the risk of the contractor."
The power confeired by the last article was, in one instance, exercised. That those granted by the fourth and
fifth articles were not exercised, can be accounted for, by this Department, on the presumption only, that, in the
opinion of the general, the country could not furnish the supplies.
L No. 1.
Instructions to the Military Agent at New Orleans, and amount of disbursements in that departmeiit.
The following instruction to A. D. Abrahams, the military agent at New Orleans, " to procure and deliver, on
the orders of the commanding officer, such articles as he may deem necessary for the public service," was given by
the Secretary of War, (Gen. Henry Dearborn) on the 12th of December, 1808.
L No. 2.
The Secretary of War, (William Eustis, Esq.) May 4, 1809, wrote to A. M'CuUqch, and informed him of his
appointment as military agent, A. D. Abrahams having resigned- This letter contains many regulations for the
agent's observance in executing the duties of his office. The abovenientioned instruction is repeated, and the fol-
lowing additional one given: " The expenditures should be as economical as the good of the service will permit.
No article, it is presumed, will be required of you, but such as the nature and good of the service actually demand.
Should it happen, however, at any time, that demands are made upon you to a large amount, the propriety of com-
plying with wiiich you may doubt, and where delay may not, inyourjudgraent, prove injurious to the public interest,
you are to consult this Department." It appears Mr. M'CuUoch died in a few days after his arrival at New Orleans;
on which Major Zebulon M. Pike, of the 6th regiment, was appointed, by Gen. Wilkinson, as successor to Mr.
M'Culloch, and continued to discharge the duties of^that office under the instructions given to Mr. M'CuUoch,
until the removal of the troops from the encampment at Terre au Boeuf.
L Nos. 7 and 3,
The Secretary of War, in a letter addressed to the committee, bearing date the 16th of April, 1810, says, " Re-
presentation being made by the Accountant of this Department, that many articles in the accounts rendered by Mr.
A. D.Abrahams, the military agent, were charged at extravagant prices, the necessity of some of which did not
appear, and the prices of others being deemed exorbitant, the military agent was informed, on the 10th of August
last, that he was not authorized to comply with such requisitions in future. This is the only limitation of the in-
structions beforementioned, which has been made by this Department." This last instruction to the military agent
could not have reached him until some time in September last. The military agent, whenever he wanted funds,
drew bills on the Department of War, which were regularly paid.
, L Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
Disbursements in the Quartermaster and Medical and Hospital Departments, by A. D. Abrahams, Military Agent.
On account of that part of the army stationed at New Orleans, and in its vicinity, between the 1st of
January and 20th of July, 1809, including payments made for the charter of a part of the vessel
employed to transport the troops to that place. — See document K, - - - - $55,188 43
Disbursements made by Major Pike, on same account, from 21st July to 31st of December, 1809, - 27,474 73
$82,663 16
NoTK. The above sums embrace no part of the expenditures made on the fortifications erecting at New Orleans.
William Linnard, military gent, at Philadelphia, in his letter of the 31st of March, 1810, states, that medical
and hospital stores were shipped on board the schooner Hillsman; that she sailed from Pliiladelphia the 7th of January,
1809; was detained by ice; saUed again the 5th of March following, and arrived at New Orleans the 5th of April,
and delivered the stores on the 7th and 8th.
M Nos. 1 and 2.
CLOTHING.
By the same letter from William Linnard, military agent, it appears, that the brig North Star sailed from
Philadelphia the 6th of July, 1809, with clothing for the troops; arrived at New Orleans the 22d of August, and de-
livered the same in three days after her arrival; which was within twelve months of the time that the men of that
detachment had generally received their clothing for the preceding year.
272 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
THE DEPOSITIONS.
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.
The committee, from a knowledge which they have acquired of the climate of New Orleans, and of the country
surrounding it, and from the facts stated in the depositions, are of opinion, that the mortality in the detachment or-
ed to New Orleans is to be ascribed to the following causes:
1. The detaciiment consisting of new levies;
3.' The insalubrity of the climate — the summer and autumn of the year 1809 being unusually sickly.
3.' To the nature of the ground on which the detachment was encamped at Terre au Boeuf, and the detention of
it at that place during the whole of the summer, contrary, as the committee conceive, to the instructions contained
in the letter of the Secretary of War, bearing date the 30th of April, 1809.
4. To the want of sound and wholesome provisions and of vegetables; the want of an hospital, and hospital stores
and medicines.
5. The excessive fatigues to which the troops were subjected in clearing, ditching, and draining, the ground on
which they were encamped.
6. To the want of repose during the night, owing to the troops not being provided with bars or nets to protect
them from the annoyance of musquitoes.
7. The wantofcleanlinessin the camp, the nature of the position rendering it almost impracticable to preserve it.
8. The sick and well being confined to the same tents, which neither protected them sufficiently from the heat
of the sun, nor kept them dry from the dews and rains.
A No. 1.
War Department, February 24, 1810.
In answering your letter of the 19th instant, requesting information on the following heads, viz:
1st. Whether the detachment from the army of the United States sent to New Orleans was encamped at Terre
au Bosuf, on the Mississippi, in pursuance of orders given to the commanding officer of that detachment?
2d. The object of the encampment of that detachment at Terre au Boeuf?
3d. Whether the detachment during the encampment at Terre au Bceuf, suflfered in any respect for want of
regular and necessary supplies? . .... . , ,
4th. Whether the detachment was encamped in contravention to orders: it m contravention to orders, the time
it so continued at that place? , • , ■ , , , , ,
I have adopted the course which has appeared to me most becoming the occasion, and best calculated to
convey to the honorable committee, of which you are chairman, the information they have requested. I have the
honor, accordingly, herewith to submit to their inspection a transcript of the original order, bearing date December
2d, 1808, designating the force destined for the defence of New Orleans, and of the subsequent orders from this
Department, together with such extracts from the letters of the commanding general as relate to the selection and
occupancy of, and the removal of the troops from, the encampment at Terre au Boeuf.
Previous to the issuing of the order of the 22d of June, a consultation was had with the Secretary of the Navy,
the result of which justified an expectation that the necessary transports for the troops might be derived from the
naval flotilla on the Orleans station; an order for that purpose was accordingly given.
On receiving the order of the 22d of June, it is believed that the General made every possible effort to procure
the transports for his army; but the sickness which afflicted the army, and the whole country, had also extended
itself to the marine: owing to this circumstance, and the distance of the vessels from New Orleans, unexpected
delays occurred; in addition to which, it being found necessary to have the assistance of the public boats at Fort
Adams, which required repairs, the General found himself unable to embark the army until the month of Septem-
ber, as stated in my letter of the 30th of January last.
At such time as the honorable committee may be pleased to appoint, I shall be ready to attend on them, and to
give such further information as may be required.
With respectful consideration, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Honorable Thomas Newton, Chairman.
A No. 2.
Letter from the Secretary of War to General James Wilkinson.
War Department, December 2, 1808.
Sir:
I am directed, by the President of the United States to have the necessary measures taken, without delay, for
assembling as large a proportion of our regular troops, at New Orleans and its vicinity, as circumstances will per-
mit. You will please, therefore, to issue preparatory orders for the transportation to New Orleans of the 3d, 5th,
and 7th regiments of infantry, with a battalion consisting of four companies from the 6th regiment, together with
the companies of light dragoons, light artillery, and riflemen, raised in the States and territories to the southward of
New Jersey. The troops, generally, in the Atlantic States, should be assembled at Savannah, Charleston, South
Carolina, Washington, North Carolina, Norfolk and Hoods, Fort M'Henry and Fort Mifflin, where suitable ves-
sels will be provided for their transpoi-tation.
The troops raised in the Western States, together with the late Captain Bissell's company, will be provided
with suitable boats for descending the Ohio and Mississippi. Captain Boote's company should march by land, from
the Ocmulgee to Fort Stoddert or Fort St. Stephens. The field officers of each regiment of infantry, and one field
officer of the respective corps of light dragoons, light artillery, and riflemen, should be marched with their corps;
and a major, with the battalion from the 6th regiment of infantry, together with the surgeons and mates of the regi-
ments of infantry; a surgeon to the respective corps of dragoons, artillery, and riflemen; and a mate with the bat-
talion of the 6th regiment of infantry. Provisions for seventy-five days, with a supply of water for thirty-five days,
should be put on board of each vessel for the men on board. Medicine and hospital stores, camp kettles, &c., &c.
will be forwarded, with ammunition and .tents.
In giving your orders for the assemblage of the troops at the different points, it will not be necessary to give any
indications of their ultimate destination.
One subaltern of each company, best qualified for ihe recruiting service, should remain at the respective ren-
dezvous, with instructions to continue that service with all possible celerity: and to have their recruits assembled at
the garrisons on the sea-boards of the respective Atlantic States; and at Newport, in Kentucky, and Massac, from
the Western States. It may, however, be advisable to direct the recruits, enlisted in the interior of Pennsylvania
and Virginia, to assemble on the Western waters. ■ ■ .
You will please to take measures for being at New Orleans in season to take command of the army, m that
department, as early as practicable; and to have such a disposition of the troops, in that department, formed, as
will most effectually enable you to defend New Orleans, and its dependencies, against any invading force.
In case of emergency, you are authorized, by the President of the United States, to call on the Governors of the
Orleans and Mississippi territories, for such detachments of the militia as may be deemed necessary.
I am, &c.
H. DEARBORN.
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 973
Letter from the Secretary qf War to General James Wilkinson.
War Department, ^pril 30, 1809.
Sir:
In my letter of the 27th instant, a concern was expressed for the health of the troops, together with a confi-
dence in your experience, knowledge of country, and entire competency and disposition to adopt every necessary
measure respecting that very important object.
On inspecting the general instructions given by this department 2d December, 1808, it appears that the troops
were to be assembled at New Orleans; an apprehension that the letter of this instruction may be construed to limit
any measures which your own judgment might suggest, respecting a change of position, induces me to remove any
such obstacle, if it shall have had an influence.
By the returns of the 24th March, it appears that more than one-fourth part of the troops were sick.
Without a knowledge of this fact, the removal of the army from New Orleans, during the summer and autumnal
months, is suggested by every consideration of prudence and experience.
If, therefore, such removal shall not, on receipt of this letter, have been already commenced, you will be pleased
to give the necessary orders to have it effected inunediately.
After leaving the necessary garrison, consisting of old troops, at New Orleans, it will be desirable that all the
others should be transported either to the high ground, in the rear of Fort Adams, or a part of them in the rear ot
Natchez; perhaps both these stations should be occupied, a division of the troops being more liivorable to their
health, than quartering the whole together in one body; of this you will judge. The primary objects will be to pre-
serve the health and lives of the men; next, to have them so quartered as will best admit of a regular system of
order, government, and discipline, with as much economy as is practicable.
I am, &c.
W. EUSTIS.
Extract of a letter from GeneralJames Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
New Orleans, May 29, 1809.
Sir:
After much inquiry, I have determined on a spot for the encampment of the troops. It was a difficult matter,
from the localities of the country, to adjust; and being an object ot primary importance, in relation to economy,
discipline, and health, it has truly occupied all my cares and attentions, and will, I hope, be my excuse for inat-
tention to minor objects.
Your predecessor had spoken with me respecting the site of Galveztown, on the Amite river, about sixty miles
north of this place, and I proposed reconnoitering; but the idea was no sooner promulgated than some of the most
ancient inhabitants called to inform me that it was the most sickly spot in the territory, and that the Spaniards
had actually abandoned it on that account.
The advantages of this position would have been public ground, public wood, and the removal of our recruits
from the allurements and sinister seductions of this licentious place. Its disadvantages, the proximity of the Spa-
nish occupancy, and its distance from the most assailable points of the coast. Its character, and the prejudices
which prevail against it, I believe on just grounds, are decisive on my determination; and with the general voice of
the American and Creole in favor of it, I have selected a piece of ground on the left bank of the Mississippi, below
this city about four leagues, which I find perfectly dry at this moment, although the surface of the river, restrained
by its dykes, is, in general, three feet above the level of the country; you will put your finger on the spot, at the
head of the English Turn, just where the route to the settlements on the Terre au Boeuf leaves the river.
The disadvantages of this position are, private ground, private wood, and its vicinity to this city; the attractions
of which will divert our green officers from due attention to their profession, and will expose them, as well as the
men, to the arts, intrigues, dissipation, and corruption, of my personal enemies, and the enemies of the administra-
tion and the Government, who are as busy, under the management of Clark and his cabal, as fiends of hell, to cor-
rupt and seduce men and officers from their duty, and to excite discontent and sedition. But its advantages are, pro-
mised health, the best water of the country, the accommodation and comforts of a market, the immediate protection of
the city, and the prompt defence of the river and the lakes against an invading force. Under such considerations, and
the rapid advance of the season, I could pause no longer, but shall proceed to take the position, and make the neces-
sary establishments for the reception and safe keeping of the stores and provisions necessary to supply and support
the troops, and for the comfortable lodgement of the sick and well.
Extract of a letter from General James Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Camp, Terre au Bceuf, June 19, 1809-
Your letters, of the 30th April and 4th ultimo, did not reach New Orleans until the last mail, the 14th instant,
though we received, at the same time, the President's speech.
I am happy that I have so far anticipated your wishes as to have encamped the troops, though I have not sought
the position you recommended; nor should I have done so, while permitted to exercise my discretion, and for the
following reasons: The movement to Fort Adams, or to Natchez, must have been made by water, as the Spaniards
will not permit our passage through West Florida; the toil, the time, and exposition to the sun, in ascending the
river one hundred leagues, with a corps of two thousand, would probably have diseased nine-tenths of the men,
many of whom were in a convalescent state, and as many sick; the expense of transportation would have exceeded
twelve, or might have reached twenty thousand dollars; the position is too remote for the seasonable protection of
New Orleans against external attack or internal commotion; and, after all, we might have found the upper country
more sickly than the bank of the Mississippi, which frequently occurs. The movement to this place, on the con-
trary, was done without incommodation to the well, or injury to the sick, and at no expense, because the chalons
which transported them will be employed in erecting the necessary temporary buildings, and for flooring the men's
tents. It is impossible to decide whether we shall have a sickly or healthy season, but our proximity to the waters
of the ocean, from which we have a breeze, together with appearances, so far, encourage us to believe in the latter;
for, although we brought more than five hundred sick and convalescents to this ground, which had been previously
occupied by five hundred and sixty men, from the 1st instant we have lost three men only, and one of these by an
apoplexy. The morning reports of the 13th and 16th will speak for our convalescence, but will exhibit, at the same
tune, a frightful return of sick; yet you are to understand that nine-tenths of these are strongly convalescent, and
are returned sick by order, to prevent their being detailed for the general fatigues, to which we are now, and shall be
for some time to come, necessarily exposed. Wliatever may be the result, rest assured, sir, that the safety of those
who are entrusted to my charge impress me with an awful sense of responsibility, and will occupy my first atten-
tions, assiduities, and cares; and it is a source of pleasurable reflection to me, that tiie aspects and accommodation
of the position have prepossessed every man and officer in its favor. We have a good market of vegetables, milk,
eggs, and fowls, from the settlements of Terre au Boeuf, and I shall make such arrangements in the sutling depart-
ment as entirely to exclude the use of ardent spirits, which have been the bane of the service, and has destroyed
more men than every other cause. I shall, at the same time, encourage the use of malt liquors, and small red wines,
which may be had almost as cheap as whiskey.
274 MILITARY AFFAIRS. tlSlO.
As the troops must not return to New Orleans, one hundred and fifty men being sufficient for the garrison of
that place, it would appear as a necessary consequence that we must erect a cantonment somewhere, of which I
cannot be too early advised, whether it be here or at Natchez. If here, the proprietor will sell a site to the Govern-
ment; or he will give the use of the ground,with pasturage enclosures for our horses and cattle, and fire wood the
year round, for two thousand men, at five hundred dollars per month; and I do not believe better terms could be
had in the Mississippi territory- Our wood would cost in New Orleans, one thousand one hundred dollars per month
in summer, and three thousand five hundred dollars in winter. Should our force be kept up, and this place be fixed
on, the huts can be put up by the men in a short period, and at a trifling expense; and the circumstance of receiving
our subsistence on the river, instead of the interior of the upper country, will save two cents per ration.
I submit these observations to you for your consideration, as is my duty, to aid your judgment, and shall be
ready to execute the Presidential will.
Extracts of a letter from the Secretary of War to GeneralJames Wilkinson, dated
War Department, Tmhe 22, 1809.
Being unable to perceive any advantages in the position which you have selected for an encampment, as stated in
your letter of the 29th May, which give it a preference over the high grounds in the rear of Fort Adams, or its vici-
nity, to which my letter of the 30th April directed, conditionally, the removal of the troops, I am left to presume,
either that my letter has not been received, or that some causes unknown to me, and reconcileable with the objects
stated in that letter, have governed your decision.
On receiving this letter, you will be pleased immediately to embark all the troops, leaving a sufiicient garrison of
old troops at New Orleans and Fort St. Philip, and proceed with them to the high ground in the rear of Fort Adams,
and to the high ground in the rear of Natchez, (the public ground) and form encampments, dividing them equally,
or in such proportions, between the two places, as your own judgment shall direct. The enclosed copy of an order
from the Navy Department will present to you the means of transportation. The movement of the troops will be
committed entirely to your direction.
W. EUSTIS.
Navy Department, June 22, 1809.
Sir:
The Secretary of War having made application for the use of the gunboats under your command, for the pur-
pose of removing the troops, under the command of General Wilkinson, up the Mississippi, you may retain as many
of the boats as you may think absolutely necessary at your present station, and detach the remainder of them on this
service, which 1 contemplate to be simply of the transport kind. The jaoats so detached are to continue on that ser-
vice until the removal of the troops shall have been completed, unless contingencies shall arise which may require
their being recalled previously; of which you are to judge- You are, yourself, to remain, during this service, at
your station; and the boats having returned, you will be at liberty to avail yourself of the permission already for-
warded you, "to come to the Atlantic States." You will inculcate on the officers commanding this detachment,
the necessity of harmonizing with the military in every matter necessary to the most speedy attainment of the object
intended to be effected.
Respectfully yours,
PAUL HAMILTON.
Captain David Porter, New Orleans.
Extracts of a letter from, General James TVilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Camp, Terre au Bceuf, July 23, 1809.
Sir:
Your duplicate, of the 22d ultimo, reached New Orleans by the last mail, on the 19th, and came to my hands
on the night of the 20th, at 10 o'clock, P. M.; the original has not yet arrived.
The peremptory tenor of your order for the removal of the troops has relieved me from an oppressive load of
responsibility, and I ha"ve lost not a moment in entering on the execution. Nothing on my part shall be wanting to
effect the transition, in the manner the most favorable and least afllicting to the troops; though, as it is impossible
to control the effects of the climate, 1 fear it will be in vain for us to fly from disease in this region with our unsea-
soned recruits: for it occurs to me, that, when we took possession of the present healthful site at Columbian Springs,
near Fort Adams, we had two hundred and forty-six men down at one tmie, out of about five hundred.
I am undetermined whether to move in a body or by detachment, but shall pursue that course which promises
the greatest expedition. I fear delay on the part of the gunboats, because I know from experience the gentlemen
of the navy abhor the idea of converting their vessels of war into transports; and, from the report of Lieutenant
Carroll, it would appear that twenty-four gunboats, the number on this station, would not carry more than nine
hundred and sixty men, little more than half our force. I have, however, a remedy for this difficulty, and if the
gunboats are furnished, shall leave behind none but those who are too ill to be removed.
You will discover from my letter, of the 18th ultimo, the causes which opposed our ascent of the river; the em-
ploy of the gunboats removes the expense, and the labor of the sailors will save that of the troops, but the tardiness
of the movement, and the heat of the sun in dog-days, must endanger our health.
I am so sensible of the necessity of economy, that I tremble at the idea of putting my name to paper for any
thing; but my obligations to the service leave me no alternative. You shall not, however, have cause of complaint
from my administration.
This establishment has cost something; but that cost will bear a comparison with antecedent expenses, and our
camp, with the necessary accommodations, is nearly completed; after which we should not have cost the public more
than six or eight hundred dollars per month, the year round, for .every incidental expense, wood, pasturage, and
quarters, included.
Under all circumstances, I must frankly say, that, was my discretion permitted, I should stay here and hazard
the consequences; but, as there would be hazard, I am glad of your order to move, not only as it lessens my respon-
sibility, but because the change of place may prove salutary to our men. In all events, you may depend on what-
ever my judgment, experience, personal exposition, and attention, can effect.
A No. 3.
Camp, Terre au Bcecf. August 19, 1809.
Sir: . . , .
I have not received the scrip of a pen from you since the 30th of June, but am progressmg rapidly m my
arrangements for moving the troops, an object near my heart, and which occupies all my attentions.
Our prospects from the gunboat? are bad indeed; not one of them has, as yet, been reported to me in readiness
to commence the voyage, and the preparation is a difficult one, owing to the general sickness of their crews, and
the impracticability of shipping men: but I have ordered certain condemned barges from Fort Adams, which have
been lying there since 1807, and are now repairing and equipping them, at the expense of a few nails and a small
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 575
quantity of oakum and tar for the voyage. To these I shall add, if the gunboats fail me, three or four hired barges
to take a full company each. And with this transport, I hope I may, by marching the well, be able to move every
man from hence whose health may pcimit, and that I shall make good my landing at Natchez, or in that vicinity,
in twenty days after we get under \yay. The operation is a laborious one, and somewhat hazardous; but you may
rest assured that whatever zeal, activity, and attention, can accomplish, sliall be done on my part.
Our sick have increased considerably; but our maladies are confined almost universally to the fever and ague.
Nearly all the officers have had it; but we have not lost one, nor do I expect we shall.
Among the thousand difficulties 1 have had to combat, that of the department of provisions is not the least con-
siderable. ; The clamors of the troops have been loud and just, and I have not been able to remedy their complaints.
I have offered as high as a hundred dollars for a small cow, without effect; and the flour, generally, in New Orleans,
from some unknown cause, has this season been affected by the climate immediately after landing. But, in conse-
quence of the utter failure of the contractor to furnish bread or flour to the troops, for two or three days successively,
I yesterday ordered a purchase, on any terms, of one hundred barrels, which arrived this morning, but has been
refused by the contractor's agent, who got down a few barrels the last night, and, of consequence, I am compelled
to order the issue to be made by the brigade quartermaster, for account of the contractor, which adds to my pains
and perplexities.
Were the contractor here, from my knowledge of his character, I know these difficulties would not occur; but
unfortunately his business is confined to a young man without knowledge or experience, and apparently of an obsti-
nate, perverse disposition. I wish, indeed, that he may not oblige me to take the whole business out of his hands,
and appoint a commissary to purchase and supply; but in the last extremity only shall I resort to this step.
The inhabitants of this whole country are now down with the prevailing disease of the camp— a thing which,
according to them, has never before occurred; and the town is afflicted by bifious affections.
I am alarmed for our medical and hospital expenses; but I do not understand that a particle of either has yet
arrived for the new levies, and, of course, I have no alternative but to submit to the requisitions of the surgeons:
we shall not, however, press your appropriations for this department, although the consumption of five or six hundred
sick must be considerable.
With perfect respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES WILKINSON.
The Hon. William Eustis, Secretary of War.
I.
City of Washington, Pay Office, Jlpril 10, 1810.
Sir:
In compliance with the requisition which you have communicated to me, as made to you by the committee of
Congress, " whether the paymaster of the detachment of the army of the United States, ordered for the defence
of Orleans, had in his hands the funds necessary for the payment of the troops," I have the honor to state that, from
the best estimate I could form, the sum of $-250,000 appeared sufficient for that object, for the year 1809; and that
Lieutenant Simeon Knight, the district paymaster in that quarter, was furnished with $100,000 in the early part of
that year, on his bills in favor of the receiver of public moneys at Orleans; that $100,000 were remitted him in
July last, and received by liitn before the 7th of August; and he was, moreover, authorized, on the 14th of June
last, to draw on me for $50,000 — $40,000 of which he has since drawn for, which, I presume, he considered as suffi-
c-'ent to pay the troops in his district, to the 31st of December last.
In addition to the foregoing, he has authority to draw for $60,000, to commence the payment of the troops for
the present year.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,
ROBERT BRENT. Paymaster U. S. Army.
The Hon. Wm. Eustis, Esq. Secretary of War.
K.
War Department, Jip ril 4, 1810.
Sir:
In addition to the information which I had the honor to communicate, in person, to the committee, relative to
the 3d head of inquiry, contained in your letter of the 19th of February, viz: " Whether the detachment, during
the encampment at Terre au Boeuf, suffered, in any respect, for the want of regular and necessary supplies.?" I
have the honor to state, that, it appears, from the enclosed copy of a letter from the General, dated August 19, 1809.
that much dissatisfaction existed in respect to the quality of the provisions furnished by the contractor; that the
supply was not at all times regular, and that the difficulty of procuring fresh meat was almost insurmountable.
Tnese representations have been corroborated from other sources of intelligence. By the 2d article of the con-
tract for supplying provisions to the troops, it is provided: "■ That it shall be in the option of the general, or officer
commanding an army or a great military district, to direct when, and how often, fresh or salted meat shall be issued,
by general orders, to be promulgated a reasonable time before that issue is to commence."
By the 4th article, " whenever, in the opinion of the commanding officer, the provisions offered to be issued are
unsound, unfit for use, or of an unmerchantable quality, a survey shall be held thereon by two disinterested per-
sons, one to be chosen by the commanding officer, and the other by the contractor, or his agent; and, in case of
disagreement, a third person to be chosen by mutual consent, who shall have power to condemn such part of the
provisions as to them may appear unfit for use." If the contractor or his agent fail or neglect to appoint a person
to inspect the provisions, after reasonable notice in writing, the commanding officer may appoint such persons as he
may think proper.
The 5th article authorizes the commanding general, "in case of absolute failure or deficiency in the quantity of
provisions, contracted to be delivered and issued," to supply the deficiency by purchase, at the risk of the con-
tractor. The power conferred by the last article was, in one instance, exercised; that those granted by the 4th and
5th articles were not exercised, can be accounted for by this Department, on the presumption only, that, in the
opinion of the General, the country could not furnish the supplies.
Complaints have also been made of a want of medicine and hospital stores. It appears from the enclosed ex-
tract of a letter from Mr. Linnard, military agent at Philadelphia, of the 31st ultimo, that a stock of medical and
hospital stores, for two thousand men, for three months, which were ordered for New Orleans by this Department,
in December, 1808, arrived at their place of destination on the 5th of April following; (at this period the whole of
the additional force had not reached that place) and that the brig North Star, which transported the clothing and
the annual supply of medicine and hospital stores, for the new troops on that station, arrived on or about the 22d
of August last.
In addition to these supplies it appears, from the accounts of the military agent at New Orleans, rendered to
the accountant of this Department, that, between the months of March, 1809, and January, 1810, medical and hos-i
pital stores, and other articles for the use of the sick, were purchased, and paid for to the amount of 11,800 dollars.
When to this it is added, that the agent was at all times subject to the order of the commanding officer, and bound
to comply with his requisitions for all articles necessary, in his opinion, for the health and accommodation of the
troops, the causes of any alleged deficiencies are inexplicable by this Department.
With perfect consideration, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. Thomas Newton, Chairman, fyc-
276 / MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
L No. 1.
War Department, December 12, 1808.
Sir:
On account of the troops it will be proper for you to procure, and deliver, on the orders of the commanding
officer, such articles as he may deem necessary for the public service.
You will, at all times, charge all articles so delivered to the proper head of expenditure; and to prevent any
mistakes in your accounts, when the orders to you are not su explicit as to enable you to decide under what head
the article should be charged, you will request the commanding officer to give you such information as the case may
require. You will advance no money except for articles actually received, or for services performed. The expen-
ditures should be as economical as the good of the service will permit. No articles will, I trust, be required of
you but such as the nature and good of the service actually demand: such as workmen, and materials for fortifica-
tions for quarters; transportation and camp equipage; tents, and other articles for barracks or camp, will be sent
from this quarter to your care, as well as cannon and ammunition.
I am, &c. H. DEARBORN.
A. D. Abrahams, Esq. New Orleans.
L No. 2.
War Department, May 4, 1809.
Sik:
A. D. Abrahams, Esq. military agent for the Southern department, being solicitous to relinquish that office,
the5President of the United States has appointed you to succeed him; and, should the Senate, at their next session,
advise and consent to said appointment, you will be commissioned accordingly-
Your office, as military agent, is considered as a substitute for what has generally been called a deputy quarter-
master general; and your department includes all the military posts within the territory of Orleans, and in that part
of the Mississippi territory lying south of the 32d degree of north latitude, including all those on the Mobile and
its waters.
Before you enter on the duties of your agency, you will execute the enclosed bond, with two or more sufficient
securities, and will take aiid.subscribc the oath of office, and the oath prescribed by the act, entitled "An act fixing
the military peace establishment." As soon as the bond is duly executed, you will forward it, with the oaths, to this
Department.
You will consider the assistant military agents, and the quartermasters, whether brigade or regimental, within
your department, as under your direction; you will furnish them with funds, for which they will be accountable to
you. They will correspond with, and make regular returns to you of all articles received by them, with proper
vouchers for all deliveries and expenditures. They are not to make any purchases or expenditures, excepting what
shall be absolutely necessary, without your particular direction.
You will receive herewith a copy of the rules and articles of war for your government; and of the regulations of
this Department: to which, as far as they regard your duties, and are not inconsistent with these instructions, you
will, in all respects, conform.
You will, with promptness, and in the most safe and economical manner, cause all military, medical, and hospital
stores, and all goods for Indians, which you may receive for transportation, to be forwarded to their respective des-
tinations.
You will procure, and deliver, on the order of the commanding officer in your department, -such articles as he
may deem necessary for the public service. You will, atall times, charge all articles so delivered to the proper head
of expenditures; and to prevent any mistakes in your accounts, when the orders to you are not so explicit as to
enable you to decide under what head the articles should be charged, you will request the commanding officer to
give you such explanation as the case may require. You will advance no money except as before directed, or for
articles actually received, or for services performed. The expenditures should be as economical as the good of the
service will permit. No article, it is presumed, will be required of you, but such as the nature and good of the ser-
vice actually demand. Should it happen, however, at any time, that demands are made upon you to a large amount,
the propriety of complying with which you inay doubt, and where delay may not, in your judgment, prove injurious
to the public interest, you are to consult this Department.
If Mr. Cox, the purveyor of public supplies, shall request you to purchase any articles which may be procured
in your vicinity, at less expense than at Philadelphia, you will please to make such purchases, he furnishing you
with the money.
In addition to the duties of military agent, you will procure such materials, and hire such laborers and mecha-
nics, as may be required of you by the engineer, for erecting, completing, and repairing such works as have, or may
be ordered for the defence and protection of New Orleans and its vicinity. Your accounts, for expenditures under
this head, you will keep in conformity with the enclosed instructions from the accountant of this Department.
You will be allowed one clerk for your office of military agent, at the rate of $750 per annum.
For your services, as agent for fortifications, you will receive a reasonable commission on the moneys necessarily
expended in the performance of its duties.
You will, from time to time, seasonably transmit to this Department estimates of the moneys that may be re-
quired to meet the expenditures in your agencies; on the receipt of which the requisite funds will be ordered to your
credit in the office of discount and deposite at New Orleans.
Should you accept of the military agency for the Southern department, you will please to proceed to New Or-
leans without delay, anil there take upon yourself the duties of your appointment. Major Pike, the acting military
agent, is instructed, by the enclosed letter, to deliver to you all the public papers, documents, and property, in his
possession, and to pay over to you the balance of public moneys remaining in his hands, which you will please to
receive, giving him your duplicate receipts for the same.
^ ° I am, &c. W. EUSTIS.
A. McCtiLLOCH, Esq.
L No. 3.
War Department, April 16, 1810.
Sir: ^ , ■ ^t
In compliance with your request, made this morning, I have the honor herewith to transmit No. 1. a copy
of the instructions given to Mr. A. D. Abrahams, military agent at New Orleans, dated December 12, 1808.
On the resignation of Mr. Abrahams, Mr. Andrew M'Culloch was appointed to succeed him, under instruc-
tions, a copy of which. No. 2, is herewith enclosed, bearing date May 4, 1809. Mr. M'Culloch died in a few days
after his arrival, on which Major Zebulon M. Pike, of the 6th regiment, was appointed by General Wilkinson as
successor to Mr. M'Culloch, and continued to discharge the duties of that office, under the instructions given to
Mr. M'Culloch, until after the removal of the troops from the encampment at Terre au Bceuf.
Representation being made by the accountant of this Department, that many articles in the accounts rendered
by Mr. A. 1). Abrahams, the military agent, were charged at extravagant prices, the necessity of some of which did
not appear, and the prices of others being deemed exorbitant, the militaiy agent was informed on the 10th of August
last, that he was not authorized to comply with such requisitions in future. This is the only limitation of the in-
structions before mentioned, which has been made by this Department.
It appears, from the instructions to Mr. M'Culloch, that he was required to render, from time to time, to this
Department, estimates of the probable expenditures in his agency; on the receipt of which, moneys were to be ordered
to his credit in the office of discount and deposite at New Orleans. In practice, this arrangement was found incon-
*V*»
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 277
venient, and not calculated to meet occurring emergencies. The military agent therefore continued to draw bills
on this Department, which were regularly paid on being presented.
The enclosed statement will exhibit their amount for the year 1809.
1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. Thomas Newton, Chairman, fyc.
L No. 4.
Amount of disbursements in the quartermaster's, and medical and hospital departments, made by A- D. Abrahams,
military agent, on account of that part of the army stationed at Orleans and in its vicinity, between the 1st of
January and the 20th of July, 1809, including payments made for the charter of a part of the vessels employed
to transport the troops to that place, - - - - - - - $55,188 43
Estimate of disbursements, made by Major Pike, on same account, from the 21st July, to 31st Decem-
ber 1809, - - -- -- - - - - 27,474 73
Dollars, - 82,663 16
Note. — The above suras embrace no part of the expenditures made on account of the fortifications erecting at
Orleans.
War Department, Jlccountant''s Office, April 16, 1810.
WM. SIMMONS.
L No. 5.
Amount of disbursements made by A. D. Abrahams, Military Agent at New Orleans, in the medical and hospital
departm.ent, between the 1st of April and 22d of July, 1809.
In April, for 135 dollars and 68 cents' worth of medicine; for 14 bed sacks, at 6 dollars each; 7 pair
blankets, at 5 dollars each; 2 water buckets, at 5 dollars each; 22 pair of sheets, at 5i dollars each;
and other articles; amounting together to, ..-.,. 5^417 93
In May, for 60 sheets, at 6 dollars each? 95 musquito bars, at 4j and 7 dollars each; a bathing tub, at
12 dollars; 16 dozen fowls, at 7| dollars per dozen; 44 dozen eggs, at 31^ cents per dozen; a pigeon,
at 2 dollars; 60 gallons molasses, at 62^ cents; 500 lbs. rice, at 5 cents per lb; 450 lbs. sugar, at 11
cents; and sundry small articles; amounting together to - - - - - 1,425 34
And also 20 bunks at 3^ dollars each.
In June, for 6 barrels of Indian meal, at 31 dollars each; 21 lbs. tea, at 1| dollars each; 1 dozen towels,
15 dollars; 4 foot mats, at 3 dollars and 50 cents each; 2 dozen port wine, at 12 dollars each; 3 doz-
en porter, at 4^ dollars each; 5 gallons Madeira wine, at 5 dollars each; 30 gallons Sherry wine, at 2
and 2i dollars each; 11 dozen fowls, at li dollars each; 66 dozen eggs, at 31^^ cents; 32 gallons milk,
at 56 cents each; molasses, vinegar, sugar, cofti;e, and sundry small articles, washing for the hospi-
tal, &c. amounting together to - - - - - •• - 665 23
In July, for services of a nurse; for washing; for 9 dozen porter, at 5 dollars; 14 dozen fowls, at 7 dol-
lars per dozen; 60 dozen eggs, at 37$ cents: 60 gallons milk, at 56 cents; molasses, sugar, rice, but-
ter, coffee, glauber salts, a large syringe, jalap, antimonial wine, and sundry small articles; amount-
ing together to - - - - - - - - 579 52
Dollars, - 3,087 92
L No; 6.
Abstract of disbursements made by Major Z. M. Pike, acting Military Agent, in the Medical and Hospital Depart-
ment, between September and -ilst December, 1809.
Payments made to the 30th of September, 1809, for 1,136 dollars and 47 cents worth of medicine,
purchased between the 1st of April and 30th of September, 1809; for 605 lbs. of mutton, purchased
m July and August, 1809, at 18| cents per lb.; for washing in September; for 100 lbs. mutton,
in September; for vegetables, sugar, milk, salt, coffee, hay, and other small articles, in September;
amounting together to, - - - - - - - - $1,497 82
Payments in October, for 1,000 dollars' worth of medicine, furnished.in July, August, and September; for
sheep, at 4 dollars; for calves, at 9 dollars; for wood, vegetables, every kind of groceries, milk, eggs,
fowls, meat, butter, lard, crackers, hay, and a great variety of small articles, between July and the
3lst of October, 1809, corresponding in price with the purchases of Mr. Abrahams, and amounting to 5,535 71
Payments in November, for 138 dollars' worth of medicine; for washing; for meat, vegetables and gro-
ceries of all kinds, amounting together to .-.-.. 9g4 98
Payments in December, for services of nurses and attendants; for 105 dollars and 95 cents worth of
medicine; and for a variety of groceries, amounting together to - - - - 722 60
Dollars, - 8,721 11
LNo. 7.
Item of articles, with their prices, which appeared objectionable in the account of the Military Agenfat New Orleans.
May, 16 dozen fowls, - - - $7 50 per dozen,
44 do. eggs, - . . 31^ do.
June, 1 do. towels, - _ - . -
4 foot mats, - - - 3 50 each,
2 dozen port wine, - - - 12 per dozen,
3 do. porter, - - - 4 50 do.
5 gallons Madeira wine, - - 5 per gallon,
11 dozen fowls, - - - 7 50 per dozen,
66 do. eggs, - - - 31i do.
July, 9 do. porter - - - 5 do.
14 do. fowls, - - - 7 do.
60 do. eggs, - - - 37s do.
$120
13
75
15
14
24
13
50
25
82
10
20
62,
45
98
22 50
36
278 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
M No. 1.
Extract of a letter from William Linnard, Esquire, Military Agent, to the Secretary of War, dated
Philadelphia, March 31, 1810.
Sir:
" Your favor ot the 28th inst. has been received. In answer to your inquiries, I have the honor to state, that
the medicine and hospital stores, shipped on board the schooner Hilman, were those ordered on the 26th of Decem-
ber, 1808; three months' stock for 2000 men. The schooner sailed from Philadelphia, the 7th of January, 1809.
The day she sailed, the frost set in extremely severe, and so much ice was made in the course of the night, the cap-
tain was obliged to make a harbor, where she remained all winter; she sailed again on the 6th of March, and arrived
at New Orleans the 5th of April, and delivered the stores the 7th and 8th.
"The brig North Star sailed from Philadelphia the 6th of July, 1809, had a long passage, arrived at New Orleans
about the 22nd of August, and delivered the stores in three days after her arrival. Anxious to send the goods by
this vessel, the only one in port destined for that place, I detained her six days waiting for the clothing; the last
was put on board the day she sailed."
M No. 2,
' War Department, April 10, 1810.
Sir:
In reply to the inquiry of the committee, " whether the paymaster of that detachment ot the army of the United
States, ordered for the defence of New Orleans, had in his hands the funds necessary for the payment of the troops?"
I beg leave to refer them to the enclosed statement of this date, from the paymaster of the army.
In answer to your other inquiry of the 9th instant, I have the honor to state, for the information of the committee,
that the brig North Star, which transported the clothing for that detachment, appears (from the extract of Mr. Lin-
nard's letter now before the committee, to have sailed from Philadelphia on the 6th of July, 1809, and to have arriv-
ed at New Orleans, on or about the 22d of August following, which was within twelve months of the time that the
men of that detachment had generally received their clothing for the preceding year.
With perfect consideration, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Honorable Thomas Newton, Chairman, fyc.
DEPOSITIONS.
No. 1.
Esaias PrebWs deposition, March 16, 1810.
Esaias Preble, of the United States' regiment of artillerists, deposeth, that, about the last of April, 1809, a detach-
ment of the United States' troops, under the command of Captain Peter, attached to different regiments, descended
the river Mississippi for New Orleans: they halted at Fort Adams, at which place I was stationed: at that time they
appeared to be young, able for any duty, and well clothed. A number of smaller detachments afterwards passed
down said river in a similar situation.
About the middle of October following, that part of the additional army that had been stationed in the neighbor-
hood of New Orleans, halted at Fort Adams, on their way up the river for Washington, Mississippi territory, under
the command of Lieutenant Colonel Beall. After being encamped two or more days on the bank of the river, a
party, consisting of one hundred and twenty non-commissioned officers and privates, from the regiment of light artil-
lery, light dragoons, 3d, 5th, and 7th regiments of infantry, and regiment of riflemen, was sent into Fort Adams
and buildings attached to the fort. On, or about the 23d of October, 1809, 1 was directed by the commanding offi-
cer of the post, to take charge of said troops and report their situation. I applied to Doctor Thruston, the surgeon of
the seventh infantry, in whose charge they were left, and the only officer left with them, for a list of said men. I
then made an examination, and found seventeen had died; the residue, except twenty, were very sick; eight or ten
were in an open room in which they could have no fire, some of them no blanket, and almost naked; and all, with
one or two exceptions, extremely dirty. The last of November following, fourteen more of the said troops were
left sick at Fort Adams, which, together with those left in October, amounted to one hundred and thirty -four, from
which sixty-eight died at said fort.
During the last three years, there have been moored at Fort Adams, from eight to eighteen boats, that would
carry, on an average, thirty men, public property, under the direction of the commanding officer of the post. In
August 1809, eight or ten of said boats were despatched to New Orleans, one of which sunk on its passage. During .
the last year, from the company stationed at Fort Adams, not more than five men died: from seven companies ot
the 2d regiment of infantry stationed at Columbian Springs, not more than eight died the last year.
In the vicinity of Fort Adams and Columbian Springs, beef, poultry, butter, eggs, and vegetables, such as the
country produces, may be obtained at any season of the year. During my residence in the army, clothing for the
troops has been forwarded to the commanding officers of companies six montlls in advance, and issued to the troops
in the same manner. The clothing for the companies at Fort Adams and Columbian Springs arrived at said fort
by the way of New Orleans, in July, 1809.
^ -^ E. PREBLE.
March 16, 1810, Sworn to before me,
, S. H. SMITH.
No. 3.
Deposition of William D. Beall, lieutenant colonel of the blh infantry of the army of the United States, taken by the
committee of the House of Representatives of the United States, appointed to inquire into the came or causes of
the great mortality in that detachment of the army of the United States ordered for the dtfence of Neiu Orleans.
1 arrived at Camp, Terre au Boeuf, 13 or 15 miles below New Orleans, on the river Mississippi, on the 12th of
June, 1809. ■•,,,•
The troops were regularly encamped in tents, in two lines, covering ground about 800 yards m length, and 75 m
depth, (the depth of the encampment was about 175 yards.) The tents, after a while, were raised and floored with
plank taken from the Kentucky boats which were used to transport the army from Orleans. The ground was low,
as is the case of all in the vicinity of Orleans, and, particularly after rain, wet, and a part being cleared of the
bushes, weeds, &.c. by the troops, was muddy, and the back part, during the wet season, a little marshy. To reme-
dy the disadvantage of such ground, ditches were cut in every direction; indeed every precaution was taken to ren-
der the camp comfortable; the General seeming to have an eye to every circumstance, being absent from the camp
not more than six or eight days from the 12th of June to 10th of September following. Little arbors, covered with
palmetto, were erected at the necessary distance from each other, on the line of sentinels, that each man, in his
place, might be screened from the piercing rays of the sun, and sheltered from the rain; and these arbors were
also erected from right to left of the line between the front and rear, that the men might set and mess in comfort
\
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 279
and cleanliness. A ditch was dug parallel with the encampment, in the rear, to afford a dry walk to the sentinels,
and on which to erect the before mentioned arbors.
I do not think hall' tlie ground used for the camp was cleared by the troops; this must have been an advantage
to the proprietor, but I rather apprehend the ditches were a disadvantage.
A tolerable large hospital was erected of materials partly from the boats before mentioned, and partly from the
neighboring woods, into which the most reduced men were put, under the care of a very attentive and experienced
surgeon: some ot the sick, as occasion required, were sent to the hospital at Orleans; the vessel containing medi-
cine and hospital stores not arriving until August: as the want of these articles occurred, the general directed them
to be procured at Orleans, as also poultry, to be given to the men most in need, at the discretion of the surgeons,
but the supply of this last article was not regular. A captain of the line, (captain Dale) of medical profession, was
ordered to procure medicine, and take upon himself the usual duties of a surgeon.
Strict attention to the sick, and their accommodation, was enjoined on the officers; care taken to separate those
ill from the duty men, and a police officer daily appointed to scrutinize into the regularity of the camp, and the
quality of the provision, and to report every defect, neglect, or impropriety.
Provisions of flour, or bread, and pork, were regularly supplied, and, after a little time, beef; and when these
were bad, remonstrances, protests, and condemnation were resorted to; and, in one instance, a purchase of 100
barrels of flour was made by the General- Flour, in the Southern country, is apt to sour, and, at a certain season,
it is very difficult to get good.
On the 4th of July, a general review was made, and the troops tired and performed some evolutions tolerably
well; after this, symptoms of mutiny were manifested, not by an assembling of men, but a secret preparing for such
an event, and a threat, which was overheard by some of the more orderly men, reported. There appeared much
dissatisfaction among many of the men, and some officers, proceeding, as I supposed, from the encampment. An
expectation that this army would be discharged by the extra session of Congress, being disappointed, I presume,
served to heighten discontent.
There being no regular established armory or armorers, some of the arms were useless for want of repair; these,
together with those ot the sick and dead men, were delivered to the brigade quartermaster, except some instances
where the officers chose to pack them themselves, were packed in boxes, and either transported with the troops, or
deposited in New Orleans.
The boats employed in conveying the troops and baggage up the river were four gunboats, carrying about 40
men each, four keel boats, borrowed of the inhabitants of New Orleans, and 9 out of 11 brought down from Fort
Adams, and repaired by the troops; one quartermaster's boat, and one contractor's, attending the movement.
Previous to the embarkation, 3 companies, of the 6th infantry, under the command of Major Pike, were ordered
to the garrison of Orleans, and between the Island 12th of September, the army embarked, and, making some delay
nearly opposite the city, owing, I think, very probably, to a defect in one of the artillery boats, proceeded, on the
23d, up the river, under the command of Major Backus, of the light dragoons. I had been taken sick about the 5th
of September, and was moved up to Orleans the 10th, and, recovering sufficient strength, followed the army, and
reached the troops about 50 miles up the river, and, alter two or three days, took command, the General being ill in
Orleans. Every preparation for this movement was made, which the General could command, or thought sufficient,
and yet the sufferings were such as would excite pity in the most callous heart. The men, unable to bear fatigue,
had been left at Orleans; those able, were marched on the river bank, while the boats, with the weaker part, managed
by able men, under the direction of officers, ascended from 8 to 15 miles a day. as the wind and current would
permit, to the best ground to be found for the accommodation of a camp. Sickness and deaths increasing as we
progressed, a consultation of the surgeons and officers was held: the surgeons declared it useless to administer me-
dicine in the unsettled state of the troops, and the officers urging all reasonable haste to a place of rest, where the
skill of the physician, and effect of medicine, might have a fair trial. Under these impressions, two hospitals were
established, one at Point Coupee, and one at Fort Adams, where the weakest of the men were left, under the care
of surgeons, guards, and attendants, with medicines, and hospital stores, and provisions. The loss of men in tlie time
of this movement, (from the 1st to the 12th September, to the 31st of October) including the two hospitals, was near
300 in deaths, and some desertions.
As the boats arrived at Natchez, carriages were procured to move the sick and baggage to the intended canton-
ment, near the town of Washington, and now, the men a little rested frbm their late unexampled fatigue, began to
clean their arms, rendered rusty from the unavoidable neglect of them while on the march, and the necessary tools
being provided, the effective men, joined by those most able of the convalescents, under the superintendence of their
officers, began to erect huts on the ground chosen by the General, a place healthy, elegant, and convenient to springs
of fine water.
My knowledge of the country about Orleans is very limited, but am of opinion the ground at Terre au Boeuf was
as eligible for a camp as any iti the vicinity of the city.
Ot the propriety of continuing in the vicinity of Orleans for defence, it does not become me to speak, not having
the information which suggested the measure.
I doubt not the low situation of the ground about Orleans contributed to the mortality of the troops, but it is not
improbable but the higher ground would have proved fatal too: for it is a remark, very generally received, that
Northern constitutions undergo sickness, more or less, when subject to a fixed residence in a climate so Southern;
and to this may be added, an almost universal acknowledgment, that the year 1809 was much more sickly than any
for many years.
When I left the army at Washington, about the 27th of November, I thought the men were recovering in a good
degree.
The clothing was delivered out to the officers commanding companies, on our arrival at Washington, and, in ne-
cessary cases, the men were supplied, but generally, I think, it was judged best to retain it till the dirty and fa-
tiguing job of building was accomplished.
I conjectured, from some expressions in one of the General's letters to the Secretary of War, that an order for
removing the camp had been given; but where to I did not understand.
Washington County, ss-
Be it remembered, that, on this 21st day of March, 1810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said
county, appeared William D. Beall, and made oath, in due form of law, that the above and foregoing facts, as stated,
are just and true, to the best of his knowledge.
DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 3.
Deposition of Doctor Mexander Macauhy, March 21, 1810.
In respect to the local situation of the camp at Terre au Boeuf, I believe it to be more healthy than the city of
New Orleans, as I knew several officers and soldiers, who came from camp to town, get sick after being a short time
in the latter. I have also been told by a respectable inhabitant of that neighborhood, that Terre au Boeuf was report-
ed the most healthy country in the vicinity of New Orleans. In regard to the mortality of the troops, it may be ob-
served, that new soldiers are apt to sicken, when first embodied, although in much healthier situations; that a large
portion of the troops were sick before the army moved from New Orleans; that many of those who are enlisted are
of debauched habits, and weakened constitutions, and that such constitutions are little able to resist the violent at-
tacks of the diseases on the Lower Mississippi, where the most robust habits so frequently sink; also, that the mor-
tality amongst the citizens was very great; and I have been informed by those who had resided in that country for
ten years, that they had never before witnessed such a fatal season. The General had issued orders authorizing
280 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
Doctors Spencer and Claude to make requisitions on the military agent for proper accommodations and necessaries
for the sick, under which orders, the sick in the hospital in New Orleans, where I was, received such articles as
could render them comfortable, and conduce to their recovery. I was stationed at New Orleans, and only visited
the camp occasionally; but from what I have heard of the mortality at camp, I do believe that the army would have
lost as many, if not more men, had they remained in New Orleans, and I thought the situation of the camp at Terre
auBceuf as good as any I had ever seen in that country; and from what I have heard, I do not suppose a better
could have been selected on the territory of the United States, within one hundred and fifty miles of New Orleans.
As far as I have been able to observe the conduct of General Wilkinson, I have ever thought him actuated by a zeal
for the welfare of the army, and promotion of the public service; and I have frequently witnessed his humanity and
attention to sick officers, in having them removed to his own quarters until they were out of danger.
I certify that the foregoing statement is correct, according to the best of my knowledge and belief.
A. MACAULEY.
Washington City, March 21s<, 1810.
Sworn and subscribed before me, a justice of the peace for the county of Washington, in the District of Colum-
bia, this 21st day of March, 1810.
DANIEL RAPINE.
Deposition of Doctor Alexander Macaidey, March 22, 1810.
In addition to my deposition of yesterday, I must state, that considerable supplies of medicines and hospital
stores were purchased at New Orleans, from time to time, as well for the use of the sick in the city, as for those at
camp at Terre au Bocuf; and never, to my knowledge, did any difficulty exist as to procuring them. Also, that a
considerable supply of hospital stores and medicines arrived from the United States (I think) in the month of Au-
gust, and that Doctors Spencer and Claude divided them: according to the best of my recollection, Doctor Claude
took four-fifths for the use of the troops who ascended the river, and Doctor Spencer the other fifth, for the use of
the troops at New Orleans, and in the general hospital at that place. The supply consisted of several large pipes and
casks (or hogsheads) of wine, biandy. molasses, &c. and boxes, &c. of medicine. This division took place about
the time of the removal of the troops from the camp below New Orleans, and the medicines, stores, &c. alluded to
above, were embarked on board of the boats which ascended by or from New Orleans.
The facts above are true, according to the best of my memory and belief.
A. MACAULEY.
Washington City, Mirf/i 32, 1810.
Sworn to before me, this 22d day of March, 1810.
W. THORNTON.
No. 4.
Deposition of Major Eleclus Backus, of the army of the United States, taken by the committee appointed by the
House of Representatives of the United States to inquire into the cause or causes of the great mortality in that
detachment of the army of the United States ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
I arrived in New Orleans about the tenth of May, 1809, at which place I found that General Wilkinson, and
most of the troops destined to that station, had arrived.
In the beginning of the month of June, the troops were ordered to leave New Orleans, and to proceed down the
river to Terre au Boeuf, where they were directed to encamp. At this time the waters of the Mississippi were so
high that at many places it was overflowing the levee, which rendered the ground of our encampment wet and muddy;
and was so suirounded with marshes and swamps, as to render it an ineligible place for an encampment. The duty
and labor required to put the place in order was too great to be endured in so hot a climate-
The lands on which the troops encamped belonged to Mr. Lasuse, to whom the Brigade Quartermaster informed
me he had paid several hundred dollars, after the removal of the army, for the use of the lands, house rent, pastur-
age, and firewood; and that no allowance was made for any improvements made on the lands by the army, and that
lie had sold the buildings erected on the place for the benefit of the United States.
In the m(mth of July, General Wilkinson became alarmed at some improper expressions dropping from some of
the soldiers, which, on examination, appeared to have been uttered from a belief that the sickness and deaths the
army had experienced was to be attributed to the local position of the camp, and to the unremitted fatigues and
hardships they were compelled to endure.
The police of the camp was well attended to, and great exertions made use of to keep it clean, until the sickness
of the soldiers Isecame so general as to render it impracticable.
The provisions were such, in particular the flour, that medical men declared it sufficient to injure the health of,
and destroy the soldier, independent of any other cause.
The soldiers were from four to six months without their pay, (which they are entitled to every two months.)
This put it out of their power to purchase fowls or vegetables, which would have contributed much to their
comfort, particularly when sickly. The reasons assigned for their not being paid were various; one of which was,
that the Paymaster of the district did not consider it his duty to go from New Orleans to pay the troops, and there
being no Paymasters to many of the regiments, payments could not be made; and one cause assigned by General
Wilkinson was, that if the men were paid off before they ascended the river many would desert.
The want of clothing was so great that many of the soldiers were almost naked; this yvas owing to the new
clothing not arriving until a short time before the army moved up the river, and was not delivered to the company
officers until after they had arrived at Washington, Mississippi Territory. Medicines and medical men some of
the regiments were at times destitute of, in consequence of which many of the soldiers perished without having
received little, if any, medical assistance.
■ When the troops took the field in the month of June, they were well provided with tents, but the frequent rains
to which they were exposed soon rendered them but a miserable shelter either aginst the effects of the rain ov sun.
A few of the most dangerous cases of the sick were at first put in tents pitched in the rear of their respective regi-
ments, but before we left the encampment, the increase of sickness was so great that it was impossible (situated as
we were) to separate the sick from the well, and they were to be found, more or less, in every tent in the line.
In consequence of the sickness and deaths of the soldiers, the arms and accoutrements belonging to them were
much injured, and in some instances lost, owing to there being no place in which they could be deposited or sheltered
from the weather.
Shelters were erected to cover the sentinels from the rays of the sun and frequent showers of rain, but were not
\;ompleted until the month of August, prior to which time the soldiers suffered much for the want of them. About
the first of September, orders were issued for the troops to prepare to embark on board of boats and other craft for
Natcliez, in the Mississippi Territory. The public boats were collected from different quarters and repaired, some
of which, proving unfit for service, were turned in, and private boats taken, which the owners were glad of an oppor-
tunity of getting conveyed to Natchez free of charges, and others might have been obtained on the same terms.
Nothing could have exceeded the joy expressed by the soldiers on this occasion: it seemed for a time to relieve the
drooping spirits of those who were, to appearance, past all hopes of recovery.
At the time the troops commenced their march, General Wilkinson became so indisposed that he could not
proceed with them, and remained at New Orleans. I being the only field officer with the troops, the command of
1810.J MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 281
them devolved upon me; in which command I continued until the army arrived nearly opposite West Florida.
Betvi'een the 20th and 31st of October, the troops arrived at Natchez, leaving upwards of one hundred of their sick
at Point Coupee, and many others at Fort Adams, at both of which places the greater part died. After the army
arrived at their place of destination, the weather became cool, and tiiose that were in a low state of health died, and
the remainder became convalescent.
The troops were much relieved at this place by a plentiful market, both in fresh provisions and vegetables, which
sold one hundred per cent, cheaper than in New Orleans, or its territory.
The inhabitants of Washington and its vicinity received the army with much affection, and treated them with
more attention and friendship than they had hitherto experienced on that southern station. The complaints of the
oificers did not differ from that of the men, except the scurvy.
A supply of fresh provisions and vegetables were not to be procured in the neighborhood of the camp at Terre au
BcEuf, or not short of the New Orleans market.
Question. Could boats have been procured at New Orleans sufficient to convey the troops to Fort Adams or
Natchez at any time between the 14th of June and the 10th of September?
Answer. 1 think they could.
Question. What was the quality of the provisions, particularly the flour, with which the army were supplied
during the encampment at Terre au Boeuf ?
Answer. Bad, generally, particularly the flour, which was frequently sour, mouldy, in lumps, and sometimes
full of bugs and worms.
Question. Was the army in a sickly state at the time of removal from New Orleans to Terre au Boeuf, and
were the sick removed?
Answer- There was some sickness. Those who were most ill were left in the hospital at New Orleans.
Question. Do you believe that, at the time the troops were using the bad provisions a sufficient supply of good
and wholesome provisions could have been procured at New Orleans?
Answer. I believe they could. The General did procure one hundred barrels of good flour for the army.
Question. What proportion of the army were generally ordered on fatigue duty?
Answer- One half ot those in health were generally on fatigue duty. Sometimes it was necessaiy to take men
who were not in health to furnish the details of guard duty.
Question. At what time did the fatigue duty cease?
Answer. Not until the latter part ot August.
Question. What kind of labor were the last fatigue parties engaged in?
Answer. Building guard houses, shelters for the sentries, and clearing the ground.
Question. During how long a period were the men obliged to sleep on the ground?
Answer. Many of them from three to four weeks; during which time, there being no straw, they had but a
single blanket and such palmetto leaves as they could collect to keep them from the damp ground, after which the
tents were generally floored with boards from the boats which had conveyed the troops fiom New Orleans.
Question. At what time was it first known in the camp that orders had been received for the removal of the
army?
Answer. Sometime in the month of August.
Question. What other inconveniences besides those specified in the deposition were experienced in the encamp-
ment at Terre au Bceuf?
Answer. The troops experienced great annoyance from the innumerable quantity of mosquitoes, which were
particularly afflicting to the sick. They suffered also very much from the continual rains.
Question. Were you not informed by the Paymaster that he had sufficient funds in his hands to pay off the men?
Answer. I was informed by Mr. Knight that he had the funds, and that, if the men would stop opposite New
Orleans on their way up the river, he would pay them off.
Question. Did you not halt opposite New Orleans, and make application for that purpose?
Answer. The troops halted there three days, and I spoke to General Wilkinson on the subject: he replied that
the men could not be paid, as, if they were paid off, they would desert.
Question. Was there an acting military agent at New Orleans at the time the troops were there on their way
up the river?
Answer. I believe the Brigade Quartermaster did that duty.
Question. Were you provided with funds to defray incidental expenses in conveying the troops up to Natchez.^
Answer. We were not. General Wilkinson directed me to take the army up the river, informing me, at the
same time, that there was not a dollar in the Quartermaster's Department to defray any extra expenses; that I must
take them as they were. On our arrival at Point Coupee an hospital was formed, and about one hundred of the
sick left there. There being no necessary supplies to leave with them, a subscription was made by the officers, and
upwards of one hundred dollars raised and left with the surgeon, for the purpose of supplying the sick with those
articles of which they stood in need, such as fowls, vegetables, &c.
Question. Did General Wilkinson consult any of his officers in selecting Terre au Boeuf as the place of
encampment?
Answer. Colonel- Smyth and some other officers went down with General Wilkinson to see Terre au Boeuf, but
I cannot say how far he consulted them.
Question- Was there dissatisfaction among the officers and men at Terre au Boeuf, and from what cause did it
arise?
Answer. There was. It appeared to arise from the unhealthiness of the place, the sufferings of the troops, and
the badness of the supplies. Many of the officers signed a petition in the .month of July to the General, to remove
the army, which was withheld in consequence of his disapproving of it, and declaring he would not remove the troops
until he received orders so to do.
Question. When you mention that the last fatigue parties were employed in clearing up the ground, in what
manner were they so employed?
Answer. In smoothing the ground by taking up stumps, and filling up holes and ditches.
Question. What quantity of wood land was cleared by the troops?
Answer. I should judge that there were between twenty and thirty acres of new land cleared by them.
Washington County, ss.
On this 5th day of April, 1810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said county, appeared Electus
Backus, and made oath, in due form of law, that the facts stated in the foregoing instrument of writing, which came
within his personal knowledge, are true, and those related from the information of others he believes to be true.
Sworn before me,
DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 5.
Examination of Captain George Peter, before the committee appointed '^to inquire into the cause or causes of the
mortality in that detachment of the army ordered for the defence of New Orleans," taken Jtpril 9th, 1810.
Question. At what time did you arrive at New Orleans?
Answer. I think it was between the 26th and 28th of March, 1809, that I arrived there with five compaiiies.
Question. What was the condition of the army during their stay in New Orleans, both as it respects their heal th
and accommodations?
282 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
Answer. A part of the troops were quartered in the barracks, a part in the fauxbourg St. Mary, and a part in
the city. The number of the sick increased daily during their stay, which I attributed to their intemperance, to
the badness of (heir provisions, and to the want of discipline and subordination.
Question. What was the (juality of the provisions with which the troops were supplied?
Answer. Of the most inferior kinds, of every description: the bread musty, the fresh beef so poor that it was
not fit to be issued, and the pork rusty. I have frequently known the troops to throw the pork away. The com-
plaints respecting the provisions were so frequent that I made a representation to General Wilkinson on the subject.
He informed me that he would take measures to have better provisions provided; but during my stay I saw little or
no improvement.
Question. What appeared to be the most prevalent diseases during the stay of the troops in New Orleans?
Answer. The dysentery, but not of a very malignant nature, and fevers. Of the corps of light artillery I believe
only two men died during their stay in New Orleans.
Question. To what cause or causes did you attribute the want of discipline and subordination to which you
have alluded?
Answer. To the dispersed situation of the troops in the city of New Orleans, and the impossibility of keeping
them within proper bounds.
Question. Is it your opinion that, on the arrival of the troops and during their stay at New Orleans, such a
disposition of them could have been made as would have been more favorable to discipline and subordination, and
without incurring any additional expense?
Answer. I think a greate r number of the troops might have been quartered in the barracks, and the remainder
in the fauxbourg of St. Mary, which would have enabled the officers to have kept their men in better order, but
wouldnothave curtailed the expenses much: or, if the troops had been encamped on the plains of the fauxbourg
St. Mary, with proper flooring to their tents, the ofHcers would have had an opportunity of keeping up subordina-
tion and discipline, preventing intemperance, and would have saved to the Government a prodigious expense.
Question. Is it your opinion that the encampment of the troops, agreeably to your last suggestion, would have
been equally, or more eligible, tlian their encampment at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. I think it would have been more eligible. Drier ground might have been selected, having the swamp
at a much greater distance; vegetables might have been procured in abundance, also milk and fresh provisions,
with hospitals sufficiently commodious for the accommodation of the sick.
Question. What time did you leave New Orleans for Terre au Bceuf?
Answer. About the 1st of June an order directing a detachment of the troops consisting of three companies of
light artillery, one of dragoons, one of riflemen, one of the third, one of the fifth, and one of the sixth infantry, under
the command of Major Pike, was issued. Between the 3d and 5th of June, this detachment fell down to the head
of the English Turn, for the purpose of preparing the ground forthe accommodation of the corps of light artillery,
the regiment of dragoons, regunent of riflemen, the third, fifth, sixth, and seventh regiments of infantry, consisting
in the whole of about two thousand men.
Question. In vvhat state did you find the ground intended for the encampment?
Answer. From the right to the centre the ground was as drj^ as it is generally below the city of New Orleans;
but from the centre to the left it was swampy. The first part had been cleared, but the last was covered with
willows and palmettos.
Question. At what time did the main body arrive at the encampment?
Answer. Between the 9th and 11th of June.
Question. Was the ground prepared for their encampment when they arrived?
Answer. A part of the left was not cleared, and but little ditching done. A part of the officers and two or
three companies of the men had flooring for their tents, the remainder were pitched upon the ground-
Question. What was the reason that a part of the men had flooring for their tents, and the remainder had not?
Answer. I recollect but two companies that were so provided, and the plank for those were procured at New
Orleans by the officers, in part at their own expense.
Question. At what time did you leave the camp at Terre au Bceuf?
Answer. On the morning of the I2th of June.
Question. How long did you serve in the army of the United States?
Answer. I entered the army in 1799, as a lieutenant of infantry; in 1801, was appointed a lieutenant in the
second regiment of artillerists and engineers; in 180!2, at the organization of the peace establishment, arranged to
the corps of artillerists as a lieutenant; in 1807, promoted to a captaincy in the same corps; and in 1808, at the
request of the Secretary of War, transferred to the regiment of light artillery. I resigned my commission on the
llthof June, 1809.
Question. Where have you generally served during the time you have been in the army?
Answer- On the sea-board; on the northern lakes; on the Ohio, Missouri, and at New Orleans, in 1807 and
1809.
County of Washington, to wit:
On the 11th day of April, 1810, Captain George Peter came before me, a justice of the peace for the county
aforesaid, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God that tiie foregoing answers is a coirect state-
ment of facts, to the best of his knowledge and belief.
THOMAS CORCORAN.
No. 6.
Deposition of Captain John Darringlon, of the United States' army, taken by the committee appointed by the
House of Representatives of the United States, to inquire into the causes of the great mortality in that detach-
ment of the army of the United Stales ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
I joined the army in New Orleans about the first of April, 1809, and was never absent from it until February,
1810. Soon after my arrival in New Orleans, I discovered that the number of our sick began rapidly to increase.
The prevalent complaint appeared to be the diarrhoea; it attacked indiscriminately both officers and privates; at
this time the deaths were but few in proportion to the number sick. The most dangerous among the sick were
provided with hospitals, in which they were well attended to. This diarrhoea was ascribed by our physicians to
medicinal effi^cts of the waters of the Mississippi.
The last of May we were directed to prepare for leaving New Orleans. On the 3d of June a camp forming
party, consisting ot the whole of the light artillery, and the strongest company of the remaining corps, was despatched
for Terre au Bceuf. On the 10th of the same month the whole army followed, and on that and the succeeding day
arrived at Terre au Boeuf; at this time I conjectured that about one-third of our army ^vere on the sick reports.
Although our camp forming party had used every industry, the ground was not in readiness. The tents were
pitched in front in the skirt ot an old field. From the centre of our encampment to the right had originally been
cleared, but vvas then mostly overgrown with small trees, weeds, &c.; the ground damp; from the centre to the
left still remained in its primitive state, and having never been ditched was as yet a marsh. Immediately in the rear
was an impassable swamp- The left of the encampment was on the bank of the river, and partly parallel with it,
but the river turning nearly at right angles threw the right at a ctmsiderable distance. To render this place suita-
ble as soon as possible for the purpose intended, a fatigue of two hundred and twenty men was ordered; this party
soon cleared off the trees on the line marked out. When the tents were permanently pitched, the General informed
us, that, after having employed several days in inspecting the country in the vicinity of^ew Orleans, he had selected
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 983
this place as the most eligible for the encampment. Our fatigue party continued to clear the land at the distance
of one hundred yards in the rear; after which they wei-e employed in digging ditches in the interv.ys between the
regiments, into which ditches were run drains leading fnim the front of the tents. This labor I conceived indispen-
sable, from motives of self defence; otherwise, during the rainy seasons a portion of our encampment would have been
inundated. The severest duty performed by our fatigue was thediggingof a canal in the rear, extending the whole
length of the line, on the banks of which canal was thrown up a permanent levee. This labor, to the best of my recol-
lection, was not commenced until the middle of July, and notfinislied until in August. Had it been the intention of
Government, (as General Wilkinson suggested as probable) to have made this place a permanent cantonment, the
canal, together with its levee, would have been of utility as a safeguard against the ensuing season; but if, on the
contrary, the place had been selected for a temporary purpose, I should say this labor was not necessary. The
provisions were at no time such as could be esteemed good, and frequently so inferior, that nothing but necessity
could justify the use of them. On this subject frequent complaints w'ere made to General Wilkinson. At first he
attended to them; the provisions were inspected and condemned; it was also said he purchased a hundred barrels
of flour; the evil, however, still continued; complaints were again niade, but without producing any effect; the
General replying, that better provisions could not be had; after this, further complaints were deemed useless. The
constant use of damaged provisions was no doubt the primitive cause of that horrid and destructive disease termed
the scurvy. Our market furnished but a scanty supply of either fiesh provisions or vegetables, which sold from a
hundred to a hundred and fifty per cent, higher than at our present cantonment, (Washington, Mississippi terri-
tory.) Besides, the men did not derive as much advantage from this scanty and exorbitant market as they might,
had they been regularly paid.
Our details were so arranged that one third of the army were on duty each day. This arrangem^t continuing,
without a diminution in proportion to the increase of sickness, soon brought those reported for duty, on duly every
other day, and it not unfrequently happened, that, to supply the details, sick men were furnished. For the first
month most of the tents were without floors; and as the army was not furnished with straw, the bedding of the soldiers
consisted in a single blanket. In this situation they were obliged to sleep on the ground, which, during the month
of June and the greater part of July, was constantly damp, and in places for a short time inundated by water. If I
recollect accurately, from the middle of June to the last of July, there were but few days without rain, and gene-
rally several showers in the same day; during this period and for some time after^ the sentinels were unprovided
with any description of shelter to protect them eitlier against the rain or sun. The sentinels in the rear of the
encampment, until the middle of July, were over their shoes in mud and water, and the fatigue party employed in
the same place, in digging the canal, constantly worked in mud and water.
On our first arrival at Terre au Boeuf, General Wilkinson gave directions for the erection of a hospital; but,
from what cause I am not able to say, the work progressed slowly, and was not finished until a short time before
our movement, and when finished was not capable of holding more than sixty or eighty men. We were generally
without hospital stores, and when we had them they were in such small quantities as to be of little service. The
number of our sick was so great, that it became impossible for the few physicians we had to attend to them, and it
sometimes occurred, that men died without ever having received any description of medical assistance. The phy-
sicians complained much of the want of medicines, and also, that, from the exposed situation of their patients, the
medicine aclministered frequently proved injurious. The sick and the well lived in the same tents; they generally
subsisted on the same provisions; were equally exposed to the constant and incessant torrents of rain, to the scorch-
ing heat of the sun, and during the night to the attacks of numberless mosquitoes. They manifested the pains and
sufferings they experienced by shrieks and groans, which, during the silence of the night, were distinctly to be
heard from one end of the line to the other. It is my candid belief the mosquitoes produced more misery than any other
cause. In the night the air was filled with them, and not a man was provided with any thing like a bar or net.
Thus situated, tlie sufferings of the unfortunate sick, who were too weak to defend themselves, can perhaps be
better imagined than described.
Between the 5th and 10th of July, the officers, impelled by motives of humanity, from the lamentable and dis-
tressing situations of the camp, petitioned the General for its removal. I was the bearer of the petition. I met
with him on the parade and informed him of my business. At first he appeared to be much astonished; observed
that a removal was impossible; that there he had been sent, and there he should remain until ordered away by
competent authority. He afterwards made use of a few harsh expressions, such as that the officers were crazy, &c.
I did not put into his hands the petition, because I perceived it would have no effect. I then returned, and reported
the result. After this all prospect of a removal ceased. In the latter end of July it was rumored that orders had
been received from the Secretary of War for our removal, and in the latter end of August, these orders were made
public. On this occasion the troops manifested the greatest joy; they seemed to have forgotten all that was passed,
and became impatient for the arrival of (he day on which they were to leave Terre au Boeuf. The first of September,
orders were issued to prepare for ascending the river, and between the seventh and eighteenth commenced their
ascent by detachments.
On the 20th the army was concentrated opposite New Orleans. Hereahalt of two days ensued, to repair the boats.
A few of the boats were found unfit for the voyage; but their places were immediately supplied by others belong-
ing to citizens, who, it was said, charged nothing, being glad of an opportunity of getting them to Natchez. On the
•23d, after sending a lew of our sick to New Orleans, a general movement took place; many more of the sick could
have been sent, but we were informed the hospitals could not contain them. The men were crowded in such
numbers in the boats, as to preclude every thing like comfort. In many of the boats were two and three companies.
This was an evil which could not be remedied: for, had our boats been multiplied, I do not think we should have
been able to manage them. In the boat in which I ascended, were three companies, and it was with difficulty I
could ever get more than twelve or fifteen men at the oars. For the first few days alter we commenced our ascent,
the number of deaths were not more than usual. Afterwards they began to increase, anJ before we arrived at
Point Coupee, it became a first duty at our nightly encampments to bury those who had died during the day, and
in the morning to bury those who had died during the night- This last rite consisted in wrapping them in their
blankets and covering them with two or three feet of earth. On the 3d of October, we arrived at Point Coupee.
At this place the establishment of a hospital was deemed indispensable; there being no public funds, the hospital
was erected by the voluntary donations of the officers. At this place upwards of a hundred men were left. On
the 17th, the army reached fort Adams; here another hospital was established. The last of October they arrived
at Natchez, and were immediately removed to their intended encampment. As no arrangement had been made
for the procuring of a hospital, the situation of the sick still continued to be miserable; they were crowded together
in tents, and lay on the bare ground, exposed to the rain and cold. A small quantity of straw was procured, but
not sufficient for the twentieth part. In this situation numbers died daily. The last of November a few of the
most dangerous were sent to "Washington, where houses had been rented as hospitals. About the middle of Decem-
ber deaths began to decrease, as the greater part of those, who, on their arrival, were much reduced, had died, and
the others had become convalescent. On the ISth of December, General Wilkinson was relieved by General Hamp-
ton, who adopted the most prompt measures to render the situation of the army as desirable as possible. The police
of the camp, which before had been neglected, and for the want of which the camp had become extremely offensive,
was immediately attended to; measures were also taken for the erection of a large and commodious hospital, and
also for the payment of the troops. He advanced from his own pocket one month's pay. The troops had from
four to six months' due them. Why payment had thus been delayed I cannot say. Had the men been paid on
their arrival, it certainly would have been of immense advantage, as the country furnished ample supplies of vege-
tables and fresh provisions, which sold on reasonable terms. By returns received from the hospitals established on
our ascent, it appears that most of the sick left in them died. Another cause of suffering which I before omitted
to mention was the want of clothing; this was because the new clothing did not arrive till late in August, and was
not delivered to the company officers until after their arrival at Washington. It will not perhaps be improper to state,
that when we were opposite New Orleans, a paper was presented by a friend of General Wilkinson for the signa-
284 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
tures of the officers. From my own impressions at that time, and I believe the impressions of others were similar
to my own, I did not hesitate to sign it; the purport of this paper was the approving of the General's conduct. The
General was the first military officer in the United States, of long standing, and of course carried with him the
confidence of the Government. Besides, he had impressed on our minds a belief, that the misfortunes we had
experienced were alone attributable to Government; that he had ever acted in conformity to orders. We could
not doubt the words of our General. Many signed it.
JOHN DARRINGTON, Captain M Regiment Infantry.
Interrogatories put to Captain John Darrington, by the Committee, ivith his answers.
Question. Could boats have been procured at New Orleans sufficient to convey the troops to Fort Adams or
Natchez, at any time between the 14th of June and 10th of September?
Answer. 1 suppose that boats could have been had. There are many boats employed in the river, and I think
they might have been procured on reasonable terms.
Question. What was the quality of the provisions, particularly the flour, with which the army were supplied
during the encampment at Terre au Bceuf?
■ Answer. The flour was always bad, with the exception of one hundred barrels purchased by General Wilkin-
son. It was generally mouldy, sour, and frequently filled with bugs and worms. A small proportion of the pork
was good, ancialso a small proportion of the fresh beef.
Question. Do you believe that, at the time the troops were using the bad provisions, a sufficient supply of good
and wholesome provisions could have been procured at New Orleans?
Answer. I suppose it might.
Question. At what time did the fatigue duty cease?
Answer. The records of the army show it ceased on the 7th of September.
Question. Had you reason to believe there were funds in the hands of the paymaster at New Orleans, suffi-
cient for paying off the troops?
Answer. Yes. I had command of the third regiment, and issued an order to the paymaster of that regiment,
to meet us when we should arrive opposite New Orleans, and pay off" the men, which he complied with.
Question. Were you provided with funds to defray incidental expenses in conveying the troops up to Natchez?
Answer. We were not. The expenses incurred whilst I had command of the army, I was obliged to defray
from my own pocket.
Question. What quantity of wood -land was cleared by the troops?
Answer. I suppose about thirty acres.
Question. Do you not suppose the value of the land was enhanced by the labor done on it by the troops?
Answer. Yes. The cleared land was prepared for cultivation, and the uncleared land in the vicinity was
drained by tlie canal and ditches in the rear of the camp.
Question. How many men did you lose out of your company during your encampment at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. None.
Question. Were your men encamped on more favorable ground than the other part of the army generally?
Answer. They were not; my company occupied its proper place in the line.
Question. How many of your men were generally fit for duty while at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. The number of those in my company fit for duty seldom exceeded five.
Question. How many of tlie men died on board of your boat, while ascending the river?
Answer. Of the three companies on board my boat, I think about one third died, including those left in the
hospitals established on our way up.
Question. Did you receive the necessary clothing for your company?
Answer. The clothing for my companv arrived at Camden, in South Carolina, during ray absence. I receipted
for it at Charleston, but being ordered for New Orleans, and not being able to get it from Camden in time, I was
obliged to sail for New Orleans, leaving it behind. After my arrival at New Orleans, f wrote to the assistant mili-
tary agent at Charleston, stating the situation of my company, and requesting him to forward on ray clothing. He
sent one cask, which I received in the month of July.
Question. Was the General attentive to the sick at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer- He was particularly attentive to my company; with respect to the remainder of the army, I cannot say.
Question. Was your company provided with quarters on their arrival at New Orleans?
Answer. They were not. On my arrival, I reported myself to the commanding officer; he referred me to the
military agent for quarters. I went in search of the agent, but could not find him. I sent my ensign in search of
him; he informed me that he had found the agent, who directed him to look out for quarters wherever they could be
procured, and he would pay for them. The ensign accordingly found quarters, and the troops were removed from
the transport after a detention on board for two or three days.
Question. From the state of the army at Terre au Boeuf on the ^Oth of July, if preparations had immediately
commenced for a removal, how soon do you believe a movement of the army up the river might have commenced?
Answer. I am of the opinion, that, if proper measures had been immediately adopted, a movement might have
been made in five or six days.
Question. What were the arrangements ultimately adopted?
Answer. I think the public boats arrived from fort Adams early in August. They were at first ordered to be
repaired by general detail, but the repairs went on slowly: about the last of August, or the beginning of September,
they were "divided among the commanding officers of corps, who undertook to finish their repairs, which were soon
completed. I reported myself ready for moving in two days after receiving ray boats.
Washington County, ss.
On this 11th day of April, 1810, appeared before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said county. Captain
- ohn Darrington, and made oath, in due form of law, that the foregoing depositions and answers to the interroga-
Kiries, are just and accurate, to the best of his knowledge and belief.
DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 7.
l/eposiiion of Colonel Mexander Parker, taken by the Committee appointed by the House of Representatives of the
United States, to inquire into the cause or causes of the great mortality in that detachment of the army of the
United States ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
January 30, 1809, 1 received orders from Gen- Wilkinson, to sail from Norfolk to New Orleans, and report my-
self, or take command, as the rank of the officer I found there would justify.
On the third of February, did sail with two transport ships, with about 300 troops on board; arrived and took
command at New Orleans, on the 26th of March; the troops generally in good health. The General did not arrive
until the 20th of April, the command, of course, then devolved on him.
A general order was issued, on the 31st of May, for the brigade quartermaster to have 50 axes, 50 spades, 50 picks,
50 mattocks, 50 hatchets, 6 briar scythes, 4 mauls, 4 pair of iron wedges, 12 handbarrows, and the same quantity of
rakes, ready for service on Friday morning.
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. '285
On the 1st of June, shallops were ordered to be in readiness to remove a detachment from the army, consisting
of 500 men, under the command of Major Pii<e, vvitiv fifteen days' provisions, and all the to{)ls mentioned in the
foregoing orders, to prepare an encampment at Terre au Boeuf, for the reception of the army, as a general move-
ment would take place in the course of a week. Accordingly, on the 9th, the troops did embark, aiid proceeded
down the river about twelve miles, to this new encampment. On the Uth, a general order was issued at Terre au
BcEuf, for a fatigue party to be daily furnished, consisting of one field officer,"two captains, four subalterns, eight
sergeants, eight corporals, and two hundred privates- The 5th of July, I left the encampment of Terre au Boeuf to
return to the city of Washington; at which time I think there were 600 soldiers returned on die sick list— reference
to the inspector's return will ascertain the exact number. The causes of such numbers being sick I attribute to the
following reasons: 1st, The impurity of the waters of the Mississippi, which the soldiers were obliged to use without
being Jittered. 2d. The camp being mostly inundated by heavy rains and the waters from the Mississippi. 3d. The
great tiitigue the soldiers underwent in reclaiming (hat encampment, and lying on the wet ground, they not being
furnished with a sufficiency either of straw or boards. 4th. The provisions that were issued by the Commissary were
generally damaged and unfit for use. 5th. The great scarcity of vegetables, so conducive to the iiealth and comfort of
soldiers in that warm climate-
A. PARKER.
Interrogatories put to Colonel Mexander Parker, by the Committee appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of
the mortality in that detachment of the army ordered for the defence of New Orleans, with his answers.
Question. What rank did you hold in the army at New Orleans?
Answer. I commanded the army from the time of my arrival until the arrival of Gen. Wilkinson; from which
time, until I left the army at Terre au Boeuf, I was second in command.
Question. What was the condition of the army during their stay at New OHeans, both as it respects their health
and accommodations?
Answer. The troops generally arrived there in good health, but sickness soon commenced, and rapidly increas-
ed amongst them; their accommodations, as to barracks and quarters, were comfortable; the provisions, flour, pork,
and beef, were generally bad, of the meanest kind, and unfit for use.
Question. Was there a sufficiency of sound and wholesome provisions in New Orleans, which might have been
procured for the support of the troops?
Answer. There was generally a supply in the market of good and wholesome provisions, particularly flour and
pork.
Question. Did the market of New Orleans furnish an abundance of fresh provisions and vegetables?
Answer. The fresh provisions were generally poor, the vegetables were abundant.
Question. Did you examine the site of encampment at Terre au Bceuf before the troops removed there?
Answer. I had passed by the place in going up the river, but never examined it with a view to an encampment.
Question. Were you, or any other of the officers within your knowledge, ever consulted as to the propriety of
fixing on Terre au Bceuf as the place of encampment?
Answer. I was not, nor do I believe that any of the officers were.
Question. Did you consider Terre au Boeuf as an eligible position for an encampment with a view to the de-
fence of New Orleans, if the position had been a healthy one?
Answer. The position is not a military one, but is as much so as any other in that low country'.
Question. Do you believe a healthy situation might have been selected in the high lands, and which would have
been equally or more advantageous with a view to the defence of New Orleans?
Answer. I believe the situation of the present encampment at Washington may be considered, as a military po-
sition, in every point of view, more eligible, and better calculated, for the defence of New Orleans, than Terie au
Boeuf, or any other in that country, within the jurisdiction of the United States. I have many reasons for thinking
so, among which the following may be considered as the principal: an invading army landing on the Mobile and
taking possession of the heights of the Mississippi, could easily cut off all supplies from New Orleans, and, with a
small naval force at the mouth of the Mississippi, would block up the low country so completely, as to render it
wholly impossible for an army to subsist there. The health of the troops would be much better preserved, and they
could, at any time, move down the river in thiee days with great facility in case of necessity.
Question. Do you recollect whether any opinions were expressed among the officers, previous to the removal at
Terre au Boeuf, relative to the superior advantages of the upper country over that position, and whether those opi-
nions were communicated to the General ?
Answer. The officers frequently conversed among themselves on that subject, but I do not know that they com-
municated their opinions to the General. I pointed out the advantages which 1 conceived the upper country possess-
ed to the General; he replied that he was fully apprised of the situation, but that he was limited in his oi-ders, and
could not leave New Orleans uncovered.
Question. Do you recollect whether any opinions were expressed among the officers, while at Terre au Boeuf,
in favor of the removal of tiie troops up the river, and whether those opinions were communicated to the General,
and at what time? ■ "
Answer. They were daily expressing such a wish to me, and often desired me to communicate their wishes to
the General, and press him for a removal. I did mention to the General, about the last of June, or the first of July,
the necessity of removing the troops from tliat encampment to the upper country; his reply was nearly similar to the
one he gave me before — that he was restricted in his powers, and could not leave New Orleans uncovered.
Question. When you left the encampment, were the troops regularly paid up?
Answer. According to the best of my recollection, there was not more than two months' pay due the troops ge-
nerally when 1 left there.
Question. Do you know whether tlie paymaster at New Orleans had funds in his hands for the payment of the
troops?
Answer. He informed me, some time in the month of June, that he had received a draft, and had funds in his
hands. He had been in a very low state of health for some time, and remained so when I left there, which disabled
him from transacting any kind of business.
Question. Do you nut think the fatigue parties were too laige in proportion to the strengtii of the army, and that
the excessive fatigue thereby imposed on the troops, contributed very much to increase the sickness and deaths?
Answer. It is my opinion that the details for fatigue and camp duty were much too great for the well part of
the troops to perform, and that it was one great cause of the mortality.
Question. Were the ditches and other improvements made in the camp absolutely necessary for the accommoda-
tion of the troops?
Answer. They were certainly of gi-eat service in draining the ground, and making it more dry and comfortable.
Question. Do you think the work done by the troops rendered the land more valuable to the proprietor?
Answer. There can be no doubt but its value was improved by draining and clearing it.
Question. In what state did you find the ground intended for the encampment?
AnsNver. The ground on which the right wing of the army was encamped had once been cleared, but was co-
vered with brambles and underwood. On the left it was a perfect bog, and uncleared.
Question. Was there time sufficient for the camp forming party, under Major Pike, to have completed the pre-
paiations for encampment, previous to the removal ot the main body to Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. I think there was not. He moved with his party on the first of June, and the main body moved on
the ninth. It would have taken the party under his command a month or six weeks to put the ground in any tole-
rable order.
57 m
286 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
Question. Was not the place cliosen for encampment much infested with mosquitoes, &c..''
Answer. It was. The mosquitoes, gnats, and reptiles, were so numerous, as to be very distressing to the men,
and was a great aggravation of their other sufferings.
Question. Were the troops supplied with the necessary hospital stores?
Answer. They were not, and the troops suffered much in consequence of the want of them. Many of the men
died without having received any aid from hospital stores.
Question. Was it not within the power of the General to order the military agent to furnish the necessary hos-
pital stores and other supplies for the use of the troops.''
Answer. The General may at all times draw on the military agent for any quantity of stores that may be found
necessary for the use of the troops.
Question. Do you know whether the military agent had funds in his hands to meet such drafts?
Answer. About the last of April, he had considerable funds in his hands. I cannot say what his disbursements
were after that period.
Question. What were the most prevalent diseases in the army while you were there?
Answer. Dysenteries and diarrhcea. These disorders were increased by the dampness of the ground on which
the troops were encamped.
Question. Were the waters of the Mississippi considered as wholesome?
Answer. When filtered, the water is considered as wholesome, but, in the state in which the men were obliged
to use it, it was considered by medical men as very unwholesome.
Question. Could not the men have been supplied with a sufficient quantity of filtered water?
Answer. A sufficient quantity of filtering stones could not have been had, but a good substitute might have been
found in sand or charcoal.
Question. Were the sentries provided with the necessary shelters to preserve them from the effects of the sun,
rain, and dews?
Answer. They were not, during my stay there. There were sentinels who fell on their posts from the effects of
the sun, or other cause, and expired very suddenly.
Question. Is it your opinion that a sufficient number of boats could at any time have been procured at New Or-
leans, for the purpose of conveying the troops up the river?
Answer. At all times, a number of boats might have been procured, but whether in sufficient numbers to have
removed ail the troops at once, I am not able to say.
Question. Is it your opinion that the troops might have been encamped on the plains of the Fauxbourg St. Mary,
and that, if they had been so encamped, their situation would have been more eligible than it was at Terre au Bceuf.
Ansvi'er. 1 am under the impression that the ground would not have been sufficiently extensive for an encamp-
ment. If it would, itpossessed many advantages, such as its being drier, and the facility of procuring vegetables and
other necessary supplies; but I am under the impression, that, from its vicinity to the town, it would have been im-
possible to have restrained the men, and prevented them from entering into all the vices common in large towns.
Question. Was the police of the camp such as to keep it sufficiently clean?
Answer. The police officers were sutticiently strict; but the low situation of the ground caused a frequent over-
flowing of the sinks, and produced a very great stench, which was extremely offensive throughout the camp.
Question. In the state in which the army was, at Terre au Bceuf, do you believe it could have made any serious
opposition against even a small invading force?
Answer. It is my opinion that our troops were so emaciated and reduced by sickness, the climate, and the want
of proper nourishment, that they could have made but a very feeble opposition, against even a small military force,
in good health and well organized.
Question. Were the mosquito bars or nets necessary for the troops, particularly for the sick, and were they pro-
vided?
Answer. Nets were absolutely necessary for the accommodation of the army. When I left that country a few
nets were provided for the sick at the New Orleans Hospital. I was informed by the military agent, that he either
had in hand ten thousand dollars, for the purpose of puichasing mosquito nets, or that he was ordered by the Secre-
tary of War to provide for the army, at New Orleans, to the amount of ten thousand dollars.
Question. What was the price of mosquito nets ?
Answer. Good nets for the soldiers might have been purchased for two dollars and fifty cents.
Question. Did any cause or causes exist, within your knowledge, to impose an imperious duty on the command-
er to encamp in the vicinity of .New Orleans?
Answer. None within my knowledge.
Question. Were there any symptons of discontent manifested at New Orleans, which could require the deten-
tion of the army at Terre au Bceuf ? • , , ^
Answer. The citizens of New Orleans were peaceable, and appeared to be well disposed to the Government. 1
heard of no dissatisfaction, nor murmurs of any kind. , ^ ■ ^ ^ , ,, ■ ,
Question. Did any reasonable apprehensions exist, from the influx of refugees from Cuba, that could requne the
presence of au army? . , c ri i
Answer. No apprehensions were entertamed that 1 heard o\. 1 had none.
Question. Admitting that symptoms of discontent had been manifested, would not an encampment of the army
in the high lands have given to the Government the surest and most certain means of overthrowing any thing like
Answer. I am decidedly of opinion, that, as amilitary position, the high lands, in every point of view, may be
considered as the most eligible for the protection and defence of New Orleans, and that the encampment of the
army, in the higher country, would afford the most certain means of quelling any thing like opposition to the Go-
vBriiniGiit.
Question. Were you informed that an order had been given by the Secretary of War, on the 30th of April,
1809, for the removal of the troops to the rear of Fort Adams, or Natchez?
Answer. I heard of no such order; nor was information of such an order communicated to the army.
Question. Is it not customary for the commanding officer of an army to consult his officers of highest rank upon
matters of importance, respecting the disposition of the army under his command?
Answer. It is.
On this 14th day of April, 1810, appeared before the subscriber, a justice of the peace of Washington County,
Colonel Alexander Parker, and made oath, in due form of law, that the foregoing .leposition, and answers to inter-
rogatories, are just and accurate, to the best of his knowledge and belief.
Sworn before, DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 8.
Interrogatories mit to Captain E. Williams, by the committee appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of the
SZrt&inZtdetac of the army ordered for the defence ofl'eiv Orleans, with his answers.
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 287
generally produces such effects on strangers. The sickness increased during the continuance of the troops at New
Orleans.
Question. Was there a sufficiency of sound and wholesome provisions at Now Orleans, which might have been
procured for the support of the troops?
Answer. No doubt but tiiat a suificiency of sound and wholesome provisions might liave been purchased there
at any time.
Question. What was the quality of the provisions furnished the army?
Answer. Whilst at New Orleans I was uninformed of any thing relating to this question, as I then acted as an
aid-de-camp to the commander of the army. When I took my station in the line, I had frequent occasion to com-
plain of the provisions; they were often unfit for use: our complaints were known to the General. In some instances
the provisions were condemned, and others purchased by order of the General. One hundred barrels of flour were
purchased by the General. .
Question. Do you believe a healthy situation might have been selected in the high lands, and which would have
been equally, or more, advantageous with a view to the defence of New Orleans?
Answer. A more healthy situation might have been taken in the high lands, but not so eligible for the defence
of New Orleans.
Question. Are you well acquainted with the country above New Orleans, and the positions best calculated for
military sites?
Answer. I am not.
Question. Do you recollect whether any opinions were expressed among the officers, while at Terre au Boeuf,
in favor of the removal of the troops up the river, and whether those opinions were communicated to the General,
and at what time?
Answer. The officers frequently expressed opinions in favor of a removal to the high country. Their opinions
were known to the General.
Question. AVere the troops regularly paid?
Answer. They were not regularly paid. When I left the detachment at Washington, Mississippi territory^
on the 27tli of November, the regiment to which I was attached had arrears due for five months.
Question. Do you think the fatigue parties were too large, in proportion to the strength of the army, and tiiat
the excessive fatigue thereby imposed on the troops contributed very much to increase^the sickness and deaths?
Answer. I do think they were.
Question. Were the ditches, and other improvements made in the camp, absolutely necessary for the accom-
modation of the troops?
Answer. Ditches were absolutely necessary for the comfort of the troops; the ditches made were unnecessarily
large lor a temporary cantonment.
la Question. Do you think that the work done by the troops rendered the land more valuable to the proprietor?
Answer. I do; inasmuch as it rendered a portion of the land, on which we encamped, fit lor cultivation, which
land, previous to our encampment, was in its primitive state — wet and marshy.
Question. In what state did you find the ground intended for encampment?
Answer. Part of it had been cultivated, but was overgrown with weeds and brush; the remainder was in its
primitive state — low, wet, and marshy, which, when ditched and cleared, became dry.
Question. Was there time sufficient for the camp forming party, under Major Pike, to have completed the pre-
parations for encampment, previous to the removal of the main body to Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. I do not think the time was sufficient. When the main body of the army arrived, more than half of the
work was to be done.
Question. Was not this place chosen for encampment much infested with mosquitoes, &c.?
Answer. Yes, it was; but not more so than that country generally is.
Question. Were the troops supplied with the necessary hospital stores ?
Answer. The troops were, in my opinion, at no time sufficiently supplied with hospital stores.
Question. What were the most prevalent diseases in the army while you were there?
Answer. Dysenteries, bilious fevers, agues and fevers, and the scurvy.
Question. Could not the men have been supplied with a sufficient quantity of filtered water ?
Answer. The men could have been supplied with a sufficient quantity of filtered water; the means of filtering
it being in abundance.
Question. Were the sentries provided with the necessary shelters to preserve them from the effects of the sun,
rain, and dews?
Answer. The sentries were at no time properly protected from the weather; about the middle of July, sheds
were erected, but they aflbided little protection.
Question. Is it your opinion that a suiHcient number of boats could, at any time, have been procured at New
Orleans, for the purpose of conveying the troops up the river?
Answer. Comfortable boats could have been procured, at any time, at New Orleans for the conveyance of the
troops.
Question. Is it your opinion that the troops might have been encamped on the plains of the Fauxbourg St. Mary,-
and that if they had been so encamped, their situation would have been more eligible than it was at Terre au BcEuf ?
Answer. 1 do not think they could have been encamped there so advantageously as at Terre au Boeuf ; the
vicinity to New Orleans tempting the men to dissipation and other vices.
Question. Was the police of the camp such as to keep it sufficiently clean?
Answer. The detail for police was sufficient, and the camp kept as clean as the nature of the ground would ad-
mit; the frequent rains causing the sinks to overflow contributed to the diseases of the camp.
Question. In the state in which the army was, at Terre au Boeuf, do you believe it could have made any serious
opposition against a small invading force?
Answer- The extreme disease of our camp would have made it impossible for us efficiently to oppose even a
small force.
Question. Were mosquito bars or nets necessary for the troops, particularly the sick, and were they provided? 1
■ Answer. I consider mosquito bars absolutely necessary for both the sick and the well. A t'nw were supplied,
at a late season, for the sick.
Question. Did any cause, or causes, exist, within your knowledge, to impose an imperious duty on the command-
er to encamp in the vicinity of New Orleans ?
Answer. I do not know any cause why the troops were kept in the vicinity of New Orleans. The idea generally,
prevailed among the officers, that it was in conformity to the wishes of Government.
Question. Were there any symptoms of discontent manifested at New Orleans, which would require fhe deten-
tion of the array at Terre au BcEuf ?
Answer. I know of none that could require the detention of the whole detachment- In my opinion it was po-
litic to leave a small portion of the army there, as the influx of people from Cuba excited disquiet in the town.
Question. Were you informed that an ortler had been given, by the Secretary of War, on the 30th of April,
1809, for the removal of the troops to the rear of Fort Adams, or Natchez?
Answer. I knew of no order for the removal of the troops until about the aoth of August, 1809.
In addition to the interrogatories, put by the committee, it may be proper to add, that, on or about the Ist of
September, the troops were ordered, by General James Wilkinson, to prepare for a removal to the high lands up the
river Mississippi. The troops left Terre au Boeuf' by detachments, between the 8th and 18th of September. On
the 20th they were concentrated opposite New Orleans; many of the boats, furnished lor our conveyance, were found
to be in a leaky condition, some few totally unfit for service ; on the 23d we halted about a mile above the city to
repair, and in order to remove such of the sick to the hospital at New Orleans as were too ill to be moved. Many
288 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
were forced to proceed from a want of room in the hospital, and who mighthave been recovered could they have had
rest and comfortable lodgings. At no time was there a sufficiency of hospital stores during our route. Our surgeons
often complained of a want of the proper medicines, and such as they had frequently proved inefficacious, as the sick
were necessarily exposed to the heat of the sun, and the heavy dews at night, together with every vaiiety of weather.
Stravif not being furnished, as expressly ordered by the War Department, the sick and the well lay on the ground
with a single blanket. The sufferings of the men may be better imagined than related. The number of sick continu-
ed to increase — deaths became more numerous. At Point Coupee it was judged necessary to establish an hospital,
in which were left the most dangerous of our sick, (who, for their necessaries and comforts, were dependent on the
charity of the officers, as the detachments were without public funds) in number about one hundred. At Fort Ad-
ams a similar step was found necessary; as the diseases of the climate affected all, we were often deprived of the
services of our surgeons, and men were known to die without the smallest medical assistance. The troops arrived
at Natchez, about the 1st of November, and were immediately removed to Washington, where the change of air was
soon obseived to have a happy effect on the health of the men. General Wilkinson was generally attentive to the
sick, particularly to my company.
WILLIAM E. WILLIAMS,
Captain of the fifth regiment of Infantry.
DisTuicT OF Columbia, City of Washington, Spril 17, 1810.
Captain William E. Williams made oath before me, that the foregoing statement, in answer to the queries put to
him, so far as he states them on his own personal knowledge, is true, and so far as he states it to have been derived
from the information of others, he believes to be true.
ROBERT BRENT, Mayor of the City of TVashington.
No. 9.
Jnlerrogatories put to Lieutenant Enos Cutler, by the committee appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of the
great mortality in that detachment of the army appointed for the defence of New Orleans, with his answers.
Questicm. What rank did you hold in the army?
Answer. First lieutenant in the seventh regiment of infantry.
Question. How long have you been in the army?
Answer. I have been in service since the 3d of May, 1808.
Question. At what time did you arrive at New Orleans?
Answer. I arrived there on the last day of March, 1809.
Question. What was the condition of the army during their stay at New Orleans, both as it respects their health
and accommodations?
Answer. After we arrived at New Orleans the dysentery soon became very prevalent among the troops- The
..iccommodations were good. The company under my command (the captain being sick and absent) arrived in
good health, but soon became sickly, and six or seven men died before we removed to Terre au Boeuf.
Question. "W hat was the quality of the provisions with which the troops were supplied while at New Orleans?
Answer. Our meat was good; the flour sometimes good, and sometimes bad.
Question. Was there a sufficiency of sound and wholesome provisions in New Orleans, which might have been
procured for the support of the troops?
Answer. I knew very little respecting the state of the provisions in the market at New Orleans, but I do not
think that a supply of good flour could at all times have been had.
Question. Did the market of New Orleans furnish a sufficient supply of fresh provisions and vegetables?
Answer. It furnished, I believe, at all times a sufficiency of vegetables, but wliether a sufficiency of fresh pro-
visions could at all times have been had, I cannot say.
Question. At what time did you remove from New Orleans to Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. It was on the third day of June. I went with the first detachment under the command of Major
Question. In what condition did you find the ground allotted for the encampment?
Answer. The ground on the right was dry and covered with weeds; towards the left it was lower, and some-
what wet, and covered with brush, blackberry bushes, &c. The party under Major Pike encamped on the right,
and, when the other troops came down, the line was extended to the left.
Question. At what time did the main body of troops arrive at Terre au Boeuf, and was the encampment pre-
pared for their reception?
Answer. I believe it was eight or ten days after our arrival. The ground was as well prepared as the time
would permit.
Question. How long after their arrival was it before the troops were provided with flooring for their tents?
Answer. They were provided immediately after the arrival of the main body; the boats in which they descended
were broken up for that purpose.
Question. Was the place at which the troops were encamped much infested by mosquitoes?
Answer. It was, like the rest of that country, very much infested by them.
Question. Were the troops supplied with the necessary hospital stores and medicines?
Answer. I heard no complaint for the want of medicine, but there was a want of hospital stores.
Question. Do you not suppose the fatigue parties were too large in proportion to the strength of the army, and
that the fatigue thereby imposed on the troops tended to increase the sickness and deaths?
Answer. On our first arrival the fatigue parties were large; they were afterwards reduced. I do not know that
the sickness or deaths were increased by the fatigue.
Question. At what time were the fatigue parties reduced?
Answer. I cannot remember.
Question. Were the sentries provided Vi'ith the necessary shelters to protect them from the sun, rain, and dews?
Answer. Yes, they were provided with shelters covered with palmettoes, sufficiently tight to protect them from
common rains.
Question. At what time were they so provided?
Answer. I think it was probably toward the last of July, but I am not certain as to the time.
Question. What was the quality of the provisions with which the troops were supplied while encamped at Terre
au Boeuf? , , . ■ ■• r.
Answer. Our meat was generally fresh, and generally good; our flour sometimes bad. A purchase ot ilourwas
once made by order of the General, in consequence of the failure of the contractor to supply the troops.
Question. Was tlie police of the camp such as to keep it sufficiently clean?
Answer. Great attention was paid to the police of the camp by the officers, but the troops being new, the camp
did not preserve that clean appearance which a camp of old soldiers probably would. i • r i
Question. Were the ditches which were made by the army necessary for the accommodation of the troops?
Answer. I conceived them to be so. ui it -d ■
Question. Do you recollect whether any opinions were expressed among the officers, while at lerre au BcEul,
in favor of the removal of the troops up the river, and whether those opinions were communicated to the General, and
at what time? • , i x l ^ ■
Answer. There were opinions of that kind expressed, and I believe they were communicated to the General
early in July.
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 289
Qaestion. Were the troops well clothed while at Terre au Boeut?
Answei-. My company had received their year's clothing, which year did not expire with those first enlisted,
until the first of July, but, being new recruits, their clothing had become much worn; and I believe this was the
case with the troops generally. Some clothing was drawn in advance, by some of the officers, while at Terre au
Boeuf.
Question. Do you conceive that Terre au Boeuf is the most eligible place in that country for an encampment?
Answer. I believe it was as much so as any place in the neighborhood of New Orleans.
Question. What were the diseases with which the troops were afflicted while at Terre au Bffiuf?
Answer. The dysentery continued: in addition to which, they were afilicted with ague and fever, fever, and a
disorder in the mouth, which was called by some physicians the scurvy, and by others by some otiier name.
Question. Were the troops regularly paid.'
Answer. The law provides that, in ordinary cases, the troops shall be paid every two months. We were paid
in New Orleans, up to the last of April; and in August we were paid up to the last" of June. At Washington we
were paid in January up to the last of December.
Question. At what time did you hear that the General had received orders to remove the troops up the river?
Answer. I did not hear it until a short time before we removed.
Question- Could boats have been procured, at New Orleans, sufficient to convey the troops to Fort Adams or
Natchez, at any time between the 14th of June and the lOth of September?
Answer. 1 doubt whether a sufficient number of boats could have been procured, at any one time, to convey (he
whole of the troops at once.
Question. How many men died out of your company while at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. One man only, and he went sick from New Orleans to that place.
• Question. How many men had you generally fit for duty, in your company, while at Terre au Boeuf?
Answer. The report of duty men arose from twelve, when we first arrived there, up, I believe, as high as
twenty-six, about the last of June. In July they became sickly again, and, for some time before we left the encamp-
ment, we did not report more than nine or ten.
ENOS CUTLER, \st Lieutenant llh Infantry.
Washington County, ss.
On this 24th day of April, 1810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said county, appeared Enos
Cutler, and made oath, in due form, that the facts stated in the foregoing affidavit are true to the best of his know-
ledge.
DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 10.
Deposition of Captain Niniun Pinkney, in the first regiment of irfantry, taken by the committee of the House of
Representatives of the United States, appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of the great mortalily in that
detachment of the army of the United States ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
I have been in the army of the United States since February, 1801.
I was appointed brigade inspector, and ordered to New Orleans, where I arrived on the 31gt of Marcls 1809.
The public buildings not being sufficient for the accommodation of but a small proportion of the troops which had
arrived, and was daily arriving, they were quartered in all parts of the city and fauxbourgs, in comfortable houses.
The sick reports soon became very considerable; and I understood the diseases to be chiefly the dysentery, which
attacks all strangers, and of which a number of the men died. The provisions issued to the troops were salted pork
and beef, bread, and flour, which 1 have understood was not of the best quality; nor do I believe good flour or fiesh
beef, in large quantities, could have been procured in the country.
A detachment of troops, under the command of Major Pike, left New Orleans, on the 3d of June, for Terre au
Boeuf, to prepare the ground for an encampment, and the remainder of the army went down on the 9th and lOth of
the same month; at which time I went, and found the ground as well prepared as the short time given them would
permit, but some small underwood, briars, and weeds, remained to be removed on each flank of the line, and ditches
to be cut to carry off the water when the rainy season should come on. And, for this purpose, a general fatigue was
detailed, consisting of two captains, four subalterns, and two hundred men, which was reduced in proportion as
those objects were accomplished, and was entirely taken oft' by the 1st of August.
The tents of the men and officers were made comfortable, by flooring them with the plank taken from the boats
in which they ascended the river, and erecting sheds, covered with palmettoes, to protect them from the sun and
rain; and every exertion was made by the General to establish and keep up a strict police, as can be seen by the
general orders issued at that camp.
I have heard the surgeons and surgeons' mates frequently complain of the want of hospital stores antl medicines;
and I have understood that the greater part of those articles used at camp Terre au Boeuf was purchased at New
Orleans. The regular supply from Philadelphia did not arrive in Orleans until about the 1st of September; at which
time the clothing arrived also. Some of the companies were at this time much in v^ant of clothing; not that they
had much due them, but because they had spoiled and worn it out before the expiration of the year. And it is a
fact, well known in the army, that the clothing of recruits will not last them the first year, unless the officers take
much care.
I do conceive Terre au Boeuf the most eligible place for an encampment I have seen on the Mississippi, within
fifty miles of New Orleans.
The diseases with \^ hich the tioops at camp Terre au Boeuf were afflicted were complicated, and of various kinds,
and the physicians differed very much as to their mode of treatment.
The troops were not paid so frequently as the law directs, but I believe as often as the nature of the service
would permit.
I do not recollect to have heard that the General had received orders to move the troops up the river, until he was
making arrangements to carry it into effect, and that was about the 1st of August.
I do not think a sufficient number of boats could have been had, at any one time, between the 14th of June and
the 10th of September, to transport the troops to Natchez; indeed, I am satisfied they could not.
Questions by the Committee.
Question. In what situation did you find the ground at Terre au Boeuf, on your arrival at that place?
Answer. The ground at Terre au Boeuf, on which the encampment was malcing, had the appearance of having
once been cultivated as far as the centre, from tlie extreme right of the line; the other part had never been cleared
before, and was covered with underwood and briars, and required to be trenched to take off the rain water.
Question. How long after your arrival at the camp was it before the tents were generally floored?
Answer. The tents of the men were all, or nearly all, floored in eight or ten days after my arrival.
Question.^ What was the quality of the provisions with which the troops were supplied at Terre au Boeuf, and
what measures were taken to procure those of a better quality?
Answer. The meat part of the ration was generally fresh beef, and as good as the country commonly affords.
The bread and flour was not good, and the General made a purchase of, I think, one hundred barrels, on account of
the contractor, of the best flour that could be had in the city of Orleans; but when it was issued, it was found very
little better than what the contractor's agent was issuing.
Question. Were mosquito nets, or bars, necessary for the troops, and were they provided?
290 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
Answer. Mosquito nets are necessary at all points and places on the Mississippi, from the Bluff of Natchez to
the Balize, at least four months in the year; but tlie troops were not furnished with them, except for the sick in the
hospital.
Question. Are you acquainted with the country generally in the ueiehborhood of New Orleans?
Answer. 1 have no knowledge of the country in the neighborhood of New Orleans, at any considerable dis-
tance from the river banks, except what I have learned from others.
Question. Do you not believe the sickness and deaths were increased by the badness of the provisions, and the
want of hnspital stores and medicines.^'
Answer. I have no doubt of it.
Question. Are you acquainted with the country above New Orleans, and the positions best calculated for mili-
tary sites.''
Answer- I am not acquainted with the country between New Orleans and Fort Adams, back from the river.
The best sites for military positions are in the neighborhood of Fort Adams and Natchez.
Question. _ Do you knovv whether any opinions were expressed among the officers in favor of a removal of the
troops from Terre au Ba3uf up the river, and whether those opinions were made known to the General, and at
what time.''
Answer. I know that opinions were expressed among the officers in favor of a removal of the troops, from camp
Terre au Breuf, up the river; and I believe those opinions were partially made known to the General, but at what
time, or by whom, I cannot say.
N. PINKNEY.
Washington County, ss.
On this 24th of April, J810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for the said county, appeared Ninian
Pinkney, and made oath, in due form, that the facts stated in the foregoing affidavit are true to the best of his
knowledge.
DANIEL RAPINE.
No. 11.
Deposition of John Chrystie, First Lieutenant 6th Infantry, taken by the Committee of the House of Representa-
tives of the United States, appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of the great mortality in that detach-
ment of the army of (he United States ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
I arrived at New Orleans on fiie 15th of March, 1809. The accommodations of the troops were as good as
the town could attbrd; and the provisions were, in general, such as are usually furnisiied, I believe, though I recol-
lect complaints were once or twice made and surveys held.
The market abounded with vegetables; but 1 do not know whether fresh provisions could have been procured in
large quantities.
About a third of the troops were on the sick report some time before our movement to camp, principally with
dysenteries-
About the first of June, nine strong companies (being a third of the ^hole) moved under the command of Major
Pike, to the position at Terre au Boeuf, selected for the encampment, and the main body followed in six or eight
days after.
On my ai rival, about the 10th of June, I found the ground, from the extreme right to some distance to the left of
the centre, dry and hard, and great part of the front covered with a firm sod, and I believe clover. Every one
seemed pleased with the situation, and the men in general were higlily gratified with the change.
The camp was not more infested with mosquitoes, in my opinion, than the city of New Orleans, and they were
never troublesome there during the day.
The importance of having the trenches completed before the rains set in occasioned large details at first, but
they decreased with the progress of the work. No labor was bestowed on them further than was necessary to the
comfort of the soldiers and neatness of the camp; and I do believe, that those trenches were rather hurtful than
otherwise to the plantation. Sheds for the sentries, other sheds capable of turning rain, extended between the lines
of tents, from one extremity of the camp to the other; a guard house, and a large hospital, were erected with all
possible despatch. The tents were floored immediately on our arrival.
The hospital department did not appear to meet perfectly the exigencies of the occasion. I do rememberto have
heard, at one time, considerable complaints on the score of hospital stores, and medical attendance. It must be
well known, however, I believe, to every ofiicer then in camp, that the greatest exertions were made to remedy
these evils.
The provisions were generally fresh and good, except the flour; and I believe good flour was very scarce, at that
time, in New Orleans.
The clothing of the troops was not in good condition, but I understood that none was due until a short time
before their departure for Natchez, when it was thought best not to issue.
The most unwearied attention was paid by the General to the police of the camp; and, though, for some time, its
condition showed us to be but young soldiers, it soon became perfectly neat and clean.
Of the company to which I wasattached, four men died at camp; two of them of the dysentery, which, Ibelieve,
they had taken at New Orleans.
Vegetables and milk were to be had in abundance, till within a, very short time before our departure, but, in
general, (he market did not answer expectation; a circumstance which may probably be attributed to these causes:
certain articles found to be unhealthy were prohibited; prices were at one time restricted; the inhabitants, not un-
derstanding the language, frequently had difficulties wilh the men, and sometimes, when imposed on, could not be
redressed; at the same time, the great accession of population to New Orleans, from the Spanish Islands, &c. gave
them there a ready market.
I consider the position at Terre au Boeuf the most eligible fin- an encampment, within 100 miles of New Orleans,
on the Mississippi. It is between two large well cultivated plantations; has the advantage of being immediately
at the junction of the road from the Terre au Boeuf neighborhood, with the main levee road— a circumstance mani-
festly favorable to the market; and, at the same time, its nearness to New Orleans gave every facility of procuring
extraordinary supplies.
The rear and extreme left were, on our first arrival, exceedingly wet, and covered with brushwood; but the
small growth being cleared away, and the trenches dug, it soon becme dry and firm.
JOHN CHRYSTIE, \st Lieutenant 6th Infantry.
Washington County, ss.
On the 24th day of April, 1810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said county, appeared John
Chrystie, and made oath, in due form, that the above and foiegoing facts, in this affidavit, are true to the best of his
knowledge and belief. _
DANIEL RAPINE.
18(0.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS.
291
No. 12.
Deposition of General James TVUkinson, ^prilSi, 1810.
To the Honorable the committee appointed to inquire into the cause or causes of the great mortality in that detach-
ment of the army of the United States ordered for the defence of New Orleans.
Gentlemen:
I deeply regret my incapacity to comprise, in this hasty report, all the causes which have induced the inquiry
before you. But the circumstances of the moment will not permit that broad exposition which it is my desire to
present you. Hurried from Baltimore, I left the records of my command for the last season, with other papers ot
consequence, on ship-board, and they have reached me too late for critical examination and comparison.
I beg leave to premise, that military history, ancient and modern, will show, that in new levied armies more
men are lost by disease than by the sword. I quote the authority of Marshal Saxe, and General Wabhington, to
justify this pusition: and it may also be supported by a recurrence to the mortality which attended our armies at Ti-
conderoga, under Major General Gates, in the vcar 1776, and under Major General Wayne, at his camp of Green-
ville, in the year 1803, in high latitudes, and salubrious climes. It is also a fact, tiiat as great a mortality as we ex-
perienced last season, in proportion to numbers, did take place in 1801, at the camp near the mouth of the Ohio to
which Colonel Williams, of the Engineers, now in this city, can testify. '
Were I required to say, in a few words, what were the chief causes of the mortality among the troops, under
my command, on the waters of the Mississippi, the last season, I should ascribe much to the peculiar visitation of
Providence, much to the time and manner of assembling the troops at New Orleans, and more to the sudden change
from die habits of domestic life to those of the campj from the ease and comforts of the citizen, to the hardships
and exposure of the soldier; to these, however, must be added other subordinate causes, which, doubtless con-
tributed to exasperate our sufterings. Such were the defects of the medical and provision department defects
which I found it impossible to control, although every exertion was made to remedy them. It was in vain I sought
for competent medical aid; the country did not aflbrd it. Extravagant prices were offered for fresh beef, without
effect; and flour of the best quality in New Orleans was purchased tor account of the contractor, which, on exami-
nation, could scarcely be distinguished from that of our daily issues. The professional standing of the troops, too
was unfavorable to that police, which is indispensable to heaJth in aggregated bodies. Both officers and men were
green from the bosom of civil life, and had reached that stage between the armed yeomanry and the disciplined
soldier, when the promptitude and enthusiasm of the citizen is lost, and a sense of veteran punctuality and subor-
dination has not been acquired.
On the second of December, 1809, I received orders for the assembly of the troops at New Orleans, by the route
of the ocean and of the western waters; and the corps were assembling at that city from the month of February
until May. I arrived there the 19th of April; the vernal heat was then extreme, and I found five hundred and
ninety-eight sick, nearly one-third of the whole. At that stage of the season, with such a body ol sick, sound dis •
cretion and common humanity would, to an observer, have opposed the idea of attempting to mount the river, three
hundred miles, under a vertical sun, and against an impetuous current; and if the sick had been left behind the
whole medical staff must also have been left to take care of them, which would have exposed the marching boJy to
disease and death, without succor — a circumstance at once inhuman and unwarrantable.
I perceived at first glance the necessity of removing from New Orleans; but my orders being expressly to
"make such a disposition of the troops as would most effectually enable me to defend that city, and its dependen-
cies, against any invading force," it became my primary duty to seek for the position best adapted to this end, and
which combined the fairest prospects of health. At this period, and for two or three weeks after, continued showers
of rain kept the flat surface of the country (the earth being saturated by the spring flood) too wet for the formation
of an encampment.
The interval was occupied in reconnoitering at all points for a suitable position; and, at the pressing instance of
the governor of the territory, I visited Terre au Boeuf, near the English Turn, accompanied by himself. Colonel
Smyth, of the rifle corps, (Colonel Parker being indisposed) and some gentlemen of the vicinity, who gave every as-
surance of the salubrity of the spot, founded on the experience of years, and promised us a competent market from
the adjacent settlements, which extended down the river, and at right angles from it, in a direction to the eastward
for several leagues. I beg leave to refer to my letter to Governor Claiborne, and his answer, marked No. 1 and s'
for illustration of the preceding facts. '
Under these circumstances, with the concurrence of those who examined the ground with me, it was fixed on
for our encampment, and measures were immediately taken to remove the troops fiom the city. Grders were ac-
cordingly given for the march of nine companies, out of twenty-eight, on the first of June; the main body followed
on the ninth, and the whole were encamped on the tenth. I wrote the Secretary of War on the 29th May, advisin"
him of my determination, and apprising him at large of my reasons for preferring this spot. After the establishment
of my camp, and on the 14th of June, I received a " conditional" order from the Secretary of War, under date ot
the 30th April, directing a removal of the troops from New Orleans, if they had not been removed, and recommend-
ing a position in the vicniity of Fort Adams; but, as the order was not imperative, as the mode of transport was not
provided, as the movement, by the ordinary means, would have been greatly expensive, as the operation, under
existing circumstances, menaced the lives of the men, and more particularly as the troops were gaining health, and
general satisfaction, appeared to prevail, I replied to the Secretary, under date of the 18th June, repeating the mo-
tives which had induced the selection of the spot I occupied, and assigning reasons why the troops should be con-
tinued there. Indeed, so strongly did I apprehend the consequences which must attend the transfer of a body of
men, a majority of whom were either sick or convalescent, from my camp to Fort Adams, under the heats and dews
of the summer, that, had the order of the 3oth April been imperative, I think I should have paused over it, until I
could have reported our real condition, and received further instructions. Humanity, policy, and justice, to those
entrusted to my charge, as well as to my country, would have enjoined it on me to hazard this responsibility. The
event justified my fears; and it will ever be ray opinion, that, if we had moved to the salt waters in our vicinity, or
to the sea shore, which was not distant, we should not have suffered one-third the loss we sustained in ascending the
river, and that our continuance at the encampment of Terre au Boeuf, would have been less fatal than the move-
ment we made. The best informed inhabitants anticipated the consequences, and the opinions of our ablest sur-
geons were in unison with my own, as will appear from the reports of Doctors Upshaw, Thruston, and Goodlet, ex-
hibited in the documents Nos. 3, 4, and 5.
On the 20lh of July, I received a letter from the Secretary of War, bearing date the 22d of June, in answer
to my letter of the 29th of May. In this letter the Secretary makes reference to his "conditional" order of the
30th of April, and directed me to embark immediately "all the troops" on board the public vessels (exceptin" tlie
garrisons of New Orleans and Fort St. Philip) and proceed to the high ground in the rear of Fort Adams, an3 the
public ground in the rear of Natchez. This letter covered the copy of an order from the Secretary of the Navy to
Captain Porter, directing him to furnish such vessels as could be spared from the service, for the transport of the
troops. Every exertion depending oti myself was instantly entered upon to carry this order into effect. But find-
ing that the transport specifically assigned was utterly inadequate to the object; to supply tlie deficiency, I hired
some boats, borrowed others, and repaired several belonging to the public, which had been condemned as unfit for
service, and>ere accidentally discovered to be lying at Fort Adams. Four gunboats fell down to my camp on the
eighth of September, embarked one hundred and ninety one men, and sailed the next day; and excepting a small
detachment, to raise and repair a sunken boat, the last man left the ground on the 13th, on board the craft which had
been employed and repaired. At this time a fever, by which I had suffered, became so violent as to confine me to
my bed, and put it out of my power to accompany the troops. I followed them under a severe malady, but it was
not until November that my health was restored.
292
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
The position of Terre au Boeuf, in relation to the defence of New Orleans, is the best which can be found in the
countrj'. It covers our batteries at the English Turn, and, by a sudden transition, our force may be employed to
resist any approach by the Lakes on the east or west of the river. ^ The plan submitted to the committee will, I flatter
myself, give them satisfaction on this point; and, in addition to other testimony respecting the character ot the spot
for salubrity, and of the improvements made on it by the troops, I beg leave to ofter the deposition of Mr. Delassize,
No. 6, tlie proprietor, and a man of great respectability.
When the troops embarked, the wliole ot them had been paid up to the last of June, and some of them to the first
of September. After that period my orders had no effect on the paymaster, who pled ill health, and his instructions
to remain ill New Orleans. When General Hampton relieved me, he advanced some pay to the troops from his
private pu rsc, (a thing impossible to a man who had been twenty-five years in service) and directed the Paymaster to
be arrested, and sent up in custody of an ofiicer, if he should refuse to march at forty-eight hours' notice. This
step had the desired efttict, but it was too strong a one for me to take.
No question can be made as to the correctness of the motives which directed the transfer of the troops to the
upper country. It will occur to every man's observatioi\, that, in general, a high country must be healthier than a
low one; yet every person must be sensible that this, like all other rules, is liable to exception. This observation
is sanctioned by the authority of Doctor Seip, a respectable man and able physician at Natchez,, whose report, under
cover. No. 7, will prove that district of country to have been more sickly the last season than for twenty years past.
Upon the whole, we have been unfortunate, not culpable. The best evidence I can offer of my conduct, in what
concerned the sick, will be found in the enclosed testimonial of the medical staif. No. 8, which was handed to me
after I had transferred the command of the department to Brigadier General Hampton, and was about to leave the
country. I throw myself upon the candor and the justice of the committee to pardon me for observing, that I have
seei;, trom the public prints, that the arts and intrigues of my enemies, co-operating with a current of prejudice,
have perverted and misrepresented, to my injury, the scenes to which this report has reference. The tales of
ignorant, discontented, seditious, and worthless subalterns, and the fictions and falsehoods of my personal and
political enemies, have been industriously circulated to wound ray character; but being conscious that, in this, as in
every other instance of public service, I have done, and more than done my duty, I court inquiry, and defy investi-
gatum.
To these facts and statements I am willing to depose; and with the highest consideration and respect for those
wliom I address,
I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant,
JAMES WILKINSON.
Washington City, Jlpril'2i, 1810.
W^ASHINGTON CoUNTY, 65.
On this 24th of April, 1810, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for said count}', appeared James Wil-
kinson, and made oath, in due form, that the foregoing facts, as stated, are true, to the best of his knowledge, recol-
lection, and belief.
DANIEL RAPINE.
PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE DEPOSITION OF GENERAL WILKINSON.
No. I.
Extract of a letter from General Wilkinson to Governor Claiboi-ne.
" Camp, Terre au Bcecf, Julyil^ 1809.
" Sir:
" As much clamor has been made with respect to the merits of this position, in point of its health and fitness,
I take the liberty to address you on the subject.
" And as you offered me the first suggestion in its favor, I will thank you to inform me whether you did not
reconnoitre the site before I determined to adopt it for my encampment, and afterwards reiterate to me your recom-
mendation of it? In addition to the sanction of your opinion, I believe it is within your knowledge, that the most
ancient and respectable inhabitants of the country concur with you in sentiment. But as you have also seen the
encampment since it was formed and improved, I shall be obliged by the avowal of your opinion of its present
appearance and salubrity."
True extract.
N. PINKNEY, Captain.
No. 9.
Extract of a letter from Governor Claiborne to General Wilkinson, dated
" New Orleans, July 28, 1809.
" I received your letter of yesterday. My opinion is now, and always has been, that the position you occupy,
at the commencement of the English Turn, is the most eligible one, for such troops as may be designed, to give
protection to the city of New Orleans. It has, moreover, been represented to me, by several of the old inhabitants,
(and from my own observation, I do not doubt the fact) to be as healthy as any site on the Mississippi, between
Baton Rouge and the Balize.
"I did, therefore, after having myself viewed the spot, which I found to be more elevated than the land on the
Mississippi generally is, advise you to fix your summer cantonment at that place; and I am now persuaded, from
the great care which is taken to keep the ground dry, to defend the men from the influence of the sun, and to lodge
them comfortably, that the number of your sick will daily diminish."
True extract.
N. PINKNEY, Captain.
No. 3.
By order qf General Wilkinson.
A report on the diseases of the camp Terre au Bosuf, their catises, characters, and mode of treatment.
Camp, Terre au B(euf, July 20, 1809.
The diseases which are now prevalent among the men in camp, are chronic diseases, bilious and intermitting
fevers, some cases of scurvy. The chronic diarrhoea was first introduced by the change of alhnent, and the use of
the Mississippi water; which water is strongly impregnated with calcareous earth and carbonate of lime. Many of
the men were violently attacked before their arrival at New Orleans with diarrhoea, from the use of the water
when on their route up the river. On the first arrival of the troops at New Orleans this disease was common, almost
universal; generally speaking, the disease proved fatal, or yielded to treatment, before our encampment was
1810.] MORTALITY IN THE TROOPS AT NEW ORLEANS. 293
formed; but, even now, many are found lingering in the last stage of cold diarrhoea, of from three to four raontlis
standing. It may safely be affirmed that three-fourths of the deaths in camp have been from this disease.
The bilious and intermitting fevers are more common in camp than they were in Orleans; but of the number of
cases I have seen there has been no one attended with viojent or fatal symptoms in the first stage, and appear to
yield readily to the depleting plan of treatment. These diseases belong to the climate and territory of Orleans;
and are, I believe, less violent in this camp than at Orleans. The bdls of mortality arc greater at Orleans, in
proportion to the population, than here, notwithstanding the disadvantages we are of necessity compelled to en-
counter.
The scurvy exists in a few cases, but is not to be feared, as we can command vegetable food and acids. The
men, when sick, living on the rations, is, no doubt, the cause of the scurvy.
Ample reason will be found, in the imperfect state of the medical staff', and want of capacity in many who
compose that staff"; in the want of a hospital hospital stores, and medicines, for the mortality of the soldiery.
When the hospital, which is now building, shall be finished, when each medical man shall have his duties well
defined, and those of the best capacity placed in situations the most responsible and dangerous, if the military
agent should receive such instructions as would enable him to supply the sick with such hospital stores and medi-
cines as are necessary, 1 feel assurred of the truth 1 now assert, that our deaths would be lessened three fourths.
The additional expense ought not to be calculated, where the lives and health of the troops are concerned;
but, by stopping the ration of the sick man this expense will be very small. It is a distressing si^ht, and truly
unpleasant to the feelings of the medical man, to be in attendance on the sick soldier, and see him die fo'r the want
of proper food and medicines; humanity mourns over such a sight. Justice, policy, and patriotism, require this
allowance and liberality from Government. It is a fact that there is not one dollar of public money which can be
had to purchase milk or vegetables in camp; many are, of course, suffering for necessaries, which mi<>-ht be bou»ht
for a few shillings. The commutation of the ration would be sufficient for this purpose. ^ °
There are many sick men in camp who cannot be moved, however desirable it might be, even to the hospital in
Orleans. They came here sick, have grown worse, and are now on the brink of the grave. Transporting them in
this hot climiite, would be certain death. ' "
WM. UPSHAW, Surgeon bthlnfimtni.
No. 4.
Camp, Terre au Bosuf, July 39. 1809.
Sir:
In pursuance of your request, I proceed to give you a report of the sick at this place, together with the several •
diseases, and my opinion as respects the site of this encampment. I feel a difficulty in draughting this report, as no
doubt there must be contained in it many subjects which require a move, full and free investigation than my health
and time will allow me to allot to the performance. Should any inaccuracies appear on the face of it, I trust your
goodness of heart, and your good sense, will lead you to pass them over in silence.
On the 4th of July I arrived at this camp, and found great numbers on the sick reports; some laborin<' under
dysentery, some with bilious remitting fevers, and others with scurvy, though small in proportion. Those afflicted
with dysentery were very much reduced when I first saw them, and almost all of them died. I was induce<l to
make inquiry into the circumstances of this disease; I found it was generally subsequent to bilious fever, and that
very few cases of this complaint commenced with the usual symptoms which attend it in the first instance. Some
new cases of dysentery have come immediately under my care, which, when taken in time, have nearly yielded to
medicine and such diet as was proper for them. I think the disease on the decline, and I do not dread the recur-
rence, unless some material change in the season should predispose the constitution of the soldiery to take it.
There are circumstances that might render this fatal disease epidemic; and I dread them much. But a good mar-
ket, with such hospital and medical stores as may be necessary, not too many of the men confined together, avoid-
ing the night air and dews, will, in a great measure, obviate the apprehensions and danger.
There are but few cases of bilious remitting fever now under my care. They are very obstinate, and when they
do yield to medicine, the patient is often attacked when extremely debilitated by diarrhoea, and carried off" without
fever or any other distressing symptom.
The intermitting fever is now the most prevalent complaint in camp. Some, when apparently on the recovery.
its effect in a few days, and, indeed, often produces nausea and disgust very disagreeable to the patient. I find
antimonials in small doses, and repeated blisterings to the extremities, of great service. I, this day, commenced
with diff'erent preparations of arsenic, and have great hopes of the success. The scurvy has made its appearance:
several have died with it. It has increased considerably within ten days, and I fear that the progress will be diffi-
cult to arrest. In some cases, the rapid march astonished me. Every effort that I made towards relief and cure
was fruitless, (though this was not always the case) and my prescriptions appeared to have no eff'ect in alleviating
the miseries of the suffering patient. This disease wears a peculiar character, and dift"ers, in my estimation, from
that disease described in different authors. The continuance of fresh provision, constant supplies of vegetables and
a strict adherence to cleanliness, will prevent its spreading through camp. I feel the more confident in°the opinion
from the circumstance that no officer in the line has had it. The sick reports of four companies, which I attend
have enlarged considerably, though, in the increase, but few dangerous cases have occurred, I see no reason to
believe that any thing like an epidemic rages in camp. I fear the approaching season will bring upon us some dis-
tressing and fatal disorders, that wdl pay no respect to persons. My fears on this head, I trust, may be imaginary
The situation of this camp I believe to be the best on the Mississippi, in any part of Mw country: I draw this'
opinion, not from an acquaintance with the sites, but from the judgment and opinions of the best informed men
with whom I have conversed on the subject, I do not think our situation could be bettered at this season of the
year. The danger of a removal at this period, I think hazardous in the extreme— I mean a removal to any distance
where the troops would be obliged to be conveyed in small vessels by water, and contending against a stron" and
difficult current. When I give this opinion, [ wish to be understood that I allude to a removal in the hot months
As soon as the weather wdl permit, I do think it would be endangering the lives of the soldiery to continue them'
here.
The above sketch is given upon mature reflection, backed upon some experience, and not biased by party or pre-.'
judice. I trust it will meet your approbation, and accord with your sentiments.
I have the honor to remain, with high regard, esteem, and respect, your very obedient humble servant, &c.
„, ^ ,. ALFRED THRUSTON, Surgeon 7th Infantry.
Ueneral James Wilkinson, Commanding.
No. 5.
Washington, January 3, 1810.
1 should do injustice to yourself, and violence to my own feelings, were I to permit your Excellency to leave
this territory without giving you my sentiments, as respects Camp Terre au Bceuf, and the march from that place
to our present situation. Circumstances relative to my professional calls precluded the possibility of affording this
testimonial to your Excellency, at, perhaps, a more seasonable time.
38 »M
294 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [IJBIO.
The calls of my worthy friend Colonel Russell, then lying on the bed of sickness at New Orleans, prevented my
doing the task which I now present for your perusal. ,.,.,. , • j . ^t r> .
As a member of the medical staff, and who was amongst the earliest ot those who arrived at New Orleans, I
could not fail to observe tlie different and varied changes of the diseases which have occurred in the army. From
dire necessity I was obliged to attend to every corps in the line, save the light artillery, and I trust you will excuse
me when I say I could not fail to have an accurate knowledge of the situation of every company in the line. At the
period when our movement was spoken of and contemplated, I do not for a moment hesitate to declare, that the men
were on tiie recovery. The thoughts of a remove or ascent up the Mississippi, made me tremble for their fate, and
the more so, when I recognized the debilitated situation of the soldiery, consequent to the climate in which they
were exposed. Let me here observe (and I flatter myself I am correct in the assertion) that the troops were evi-
dently on the recovery, and at that time, too, which was all important to every individual who composed our army.
It has always been my opinion (and I have seen nothing to induce me to alter it) that hundreds of men were lost by
the movement from the Camp Terre au Boeuf, that otherwise might have now been alive. Believe me, sir, when I
tell you, our march was premature by many, very many weeks: for, as the men were evidently on the recovery, a lit-
tle time would have rendered them more capable to undertake and brave the hardships which stared them in the
face. These hardships have occurred, they have been experienced and sorely felt, under circumstances, when afflic-
tion and disease had enervated every fibre in their system. But the soldiery were not the only people in this terri-
tory who had the prevailing diseases of our camp. From careful inquiry I find the citizens on the Mississippi in the
same unhappy situation; and it was observed by many old and well informed inhabitants, that the country had not
been so sickly for a number of years. In truth I believe that the same fate would haveattended us had our situation
been any where else on the river. The despondency of mind attending necessarily young troops, adding to that the
distance from relatives and friends, and (he very bad fare from inexperience in the culinary way, was at least as in-
jurious to the men as the local situation of the camp.
Thelimitsof a letter will not permit me to enlarge on this subject. I now, sir, bid you farewell. May the
services you have rendered your country be long remembered by a grateful people, and be a solace and comfort to
you in your last moments.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient and humble servant.
A. G. GOODLET.
General Wilkinson.
No. 6.
Deposition of Mr. Belassize.
March 10, 1810.
The undersigned, Jean Delassize. a native and inhabitantof Louisiana, being forty three years of age, on his oath de-
clareth, that he is, and has been for four years, the proprietor of the ground at Terre au BcEuf, which was occupied by
the troops under the command of General Wilkinson the past season: that no proposition was ever made to him, by
or for General Wilkinson, directly or indirectly, respecting the purchase of said place, or any part of it; that no le-
vee, or any part of one, was erected by the troops encamped on said ground, nor any other works made on it, but
such as appeared necessary to the comfort of said troops; that said ground adjoined the cane field of this deponent,
and that no clearing or other improvements was made on said ground to prepare it for cultivation; that the trenches
and ditches, cut to keep the camp dry, were rather injurious than beneficial to the tillage of the ground, a large pro-
portion of which was covered by clover, far before the troops came to it: that the accommodations made and mate-
rials brought to the ground for the use of the troops, were sold at public vendue for the account of the United States;
and that, for the pasturage furnished the public horses, for the timber and fuel used, and damages sustained during
the occupancy of three months, the deponent received the sum of six hundred and forty dollars and thirty-four
cents only.
The undersigned further declares that he has resided at the same place, and adjacent to the said camp, with a
population of more than sixty souls, during the space of years, and that, from his observation and experience, he con-
siders it as healthy a spot as any in the vicinity of New Orleans.
JEAN DELASSIZE.
A true copy from the original.
Sworn before me, this lOth day of March, 1810.
J. DUCHANYU, Justice of the Peace.
No. 7.
Natchez, February 15, 1810.
General Wilkinson will please excuse the delay of my reply to his favor of the ninth instant, when I assure him
that nothing but want of time prevented it sooner.
Very respectfully, sir, yours, &c.
F. SEIP.
The diseases most predominant during the last and preceding seasons, in this country, as far as it has come with-
in my knowledge, were fevers of the intermitting and remitting kind, cholera, dysentery, and catarrh. The morta-
lity attending these complaints is by no means great, in comparison with the numbers attacked. A cause of this, no
doubt, is the tendency most diseases here have to run into the intermitting state; a form of all others most immedi-
ately under the control of medicine, and one by which time is allowed to obviate a recurrence of the diseases. The
violence of intermitting diseases at the same time being chiefly exerted upon the spleen and other abdominal viscera,
unless arrested in time, impair the constitution, and thereby lay the foundation for other disorders, which, though
slow, eventually destroylife. .
The aptitude every form of disease has to run into that state, is so great, that peripneumonia, catarrh, opthalmia,
and even rheumatic affections, frequently partake of it, and very often require bark and other tonics to complete the
cure.
The last epidemic we experienced in this country, was the influenza of the autumn of 1807, which commenced
with the month of November, and continued during the greater part of that winter. Pleuritic symptoms combining
with the influenza, contribute much to increase its mortality. A remarkable change in the character of that disease
(pleurisy) took place at that period; cases occurring where it became necessary to use the lancet as freely as it ever
is done in the Eastern States. Something of the same nature I think I have remarked in this disease often since,
depletion being necessary to a much greater extent than I had seen it used previous to that year, and some of them
in newly arrived Africans. Catarrhs nave prevailed at different periods since, but not to so great a degree in force
or extent. Some few cases, it ought to be observed, of that complaint, the last autumn, were strongly marked in their
symptoms, such as accompanied the influenza of the year 1807. These were collections of matter in the antrum and
frontal sinus; symptoms most characteristic of that disease, followed by the peculiar foetid discharge from those ca-
vities. Some instances have occurred, when the abscess was seated in the lungs; unattended, however, with hectic
fever; the discharge as foetid, soon, as in the other cases, relieved itself, and a speedy convalescence followed.
The only endemic disease of the past season was the intermitting fever; and so prevalent was it, that I have
been frequently assured that nothing equal to it has been experienced for twenty years. This is ascribed, and with
much probability, to the extreme rise ot the Mississippi, covering the low grounds, and retiring during the summer.
1810.] MILITIA. 295
How far the influence of its banks and the adjacent low grounds on the western side of that river extends eastward,
is yet undecided; but that it does, for a great distance, is evident from the similarity of the diseases of both coun-
tries. The diseases, in fact, of all the high lands in this neighborhood, are properly such as are generated upon low
and marshy situations; many artificial causes, it is true, increase the evil, such as clearing the low grounds, erect-
ing ponds, &c. During the last summer those situations which, in former seasons, were most exempt, became very
subject to the prevailing diseases. The character of this endemic differed somewhat from the same disease of other
years; a deep sighing was a very constant symptom of the remitting and intermitting fevers of the present year, with
great pain at the pit of the stomach, and copious discharges of a dark color from the stomach and alimentary canal-
The access of the above diseases was, for the most part, preceded by a lassitude, slight rigor or chill, one or two
days previous to the attack, recurring at regular periods daily, or every other day, and increasing in violence until
the disease became fully marked. Ihe chill varied in difterent cases, and was mostly attended by an exceeding
irritable state of the stomach, or vomiting. To this succeeded the fever, which C(mtinued from six to twenty-four
hours, with excruciating pain of the head, back, and pit of the stomach. When the patient was robust and of a ple-
thoric habit, the fever frequently set in with a very slight chill, and continued for two or three days before a com-
plete intermission took place.
What the general eft'ect of this climate might be upon a body of men subject to military habits, &c. I could not
venture to say from experience, but am inclined to think, must be very similar to that experienced by the poorer
class of emigrants, who annually visit this country from above. The first effect, occasioned by intense heat, and
other remote causes, upon persons of that description, discovers itself early in an attack of cholera morbus, remit-
ting and intermitting fever, diarrhcea, or dysentery: the fornier are by much the most favorable forms of seasoning,
as it is usually termed; the diarrhoea or dysentery are invariably the worst, and at all times, a most serious com-
plaint. This last form of disease, no doubt, would be the one most likely to occur, where improper diet, intem-
perance, and frequent exposure to the sudden changes of air, take place. The difficulty of restoring the tone
of the bowels after an attack of that complaint, is such, that it not unfrequently baffles every attempt of medicine,
and requires a change of climate to effect it.
To guard a large body of men against the occurence of disease, from such numerous sources, would, without
doubt, be a very difficult thing to accomplish, unless their arrival could be so managed as to inure, in some measure,
the constitution gradually to the change of climate. This has been sometimes attempted in introducing fresh gangs
of negroes into the territory, and apparently with the happiest effect. Depletion here was substituted, and lenient
exercise, for some time, together with a proper regimen, observed.
No. 8.
Washington, January 23, 1810.
Sir: •
As you have resigned the command of the troops to which we are attached, this letter cannot, by the most
malignant, be ascribed to any improper motives, and we beg you to be assured that it proceeds from the most dis-
interested source, and is produced by a temper of justice only.
In offering to you our best wishes for your future health and happiness, we should not do justice to our feelings,
nor your conduct, if we oniitted to acknowledge your incessant attention to the department of which we are mem-
bers, or failed to give testimony to your solicitude, your tenderness for, and fostering care of, the sick; for it was,
sir, to the supplies of extraordinary comforts and necessaries which you (rom time to time have ordered, that we
owe the lives of many men; and whatever may have been the misrepresentations or misapprehensions which have
gone forth on this subject, we have no doubt the consciousness of your own good conduct will afford you the rich-
est reward under heaven.
We have the honor to remain, your veiy obedient and humble servants,
J. W. DANIEL, Hospital Surgeon, United States^ .irmy-
D. CLAUDE, Surgeon Light Jlrtilleiy.
ALFRED THRUSTON, Surgeonllh Infantry.
WM. UPSHAW, Surgeon 5th Infantry.
SMITH CUTTER, Surgeon Rijte Corps.
LEWIS DUNHAM, Surgeon Dragoons-
THOMAS PINKERTON, Surgeon's Mate United States' Army.
A. G. GOODLET, Surgeon's Mate 7th Infantry.
THOMAS LAWSON, Surgeon's Mate.
General Wilkinson.
llth Congress.] No. 101. [3d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, DECEMBER 14, 1810,
War Department, December I'ith, 1810.
Sir:
In obedience to a resolution of the honorable the Senate, passed April 7th, 1810, " directing the Secretary of
War to prepare a system of regulations for improving the discipline of the militia of the United States, comprehend-
ing the infantry, cavalry, and artillery, and to report the same to the Senate at the next session of Congress," the fol-
lowing regulations for the infantry, cavalry, and artillery, are herewith respectfully presented.
In determining on the regulations which it may be most eligible to establish for the government of the infantry,
several considerations present themselves: first, the organization of companies, battalions, and regiments, as or-
dained by existing lawsj secondly, the proficiency .already made, with the experience acquired under the present
system. Were the militia to be organized at this time from the population of the United States, and regulations to
be adopted for their government and discipline, without regard to their present organization and discipline, the sys-
tem of organization and tactics of the French armies would claim a preference. But the adoption of this system
would require an entire new organization of companies, battalions, and regiments; and it is at least doubtful
whether the officers of the militia would bestow gratuitously the time and attention necessary tor their own, and the
instruction of the men under their command, in the new and additional duties thus devolving on them.
296 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1810.
The regulations prepared by the late Baron de Steuben, and ordered for the government of the troops of the
United States by the Continental Congress, March 29th, 1779, are acknowledged to contain the necessary instruc-
tions and directions for the discipline and government of an army, and have been the general rule of practice ob-
served by (he militiaas well asby thearn)yof the Cnited States. It has, iherelbre.been judged expedient to continue
these regulations as a basis, and to add to them such amendments and alterations as have been suggested by expe-
rience, with some manoeuvres which make a part of more modern tactics. Should this proposal be adopted, the
ordinance of March, 1779, as altered and amended, will require to be reprinted.
For the government of the Cavalry — The ordinance for the exercise and manoeuvres of the light cavalry of the
French armies having all the advantages and improvements derived from long experience and actual service, ap-
pears to be well calculated. In order that a judgment may be formed of its merits, a translation of the whole of that
ordinance, together with a volume of plates, explanatory of the directions, is herewith transmitted. In case it shall
be approved, a revision of the work, by a person conversant with military science, will be necessary, in which the
terms will be rendered analogous to our language; the whole maybe abbreviated, and such parts as are not applica-
ble to light cavalry may be entirely omitted.
For the Artillery. — "A compendious exercise for garrison and field ordnance," selected from the most approved
authorities, by officers of experience, is proposed, and herewith reported for consideration.
All which is respectfully submitted.
WILLIAM EUSTIS.
The Hon. the President of the Senate of the United Stales.
Note. — The papers referred to in this report are not now to be found.
nth Congress.] No. 102. [3d Session.
ESTIMATE FOR FORTIFICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1811.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 18, 1811.
War Department, January 8, 1811. -
Sir:
I have the honor to transmit to the committee appointed on that part of the President's message relating to
the land forces and fortifications, an estimate of moneys required on account of fortifications for the year 1811.
With respectful consideration, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Honorable John Dawson, Chairman.
Estimate of moneys required on account of Fortifications, for the year 1811.
For completing fortifications in Georgia and South Carolina, including eleven thousand five hundred
and seventy-one dollars and forty -two cents for the land on which Fort Mechanic, in the harbor
of Charleston, is erected, ...... $55,000 00
Harbor of New York, (as per estimate enclosed) ----- 83,30,386
Harbor of Newport, Rhode Island, .--.-- 10,00000
For general repairs of fortifications, - - - - - - 12,000 00
160,303 86
Deduct balance unexpended of former appropriations, - - . _ . 29,357 56
$131,046 30
War Department, Januarys, 1811.
W. EUSTIS.
New York, December '29, 1810.
hiR:
I should have transmitted the enclosed estimates at an earlier day, if I could have obtained the requisite in-
formation from the several mechanics, it being my wish to come as near the real charges as the case would admit,
and even now it should be considered that many requisites may occur at the finishing the work, which aie not fore-
seen; for this reason I have omitted any allowance for the materials on hand- The several amounts are, viz:
For the work at West Head, - . . - $51,53171
For Castle William, - - - - - 8,500 00
For Bedloe's Island, ' •■ - - - 18,965 14
Making, in the whole, . - . - - $78,996 85
To this should be added, in case the work at West Head is to be carried up two
tiers, - - - - - - $83,303 86
You will believe me when I assure you that, estimating future expenditures, (especially when this species of
work is nev/ and uncommon) is not only the most arduous, but the most unpleasant business belonging to an engi-
neer.
Ill the present estimate I have endeavored to go into a minute detail, and have formed the aggregate from the
best data I could obtain, and I hope the real expenditure will not exceed what is stated; but I beg your leave to
solicit, for myself, those allowances which candor should make, in every case where the best means have been
used to come at the real truth.
You will please to observe the difference between carrying the battery up to a second tier.
This is the difference between a perfect work of fifty-six guns, with ample accommodations for a garrison, and
iui imperfect work of twenty-eight guns, without any accommodation for the men when not on duty.
I have made no estimate for the battery on Ellis's Islantl, because I consider every thing there as temporary; to
make a proper defence, these old works should be obliterated, and begun denovo.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the greatest respect, your most obedient servant,
JONA. WILLIAMS.
1811.] MILITIA. 297
Estimate qf appropriation requisite to complete the works in the harbor of New Fork, exclusive of Ordnance.
West Head.
To complete this work as a battery, mounting twenty-eight guns, of the heaviest metal, in one tier, protected
from small shot from ships' tops, by a roof, covered with slate, including materials and labor, but exclusive of car-
penter's and smith's work, and also exclusive of materials on hand, - - - $39,340 79
Carpenter's and smith's work, --.... 12,19092
$51,531 71
To complete the above battery, so as to mount twenty-eight guns, under bomb proof casements, with a terrace
of masonry, and parapet, so as to mount a second tier of columbiads carrying shot of 50 lb. weight, including mate-
rials and labor, but exclusive of carpenter's and smith's work, and, also, exclusiveof materials on hand, $124,582 31
Carpenter's and smith's work, ------ 10,253 26
$134,835 57
Deduct the estimate for one tier, which is included in this estimate, - - - 51,53171
Difterence, ........ $83,303 86
N. B. This difference is between a battery of one tier, with a wooden roof, without barracks, and unprotected
from shells, and a battery of two tiers, with ample barracks for all the men requisite to defend it, and wiih a bomb
proof protection for on^of the tiers. The magazine, furnace, and officers' barracks, are nearly the same in both
casesj but the roof, and piers to support it, will be a total loss, in case the battery should be first completed as for
one, and, afterwards, be raised for two tier.
Castle William.
To complete this castle, as originally planned, but without officers' quarters, mason work, and materials for ex-
terior and interior gateway, magazine, wall around it, the interior wall, furnaces, and a small remnant of flagging
on the top, - - - - - - - - $7,500
Carpenter's and smith's work, to complete the men's barracks, and the interior of the magazine; also
for putting up the iron railing round the interior edge of the terrace, making due allowance for the work-
manship of army artificers, -.-.... 1,000
$8,500
Bedloe's Island.
To complete the fort, exclusive of any further building for barracks, and including the guard house, mason work
and materials for magazine and gateway, and completing those parts of the counter scarp which had been left open
for the passage of materials, and for carts employed in excavating the ditch, and raising the wall on the Southern
side of the island, which has been found too low to support the requisite slope of the glacis, - $8,211 88
Carpenter's and smith's work, for completing the platform on every side, making the drawbridge,
and building the guard house, ...... 10,75326
$18,965 14
N. B. There remains much labor to be performed, to clear out the ditch and form the glacis, which is not includ-
ed in the above estimate, supposing it to be done by army fatigues.
11th Congress.] .]Vo. 103. [3d Session.
THE MILITIA.
communicated to congress, FEBRUARY 20^ 1811.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I lay before Congress a return of the Militia of the United States, as received by the Department of War,
from the several States and Territories.
JAMES MADISON.
February 19, 1811.
298
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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[1810.
llthCoNGKESS.]
No. 104.
[3d Session.
EXPENSES OF ARMORIES, AND ARMS MANUFACTURED IN 18 10.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 2, 1811.
War Department, February 23, 1811.
^'"' In obedience to the fifth section of an act, entitled "An act to provide for the erecting and repairing of arse-
P''?t'lvlll\™;a1"fmm Ihe renorMh'at tlie amount of the expenditures at the armory at Harper's Ferry, for the last
considSle amount, made at that place in 1810, for the erection of additional^ buddings.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant, ^ gUSTIS.
The Honorable the Speaker of the House of Represenlalives.
Statement of the expenses of the NalionalJlrmories at Springfield, Massaehusetts and at Harper's Ferry, Virgi-
l,tatemmt oj me tj.pe„ J^-^j^^ ^ne year, commencing the 1st of January, 1810, viz:
Armory at Springfield.
For amount of money expended at that place in the manufacture of arms, and expenses incident thereto, from the
Istof January to the SIstot December, 1810, - - "^ '
Armory at Harper's Furry.
For amount of moneys expended at that place in the manufacture of arms and expenses incident
thereto to 30th June, 1810, to which period the accounts have been settled, ■ 78,576 50
To which add the amouJit of moneys advanced on estimate, being the probable expenses of
^"the'armory, to the 30th November 1810, - - - 6, 0 «
Probable expenses for December, 1810, - '__ ^g^^^^ g^
Dollars,
155,090 19
277,864 27
War Department, .Accountant's Office, February 22, 1810.
WILLIAM SIMMONS, Accountant.
Return of Arms manufactured and repaired at the United Slates^ armoiy at this place, that have been received from
mttirn oj ^tu j^^ superintendent, and deposited in the military stores m the year 1810.
New muskets with bayonets, --""'"
New carbines or Indian guns, - - " "
9,700
601
Total, new arms,
French, English, American, &c., muskets, with bayonets, that have been repaired,
Springfield, Massachusetts, December 31, 1810.
The Honorable Secretary of War.
10,301
1,406
JAMES BFERS, Stofekeeper.
Statement showing the number of Arms manufactured at the armory at Harper's Ferry in Virginia, and received
into the store in the year 1810; also, of arms repaired and received during the same period.
Harpoon
Guns.
Muskets.
Muskets re-
paired.
Received for January, ----'"
February, . . - • -
March, ----'■
April, ------
May, ------
June, - - - - '
July, ------
August, ------
September, . - - - -
October, ------
November, - - . - -
December, - - - - -
2
2
700
700
800
800
800
800
800
800
600
800
800
49
45
112
117
133
157
4
8,600
606
SAMUEL ANNIN, Military Storekeeper.
J8I1.] CANNON, SMALL ARMS, AND OTHER MUNITIONS. 303
13th Congress.] ]Vo. 105. [1st Session.
CANNON, SMALL ARMS, AND OTHER MUNITIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 16, 1811.
Mr. Seybert, from the committee to whom was referred "so much of the President's message as relates to the manu-
facture of cannon and small arms, and the providing munitions of war," *a(ter having, according to order, con-
sidered the several subjects submitted, made the following report, in part:
That it is, at all times, expedient for a nation to be supplied with an ample stock of all such articles and mate-
rials as are requisite for defensive or offensive operations. Such provisions will make its citizens confident at home,
whilst they, at the same time, guarantee respect on the part of foreign nations. No one. it is presumed, will deny
that an extensive supply of the implements of war is preferable to the amount of their cost lying buried in the vaults
of the treasury, more especially when it is considered that, on occasions of the first importance, Ihey are indispen-
sably necessary, and that for the greater part they are imperishable from their nature. The proposition just laid
down will appear evident, when it is recollected that the least rumor of a war will immediately add to the value
of such articles, very generally, from 50 to 100 per centum; nay, this declaration might have been cariied much
further; and it may not be out of place to notice the fact, that, under circumstances far from being the most un-
favorable, refined saltpetre has commanded the enormous price of one dollar and filty cents per pound; whereas,
its ordinary value is about thirty cents per pound in our markets.
It is also well known, that all manuiactured articles, which are made in haste, are generally very defective; this
should be particularly guaitled against in the case of fire arms of every description. When it becomes absolutely
necessary to provide such equipments, contractors always insist upon their own terms. Experience has proved that
contracts under such circumstances, on national account, (we do not confine this assertion to ourown country) have
been made to a great disadvantage. Regular annual supplies, in times of peace, should always be preferred. It would
be unwarrantable in the extreme to hazard a want of this kind until the last moment — until the enemy may be at our
doors. It will be in vain to look fi>r additions from Europe at a period when the extensive naval force of an
■enemy, aided by many private armed ships, shall swarm on the ocean. Who could then be so hardy as to entertain
the expectation of frequent arrivals in our ports?
It is with peculiar satisfaction your committee finds itself enabled, under the warranty of the proper departments,
to state, that many of the most necessary, are articles of which there is a considerable stock on hand, and that others
of them are abundant in our territories. Or, in the words of the message, we may be permitted to repeat that "the
manufacture of cannon and small arms, and the stock and resources of all the necessary munitions are adequate to
emergencies."
The flourishing state of the foundries throughout the United States; the)f have been heretofore successfully em-
ployed, on Government account, in Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the District of Columbia,
&c. The regular supplies of small arms of every description, from the establishments which are now under the con-
trol of the Government, and these seconded by the several contiacts which have been already made with individuals
in various parts of the Union, together with the ease with which they may be multiplied so as to meet any demands
which circumstances may require, independent of the arrangements made on ihe part of the States, individually, are
some of the many pioofs which derannslrate the great resources of this republic. What nation can boast of mor'e or
better iron than the United States? Orir foundries have not only been in successful operation; they are far from
being infanlile, and have arrived at perfection. Upon the best authority, we state the furnaces, forges, and bloume-
ries, in the United States, to be five hundr-ed and thirty. The art of boring cannon is, in many places in Europe,
deemed a secret of great importance; they there keep their' cutlers concealed from stranger's in leathern bags. In the
United States this process is so well understood, that an inspector of our artillery has declared to the world "• Ae never
wan compelled to reject a gun on account of a defect in the bore" though he examined '' upwards of two thousand
cannon of different calibers.''''
It is notorious that we may have lead, from the mines in our country, toany amount. Our resnurxes for saltpetre in
the Western States are said to be inexhaustible. Of sulphur we have a considerable stock in store. Each of the
States can furnish an extensive catalogue of powder' mills; their number in the United States amounts to two hun-
dred and seven, and many of them are celebr-ated for the excellence of their powder. Notwithstanding these facts,
it is necessary to repeat, that, under ihe present aspect of aff.iirs, it is proper a further pr'ovision of all the munitions
of war be forthwith made. Expenditures to a considerable amount, when applied to such purposes, will ultimately
be found to be economy in the true sense and meaning of the term, by the savrng of the dittVience between the pie-
sent prices and such as will be demanded when we shall be at war. In conformity with these views, your com-
mittee beg leave to report a bill.
War Department, December Olh, 1811.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the 28th November, requesting "a statement of the cannon and small arms, and of
theinunitionsof war, generally, now on hand; and whether' any, aird, it any, to what extent, further purchases should
be made, under the present aspect of attiiirs, arrd the amoutrt of the api/r.iprtation necessary," 1 have the honor to
transmit, herewith, a summary, marked A, of the most important articles in the Ordnance Department, now on hand,
as taken from the returns of the superintendent of military stores, dated 1st Noveurber-, 1811.
The manufacture of cannon and shot is prngres-ing at the esiablished foundries in -ilie United States, increasing
the supply on hand and admitting of any extension wh;ch circrrmstances may require.
A reference to the explanatory note on the summary marked A, will show that great deductions must be made
fi'om the number of stands of arms reported "fit for service." The number in store, fit for immediate use, may,
however, be safely relied on as competent to supply any number of tronps that will be bi'ought into the field.
The public armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, ami at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, furnish annually 20,000
stands. Those delivei'ed on pr'ivate contract amounted, itr ine year ending the 30th Septemlier, 1811, to 11,801.
From these sour-ces, which may be extended as circumstances may r-equir-e, a supply of arms of increasing supe-
I'iority in fabric, competent to meet the emergencies of a war, however' pr'oiracted, may wiih certainty be relied on.
The estimate lor or'dnance and oi'dnance stores, markeil B, sh:)ws theqtantily of such articles in that department
as are, " under the present aspect ol afiiiir's," deemed expedient to be procured, in addr'tion to those ncjw on hand.
The estimate for camp equipage, and other quartermaster's stores, marked C, embraces a competent supply for
50,000 men for one year.
Fr-om these estimates, it will appear that the sum of one million five hundred thousand dollars will be required
to make the purchases.
I have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. Adam Seyi3ert, Chairman.
•See Foreign Relations, No. 32, page 79.
gQ4 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [I8II.
A.
c„^«,«^„ nfihe most important articles in the Ordnance Department, as exhibited in the report of the Superin-
Aummary oj me mo 1^ tendent of Military Stores, 1st November, 1811.
Pieces of brass ordnance, of kinds, - - - - - ' , s^k
" iron do. do. ------ i,87b
Gun carriages tlo. ------ 1,066
Grape, strapt, and canister shot, fixed, and unfixed, of si7.es, . . - - 46,677
Hand grenades, . - - " " " " " I 217 652
Cannon balls of sizes, - - - \AA
Shells, of sizes, - - - " " " ' 48,246
Grape shot, pounds of, - - - - " ' " '"''''*,
do. barrels ''''''"'''' rt^.
do. bunches " - ------ 121
do. boxes, " -J r " " " ' " " aAW
Musket balls and buck shot, pounds of, - - - - - - 64,575
(Jo do. barrels, _.---- 6
Powder, pounds of, ^ ^ " " ' " ' " ' 4^^'"^*
Cartridge paper, pounds ol, - - - - " " - ^v«w
do. quires, ,..---- 9,dS5
Stands of arms fit for service, - . - . - - - - - 202,621
Muskets with and without bayonets, wanting repairs, ----- 21,781
Pairs of pistols, ..----- 4,655
Rampart arms, carbines, &c. - - - - - - 3,666
Rifles. -..--.. 6,911
Sworas and cutlasses, -.---.. 12,403
do. do. boxes of, -- - - - ■ - 1
Flints, of kinds, .... - - - - 2,038,308
do. boxes of, -------3
Spears and espontoons, &c. - - - - " - - ^^^\^
Cartouch boxes, ------- 67,138
Stocks, of kinds, - - - - " " - 100,806
Sulphur, pounds of, - - - ■ " " " 234,292
Nitre, crude, pounds of, ^i^^l?i - - - - - - 1,098,033
do. refined, do. 782,6915 ' '
Lead, pounds of, ------- 1,210,731
Tents, of kinds, ..-.-... 3,098
Canteens, ------- 14,106
Knapsacks and haversacks, - - - . ■ - - - - 15,533
Camp kettles, ------- 2,797
Steel, pounds of, ------- 38,706
Iron do. ..-.--- 113,987
Forage bags, &c. - - - - - - - 20,624
Saddles, - - - - " " - 1,392
Note. — The cannon are generally good, sufiiciently proved, and may be relied on. From the number of small
arms reported "fit for service" it is presumed that a deduction of one-third should be made for those which maybe
found to want repairs, and for Britisn, German, and other arms, of calibers dififerent from the standard of the United
States.
From the quantity of nitre returned, a deduction must be made of 242,175 pounds, loaned the Navy Department,
and of 71,740 pounds due from the estate of Wheelen and Miller. From the quantity of sulphur returned, a deduc-
tion of 39,813 pounds, loaned the Navy Department
I8ii.]
CANNON, SMALL ARMS, AND OTHER MUNITIONS.
305
General View qf the Ordnance, Shot, Small ^rms. Powder, ^c. in Store, belonging to the Navy of the United
States; taken from the last returns, by the resjpective Agents to the Navy Department.
ROUND SHOT.
GRAPE SHOT.
■^
-a
c
c
-d
3
3
a -a
o
3
c
"O «°
3 s
-u
c
1
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Ph O
-a
3
Oh
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O ^
1^
1
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3
c
1
^
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Ph
enP
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St=
is
M
S IS
b
M
''i,
H
W
H H
;>H
Q
H
U
H
H
b
At Boston, -
1,482
1,446
248
56
155
At New York,
2
74
266
566
688
2,244
1,260
At Philadelphia, -
255
400
4,634
At Baltimore,
At Norfolk, -
150
784
1,037
7,680
1,665
600
10,800| 178
18
40
12,000
At Washington,
At Marine Barracks
4,437
16,336
29,932
28,839
7,959
410
4,857
2,068
3,433
3,715
at Washington, -
Total on hand, -
4,439 18,
147
31,794
30,437
9,740
10,734
12,571
2,668
10,800 178
18
3,433
4,115
12,000
STANDS OF GRAPE SHOT.
CANISTER SHOT.
-6
13
'V
C
3
TS
s
Pi
3
s
-d
-o
CL,
S
3
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a
s
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c
1
3
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41
s
Ph
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At Boston,
26
At New York,
40
41
425
7fl
480
850
8R
204
635
546
19
At Philadelphia, -
At Baltimore,
At Norfolk,
106
160
895
50
62
At Washington,
164
942
70C
1,038
l,02i
1,150
328
486
914
1,014
999
12
238
250
At Marine Barracks
at Washington, -
40
205
328
486
Total on hand, -
1,:
i67
77(
) 1,650
2,032
2,045
964
1,164
1,203
647
784
269
DOUBLE-HEADED SHOT.
STAR SHOT.
STOOLS FOR GRAPE
SHOT.
13
■d
13
a
-o
c
S
, *
-d
•a
c
1
1
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3
-6
13
B
3
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Ph
3
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3
3
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c
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T3
s
3
3
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u
pi
c
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Ph
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5=
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a
m
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U
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H
W
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ci,
At Boston,
498
483
At New York,
286
365
763
1
877
219
11
9,0
At Philadelphia,
At Baltimore,
At Norfolk, -
400
4
At Washington,
2,796
5,527
5,584
4,048
4,156
60
150
11
28
5
1,268
808
87
At Marine Barracks
at Washington, '
Total on hand, -
400
3,580
5,892
6,347
4,532
5,033
279
150
11
11
20
32
5
1,268
808
87
306
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181t.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE ORDNANCE-Continued.
LANGRAGE.
IRON CANNON.
en
1
So
(U
m
PO
c
a
O
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1
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c
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c
3
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nds Pist
0 Pound
a, o
a, P^
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At Boston,
.
7
22
21
2
10
1
At New York,
-
1
2 37
9
38
78
27
89
63
2
At Philadelphia,
-
4,711
1,541
1,147 .
. 78
34
155
58
123
5fi
71
At Baltimore,
16
At Norfolk,
-
21
38
61
24
36
9.9.
At Washington,
447
128
11
1
8
95
139
151
46
121
At Marine Barrac
<s
at Washington,
2 151
1
119
370
399
338
201
277
Total on hand.
447
128
11
1 4,711
1,541
1,147 1
2
CARRONADES.
t
Cj ,^
^
i:
.^
G
P
CK
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^
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i ^
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•? :=
B
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At Boston,
3 4
4
181
At New York,
6 8
. 103 .
)73
905
1,448 .
28 1,916
3,287
658
143
50,146 1
10,000
At Philadelphia,
. 4
-2
1
. 234
332
3 14, 753 J
20,939
At Baltimore,
29
At Norfolk,
1 260
28
486
230 .
486
500
180
105
At Washington,
At Marine Barracks
10
(i
15
23
25 .
577
412
411
at Washington, -
8 16
14
8
16
01
262
158 22
40 1,086
Total on hand, -
1 597 f
01
1,676
1,861 29
68 3,488
3,364
1,250
691
?64,8984 1
30,939
* Trophies taken from the Tripolitans, and intended as a present to the Bashaw of Tripoli.
^ Indifferent; the greater portion require repairs; vary in caliber.
i About one-third of this powder is of inferior quality, being- old.
B.
Estimate for Ordnance and Ordnance Stores.
JOG Eighteen pounder cannon, 27 cwt. each, at $133 33 per ton,
J50 'I'ravelling carriages for ditto, at $400 each,
300 Six pounder cannon, at $72, - - - - -
300 Travelling carriages of 37 cwt. each, at $250, -
3,600 Tons of cannon bylls, of sizes, at $90 per ton, •
1,000,000 Pounds of nitre, at 40 cents, . . - .
200,000 Do. of sulphur, at 6 cents, ----•■
500 Tons of Lead, at $160 per ton, _ . . .
5,000 Reams of cartridge paper, at $6 per ream, . - -
Ammunition and baggage wag ins, . - - -
Tools and implements requisite, . . - .
Laboratories and laboratory apparatus, . - - -
$17,999
60,000
14,400
75,000
324,000
400,000
12,000
80,000
30.000
75,000
15,000
12,000
$1,115,399
Note.-— Harriess and other equipage, which are perishable articles, and .such as may be procured when occasion
requires, are omitted in this estimate.
1811.] FORTIFICATIONS. 307
Estimate for Camp Equipage and other Quartermaster'' s Stores, competent to supply 50,000 men for one year.
10,000 Common tents, (at the present price of duck) at $15 each, - - - $150,000
1,200 Wall tents, at $25, -------- 30,000
50,000 Knapsacks, at $1, -------- 50,000
50,000 Canteens, at 25 cents, ----... 12,500
10,000 Camp kettles, at $2, - - - - - - 20,000
50,000 Cartouch boxes and belts, at $1 50, - - - - - - 75,000
50,000 Bayonet scabbards and belts, at $1, ------ 50,000
For tools and implements requisite, ------- 6,500
$394,000
Note. — Wagons, as also harness, which is a perishable article, being such as can readily be supplied, if found
necessary, are not included in this estimate.
12th Congress.] - No. 106. [1st Session.
FORTIFICATIONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 17, 1811.
Mr. Cheves, from the committee to whom was referred so much of the President's message, of the 5th of Novem-
ber, 1811,* as relates to the defence of our maritime frontier, made the following report, in part :
That two communications, from the Secretary of War, vvhich accompany this report, which were made in reply
to queries propounded by the committee, contain the best information on this subject which they have been able
to collect. That one of them contains an enumeration of the several permanent fortifications, which have been com-
pleted or commenced, with remarks on the troops necessary to garrison them. That, for the completion of works
already commenced, no further appropriation is requisite. But that some additional works are deemed necessary,
the precise extent of which cannot at present be determined: for which, and for contingent objects of defence on our
maritime frontier, in the event of hostilities, the committee recommend an appropriation of one millicm of dollars;
and the committee, for that purpose, beg leave to report a bill, entitled "A bill making a further appropriation for the
defence of our maritime frontier."
War Department, December 3, 1811.
Sir:
In answer to the following inquiries of the honorable committee, " to whom was referred so much of the Pre-
sident's message as relates to the defence of our maritime frontier," viz:
" Is any, and, if any, what, additional appropriation necessary to complete the fortifications which have been al-
ready directed and commenced ?"
" Are any, and, if any, what, additional fortifications necessary for the effectual defence of the maritime frontier
of the United States.?"
"Are any, and, if any, what, other means of defence necessary for the effectual protection of that frontier.'"'
'• If any aiJditional fortifications, or other means of defence, be necessary, what appropriation, distinguishing the
sum required for each particular object, will be requisite.*^"
I have the honor to state, that the permanent works which have been directed and commenced, for the protection
of our maritime frontier, are so far completed, on the plan originally laid down (with some additions) that the unex-
pended balance of the appropriation for that purpose is deemed sufficient to finish them.
'• For the effectual defence of the maritime frontier of the United States," the fortifications which have been
erected, in some ports, must be extended; in others, new and additional works will be necessary. The harbor of
New York, from its exposed situation, and relative importance to the Union, together with the harbor of Newport
in Rhode Island, claim particular attention, and require additional means of defence.
As auxiliary to the fortifications, cannon, mounted on travelling carriages, have been deposited at the most con-
venient and important posts, which can be directed to such points as the movements and operations of an enemy
may require. An additional number will be provided, but, as the expenditure incident to such additions comes with-
in the ordnance department, the estimate will be submitted to the committee who have that subject under conside-
ration.
As it is impossible to ascertain the extent of the additional fortifications which may become necessary in the
event of war, no precise estimate can be offered of the expense of erecting them: it is, howevei-, respectfully pro-
posed, for the consideration of the honorable committee, tliat one million of dollars be appropriated for that purpose.
I have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
H Ki I r /^A • WILLIAM EUSTIS.
Honorable Langdon Cheves, Chairman.
War Department, December 10, 1811.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the 4th instant, requesting " what are the number, nature, and state of repair of
the fortifications of the maritime frontier of the United States, and what will be the number and character of 'the
troops necessary for their defence," I have the honor to transmit, herewith, a general report, exhibiting the nature
extent, and condition, of the fortifications which have been constructed for the defence of the maritime frontier of
the United States, together with the full complement of artillerists, necessary to man the number of guns therein
specified.
Part of the cannon, mounted on travelling carriages, not being included in the accompanying report, no estimate
is offered of the number of artillerists necessary to man them.
The first intention, of annexing to this report the number of infantry which may be required for the defence of
each work, is found to be impracticable.
• See Foreig-n Relations, No. 32, page 79.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1811.
riie description of an enemv's force, and the nature of his attack, may be such, that no corps of the army, except
artillerists will be requisite; they may be such as to require a body of infantry equal to the artdlerists; and they may
be such that the number of infantry and other troops, necessary to cover the artillery and defend the works, must
exceed,' by a great proportion, that of tlie artillerists.
In this statement, the honorable committee will perceive the reasons which render it impossible to give a more
precise and definite reply to this branch of their inquiry. ^„ . , ,. ,
I have the honor to be, respectlully, sir, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM EUSTIS.
The Honorable Langdon Cheves, Chairman.
of Report the Fortifications for the defence of the ports and harbors of the United States, exhibiting the number
and description of troops necessary for their defence, viz.
District of Maine.
Passamaquoddy,
Machias, - - -
Penobscot,
Georges, on Georges river, -
On Damariscotta river,
Edgecomb, on Sheepscot river,
Georgetown, Kennebec river,
Portland harbor.
Number and
description
of troops.
New Hampshike.
Portsmouth harbor,
Massachusetts.
Newburyport,
Cape Ann, Gloucester,
Salem,
Marblehead, -
Boston harbor.
A circular battery of stone; with four heavy guns mounted, covered
by a block house, with wooden barracks for fifty men and officers, I
A circular battery of stone; with four heavy guns mounted, covered
by a block house, with wooden barracks lor forty men and officers,
A small enclosed battery; with four heavy guns mounted,
A small enclosed battery; with three heavy guns mounted,
A small enclosed battery; with three heavy guns mounted, covered
by a block house, which answers for barracks for one officer and
twenty men, ------
A small enclosed battery; with six heavy guns mounted, covered by
a block house, which answers for barracks for one officer and
twenty men, - -
An enclosed work; with a battery of six heavy guns mounted, a small
magazine, and wooden barracks for forty men and officers.
Fort Preble, situated on Spring Point, at the entrance of the harbor;
an enclosed star fort of masonry, with a circular battery with
flanks, mounting fourteen heavy guns, two brick magazines, and
brick barracks for one company of men and officers,
Fort Scammel; (opposite) a circular battery of masonry with circu-
lar flanks, mounting fifteen heavy guns, is covered in the rear with
a wooden block house, mounting six guns, and serves for quar-
ters for one officer and twenty men, a brick magazine, &c.
At the north end of the town is a battery of five guns mounted, also
a good biickgun house, with four and eighteen pounders mounted
on travelling carriages, ......
Fort Constitution, situated on the eastern point of New Castle Island
at the entrance of Piscataqua river, three miles below Portsmouth;
an enclosed irregular work of masonry, mounting thirty-six heavy
guns, two brick magazines, that will contain one hundred and
fifty bairels of powder, and brick barracks for two companies of
men ai;d officers, - - . - -
Fort M'Clary, (opposite) on the Kittery side; a circular battery of
masonry, enclosed by earth and palisades, mounting ten heavy
guns; a brick magazine, and barracks of brick and wood for one
company of men and officers, .. _ - -
In the town of Portsmouth; a brick arsenal with three twenty-four
and three eighteen pounders, mounted on field carriages, with
horse harness and other implements complete, &c.
On the east point of Plum Island, at the entrance of the harbor; an
enclosed battery, built of earth and timber, mounting five heavy
guns, with a small brick magazine, and a barrack of wood for one
officer and twenty-five men, . - - .
At the head of the harbor; an enclosed battery, mounting seven heavy
guns, covered by a block house, which will answer for barracks
for twenty men and one officer, - - -. -
Fort Pickering, situated on the west side of the entrance into the har-
bor; an enclosed work of masonry and sods, mounting six heavy
guns, covered by a block house, a brick magazine, and barracks
for one officer and thirty men,
Fort Sewall; situated on the west point of the entrance into the har-
bor; an enclosed work of masonry and sods, mounting eight heavy
cannon, covered by a block house, a brick magazine, and barracks
for forty men and officers, - - - _ -
Fort Independence, situated on Castle Island, on the South side of
the inner harbor; a regular pentagon, with bastions of masonry,
mounting forty two heavy cannon, with two batteries for six
guns, a large brick magazine, which will contain four hundred bar-
rels of powder, and brick barracks for two companies of men and
officers, also an old wooden barrack, which has quartered six com-
panies of the 4th regiment, - - - -
Fort Warren, opposite, on Governor's Island; a star fort of masonry,
mounting twelve guns, a brick magazine, and brick barracks for
forty men and officers, - - - - -
78
78
182
373
117
130
78
J811.]
FORTIFICAXrONS.
309
REPORT OF FORTIFICATIONS, &c.— Continued.
Massachusetts — Boston harbor.
Plymouth harbor.
New Bedford,
Rhode Island.
Harbor of Newport,
Connecticut.
New London Harbor,
State of New York,
New York Harbor,
Number and
description
of troops.
Artillerists.
40
On the West head, a circular battery often ^uns mounted with a brick
magazine, ------
Also on the South point, a circular battery, calculated for ten guns,
a small brick magazine, and a brick barrack for twenty men,
Also at Charlestown, near the navy yardj a circular battery of earth
for eight heavy euns, a brick arsenal, one hundred feet long and
thirty wide, a Targe brick magazine, which will contain seven
hundred barrels of powder, with agun shed, eighty feet by twenty,
for gun carriages, and a small wooden barrack for sixteen men, -
At the Gurnet Point, .the entrance of the harbor; the old enclosed
fort has been repaired with stone and sods, mounting five heavy
funs, with a brick magazine, and barracks for thirty men,
;idridge Point, which commands the entrance of the harbor; an
enclosed work of masonry, mounting six heavy guns, with a brick
magazine, and brick barracks for forty men and officers.
Fort Adams, situated on Briton Point, east side of the entrance of the
harbor; an irregular star fort of masonry, with an irregular in-
dented work of masonry adjoining it, mounting seventeen heavy
guns, a brick magazine, which is too damp for powder. The
barracks are of wood and bricks, for one company of men and
officers; also a gun house, - . . .
Fort Wolcott, situated on Goat Island, in the centre of the harbor;
a small enclosed irregular work, with open batteries, extending
from two opposite flanks, of stone, earth sods, &c. mounting thir-
ty-eight heavy guns, a brick magazine, that will contain two hun-
dred barrels of powder. The barracks are of bricks and wood,
for one company of men and officers, with a wooden gunhouse,
one hundrefl and five by twenty-five feet.
Rose Island, situated to defend the north and south passages of the
harbor; a regular unfinished work of masonry of four bastions,
two of which are circular- Within the works are a range of
stone barracks, of arched rooms, sufficient for three hundred men;
the officers' quarters are two small wooden buildings, twenty-
nine by twenty -five feet. There is no magazine or store house.
The works were commenced in 1798 — unfinished.
At the north point of the town, on a piece of ground rented by the
United States, called Easton's Point, an elliptical stone battery
has been erected, but now in a state of ruin, part of the walls hav-
ing fallen down.
On a bluff of rocks, called the Dumplins, on Conanicut Island,
nearly opposite to Fort Adams; a circular tower of stone, with
casemates, which will contain thirty or forty men; and, with a
small expense, there can be mounted six or eight heavy guns; and
now in an unfinished state.
Fort Trumbull, situated on the west side of the harbor; an irregu-
lar enclosed work of masonry and sod, mounting eighteen heavy
tuns; a brick magazine, that will contain eighty barrels of pow-
er, and a brick barrack, for one company ol men and officers, -
Fort Hale, situated on the eastern side of the harbor of New Haven;
an elliptical enclosed battery of masonry; mounting six heavy
guns; a small brick magazine, and brick barracks for fifty men
and officers, --...-.
x\t Stonington; a brick arsenal, with four eighteen pounders mount-
ed on travelling carriages, - - . .
Fort Columbus, situated on Governor's Island, within half a mile
of the city; a regular enclosed work of masonry, comprehending
four bastions and a ravelin, with sixty heavy guns mounted, a brick
magazine that will contain five hundred barrels of powder, and
brick barracks for two companies of men and officers, and a fur-
nace for heating shot, --..-.
On a projecting point of the island stands a stone tower, called
Castle Williams, withfifty-two, forty two, and thirty-two pound-
ers, mounted on two tiers, under a bomb roof, and on the terrace
above is intended to mount twenty-six fifty fpound Columbiads.
Two stone magazines, which will contain two hundred and fifty
barels of powder, and the arches of the second tier will answer for
barracks tor three hundred men; also, on the island, a stone ma-
gazine, which will hold two hundred barrels of powder, a brick ar-
senal; a wooden gunhouse, and a wooden barrack for three hun-
dred men and officers, - . - - -
Bedloe's Island, nearly opposite; a star fort of masonry, mounting
twenty-four heavy guns, a stone magazine, which will contain
two hundred barrels of powder; a brick barrack for one com-
pany of men and officers, and a brick arsenal,
Elhs's Island, opposite Fort Columbus; an enclosed circular battery
of masonry, mounting fourteen heavy guns, with barracks of
stone and wood for one company of men and officers, -
1,014
310
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
REPORT OF FORTIFICATIONS, &c.— Continued.
[1811
New York Harbor— Continued-
Pennsylvania,
Delaware.
Wilmington, -
Maryland.
Harbor of Baltimore,
Annapolii
On Potomac,
Virginia.
Norfolk Harbor,
On James River,
North Carolina.
Wilmington,
About one iiundred yards in front of the west head of the grand
battery, in the city of New York, an enclosed circular battery of
stone, with twenty-eight heavy guns mounted, with two maga-
zines, and barracks for oflBcers, - - -
North battery, one mile up North river; an enclosed circular stone
battery, with sixteen heavy guns mounted, a stone magazine, a
small wooden barrack for officers, and furnace for heating shot.
In the city of New York; a brick arsenal, with one brass twenty-
four, seven twelve pounders, four brass howitzers, and' twenty-
two iron eighteen pounders, all mounted on travelling or field
carriages, with implements, &c. also a three story brick store
house. - - - •• '. , • L
Three miles out of the city; a brick arsenal; a stone magazine which
will contain five hundred barrels of powder, for supplying the
works in the harbor, and a brick laboratory for the making and
repairing of ammunition, &c. - - ' . "
At Sag-g Harbor, on Long Island, a brick arsenal, with four eighteen
pounders mounted on field carriages, with implements,
Fort Mifllin, situated on the west side of the Delaware river, seven
miles below Philadelphia; an irregular enclosed work of mason-
ry, defended by bastions, demi-bastions, &c. mounting twenty-
nine heavy guns, with a water battery without the works, mounting
eight heavy guns, a good brick magazine that will contain one
hundred and eighty barrels of povyder, with brick barracks for
one hundred men and officers; within three quarters of a mile are
public buildings, called the Lazaretto, which are good barracks
for four hundred men, - - - -
An arsenal of brick, one and a half stories high, and ninety-six by
twenty-six feet interior, with four twelve pounders mounted on
field carriages, with implements and equipages complete,
Newcastle; an arsenal of brick, the same as at Wilmington, with
four heavy cannon mounted on field carriages, with implements,
Fort M'Henry, situated at the entrance of the harbor; a regular pen-
tagon of masonry, calculated for thirty guns, a water battery,
with ten heavy guns mounted, a brick magazine that will contain
three hundred barrels of powder, with brick barracks for two
companies of men and officers; without the fort, a wooden bar-
rack for one company, also a brick store and gun house,
Fort Madison, situated at the western entrance into the harbor; an
enclosed work of masonry, comprehending a semi-elliptical face,
with circular flanks, calculated for thirteen guns, with a brick
magazine, and brick barracks for one company of men and offi-
cers, -------
At the Windmill point, a circular battery of masonry, for eight heavy
guns; in the rear of the works are quarters for two companies, -
Fort Washington, situated at Warburton, on the east side of the
river; an enclosed work of masonry, comprehending a semi-el-
liptical face, with circular flanks, mounting thirteen heavy guns;
it is defended in the rear by an octagon tower of masonry, mount-
ing six cannon; a brick magazine, and brick barracks for one com-
pany of men and officers, ....
Fort Nelson, situated on the western side of Elizabeth river, and
opposite that part of Norfolk called the Point; an irregular work,
defended by whole and half bastions, &c., built of bricks and
sods, and enclosed in therearby a brick parapet, mounting thirty-
seven guns, a brick magazine, which will contain two hundred
barrels of powder; brick barracks for one company of men and
officers, a large brick gun house, and a brick store house, which
answers for a laboratory and other stores, -
Fort Norfolk, situated on the northeastern side of Elizabeth river,
one thousand yards distant from Fort Nelson; an irregular en-
closed work of masonry, comprehending a semi-elliptical battery,
defended on the flanks and rear by irregular bastions, mounting
thirty heavy guns; a brick magazine, which will contain one hun-
dred barrels of powder, and brick barracks for two companies of
men and officers, . . . . -
Hood's Blufts; an unfinished work of masonry, intended for thirteen
cannon, &c.; there are now barracks for one company of men and
officers, .--.-.
Fort Johnston, situated on the right bank of Cape Fear river, twenty-
eight miles from Wilmington; a flank battery of tapier, mounting
eight heavy guns, a brick magazine, a brick barrack for one
company of men and officers, and a store house,
Number and
description
of troops.
1811.]
FORTCFICATIONS.
311
REPORT OF FORTIFICATIONS, &c.— Continued.
Beaufort, N. C.
South Carolina.
Harbor of Charleston, -
In Charleston,
Beaufort,
Georgia.
Savannah,
Mississippi-
New Orleans,
Fort Hampton, of a circular form in front, and enclosed with a
straight line in the rear, mounting five guns, a brick magazine,
and brick barracks for one company of men and oflBcers,
Fort Johnston, situated in the harbor of Charleston; properly a ma-
rine battery of an irregular form, built of brick and wood, mounting
sixteen guns; two brick magazines that will contain one hundred
barrels each. The barracks are built of wood and tapier, and
are sufficient for two hundred men and officers.
Fort Moultrie, situated at the entrance of the harbor; an irregular
form, built of brick, presenting a battery of three sides on the
sea front, and the whole is enclosed with ramparts, parapets. &c.
mounting forty guns; the magazine is brick, dry, and calculated
to hold five hundred barrels of powder. The barracks are of
brick, and sufficient for five hundred men and officers.
Castle Pinckney, of an elliptical form, built of brick; has two tiers
of guns, and has thirty mounted. There is also in the castle a
good magazine, which will contain two hundred barrels of powder,
and quarters for two hundred men and officers. The work is
considered the most important in the harbor.
Fort Mechanic; a temporary battery, built on the point of the city;
it makes a cross fire with the Castle at a distance of n ne hundred
yards; it mounts seven guns; has a small magazine for forty bar-
rels of powder, and barracks for forty men and officers.
The site not ceded to the United States, and is falling to decay. Also
a brick arsenal in the city, one hundred feet long and forty broad;
the lower part for artillery carriages, &c.; in the upper is a rack
for small arms, and other articles of various kinds.
This work is of a circular form in front, and a straight line in the
rear. It is, at present, only in its foundation four feet high above
the ground. There is a comfortable house on the public ground,
containing two rooms and a kitchen. The work itself is entirely
of tapier.
Fort Jackson, situated in a marsh on the west side of Savannah river,
three miles below the town, and twelve hundred yards from the
nearest dry land; an enclosed work of masonry and mud, mount-
ing six heavy guns; two small brick magazines, and a wooden
barrack for one company of men and officers. The work is in an
unfinished state. There is in the town of Savannah a range of
two story wooden barracks, sufficient for two hundred men and
officers, ......
Fort St. Philip, at Placquemines, near the mouth of the river; an
enclosed work of masonry and wood, calculated for twe^ity guns,
with a magazine and barracks for one company,
English Turn; an enclosed work, with two bastio;ns eind a battery
of masonry, for nine guns, with a magazine, and barracks for one
company; nearly finished, - - - -
Fort St. Charles, in the city of New Orleans; an enclosed redoubt
of five sides of masonry and earth; mounting nineteen guns; a
magazine and barracks for thirty men, ...
At the Bayou St. John; a strong battery -of six guns, which com-
mands the passage of Lake Poatchartrain, with barracks for thirty
Total,
Number and
description
of troops.
SI 2
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1812.
12thCoN<.nKss.] No. 107. List Session.
PROVISION FOR THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WOUNDED, AND THE FAMILIES OF THOSE
KILLED, IN THE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE INDIANS ON THE WABASH, IN 1811.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 8, 1812.
Mr M'Kei- from the committee to whom was lelened the message of the President of the United States, trans-
mi\(in°- two letters from Governor Harrison, of the Indiana territory, reporting the particulars* and the issue
of ihe'expedition under his command, against the hostile Indians on the Wabash; and to whomalso was referred
the memorial of the General Assembly of the Indiana territory, and the memorial of the officers and soldiers ot
the militia of Knox county, in the Indiana territory, who served in the late campaign under the command oi
Governor Harrison, made the following report:
That they have had the several matters to them referred under their consideration, and have given to them that
attention which their importance seems to merit. , ,■ -^ u ■ , ,
Itanpears to the committee that the troops under the command ot Governor Harrison may very properly be
termed raw troops- very few of the officers, and almost none ot the men, had ever been in actual service, and a con-
siderable mopoition ot them had been only a few weeks withdrawn from the pursuits ot civil life. The attack made
on this quickly assembled army, by the hostile Indians on the Wabasb, when viewed, either as it relates to the
nature of the enemy the time, or the violence with which the attack was made, cannot but be considered of such a
character as would have severely tested the collected tirmness of the most able and experienced troops. This attack,
violent and unexpected as it seems to have been, was repelled by the troops under the command ot Governor Har-
rison with a tf-dlantry and good conduct worthy ot luture mutation. The whole transaction, in the opinion of
the co-nmittee" presents to the American people a new proof that the dauntless spirit of our ancestors, by whom
the war of the Revolution was so ably and successtuUy maintained, has not been diminished by more than thirty
years ofalmost uninterrupted peace, but that it has been handed dovynuniin^pairedto.their posterity.
In estimating the claims of the army on the Government ot the United States, it is worthy of remark, that the
nature of the country, as well as of the enemy to be encountered, subjected the army to many extreme hardships and
eaual dangers where every thing was hazarded, and but little could be gained except the regard ot their country.
The volunteers and militia (to whose claims the memorials referred to the committee particularly relate) were in
actual service but a short time, lor which alone they are entitled to pay by law ; the compensation, therefore, to which
ititled is not at all commensurate to the services rendered and the dangers incurred; besides, many of
disconsolate widows and orphans of those officers anif soldiers of the volunteers and militia, who, in common with
their brother officers and soldiers of the regular troops, fell in their country's cause in a manner so distinguished
that nothing was wanting but a great occasion, interesting to the feelings of the American people, to have crowned
their names with unfading laurels. , , , „ , , u-y^ j- i 1 1 ♦!, * j ^u
As an evidence therefore, of the regard due to the bravery and ability displayed by the troops under the command
of Governor Harrison, in the battle of the 7th of November, 1811, as well as to relieve the representatives of those
who were killed in the action, from the pecuniary losses incurred in consequence thereof, the committee respectfully
submit the followinj resolutions: ,,, , „ , • , rr * i ii ^ ^i. m
1st Resolved, That one month's pay ought to be allowed, in addition to the common allowance, to the officers,
(according to the' rank which they held) the non-commissioned officers and privates of the regulars, volunteers, and
militia and to the legal representatives of those who were killed, or have since died of their wounds, composing the
army under the command of Governor Harrison, in the late campaign on the Wabash.
2d Resolved That five years' half-pay ought to be allowed to the legal representatives ot the officers, (according
to the rank which they held) the non-cominissionsd officers and privates of the volunteers and militia who were
killed in the battle of the 7th of November, 1811, or who have since died of their wounds.
3d Resolved, That provision ought to be made by law to place on the pension list the officers (according to the
rank which they 'held) the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the volunteers and militia who served in the late
campai''n on the Wabash, under the command of Governor Harrison, and who have been wounded or disabled in
4th. Resolved, Thai provision ought to be made by law to pay for the horses and other property cf individuals,
lostin. or in consequence of, the said battle. .^ . i n j * i « j u- i
5th Resolved That the further time of years ought to be allowed to the otncers and soldiers who were
•wounded and to' the legal representatives of those who were killed, in the said battle, to complete the payments due,
or which 'may fall due, to the United States, on any purchase of the public lands made by them before the said battle.
• For these letters, see Indian Affairs, No. 131.
1812,]
ADDITIONAL MILITARY FORCE,
313
13th Congress.]
No. 108.
[Ist Session.
ADDITIONAL MILITARY FORCE.
COMMUNtCATBD TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 31, 1812.
^ War Department, January 23, 1812.
Sir: » ^ . ^ , r- ^i.
In answer to your letter of the 16th instant, requesting "an estimate of the appropriation necessary tor the
service of the year 1812, to carry into eftect the act passed at the present session, entitled 'An act to raise, (or a hmit-
•ed time, an additional military force," I have the honor to transmit, herewith, the estimates marked A, B, C, D,
and E, as also a recapitulation of ihe whole, marked F, amounting to six millions six hundred and ninety-seven
thousand eight hundred and ninety-two dollars and fifty-four cents. But, as a part of the sum ot one million fave
hundred thousand dollars, appropriated by the act of the 14th of January, ot the present year, for the purchase ot
ordnance, ordinance stores, camp equipage, and other quartermaster's stores,may be applied to the purchase of seve-
ral items contained in the estimates, a deduction may be made—
On account of wagons, - - - - - - ' $47,640
Do. camp equipage, ...--- 206,100
Do. tools and implements, ------ 13,900
making in the whole, a deduction of two hundred and sixty-seven thousand six hundred and forty dollars, and leav-
ing a balance of six millions four hundred and thirty thousand two hundred and fifty-two dollars and fifty-four
cents, to be appropriated for the service of the present year.
I have the honor to be, with much respect, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Honorable Ez. Bacon, Chairman.
Estimate of the annual Pay, Subsistence, Forage, fyc.for the General, Field, and Staff Officers, authorized by the
act of the llth January, 1812.
Monthly Pay.
Total amount Total amount
Total amount
Total amount.
Aggregate
RANK.
of Pay. of Forage.
of rations at
amount.
20 cents.
2 Major Generals,
$200
$4,800
$480
$2,190
$7,470
5 Brigadier Generals,
104
6,240
960
4,380
11,580
1 Adjutant General,
104
1,248
192
876
2,316
1 Inspector General,
104
1,248
192
876
2,316
3 Assistants to Adjutant General, -
60
2,160
396
1,095
3,651
2 do. Inspector General,
GO
1,440
264
730
2,434
4 Major Generals' Aids,
64
3,072
480
876
4,428
5 Brigade Majors,
70
4,200
600
1,095
5,895
5 Brigadier Generals' Aids,
50
3,000
360
730
4,090
2 Judge Advocates,
50
1,200
240
584
2,024
4 Hospital Surgeons,
4 do. Surgeons' Mates,
75
3,600
576
1,752
5,928
40
1,920
288
584
2,792
4 do. Stewards,
20
960
>"
584
1,544
$56,468 00
Medicines and hospital stores,
Contingent expenses,
Total,
125,000 00
7,058 50
$188,526 50
314
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1812.
Estimate of the expenses of raising, and continuing m service one year, two Regiments of Artillerists, authorized
by the act of the \Wi of January, 1812.
REGIMENTAL, FIELD, AND STAFF OFFICERS.
Monthly
Total am't
Total am't
Total am't
Total am't
Total
Aggregrate
NUMBER AND RANK.
pay each.
of pay.
of Forage
of rations a
20 cents.
ofrat(Bisa
IScent^ '
amount.
Amount.
2 Colonels, ■
,$75
$1,800
$280 00
$876
.
$2,956 00
4 Lieutenant Colonels,
60
2,880
528 00
1,460
-
4,868 00
4 Majors,
50
2,400
480 00
1,168
4,048 00
4 Adjutants,
40
1,920
288 00
584
-
2,792 00
2 Quartermasters,
40
960
144 00
292
-
1.396 00
2 Paymasters,
40
960
144 00
292
-
1,396 00
2 Surgeons,
45
1,080
240 00
438
-
1,758 00
4 Surgeons' Mates, -
30
1,440
288 00
584
2,312 00
$21,526 00
NON-COMMISSIONED REGIMENTAL STAFF.
4 Sergeant Majors, -
9
432
271 92
.
219
922 92
2 Quartermaster Sergeants,
9
432
271 92
-
219
922 92
2 Senior Musicians, -
8
384
219
603 00
2,448 84
PLATOON OFFICERS, CADET
S, NON-COMMISSIONE
D OFFICERS, MUSICI
ANS, ARTIFICERS,
AND MATROSS
ES.
40 Captains,
40
19,200
.
8,760
.
27,960 00
40 First Lieutenants,
30
14,400
-
5,840
-
20,240 00
40 Second Lieutenants,
25
12,000
-
5,840
-
17,840 00
80 Cadets,
10
9,600
.
11,680
-
21,280 00
160 Sergeants,
8
15,360
-
8,760
24,120 00
160 Corporals,
7
13.440
-
-
8,760
22,200 00
80 Musicians,
6
5,760
-
-
4,380
10,140 00
320 Artificers,
10
38,400
-
-
17,520
55,920 00
2880 Privates,
5
172,800
-
-
157,680
330,480 00
160 Women,
-
-
-
-
8,760
8,760 00
538,940 00
C
LOTHING.
Clothing for 3,612 recruits, at $35 each, - - -
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS.
Bounties for 3,612 recruits, at $16 each, - - ■ ■
Premium to officers for enlisting 3,612 recruits, at $2 each, -
HORSES, WAGONS, HARNESS, &c.
480 Horses for transportation of cannon, . - -
400 do. do. ammunition,
160 do. do. baggage, . - -
80 Baggage \yagons, . - . - -
100 Ammunition wagons, - - - -
Harness for 1,040 horses, - -
8 Horses for the non-commissioned regimental staff,
Equipments for do. . . - -
Forage for 1,040 horses, - . . -
Contingencies, _ - - . -
at $80 each, $38,400 00
32,000 00
12,800 00
9,600 00
15,000 00
20,800 00
800 00
le, 160 00
at 67 98 do. 70,699 20
at
80
do.
at
80
do.
at
120
do.
at
150
do.
at
20
do.
at
100
do.
at
20
per h
126,420 00
57,792 00
7,224 00
Total,
200,259 20
119,364 76
1,073,974 80
1812.J
ADDITIONAL MILITARY FORCE.
315
Estimate qfthe expenses of raising and continuing' in service one year ten Regiments of Infantry, authorized by
the act of the llth January, 1812.
REGIMENTAL, FIELD, AND STAFF OFFICERS.
NUMBER AND RANK.
Monthly
pay.
Total am't
of pay.
Total am't
of forage.
Total am't
of rations
at 20 cts.
Total am't
1 of rations
1 at 15 cts.
Total amount.
Ag-gi-egate
amount.
10 Colonels, -
20 Lieutenant Colonels,
20 Majors,
20 Adjutants, -
10 Quartermasters,
10 Paymasters,
10 Surgeons, -
20 Surgeons' Mates, -
$75
60
50
40
40
40
45
30
$9,000
14,400
12,000
9,600
4,800
4,800
5,400
7,200
$1,440 00
2,640 00
2,400 00
1,440 00
720 00
720 00
1,200 00
1,440 00
$4,380
7,300
5,840
2,920
1,460
1,460
2,190
2,920
-
$14,820 00
24,340 00
20,240 00
13,960 00
6,980 00
6,980 00
8,790 00
11,560 00
$107,670 00
NON-COMMIS
SIGNED REGIMENTA
L STAFF.
20 Sergeant Majors, -
20 Quartermaster Sergeants, -
20 Senior Musicians, -
9
9
8
2,160
2,160
1,920
1,359 60
1,359 60
1,095
1,095
1,095
4,614 60
4,614 60
3,015 00
12,244 20
PLATOON AND NON-C
OMMISSI
ONED OFF
ICERS, MU
SICIANS,
AND PRIVATES.
180 Captains,
40
86,400
.39,420
125,820 00
180 First Lieutenants,
30
64,800
-
26,280
_
91,080 00
180 Second Lieutenants, -
25
54,000
-
26,280
80,280 00
180 Ensigns,
20
43,200
26,280
-
69,480 00
730 Sergeants,
8
69,120
-
-
39,420
108,540 00
720 Corporals,
7
60,480
-
39,420
99,900 00
360 Musicians,
6
25,920
19,710
45,630 00
18,000 Privates,
5
1,180,000
-
985,500
2,165,500 00
720 Women,
39,420
39,420 00
CLOTH
NG.
Clothing for 19,860 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates,
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS.
Bounties tor 19,860 recruits, -
Premiums to recruiting officers, for enlisting 19,860 men,
HORSES, BAGGAGE WAGONS, HARNESS, &c.
720 Horses for transportation of baggage, - - - - .
180 Utaggage vi^agons, --------
Harness for 720 horses, -------
Forage for 720 horses, -------
Contingencies, ------._
3,825,650 00
at $35 each, - 695,100 00
at $16 each, - 317,760 00
at 2 each, - 39,730 00
at $80 00 each,
at 120 00 each,
at 20 00 each,
at 67 98 each.
Dollars,
57,600 00
21,600 00
14,400 00
48,945 00
517,586 15
4,658,275 35
316
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1812.
Estimate for raising- and continuing in service one year a Regiment of Light Dragoons, authorized by the act qf
the Uth of January, 1812.
REGIMENTAL, FIELD, AND STAFF OFFICERS.
NUMBER AND RANK.
1 Colonel,
2 Lieutenant Colonels,
2 Majors,
2 Adjutants,
1 Quartermaster,
1 Paymaster.
1 Surgeon,
2 Surgeon's Mates,
Monthly
pay.
75
60
43J
iS'i
43i
50
40
Total am't
of pay.
$1,080 00
1,800 00
1,440 00
1,039 92
519 96
519 96
600 00
960 00
Total am't
of forage.
$339 90
543 85
543 85
271 91
135 95
135 95
203 95
271 91
Total am't
of rations
at 20 cts.
$438 00
730 00
584 00
292 00
146 00
146 00
219 00
292 00
Total am't
of rations
at 15 cts.
Total amount. Aggregate
amount.
$1,857 90
3,073 85
2,567 85
1,603 83
801 91
801 91
1,022 95
1,523 91
NON-COMMISSIONED REGIMENTAL STAFF.
2 Sergeant Majors,
2 Quartermaster Sergeants,
2 Senior Musicians,
240 00
240 00
240 00
135 96
135 96
135 96
109 50
109 50
109 50
485 46
485 46
485 46
PLATOON OFFICERS, CADETS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, MUSICIANS, PRIVATES, &c.
12 Captains,
12 First Lieutesants, -
12 Second Lieutenants,
12 Cornets,
24 Cadets,
48 Sergeants, -
48 Corporals, -
12 Musicians, -
12 Saddlers. -
12 Farriers,
960 Privates,
48 Women,
50
33|
33 1
36|
10
8
7
6
10
10
5
7,200 00
4,799 52
4,799 52
3,839 04
2,880 00
4,608 00
4,032 00
864 00
1,440 00
1,440 00
57,600 00
2,447 28
1,631 52
1,631 52
1,631 52
1,631 52
3,263 04
3,263 04
815 76
815 76
815 76
65,260 80
2,628 00
1,752 00
1,752 00
1,752 00
3,504 00
2,628 00
2.628 00
'657 00
657 00
657 00
52,560 00
2,628 00
12,275 28
8,183 04
8,183 04
7,222 56
8,015 52
10,499 04
9,923 04
2,336 76
2,912 76
2,912 76
175,420 80
2,628 00
CLOTHING.
Clothing for 1,098 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, &c. at 38 dollars each,
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS.
Bounties for 1,098 recruits, at 16 dollars each,
Prenjiiums to recruiting officers for enlisting 1,0
recruits, at two dollars each.
HORSES AND EQUIPMENTS.
1,122 Horses for cadets, non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, &c.
1,122 Saddles, bridles, and other equipage, ... -
12 Wagons for transportation of baggage, - - . .
18 Horses for do. . . . .
Harness fur 48 horses, - - - - - -
Forage for 48 horses, - - - - - -
Annual contingencies, ,,.-.-
at $120 00 each,
at 20 00 per horse,
at 120 00 each,
at 120 00 do.
at 20 00 do.
at 67 98 do.
$13,254 U
1,456 38
250,512 60
41,724
00
17,568
00
2,196
00
134,640
00
22,440
00
1,440
00
5,760
00
960 00
3,263
04
61,901
76
$557,115 89
1812.]
ARMORIES, AND ARMS MANUFACTURED THEREIN.
317
E.
Estimate of Camp Equipage, Sj-c. to supply the troops authorized by the act of the llth January, 1812.
5,000 common tents, - - .
40 marquees, - - -
1,000 wall and horsemen's tents, -
24,300 knapsacks,
35,000 canteens,
5,000 camp kettles, . - .
24,300 cartouch boxes and belts, -
24,300 bayonet scabbards and belts.
Contingent expenses for tools, implements, &c.
at 15 dollars each,
at 130 " "
at 25 " "
at 1 " "
at 25 cents, "
at 200 " "
at 150 " "
at 100 " "
Dollars,
$75,000
4,800
25,000
24,300
6,250
10,000
36,450
24,300
18,900
220,000
r.
Recetpitulation of the Estimates of the Expenses of raising, and continuing in service one year, the troops authorized
by the act of the llth of January, 1812.
Pay,
Forage, ------....
Subsistence, .._.-....
Clothing, - -
Bounties and premiums, - . . . . ...
Horses for dragoons, and the transportation of cannon, baggage, &c. . . .
Wagons, ..---....
Harness and other equipage,
Camp equipage, -
Medicines and hospital stores, .......
Contingent expenses, viz: For the recruiting service, quarters, fuel, straw, tools and implements,
transportation, officers, &c. employed on extra duty, &c. - - . .
Dollars, -
2,110,277 92
231,652
95
1,611,146
50
863,244
00
442,260
00
282,000
00
47,640
00
58,760
00
206,100
00
125,000
00
719,811
17
6,697,892
54
12th Congress.]
No. 109.
[1st Session.
ARMORIES, AND ARMS MANUFACTURED THEREIN.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 19, 1812.
War Department, February llth, 1812.
Sir:
In conformity to the fifth section of the act of the 2d April, 1794, 1 have the honor to transmit to Congress, a
statement of the amount of expenditures on account of the national armories at Springfield and Harper's Ferry,
during the year 1811, and of the number of arras made and repaired at each place during the same period.
With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, sir, yoiir obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Ji Statement of the expenditures on account of the National Mrmories, and of the number of arms manufactured
and repaired at the same, in the year 181 1.
At Harper's Ferry, expended, . . -
At Springfield, Massachusetts, do. ...
At Harper's Ferry, muskets made.
At do. do. repaired.
At Springfield, do. made.
-
-
$141,357 00
103,785 77
Total expended.
$245,142 77
-
10,000
1,505
13,030
Total made and repaired.
33,535
41
318
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1812.
12th Congress.] No. 110. [1st Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 6, 1813.
Resolved by the General Assembly for the Slate of Kentucky, That, whereas the subject of our national militia,
at all limes inipoitant, seems, from the aspect of our foreign relations, to be peculiarly so at the present time; and
experience having shown that the present system has great delects, producing much inconvenience without many of
those benefits which a better arrangement would ensure; and the Legislature of this State being impressed with a be-
lief that an adequate remedy for the evil rests in the hands of the General Government alone, which has a constitu-
tional power to provide for the organization, arming, and disciplining our national force; this Legislature, in behalf
of their constituents, with every defeience to the wisdom o( those whose power and duty it is to act finally on the
subject, will proceed to suggest their ideas on some of the inconveniences which attend the present militia system,
together with the mode in which they might be obviated, with a view of their being submitted to the competent au-
thority.
1. Although a well organized militia is the greatest safeguard of a free people, because the soldiers being the ci-
tizens, their military interest is to secure their civil rights; yet the safeguard can only be available, in proportion to
the capacity of the militia to act with effect.
3. This capacity seems to be composed of numbers, organization, discipline, and arms; which latter may include •
camp equipage and the necessary munitions of war.
3. Number is but one ingiedient of military capacity, because a small number, well armed and disciplined, will
defeat a larger one, which is inferior in these two respects.
4. Organization seems to be the mean by which any given number of troops may be disposed of, so as to act; and
the more perfect this is, with so much more facility can that number be brought into action to the extent of its force,
upon any emergency.
5. The extent of the force of a given number of troops, when brought into action, will be, in the general, in pro-
portion to its discipline and armature; these two, therefore, seem to compose the hand that is to execute; and the
more perfect they are when in action, in that proportion will (he foice of any given number of men be greater; and,
as it is seen that the perfection of this force, the reverse of that of a standing army, turns to the advantage of the
State against her enemies, without threatening the rights of her citizens; the object, then, which highly interests
every portion of the Union, seems evidently to be so to organize the national force, that it can be used with the great-
est facility and effect, for legitimate purposes, while the soldier shall be still so far a citizen, as to have an interest
in respecting the rights of the latter, which are, in fact, his own; so as never to cause an abuse or diversion of that
force from its true end.
If, therefore, every individual in the United States, capable of bearing arms, were to be so organized, disciplined,
armed, and accoutred,as toact when required,it would certainly present the spectacle of a perfect militia of the whole,
which no age or country ever witnessed, and, most probably, in a country orgovernment like ours, never will be seen.
And, if a general draught were to be made — and we ought to calculate on the effect of this — to be equal, it must
be impartial; and how many who would have neither arms, accoutrements, or discipline, would be thus designated.*"
— men who might be useful at home, but who would scarcely find employment for our enemies, even if armed; and
whose rout anij slaughter would only serve to mark our calamity, and spread dismay amongst our friends; and ex-
perience has proved that substitutes are seldom worth any thing. But does not the circumstance of a general draught
show forcibly the defect of our militia organization? How much time is lost in mustering all the militia in the Unit-
ed States? How much will it require to hunt up arms, and to get those of a proper description? The latter, we
much suspect, could not be easily procured. Thus it has happened, as it is thence to be inferred, will again happen,
that the season for action has passed away in preparation, giving, in many cases, advantages to the enemy, not ea-
sily regained.
6. But it is seen from experience that habits of discipline are most effectually acquired in youth. The youth, too,
of every country, seem to be, from their vigor and alertness, best calculated for military service; their very ardor,
itself, seems to be the guarantee of successful enteiprise; and certainly they can be spared for this service, with much
less inconvenience to the avocations of civil life, than the heads of families; and these pursuits must still be attend-
ed to, or the very sinews of war will be dried up or broken.
7. The remedy, therefore, which this Legislature would beg leave to submit for the consideration of Congress, is,
to class the militia between certain ages, and, without intending the slightest disrespect to the wisdom of that ho-
norable body, they would, by way of example, submit, that the militia might be divided into three classes: The first,
to be composed of all capable of bearing arms, and not exempted by law, between fifteen and twenty-one years of
age; the second, between twenty-one and twenty-seven years of age; the third between twenty-seven and forty-five
years of age. The principal object of the first class would be to acquire a knowledge of tactics and discipline; of
the second, vvhich might be denominated the effective one, to be completely armed and equipped to march whenever
required; of the third, to form, a reserve, and which need not be compelled to attend musters, unless when they were
called upon to render actual service.
It is not deemed proper to enter into a detail of measures for keeping the middle or effective class properly arm-
ed and equipped; that it should be so, is evident.
The progress of all capable of bearing arms, through the several classes, would promise a greater perfection in
discipline, than can be effected under the present plan; all would, in fact, have thus passed through a school, in
which it would have been taught, and, perhaps, more than a million of dollars be annually saved to the community
in the labor of those excused from uselessly attending musters. But the greatest advantage which would result from
it, would be the keeping an effective, disposable, and competent militaiy force, at all times ready for service, with-
out the danger and inconvenience resulting from a standing army. These ideas are submittedlmerely with the view
that the attention of the National Legislature should be called to the subject, and it appears that none can be of
higher moment.
Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be transmitted, one to the President of the United States, and one to
each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress, for the purpose of being submitted to that body.
JOHN SIMPSON,
Speaker of the House of Representativet.
GABRIEL SLAUGHTER,
Speaker of the Senate.
Approved, February 8, 1812:
CHARLES SCOTT, Governor.
By the Governor:
J. BLEDSOE, Secretary.
Secretary's Office, Frankfort, February 15, 1813.
I certify the foregoing to be a true copy of enrolled resolutions, filed in this office.
J. BLEDSOE, Secretary.
1812.3
MILITARY FORCE IN JUNE, 1812.
319
12th Congress.]
No. 111.
[1st Session.
QUOTAS OF MILITIA FROM THE SEVERAL STATES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JUNE 1, 1812.
War Department, May 28lh, 1812.
In obedience to a resolution of the honorable the Senate of the United States, of the 27th instant, directing a re-
port of "the number of men oidered to be supplied by each State for the purpose of completing their respective
quotas under the act of the present session, entitled ' An act to authorize a detachment of the militia of the United
States,' the Secretary of War has the honor herewith to transmit a schedule showing the numlDerofmen required
from each Slate, by virtue of the act before mentioned.
Which is respectfully submitted.
WILLIAM EUSTIS.
To the President of the Senate, fyc.
Schedule of the apportionment 0/ 100,000 Militia required by virtue of the act of Congress of the lOth of^pril, 1812,
entitled " jin act to authorize a detachment from the Militia of the United States."
New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, -
Connecticut,
Rhode Island,
Vermont,
New York,
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
Maryland,
3,500
Virginia, ■■
10,000
North Carolina,
.3,000
South Carolina,
500
Georgia, -
3,000
Kentucky,
13,500
Ohio,
5,000
Tennessee,
14,000
1,000
6,000
12,000
7,000
5,000
3,500
6,600
5,000
2,500
$100,000
12th CoKGRESS.]
No. 112.
[1st Session.
MILITARY FORCE IN JUNE, 1819.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JUNE 9, 1812.
War Department, June 6, 1812.
Sir:
By the consent of the President, I have the honor herewith to enclose, in the same confidence in which the
information was required, statements from the proper officers, which, it is presumed, will answer satisfactorily the
inquiries contained in your letter of the fifth instant, relative to the present state of the army.
The regular troops reported at several of the most important maritime posts receive continual reinforcements
from the recruits, and in calculating the force for this defence, the aid of the militia of the vicinity is relied on in
cases of emergency. Sixteen hundred militia have marched for the defence of the northern frontier of the State of
New York, and six companies of militia artillery have been detached for the works in the city and harbor of New
York. Twelve hundred volunteers and militia iiave marched for Detroit; two companies have been ordered to
Sandusky; and the six companies of rangers, authorized by law, to the frontiers of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and
Louisiana. The Governors of other States have been directed to furnish detachments of militia, on the requisitions
of the Generals charged with the defence of the maritime frontier-
When the extent of country, the disadvantages under which the recruiting service was commenced, and the un-
certainty wiiich has prevailed in the public mind relative to the ulterior measures which would be adopted, are con-
sidered, the success which has attended this service will be found to have equalled any reasonable expectations.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Hon. Joseph Anderson, Chairman.
Sir:
Inspector General's Office, June 5, 1812.
You have been pleased to address to this office the following inquiries:
1. What is the amount of the force raised under the act, entitled "An act to raise an additional military
force?"
2. Are the troops newly raised sufficiently equipped and disciplined to fit them for immediate service?
With relation to the first inquiry, I would state, that the recruiting instructions, which issued from this office
on the 28th of March last, it was directed, that " the commanding officers of recruiting districts shall monthly
make returns to the commanding officer of the department, who will make monthly returns to the Department of
War."
No returns were made for the month of April, from any of the recruiting departments, except No. 5, including
the States of New York and Connecticut; and the return from that department only exhibited the number of re-
cruits in three of the six recruiting districts which it contains.
No return has yet been received from any of the recruiting departments for the month of May.
Some imperfect reports and estimates of the number of recruits, dated on various days in the month of May,
have been received from nine of the forty-eight districts into which the United States and their territories were
divided; but the information they contiiin is not sufficient whereon to found a probable conjecture of the whole
amount of the force raised under the act aforesaid.
To your second inquiry I cannot directly reply, not having inspected the troops newly raised. Orders have
issued for delivering arms to a part of them; and by communications, received at this office, it appears that seven
thousand three hundred and ninety-seven suits of clothing, deficient in some articles, were issued at Philadelphia,
and forwarded, during the months of April and May, for the recruits of the additional army.
1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH,
Hon. William Eustis. Acting Inspector GeneraL
320 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1812,
Return of the number of Troops in service on the Peace Establishment, and Mditional Military Force of 1808;
number on the Southern and Western frontier, and where stationed; number at Detroit, and on the march to that
place; number in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; number in the harbors of New York, Rhode Island,
and Boston, and the number at Fort Mifflin; also, the number required for the defence of the harbor of New York.
Number of troops in service on the Peace Establishment, and Additional Military force of 1808, including
recruits, ..------..---- 6,744
Point Petre, St. Mary's river, Georgia, .-..----- 194
Fort Hawkins, Georgia, ...-------- 73
Fort Stoddart. Mississippi territory, - - - - - - - - - - 469
Fort St. Philip, - - .....----- 72
New Orleans and Fort St. John, - - . - - - - - - 143
Pass Christian and Baton Rouge, - - - -- - - - - - 1,344
Natchitoches, - - - - - - -- - - - - 89
Fort Hampton and Highwassee, - - - -- - - - - 169
Fort Massac, ...-.-------36
Belle Fontaine, ....-------- 134
Fort Osage, ------------ 63
Fort Madison, ... - - - - - - - " - " " • ^*
Vincennes, and vicinity, - - - - - - - - - - -117
Michillimackinack, ..----------88
Fort Dearborn, - •• -, •■ - - - - - - - - 53
Fort Wayne, ------ 85
Detroit, - ... - 119
On the march to Detroit, ..-.---.--- 430
Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, - - - - - ... - - 175
Harbor of New York, 901
Harbor of Newport, Rhode Island, ----..----193
Boston harbor, - - -- - - - - - - - - 131
Fort Mifflin, 65
It is computed that three thousand men are sufficient to man the works in the city and harbor of New York, ex-
clusive of the works at the Narrows, and of the cannon on travelling carriages; and that seven hundred and fifty men
are sufficient for the works in the harbor of Newport, Rhode Island.
The returns of recruits for May, with one or two exceptions, have not been received. The increase may be esti-
mated at one thousand men.
From the first of January to the 30th of April, 1812, have been enlisted eleven hundred and twenty-five recruits.
Inspector's Office, June 6, 1812.
A. Y. NICOLL,
Adjutant and Inspector.
Senate Chamber, June 8, 1812.
Sir:
The committee of the Senate, to whom was referred the confidential message o[ the President,* have directed
me to ask of you an explanation of the detailed report received from your' office, signed by Mr. NicoU, Adjutant
and Inspector.
The return states the whole number of troops in service on the Peace Establishment, and additional military
force of 1808, to be 6,744; the specification amounting to 5,087. It is desirable to know where the different num-
ber of 1,657 are stationed, and whether the 1,125 recruits, referred to as having been enlisted to April 30th, and the
recruits since April, supposed to amount to 1,000 men, are both, or either, included in the aggregate first mentioned
of 6,744 menj and whether the 1,000 men, supposed to be enlisted in the month of May, are exclusively for the
Peace Establishment and additional military force of 1808. It would also be desirable to know, as far as you are
able to form an opinion, from SMy probable data you are in possession of, or informal information, the number of
recruits which you may have reason to suppose are at this tin>e enlisted for the additional military force of 25,000.
War Department, June 8, 1812.
Sir:
On considering again your letter of this morning, which was answered in haste, I perceive a desire on the part
of the honorable committee, that an opinion should be expressed of the number of recruits, raised under the late act
providing an additional military force; and although there are no official data on which to ground a correct opinion
of their numbers, I have no hesitancy in giving an inofficial opinion, that they may be safely estimated at five
thousand.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The Hon. Joseph Anderson.
War Office. June 9, 1812.
Sir:
Letters received from Generals Dearborn and Bloomfield, by the mail of yesterday, confirm the opinion given
of the number of recruits raised at this time. General Bloomfield, from the numbers which have already joined him,
has considered it unnecessary to call into actual service the companies of militia artillery, which have been detached,
and are in readiness to repair to the batteries in New York. General Dearborn reports the recruiting service as go-
ing on very well, and speaks of " completing" his corps much sooner than was expected.
With great respect, your obedient servant,
VV. EUSTIS.
Hon. Joseph Anderson.
* For this message, see Foreign Relations, June 1, 1812.
1812.] REFUSAL OF MASSACHUSETTS, &c. TO FURNISH MILITIA. p^ig
12th Congress.] No. 113. [1st Session.
OFFICERS OF VOLUNTEER CORPS TO BE COMMISSIONED BY THE UNITED S TATES, AND
PROVIDING FOR ADDITIONAL GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS AND ENGINEERS.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, JUNE 30, 1812.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Stales:
With a view the better to adapt to the public service the volunteer force contemplated by the act passed on the
6th day of Febiuaiy, I recommend to the consideration of Congress the expediency of making the requisite pro-
vision for tlie officers tliereof being commissioned by tiie authority of the United States.
Considering the distribution of the military forces of the United States, required by the circumstances of our
country, I recommend also to the consideration of Congress the expediency ot providmg tor the appointment of
an additional number of general officers, and of deputies in the Adjutant's, Quartermaster's, Inspectors, and Pay-
master's departments of the army, and for the employment, in cases of emergency, ot additional Engineers.
JAMES MADISON.
June 30th. 1812.
lath CoNGRESsJ No. 114. [1st Session.
DEFENCE OF NEW CASTLE.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, ON THE 30TH OF JUNE, 1812.
War Department, June 29ih, 1812.
The Secretary of War, to whom was referred the resolution of the Senate of 26th instant, on the memorial of the
citizens of New Castle, in the State of Delaware, has the honor respecti'ully to report:
That an extensive arsenal of brick has been erecte.dat New Castle, in which four heavy cannon have been depo-
sited, mounted on field carriages, and furnished with the necessary implements, calculated for such temporary bat-
teries, or other defence, as the exigency of the moment might require. Orders have been given for supplying them
with fixed ammunition, and preparing them in other respects for immediate service.
In the general arrangements for the defence of the sea coast, the town of New Castle will continue to receive
the attention of the President.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
The President of the Senate of the United States.
lath Congress.] No. 115. [Sd Session.
REFUSAL OF THE GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT TO FURNISH
THEIR QUOTAS OF MILITIA.
communicated TO CONGRESS, NOVEMBER 6, 1812.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
I transmit to Congress copips of the correspondence between the Department of War and the Governors of
Massachusetts and Connecticut, referred to in my message* of the fourth instant.
JAMES MADISON.
November 6, 1812.
[circular. ]
War Department, April 15, 1813.
Sir:
I am instructed by the President of the United States to call .upon the Executives ot the several States to
take effectual measures to organize, arm, and equip, according to law, and hold in readiness to march at a moment's
warning, their respective proportions of one hundred thousand militia, officers included, by virtue of an act of Con-
gress, passed the 10th instant, entitled " An act to authorize a detachment from the militia of the United States."
This, therefore, is to require your Excellency to take effectual measures for having ten tliousand of the militia of
Massachusetts (being her quota) detached, and duly organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and
divisions, within the shortest.penod that circumstances will permit, and, as nearly as possible, in the following pro-
portions of artillery, cavalry, and infantry, viz: One-twentieth part of artillery, one- twentieth part of cavalry, and
the residue infantry. There will, however, be no objection, on the part of the President of the United States, to
the admission of a proportion of riflemen, duly organized in distinct corps, and not exceeding one-tenth part of the
whole quota of the States, respectively. Each corps should be properly armed and equipped for actual service.
When the detachment and organization shall have been effected, the respective corps will be exercised under the
officers set over them, but will not remain embodied, or be considered as in actual service, until, by subsequent or-
ders, they shall be directed to take the field.
• See Foreign Relations, No. 33.
322 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Your Excellency will please to direct that correct muster rolls and inspection returns be made of the several
corps, and that copies thereof be transmitted to this Department, as early as possible.
I have the honor to be, &c. &c.
W. EUSTIS.
His Excellency the Governor of Massachusetts.
[A similar letter was addressed to the Governors of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.]
War Department, June 12, 1812.
Sir:
I am directed by the President to request your Excellency to order into the service of the United States, on
the requisition of Major General Dearborn, such part of the quota of militia from the State of Massachusetts, de-
tached conformably to the act of April 10th, 1812, as he may deem necessary lor the defence of the sea coast.
I have tiie honor to be, &c.
W. EUSTIS.
His Elxcellency Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachusetts.
Head Quarters, Boston, June 22rf, 1812.
Sir:
I have received instructions from the President of the United States to call on your Excellency for such part
of the quota of militia from the State ot Massachusetts, detached conformably to the act of Congress of April 10th,
1812, as I may deem necessary for the defence of the sea'coast; and I now have the honor of requesting your Ex-
cellency to order fourteen companies of artillery, and twenty-seven companies of infantry, into the service of the
United States, for the defence of the ports and harbors in this State, and the harbor of Newport.
The companies are intended for (he following ports and harbors, viz: Passamaquoddy, one company of artillery,
and four companies of infantry, with a lull complement of officers, to be commanded by a major; Marblehead, Salem,
Cape Ann, and Newburypoit, two companies of artillery and two companies of infantry; Boston, ibur companies
of artillery and eight companies of infantiy, with one lieutenant colonel commandant and one major; and eight
cmpaonies of infantry for the defence of Rhode Island.
Having received official information that war has been declared by Congress against Great Britain, your Excel-
lency will perceive the expediency of giving facility to such measures as the crisis demands; and, as the defence of
the sea coast of New England is, at present, confided to my direction, I shall, with confidence, rely on all the aid
and support that the lespective Governors can afford, and more especially on that of the Governor of the important
State of Massachusetts; and I shall, at all times, receive, with the greatest pleasure, any advice or information that
your Excellency may be pleased to communicate.
With respectful consideration, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
His Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachusetts.
Omitted in the above. — Machias, one company of artillery; Penobscot, one company of artillery and two compa-
nies of infantry, to be commanded by a major; Wiscasset and Damariscotta, two companies of artijlery, one each;
Kennebunk, one company of artillery; Portland, two companies of artillery and three companies of infantry, to be
commanded by a major.
Boston, June 26, 1812.
Sir:
Not having received any notice from your Excellency, or the Adjutant General, of what measures have been
taken for calling into the service of the United States, for the defence of our sea coast, the companies of detached
militia, proposed in a note I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency, on the 22d ^instant, a sense of duty
compels me to solicit such information on the subject, as the urgency of the case demands; and I am persuaded
that no unnecessary delay will disappoint my anxious desire for as early information as circumstances will admit.
With great respect, &c.
H. DEARBORN.
His Excellency Caleb Strokcx, <^e.
Boston, June 26, 1812.
Sir:
I have received your letter, of this day, in which you request information of the measures which have been
taken for calling the militia into the service of the United States.
I find that Governor Gerry, on the 25th of April last, ordered that ten thousand men should be detached from
the militia of this State; but, I am informed by the adjutant general, that the returns of those detachments have
not come to hand, except in a very few instances.
I am, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servant.
CALEB STRONG.
To Major General Dearborn.
War Department, July 21«/, 1812.
Sir:
By information received from Major General Dearborn, it appears that the detachments from the militia of
Massachusetts, for the defence of the maritime frontier, required by Tiim under the authority of the President, by
virtue of the act of the 10th of April, 1812, have not been marched to the several stations assigned them.
Inasmuch as longer delay may be followed with distress to a certain portion of our fellow-citizens, and with in-
jurious consequences to our country, I am commanded, by the President, to inform your Excellency, that this ar-
rangement of the militia was preparatory to the march of the regular troops to the Northern frontier. The exigen-
cies of the service have required, and orders have accordingly I3een given to Major General Dearborn, to move the
regular troops to thdt frontier, leaving a sufficient number to man the guns in the garrisons on the seaboard. The
execution of this order increases, as your Excellency cannot fail to observe, the necessity of hastening the detached
militia to their several posts, as assigned by General Dearborn, in which case, they will, of course, be considered
in the actual service and pay of the United States.
The danger of invasion, which existed at the time of issuing the order of the President, increases, and I am spe-
cially directed by the President, to urge the consideration to your Excellency, as requiring the necessary order to
be given for the immediate march of the several detachments specified by General Dearborn, to their respective
posts.
I have the honor to be, &c,
W. EUSTIS.
His Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachusetts.
1812.] REFUSAL OF MASSACHUSETTS, &c. TO FURNISH MILITIA. 323
Boston, August 5, 1812.
Sir:
I received your letter of the 21st July, when at Northampton, and the nest day came to Boston. The people of
this State appear to be under no apprehension of an invasion; several (owns, indeed, on the sea coast, soon after the
declaration of war, applied to the Governor and Councd lor arms and ammunition, similar to the articles of that
kind which had been delivered to them by the State, in the course of the last war,- and, in some instances, they were
supplied accordingly. But they expressed no desire that any part of the militia should be called out for their de-
fence, and, in some cases, we were assured such a measure would be disagreeable to them.
You observe, in your last letter, that the danger ofinva-ion vvliich existed at the time of issuing the order of the
President, increases. It vvould be difficult to infer, from this expression, that, in your opinion, that danger is now
very considerable, as the President's order must have been issued before war was declared, your former letter being
dated the 12th of June, and General Dearborn's, who was then at Boston, on the 22d of that month; besides, it can
hardly be supposed that, if this State had been in great danger of invasion, tiie troops would liave been called from
hence to carry on oftt;nsive operations in a distant Province. However, as it was understood that the Governor of
Nova Scotia had, by proclamation, forbid any incursions or depredations upon our territories, and as an opinion
generally prevailed tiiat the Governor had no authority to call the militia into actual service, unless one of the exi-
gencies contemplated by the constitution exists, I tliouglit it expedient to call ilie Council together, and, havin" laid
before them your letter, and those I had received from General Dearborn, I requested their advice on the subject
of them
The Council advised, " that they are unable, from a view of the constitution of the United States and the let-
ters aforesaid, to perceive that any exigency exists, which can render it advisable to comply with the said requisi-
tion. But as, upon important questionsof law, and upon solemn occasions, the Governor and Council have authority
to require the opinion of the Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court, it is advisable to request tiie opinion of the Su-
preme Court, upon the following questions:
1st. Whether the commanders in chief of the militia of the several States have a right to determine whether any
of the exigencies contemplated by the constitution ot the United States exist, so as to require them to place the
militia, or any part of it, in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by
him, pursuant to acts of Congress .'
2d. Whethei-, when either of the exigencies exist, authorizing the employing of the militia in the service of the
United States, the militia thus employed can be lawfully commanded by any officer but of the militia, except by the
President of the United States ?"
I enclose a copy of the answers given by the judges to these questions. Since the Council were called, a person
deputed by the towns of Eastport and Robinston, on our Eastern boundary, at Passamaquoddy, applied to me, repre-
senting that they had no apprehensions of invasion by an authorized British force, but that there were many law-
less people on the borders from whom they were in danger of predatory incursions, and requesting that they might
be furnished with some arms and ammunition, and that three companies of militia might be called out for their pro-
tection. The Council advised that they should be supplied with such arms and ammunition as were necessary for
their present defence, which has been ordered. They also advised me to call into the service of the United States
three companies of the detached militia, for the purposes above mentioned. I have this day issued an order for call-
ing out three companies of the detached militia, to be marched, forthwith, to Passamaquoddy, and to be commanded
by a major. Two of the companies will be stationed at Eastport, and one company at Robinston, until the Presi-
dent shall otherwise direct.
I have no intention officiously to interfere in the measures of the General Government, but if the President was
fully acquainted with the situation of this State, I think he would have no wish to call our militia into service in the
manner proposed by General Dearborn.
It is well known that the enemy will find it difficult to spare troops sufficient for the defence of their own terri-
tory, and predatory incursions are not likely to take place in this State: for, at every point, except Passamaquoddy
which can present no object to those incursions, the pjople are too numerous to be attacked by such parties as "ene-
rally engage in expeditions ot that kind. *=
General Dearborn proposed that the detached militia should be stationed at only a few of the ports and places on
the coast; from the rest, a part of their militia were to be called away. This circumstance would increase their
danger; it would invite the aggressions of the enemy, and diminish their power of resistance.
The whole coast of Cape Cod is exposed, as much as any part of the State, to depredations; part of the militia
must, according to this detaching order, be marched from their homes; and yet, no place in the old colony of Plv-
mouth is assigned to be the rendezvous of any of the detached militia.
Every harbor or port within the State has a compact settlement, and, generally, the country around the har-
bors is populous. The places contemplated in General Dearborn's specification, as the rendezvous of the detached
militia, excepting in one or two instances, contain more ol the militia than the portion of the detached militia as-
signed to them. The militia are well organized, and would undoubtedly prefer to defend their firesides, in company
with their friends, under their own officers, rather than to be inarched to some distant place, while strangers mi^ht
be introduced to take their places at home. ° *'
In Boston, the militia are well disciplined, and could be mustered in an hour upon any signal of an approaching
enemy, and in six hours the neighboring towns would pour in a greater force than any invading enemy will bring
against it. *
The same remark applies to Salem, Marblehead, and Newburyport, places whose harbors render an invasion
next to impossible. In all of them, there are, in addition to the common militia, indepejident corps of infantry and
artillery, well disciplined and equipped, and ready, both in disposition and means, to repair to any place where in-
vasion may be threatened, and able to repel it, except it should be made by a fleet of heavy ships, against which
nothing perhaps but strong fortifications, garrisoned by regular troops, would prove any defence, until the enemv
should land, when the entire militia would be prepared to meet them.
Kennebunk is unassailable by any thing but boats, which the numerous armed population is competent to resist
Portland has a militia, and independent corps, sufficiently numerous for its defence; and the same is the case with
Wiscasset and Castine.
Against predatory incursions, the militia of each place would be able to defend their property, and, in a very
short time, they would be aided, if necessary, by the militia of the surrounding country. In case of a more serious
invasion, whole brigades or divisions could be collected, seasonably, for defence. Indeed, considering the state of
the militia in this Commonvvealth, I think there can be no doubt that, detaching a part of it, and distributing it into
small portions, will tend to impair the defensive power.
I have thus freely expressed to you my own sentiments, and, so far as I have heard, they are the sentiments of
the best informed men. I am fully disposed to atfbrd all the aid to the measures of the National Government
which the constitution requires of me; bat I presume it will not be expected, or desired, that I shall fail in the dutv
which I owe to the people of this State, who have confided their interests to my care.
I am, sir, with respect, your most obedient and humble servant,
Hod. W. Eustis, Secretary qf War.
324
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1812.
To his Excellency the Governor and the Honorable the Council of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
The undersigned, Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court, have considered the questions proposed by your Ex-
cellencv and Honors for their opinion:
Bv the constitution ot tliis State, the authority of commanding the militia ot the Commonwealth is vested exclu-
sively in the Governor, who has all the powers incident to the office of Commander-in-chief, and is to exercise them
personally or by subordinate officers under his command, agreeably to the rules and regulations of the constitution
While tiie Governor of the Commonwealth remained in the exercise of these powers, the Federal constitution
was ratilied. by which was vested in the Congress a power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions, and to provide for governing such parts of them as
may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the
The Federal constitution further provides that the President shall be Commander-in-chief of the army of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States.
On the construction of the Federal and State constitutions must depend the answers to the several questions
proposed. As the militia of the several States may be employed in the service of the United States, for the three
specific purpases of executing the laws of the Union, of suppressing insurrections, and of repelling invasions, the
opinion of the Judges is requested whether the Commanders-in-Chief of the militia of the several States have a
right to determine whether any of tlie exigencies aforesaid exist, so as to require them to place the militia, or any part
olit. in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by him pursuant to acts
It is'the opinion of the undersigned that this right is vested in the Commanders-in-chief of the militia of the several
The Federal constitution provides that, whenever either of these exigencies exist, the militia maybe employed,
pursuant to some act of Congress, in the service of the United States; but no power is given either to the Presi-
dent or to the Congress, to determine that either of the said exigencies do in fact exist. As this power is not dele-
gated to the United States, by the Federal constitution, nor prohibited by it, to the States, it is reserved to the
States respectively; and, from the nature of the power, it must be exercised by those with whom the States have,
respectively, entrusted the chief command of the militia. ,,,u, r , ■
it is the duty of these commanders to execute this important trust agreeably to the laws ot their several States,
respectively without reference to the laws, or officers, of the United States, in all cases except those specially pro-
vided in the' Federal constitution. They must, therefore, determine when either of the special cases exist, oblig-
ing them to relinquish the execution of this trust, and to render themselves, and the militia, subject to the command
ofthe President. A different construction, giving to Congress the right to determine when these special cases exist,
authorizing them to call forth the whole of the militia, and taking them from the Commanders-in chief of the several
States and subjecting them to the command of the President, would place all the militia, in effect, at the will of
Congress, and produce a military consolidation of the States, without any constitutional remedy, against the inten-
tions of the people when ratifying the constitution. Indeed, since passing the act of Congress, of February 28th,
1795 c. 101 vesting in the President the power of calling forth the militia, when the exigencies mentioned in the
constitution shall exist, if the President has the power of determining when those exigencies exist, the militia of the
several States is in effect at his command and subject to his control.
No inconveniences can reasonably be presumed to result from the construction, which vests in the Commanders-
in-chief of the militia of the several States, the right of determining when the exigencies exist, obliging them to place
the militia in the service of the United States. These exigencies are of such a nature, that the existence of them
can be easily ascertained by, or made known to, the Commander-in-chief of the militia, and when ascertained, the
public interest will produce prompt obedience to the .acts of Congress.
Another question proposed to the consideration ot the Judges, is, Whether, when either ot the exigencies exist
authorizing the employing of the militia in the service of the United States, the militia thus employed can be law-
fully commanded by any officer but of the militia, except by the President of the United States ?
The Federal constitution declares that the President shall be Commander-in-chief of the army (if the United States.
He may undoubtedly exercise this command by officers of the army of the United States, by him commissioned ac-
cording' to law. The President is also declared to be the Commander-in-chief of the militia of the several States,
when called into the actual service of the United States. The officers of the militia are to be appointed by the
States and the President may exercise his command of the militia by officers of the militia duly appointed.
But we know of no constitutional provision authorizing any officer of the army of the United States to command
the militia or authorizing any officer of the militia to command the army of the United States. The Congress may
provide laws lor the government of the militia, when in actual service, but to extend this power to the placing them
under the command of an olRcer not of the militia, except the President, would render nugatory the provision, that
the militia are to have officers appointed by the States. ^^ .^ ^ „^ ^ .. ^ r ,. tt •. , o. .
The union of the militia in the actual service of the United States with troops ot the United States, so tar as
to form one army, seems to be a case not provided for, or contemplated, in the constitution. It is, therefore, not
within our department to determine on whom the command would devolve, on such an emergency, in the absence
of the President; whether one officer, either of the militia, or of the army of the United States, to be settled accord-
in" to military rank, should command the whole; whether the corps must be commanded by their respective officers,
acting in concert as allied forces; or what other expedient should be adopted, are questions to be answered by
others.
The undersigned re^^ret that the distance of the other Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court renders it impracti-
cable to obtain their optnions, seasonably, upon the questions submitted. THEOPHILUS PARSONS
SAMUEL SEVVALL,
ISAAC PARKER.
Boston, August 21, 1812.
I mentioned in my letter to you of the 5th of August, that I had that day issued an order for calling out three
companies of the detached militia, to be marched immediately to Passamaquoddy, for the defence of that frontiei.,
and to be commanded by a major. In my instructions to Major General Sewall, to be communicated to the major
to be desi^'nated by hiin, I directed that two of the companies should be stationed at Eastport, and one company
at Robinston, until the President should direct otherwise, unless, in the mean time, the major, with the advice of Bri-
gadier General Brewer, who lives at Robinston, and to whom I wrote on the subject, should think a different dis-
position of the companies would be more advantageous. ,„,,,,.,,. , . , , ♦! ,1 1 J 1 • ,
I have this day received a letter trom General Sewall, dated the 17th instant, in which he says that he had designat-
ed the detached company in the neighborhood of Eastport, under the connnand of Captain 'J homas Vose, Junior,
of Robinston. The detached company in the interior neighborhood of Penobscot river, under the command of Cap-
tain Joshua Chamberlain, of Orrington, and the detached company in the same neighborhood, under the command of
Captain Thomas George, ot Brewer, to Ibrin a battalion, to be commanded by Major Nathan Low, ot Deer Isle, and
directed ihem to march immediately to Eastport, and that they would probably march the next day. I shall im-
mediately write to Major Low, and direct him to conform to the above instructions, in disposing ot the companies,
until the President of the United States shall otherwise direct.
I am, sir, with respect, your most obedient servant,
CALEB STRONG.
Honorable William Eustis, Secretary of War.
1812.] REFUSAL OF M AS SAC HUS TTS, &c. TO FURNISH MILITIA. 325
Northampton, September 10, 1812.
Sir:
I received this morning a letter from Major General Sewall, dated the first of this month, in which he men-
tioned that the detached troops, from the neighborhood of Penobscot, had marched to Eastport, five or six days
before that time, with their adjutant and quartermaster, but that Major Low, who was appointed to command them,
had been released from that service, on account of bodily infirmity, and that Major Jacob Ulmer, of Lincolnviile, was
appointed in his room, and had been notified to proceed immediately to Eastport.
General Sewall observes that application had been made to him for the appointment of a commissary and sur-
geon, for the post at Eastport, and if those appointments, or either of them, are thought necessary, he proposes Mr.
Chevy, an officer of the artdlery, for the former, and Doctor Bastow, a surgeon in the militia, lor the latter, both
inhabitants of Eastport.
I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your most obedient servant,
. .r ^ „ , ,^ CALEB STRONG.
Honorable William Eustis, Secretary of fVar-
Lyme, 30//t Jlpril, 1812.
Sir:
I had the honor this morning to receive your letter of the 15fh instant, containing the directions of the Presi-
dent of the United States for detaching three thousand of the militia of this State, agreeably to the provisions of
the act of Congress of the 10th instant. The act itself has not been received, and it will be very satisfactory to
me to receive a copy of it, by the next mail, from your Department. In the mean time, every preparation will be
made for detaching the officers and men, agreeably to the directions already received.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROGER GRISWOLD.
Honorable the Secretary of War.
War Department, June 12, 1812.
Sir:
I am directed by the President to request your Excellency to order into the service of the United States, on
the requisition of Major General Dearborn, such part of the quota of militia from the State of Connecticut, de-
tached conformably to the act of April 10th, 1812, as he may deem necessary for the defence of the sea coast.
I have the honor to be, &c.
W. EUSTIS.
His Excellency Roger Griswold, Governor of Connecticut.
Lyme, nth June, 1812.
Sir:
I have had the honor this afternoon to receive your letter of the 12th instant, communicating to me the re-
quest of the President that I would order into the service of the United States, on the requisition of Major Gen-
eneral Dearborn, such part of the quota of militia from the State of Connecticut, detached conformably to the act
of Congress of April lOth, 1812, as he may deem necessary for the defence of the sea coast.
In obedience to which request, I shall, on the requisition of General Dearborn, execute, without delay, the re-
quest of the President.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, your obedient servant,
ROGER GRISWOLD.
Honorable Wm. Eustis, Secretary of fVar.
Sharon, Connecticut, July 2, 1812.
Sir:
His Excellency Governor Griswold has received from Major General Henry Dearborn a letter, under date of
the 22d of last month, requesting that five companies of the militia of this State, detached conformably to the act
of Congress of April 10, 1812, may be ordered into the service of the United States, to wit: " Two companies of ar-
tillery, and two companies of infantry, to be placed under the command of the commanding officer at Fort Trum-
bull, near New London, and one company of artillery, to be stationed at the battery at the entrance of the harbor
of New Haven."
Impressed with the deep importance of the requisition, and the serious consideration it involves, his Excellency
deemed it expedient to convene the Council at Hartford, on Monday the 29th ultimo. He has taken their advice
upon this interesting subject, and has formed his own deliberate opinionj but, as he is under the necessity of leav-
ing the State, on a journey for the recovery of his health, it becomes my duty, as Lieutenant Governor, to communi-
cate to you the result.
The assurance contained in the Governor's letter of the 17th of June last, in answer to your's of the 12th of the
same month, was necessaiily given in full confidence that no demand would be made through General Dearborn,
but in strict conformity to the constitution and laws of the United States. His Excellency regrets to perceive that
the present requisition is supported by neither.
Ihe constitution of the United States has ordained that Congress may provide for calling forth the militia, to
execute the laws of the Union, suppretss insurrections, and repel invasions.
Accordingly, the acts of Congress of February, 1795, and of April, 1812, do provide for calling forth the militia
in the exigencies above mentioned. The Governor is not informed of any declaration made by the President of the
United States, or of notice by him given, that the militia are required " to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, or repelinvasions. " As, therefore, none of the contingencies enumerated in the constitution, and
recognised by the laws, are shown to have taken place, his Excellency considers that, under e.'i.isting circumstances,
no portion of the militia of this State can be withdrawn from jjjs authority. Farther, if the call had been justified
by either of the constitutional exigencies already recited, still, in the view of his Excellency, an insuperable objec-
tion presents itself against placing the men under the immediate command of an officer or officers of the army qf
the United States.
The appointment of the officers of the militia is by the constitution expressly reserved " to the States respec-
tively." In the event of their being called into the actual service of the United States, in the cases above specified,
the laws of the United States provide for their being called forth as militia, furnished with proper officers by the
State. And, sir, it will not escape your notice, that the detachment from the militia of this State, under the act of
Congress of the 10th of April last, is regularly organized into a division, consisting of brigades, regiments, battal-
ions, and companies, and supplied according to law with all the necessary officers. His Excellency conceives, then,
that an order to detach a number of companies sufficient for the command of a battalion officer, and place them
under the command of an officer of the United States, cannot, with propriety, be executed, unless he were also
prepared to admit that the privates may be separated from their company officers, and transferred into the army of
the United States; thus leaving the officers of the militia without any command, except in name; and in effect im-
pairing, if not annihilating, the militia itself, so sacredly guarantied by the constitution to the several States.
Under these impressions, the Governor has thought proper, by and with the advice of the Council, to refuse a com-
pliance with the requisition of Major General Dearborn.
His Excellency is sincerely disposed to comply promptly with all the constitutional requests of the National
Executive— a disposition which has ever been manifested by the Government of this State; and he laments the occa-
42 n»
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1812.
sion which thus compels him to yield obedience to the paramount authority of the constitution and laws. He trusts
the General Government will speedily provide an adequate force for the security and protection of the sea coast.
In the mean time, his Excellency has issued the necessary orders to the general.officers commanding the militia in
that quarter to be' in readiness to re|3el any invasion which may be attempted upon that portion of the State, and to
co-operate with such part of the national forces as shall be employed for the same purpose.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient and very humble servant,
JOHN COTTON SMITH.
To the Honorable Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War.
War Department, July 14, 1812.
I have the honor to acknowledge your letter of the third instant
The absence of his Excellency Governor Griswold, on account of ill health, is seriously to be regretted, par-
ticularly at this important crisis, when his prompt assurances of obeying the requisition of the President, to call
into the service of the United States such detachments of militia as might be required, coitformably to the act of
April 10, 1812, through General Dearborn, are intercepted and suspended by yuur Honor.
The reasons assigned for refusing to execute the engagements of his Excellency Governor Griswold appear
not less extraordinary than the act itself.
After a declaration of war, against a nation possessed of a powerful and numerous fleet, a part of which were
actually on our coast, had been promulgated, and officially communicated to the Executive of the State, the as-
sertion made by your Honor, " tliat the Governor is not inlormed that the United States are in imminent danger
of invasion," was not to have been expected. To remove all doubts from your mind on this subject, I am instruct-
ed by the President to state to you, that such danger actually exists; and to request that the requisition of General
Dearborn, made by his special authority, for calling into the service of the United States certain detachments of
militia from the State of Connecticut, be forthwith carried into effect.
The right of the State to officer the militia is clearly recognized in ihe requisition of General Dearborn. The
detachments, when marched to the several posts assigned them, with their proper officers, appointed conformably
to the iav/s of the State, will coniinand, or be commanded, according to the rules and articles of war and the usages
of service.
Very respectfully, &c.
W\ EUSTIS.
His Honor Jno. C. Smith, Goweraor o/ ConnedicM^.
Lyme, August 13, 1812.
Sir:
His Honor Governor Smith has put into my hands your letter of the 14th of July, and it is with surprise I
notice the construction you have put on my letter of the 17ih of June. The unusual and exceptionable terms, also,
in which your letter is expressed, have not escaped notice. But a regard to the propriety of my own c(mduct will
not allow me to descend to any comments upon its particular expressions, but leave me to perform my duty to the
General Government, by giving the explanation which appears proper.
When you communicated the request of the President, that any future requisition from General Dearborn, for
a part of the draughted militia, might be complied with, it remained uncertain whether such a requirement would
be made, or, if made, under what circumstances it might take place.
Confident, however, that the President would authorize no requisition which was not strictly constitutional, and
particularly that the order would not exceed the conditions of the act of the 10th of April, to which you had refer-
red, I had no hesitation in giving general assurance, that the requisitions which the President might make through
General Dearborn would be complied with. I then thought, as I do still, that decency, and a due respect to the
first Magistrate of the Union, required that my assurance should be general, and no expression should be used
which might imply a suspicion that the President would violate the constitution in his orders. I also expected that
this early and general declaration would be considered as evidence of a disposition, which has been uniformly felt
in this State, to execute every constitutional requisition from the General Government.
In what light, however, my exf jis'ons have been viewed, I trust there will be no future misconstruction, when
I assure you, that I neither intended, or expected, to be understood, by the general language of my letter, or any
expression it contained, to give the smallest assurance that I would execute any order which I judged repugnant
to the constitution, from whatever source it might emanate.
The light in which I have viewed the order from General Dearborn has been already communicated by Gover-
nor Smith, and.it is only proper to add, that my opinion has not changed, but is confirmed by the unanimous opi-
nions of the Council of the State.
The new light in which you have presented the subject, in your letter to Governor Smith, has received every
attention, but still my opinion remains the same. The war, which has commenced, and the cruising of a hostile
fleet on our coast, is not invasion; and the declaration of the President, that there is imminent danger of invasion,
is evidently a consequence drawn from the facts now disclosed, and is not, in my opinion, warranted by those facts.
If such consequences were admitted to result from a declaration of war with an European Power, it would follow,
that every war of that character would throw the militia into the hands of the National Government, and strip the
States of the important right reserved to them. In addition to the foregoing 'facts, it is proper for me further to ob-
serve, that 1 have found it difficult to fix in my mind the meaning of the words " imminent danger of invasion,"
used by Congress in the act of the 28th of February, 1795, and now repeated in your letter, as no such expression
is contained in th^t part of the constitution which authorizes the President to call the militia into service. Presum-
ing, however, that simie definite meaning, thought consistent with the constitution, was at the time annexed to the
expression, I have rather inferred that the Legislature must have intended only to include an extreme case, where
an enemy had not passed the line of the United States, but were evidently advancing in force to invade our country.
Such a case would undoubtadly come within the spirit of the constitution, although it might not be included in its
literal expression.
But whether the Congress, in 1795, were justified in the expression or not, is unimportant, there being no diffi-
culty in the present casej as none of the facts disclosed furnish any thing more than a slight danger of invasion,
which the constitution could not contemplate, and which might exist even in times of peace.
Whilst I regret this diSerence of opinion, on a question of such importance, I do not doubt that the Presi-
dent will do me the justice to believe, that a sense of duty leaves me no other course to pursue, and that every
means for the defence of the State will be speedily provided for.
I have the honor to be, your most obedient and humble servant,
ROGER GRISWOLD.
Honorable William Eustis. &c.
l8^2.] ARMS PROVIDED FOR, AND ISSUED TO, THE MILITIA.
327
lath Congress.] ]\o, Ug. [2d Session.
ARMS PROVIDED FOR, AND ISSUED TO, THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 24, 1812.
War Department, December 18, 1812.
.Sir:
In obedience to a resolution of tlie honorable the House ot" Representatives of the 7th instant, I have the
honor to state, that, of tiic annual appi-opriation of two hundred thousand dollars for arming the whole body of
militia, conformably to the act of April 23, 1808, four hundred and eighty-three thousand dollars have been drawn
from the treasury on that account. The enclosed statement from the commissary general, marked A, exhibits the
contracts which have been made by the late purveyor of public supplies with sundry manufacturers, for eighty-five
thousand stands of arms. On those contracts, ninety-four thousand seven hundred and ninety-two dollars have been
advanced, and thirty-one thousand six hundred and forty stands of arms have been delivered to the United States.
[n addition to those contracts, an agreement was entered into by this Department on the 18th of July last, with Eli
Whitney, of New Haven, Connecticut, to manufacture and deliver fifteen thousand stands of arms, in a proportion
of not less than fifteen hundred annually. On this contract, five thousand dollars have been advanced. It will also
appear by the statement A, that twelve thousand two hundred and fifty stands of arms have been sold to the States
of Georgia, Maryland, and Delaware.
Statement B exhibits the number of arms and equipments which have been issued under the act of April 23d,
1808, for arming the whole body of militia. These issues have been made within the last year, and to those States
and territories whose exposed situation appeared to require immediate supplies.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W, EUSTIS.
The Hon. the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the U. .S",
328
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1812
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438
1,700
1,200
75
500
275
125
601
325
200
475
100
605
504
OJ
oT
•3Aisn|OUi'6081
'08 '-^dag ■o:> pa
-.iaAi]ap S)a5|snj\[
573
113
213
1,000
274
198
of
li
Id
a
>
u
o
s
s
o
George Ingels,
Bo. '.
Do.
Jacob Eustis,
William Lyon,
Do. -
Jacob Eustis,
Capt. Walbeck, -
William Lyon,
George Ingels,
James House,
Jacob Eustis,
James Byers,
Jacob Eustis,
George Ingels,
Do.
James House,
■SpB.I}U03 UO
apEW saauBApv
$10,750
1,000
no advance
7,000
9,375
3,306
8,000
6,000
5,375
3,487
4,300
2,500
5.800
9,875
2,687
2,687
4,000
2,200
6,450
•joj papB.quo3
spuB^s JO jaqiun^
000
500
200
000
000
500
000
000
500
500
000
000
000
000
500
500
000
000
000
o
o
<s
■o
00
OtNCiOlOC»iO"^0><NT)t-^-«^iO(MC^'*-*CO
•spB.i^
-U03 jouoijBjna
Sddddddcddddddddddd
m
<
H
H
■>!
a
s
o
a
b
Pennsylvania,
Do.
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts,
Connecticut,
Massachusetts,
Do.
New Hampshire, -
Virginia,
Connecticut,
Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island,
Massachusetts,
Do.
Do.
Pennsylvania,
Do.
Rhode Island,
contractors' names.
W. & J. I. Henry, -
Goetz & Westphall, -
John Miles,
Winner, Nippes & Co.
Waters & Whitmore,
Ethan Stillman, .
Daniel Gilbert,
French, Blake, & Kinsley, -
I. & C. C. Barstow, -
Wheeler & Morrison,
Oliver Bidwell,
0. & E. Evans,
Stephen Jenks & Sons,
R. & C. Leonard,
A. & P. Bartlett,
Rufus Perkins,
1. 1. & N. Brooke, - . -
W. & H. Shannon, -
Sweet, Jenks, & Sons,
i
H
o
o
•<
a
June 30, 1808, -
July 13, " -
'' 20, " -
September 8, " -
" 14, " -
October 13, " -
" 20, " -
'• 21, " -
" 25, " -
" 29, " -
31, " -
November 1, "
" 9, " -
November 13, 1810, -
U
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1«1S.]
ADDITIONAL GENERAL OFFICERS.
329
B.
Statement qf Jlrms issued and loaned to the Militia of the several States and Territories.
Issued conformably to the law of April 33, 1808<
c.
S
"a!
a
(5
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
<
-3
a
c
REMARKS.
-a
a
a
te
'o
5
s
D.
'S
CO
s
hU
02
H
New Hampshire,
1,000
!
Vermont,
2,500
1
Rhode Island, -
1,000
j
New Jersey,
1,000
1
Delaware, ...
500
t
500
North Carolina,
2,130
1
South Carolina,
2,000
-
I
.2,000
Georgia,
1,000
1
Ohio,
1,500
Kentucky,
1,500
Tennessee,
1,500
Illinois Territory,
216
-
45
216
Indiana Territory,
-
41
120
120
Louisiana Territory, -
250
-
75
150
Total,
16,096
41
240
270
2,716
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
1
<
"o
■a
3
%
1
'3
t
p.
s
a
O
REMARKS.
Rhode Island,
Delaware,
Ohio,
Do. - -
District of Columbia,
250
650
1,500
3,000
2,200
150
650
1,500
2,000
1,500
Delivered to two volunteer companies.
At Wilmington, New Castle, and Lewistown.
Delivered to Major General Wadsworth.
The militia and volunteers under General Hull.
Total,
8,100
6,900
1,500
lath Congress.]
No. 117.
[2d Session.
ADDITIONAL GENERAL OFFICERS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 12, 1813.
Adjutant General's Office, Washington City, 23rf December, 1812.
Sir:
Before I reply to your question, " liow many major generals and brigadiers are necessary for an army of thirty
five thousand men?" it may not be amiss to state what is believed to have been the proportion of officers of these
grades in the Revolutionary army, and what is understood to be the proportion, at this time, in European armies.
In the first army of the Revolution, raised in 1775, we had a commander-in-chief, four major generals, and eight
brigadiers. In 1776, five brigadiers were promoted to the rank of major generals, and twenty-three brigadiers ap-
pointed. In 1777, six brigadiers were promoted to the rank of major generals, and three major generals and eigh-
teen brigadiers appointed.
The Toss of papers in the War Office, by fire, in 1800, renders it impossible to say, with precision, at what par-
ticular periods many of these general officers left the service, but it is within my recollection that, on the 28th of
June, 1778, fourteen major generals, and sixteen brigadiers, were actually in service of the United States. Yet, by
referring to the official letters of General Washington, in 1778, and 1779, it will be seen that a further increase of
general officers was often and warmly recommended.
330
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815
The main army under the immediate command of General Washington, it is believed, never amounted to thirty-
five thousand men' and it is by no means certain th:it this number was ever in service at one and the same time,
in the whole of wha't was designated " the continental army." Yet, at no period, between the first of May, 1777, and
the close of the war, had we less than thirty general officers m service.
It was deemed necessary, in the Revolution, and it is understood to be the general practice in Europe, at this
time to have at least one brigadier -general for every two thousand men, and one major general for every four thou-
In this country we have never had a grade between the commander-in-chief and that of major general; hence it
was found necessary, in the ■' continental army," to give to the senior major general the command of the right
win" and to the next in rank, that of the left, which, from the limited number of general officers, often left a
division to'a brigadier, a brigade to a colonel, and a regiment to a subordinate field officer; but, in Europe, this diffi -
cultv is obviated by the appointment of general officers of higher grades.
From the best information I have been able to obtain on this subject, I have no hesitation in saying that eight
major generals, and sixteen brigadiers, to command the divisions and brigades of an army of thirty -five thousand
men is the lowest estimate which the uniibrm practice of France, Russia, and England, will warrant, and that this
is much below the proportion of officers of these grades actually employed in the army of the Revolution.
\s you have not required my opinion whether it be necessai-^ to have a highei- grade than tiiat ot major general,
I have not deemed it proper to touch this subject, and have confined myself to the number of major generals, and
brigadiers, deemed necessary to command the divisions and brigades of an army of thirty-five thousand men. It
may not however, be improper to remark, that, if it is intended to have no higher grade than that of major general,
their number should be increased to eleven; so as to give one for the chief command, one for each wing, and one for
each division of four thousand men. _ , ,• .
I am, sir, very respecttully, your obedient servant,
T. H. GUSHING, Mjutant General.
The Honorable the Secretary of War.
. ' War Department, February lOlh, 1813.
Sir"
In reply to the letter you did me the honor to write to me, on the 5th instant, by direction of the Committee
on Military Affiiiis,! respectfully submit the following opinions: • r„, ^ ,•
1st That an increased number of general officers is essential to the public service. Ihe number ot regiments
provided for by law, is, two of light dragoons, three of heavy artillery, one of light artillery, one of riflemen, and
forty-fiveofinfantry, making, together, fifty-lwo regiments. _ .
The simplest organization is ever the best. Hence it is, that, as a regiment consists ot two battalions, so a bri-
gade should consist of two regiments, and a division of two brigades. . r , ,
This sphere of command will be found, in practice, sufficiently large. Ihe management ot two thousand men
in the field will be ample duty for a brigadier, and the direction of double that number will give full occupation to
a major general. To enlarge the sphere of command in either grade would not be a mean of best promoting the
^" Taltin" these ideas as the basis of the rule, and taking for granted, also, that our ranks are filled, the present
establishment would require twenty-five brigadiers and twelve major generals. But the latter admission requires
qualification, and, under existing circumstances, it may be sufficient that the higher staff' should consist of eight
major generals, and sixteen brigadiers. . , ^ ^ „ ^.^ , , ,■ a ■ ,\ r*u t. i *• j
The "eneral argument, on this head, might be fortified by our own practice durmg the war ot the Revolution, and
bv that of European nations at all times. "Believing, however, that this view of the subject has been already taken
bv the adjutant general, in a late communication to you, I forbear to do more than suggest it.
^d The recruiting service would be much promoted, were the bounty in land commutable into money, at the
option of the soldier, lind at the end of his service. This modification would be addressed to both descriptions of
men— those wlio would prefer money, and such as would prefer land. , . , ^
I need hardly remark, that bounties, at the close of service, have many advantages over those given before service
begins. The former tie men down to their duty; the latter furnish, if not the motive, at least the means of debauch
^" Another, and a public reason, for the preference, may be found jn the greater convenience with which money
mav be paid at the end, than at the commencement of a war. ,,■,,,,
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Honorable David R. Williams,
Chairman of the Committee on Military MJJuirs.
12th Congress.]
No. 118. [2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, FEBRUARY 13, 1813.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Stales:
I lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United States, according to the latest returns received
by the Department of War. j^j^^g MADISON.
February 13, 1813.
rsiso
MILITIA.
531
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332
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
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MILITIA.
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43
334
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
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CONTRACT PRICE OF ARMS FOR THE MILITIA, &c.
335
12th Congress.]
No. 119.
[2d Session.
CONTRACT PRICE OF ARMS FOR THE MILITIA,
The payments made, the sum carried to the Sinking Fund, and the balance of appropriation remaining unexpended.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, MARCH 3, 1813.
Sir:
War Department, March 1, 1813.
Conformably to a resolution of the honorable the Senate of the United States, of the 27th of February last,
requiring the Secretary of War to cause to be laid before the Senate information on the fullovving points:
1st. What is the contract price of the arms contracted for, under the authority of the act making provision for
arming and equipping the whole body of the militia of the United States?
2d. What amount of money has been drawn from the treasury under the appropriation of the said act, at what
times, and in what sums, have such moneys been drawn from the treasury?
3d. To whom, and at what times, have the moneys drawn, as aforesaid, been paid?
4th. What is the balance of the appropriation, made by the said act, remaining unexpended, and has any part of
such balance, and, if any, what, sum been carried to the Sinking Fund?
5th. Has any part;of the money, appropriated by the said act, been applied to the manufacture of arms in the pub-
lic factories, and, if so, how much?
I have the honor to state, that the average price of arms, manufactured by private contracts, for arming the whole
body of the militia of the United States, under the act of April 23d 1808, is ten dollars and seventy-tive cents for
each stand; that the amount of money drawn from the treasury, and expended on that account, is detailed in the
enclosed statement; that one hundred thousand dollars of the appropriation has been carried to the surplus fund;
that the balance remaining to the credit of the appropriation is five hundred thousand dollars, exclusive of the an-
nual sum of two hundred thousand dollars for the year 1813; and that no part of the money appropriated by the said
act has been applied to the manufacture of arms in the public armories, except nine thousand seven hundred dol-
lars at Springfield, Massachusetts.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
The Honoiable the President of the Senate of the United States.
Statement
of moneys drawn from the Treasury under the act " making provision for arming and equipping
whole body of the militia of the United Slates."
the
1808, November 23,
1810, March 14,
September 25,
December 26,
1811, May 9,
" 16,
100,000
50,000
55,000
5,000
40,000
50,000
1811, June 25,
August 12,
September 12,
October 18,
1812, May 2,
July 10,
10,000
30,000
20,000
40,000
50,000
50,000
$500,000
Note. — The last ten sums, above stated, were advanced from the treasury, to Thomas T. Tucker, as agent for
the Military Department.
1808. July 8,
August 5,
October 18.
November 17,
December 5,
1K09, June 17,
July 3,
July 29,
November 13,
" 18,
December 19,
1810, February 26,
April 24,
May 21,
" 26,
July 17
in favor
ditto
ditto
, ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
September, 17, ditto
October 26,
1811, January 5,
" 12,
February 13,
March 16,
May 17,
July 13,
September 9,
October 18,
1812, January 2,
February 24,
March 31,
April 22,
June 22,
July 9,
July 20,
September 26, ditto
September 7, ditto
October 26, ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
.litto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Statement of the expenditures under the same, viz:
of Tench Coxe, Warrant No. 541
ditto, ditto 649
ditto, ditto 840
ditto, ditto 907
ditto, ditto 957
Charles Williams, Inspector, ditto 1,609
Daniel Pettibone, ditto 1,649
ditto, ditto 1,847
ditto, ditto 2.096
Charles Williamson, ditto 2,112
Tench Coxe, ditto 2,204
ditto, ditto 2,395
ditto, ditto 2,580
ditto. ditto 2,635
ditto, ditto 2,644
ditto, • ditto 2,779
ditto, ditto 2,901
Charles Williams, ditto 2,976
Tench Coxe, ditto 18
ditto, ditto 38
ditto, ditto 120
ditto, ditto 122
ditto, ditto 195
ditto, ditto 329
Charles Williams, ditto 445
Tench Coxe, ditto 545 & 546
ditto, ditto 635
ditto, ditto 2&3 -
ditto, ditto 141 & 142
ditto, ditto 290
John Chaflee, ditto 386
Benjamin Mifflin, ditto 600 & 601
ditto, ditto 700
Eli Whitney, ditto 744
Benjamin Mifflin, ditto 905
Caleb Irvine, ditto 973
Amasa Stetson, ditto 1,255
War Department, March \st, 1813.
$25,000 00
20,000 00
10,000 00
25,000 00
2,687 50
588 39
100 00
100 00
58 02
583 64
10,000 00
20,000 00
20,000 00
10,000 00
25,000 00
10,000 00
20,000 00
1,132 36
25,000 00
10,000 00
15,000 00
20,000 00
10,000 00
20,000 00
1,122 54
25,000 00
10,000 00
25,000 00
35,000 00
20,000 00
9,700 00
25,000 00
10.000 00
5,000 00
10,000 00
2,000 00
5,000 00
$483,072 45
336
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
13th CONGRBSS.] No. 120. [1st Session.
APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS IN THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JUNE 16, 1813.
Camp Meigs, May 2rf, 1813.
To the Honorable the Senate of the United Stales- The officers undersigned (now in the service of the United
Stales and attached to the army under the command of Major General William H. Harrison) respectfully
represent:
Having observed several appointments and promotions recently made in the army, and particulaiiy in the corps
to which we severally belong, and feeling that in some of them injustice has been done officers now in service; we
owe it to ourselves, as well as the service in which we are engaged, to make' known to your honorable body the
wrongs complained of; you alone possessing the corrective power.
Our distance from the seat of Government prevents an immediate knowledge of new arrangements, made in the
War Department, but we have seen no public document authorizing (as we conceive) some of the recent appoint-
ments and promotions from that Department. If, in the promotions and new appointments in the army, the age of
an officer's commission, and the duration of service aie to be wholly disiegarded, lew men would enter the army ex-
cept fiom necessity — a crisis, we presume, wished for by none who has the good of his country at heart.
We are unwilling to believe that your honorable body would sanction a course so destructive to the necessary
excitements of a soldier, and so chilling to his laudable ambition; nor would we have troubled you with this address,
had not we feared that, in the crowd of momentous matter which might occupy your attention at the present session
of Congress, it might escape your consideration, that, in some of the appointments recently made, private citizens
have been made Captains over (he heads of subaltern officers, who have been long in service; nor is it less worthy
your attention, that, in many instances, subalterns have been promoted over the heads of superior officers— over
officers, too, who, from experience, as well as services rendered their country in the field of battle, have at least some
claim to the ordinary and just patronage of their Government. ...
Wc are well aware that, in armies, the usages ot nations sanction extraordinary and honorable notice oi even
private soldiers, where extraordinary and honorable deeds authorize it, and we would be the last to complain at the
elevation of a brother soldier, or even a private citizen, under similar circumstances.
It is unnecessary, we conceive, to call your attention to (he individual promotions and appointments, by which
we feel the usages of armies, and our individual rights, violated; they must necessarily be laid before you for
approval .
In thus obtruding ourselves before the Senate of the United States, we trust it will be seen that we are actu-
ated by no other motive than that which should pervade the breast of every soldier, and that the matter and manner
of this address evince the greatest respect and deference, both to your honorable body and that of the War De-
'**""'*^" ■ WILLIAM BRADFORD, Capl. nth Regt. United States' Infantry.
DAVID HOLT, Capt. nth United Stales' Infantry.
JAMES HACKLEY, Lieut. \~th United Slates' Infantry.
THOMAS HAWKINS, Ensign nth United States' Infantry.
^^l:ii.\\. ^h.'STi^.K^, Lieut, nth United Stales' Infantry.
E. SHIPP, Ensign nth United Slates' Infantry.
WILSON ELLIOTT, Capt. \9th Regt. United Slates' Infanli-y.
HENRY FREDERICKS, 2d Lieut. United Slates' Infantry.
STEPHEyi LEK, Lieut. I9lh Regt. United States' Infantry.
GEORGE W. JACKSON, Lieut. I9lh Regt. United States' Infantry.
JAMES CAMPBELL, First Lieut. 19/A Regt- United States' Infantiy.
JOHN STOCKTON, Ensign mh Regt. United States' Infanli-y.
DAVID GUYNNE, First Lieut. 19//j United Slates' Infanti-y.
CHARLES MITCHELL, Ensign I9th Regt. United Stales' Infantry.
13lh Congress.] , No. 121. [1st Session.
EXTENSION OF THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
COMWrNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 19, 1813.
Ordnance Department, Washington, June 19, 1813.
Sir:
The Ordnance Department, as originally organized, consisted of one commissary general, one assistant com-
missary general, ibur deputies, and not exceeding eight assistant deputies; at the last session of Congress, an aug-
mentation of the assistant deputies to sixteen was authorized.
The duties of the Ordnance Department, as prescribed by law, are various and important. Such as, 1. Inspect-
ing and proving cannon, cannon shot, shells, and gun pnwder; 2. Superintending the cunstruction of gun carriages,
ammunition wagons, equipmentsfor cannon, and all machines used by the artillery in garrison or field; 3. Preparing
ammunition both for the artillery and infantry, and all kinds of oidnance stores; 4. Furnishing to the Secretary
of War semi-annual returns, exhibiting the actual state of the ordnance and ordnance stores, throughout (he United
States, together with the necessary estimates of wear, tear, and expenditure, on which to Ibund contracts and pur-
chases to ensure future adequate supplies; 5. Visiting and inspecting (he several forts, posts, and camps, in the
United States, to see that the ordnance and ordnance stores are kept in serviceable order, properly distributed, and
economically expended.
The Ordnance Department, as at present failed, seems inadequate to the discharge ot these duties.
General Harrison has judged it necessary to appoint, on his own authority, one deputy commissary and t\yo
assistant deputies, to act with the army under his command. General Wilkinson has (-elected one cfficer of artil-
1813.] ARMING THE MILITIA. 337
lery to act as a deputy commissary, and appointed another ad intenm to the station of assistant deputy. General
Dearborn and General Bioomfield have each appointed an officer of the artillery to act in the Ordnance Department;
and, lastly. General Pinckney is solicitous to have two assistant deputies appointed for the district under his com-
mand, in addition to one deputy already under his command.
It has been decided by the War Department, to establish three principal laboratories and arsenals: one at or
near Albany; one at or near Pittsburgh; and one on the waters of the Chesapeake. At each of these establisiiments
thirty or forty workmen will be employed, which will require at least one superior officei-, and three or four inferior,
at each station. The arsenals and laboratories will, therefore, alone, require fifteen or sixteen officers. To each mi-
litary district, one deputy commissary ought at least to be allowed. JMy opinion, is, therefore, the deputy commissa-
ries oughtto be increased to eleven or twelve, leaving thenumberof assistantdeputies at sixteen, as now established.
Nor should we be deterred by the idea of increased expense. In fact, a great deal of money would be saved by
making systematic arrangements in relation to this branch of the service. We cannot possibly avoid these expenses;
in some way or other they must be incurred. Cannon, their carriages and equipments, for our armies in the field, our
posts on the frontiers, and the fixed and moveable batteries on the sea bnard, must he provided. Powder, shot, and
shells, must at any rate be procured. The appropriations fur the ordnance supplies, I am informed, amount to up-
wards of one million of dollars, and the future annual expenditure, during the war, will probably not be less. It is
worth while to incur some expense, to ensure the faithful, judicious, and economical expenditure of such a sum of
money. 1 know an instance where one hundred and twenty dollars per ton has, by tiie interference of militia officers,
been paid for cannon shot on the very spot where the United States had contracted to have them delivered at seventy-
two dollars per ton. Such extravagancies will be continually taking place, while chance and momenlaiy exigencies
regulate the supplies to be furnished to the military posts in our extensive country. Besides, while the Ordnance
Department remains inadequate to the discharge of its duties, incessant complaints will arise of want of ammuni-
tion, want of artillery, arms, and accoutrements, and other articles essential to protection and defence.
1 have the honor to be, with entire respect, sir, your obedient and very humble servant,
DECIUS AV ADS WORTH.
Honorable Mr. Troup, of the House of Representatives.
13th Congress.] JVo. 122. [l.st Session.
ARMING THE MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, JULY 8, 1813.
Mr. Troup, from the Committee on Military Affairs, to whom was referr-ed a resolution of (he House, of the 15th
of .Tune, instructing them to inquire whether any, and, if any, what, alterations are necessary to be made in the
act, entitled '"An act making provision for arming and equipping the whole body of the militia of the United
States," and particularly whether any, and, if any, what, alterations are necessary as to the lime when the arms
procured by virtue of said act shall be distributed to each State and territory, reported:
That the funds appropriated by the act of 23d of April for arming tlie whole b:)dy ofthe militia, amounted, on the
23d day of April last, to one million of dollars; that of this sum ninety-four thousand seven hundred and ninety-
two dollars have been actually expended; and that the whole luiiiiber of arms procur-ed, up to this day, amounts to
34,477 stands, all derived under contracts of supply; that of these the following disposition has been made, viz.
New Hampshire, - - - 1,000
Vermont, - - - - " 2,500
Rhode Island, - - - - 1,000
New Jersey, - - - - 1,000
Delaware, . . - - 500
North Carolina, - - - - 2,130
South Carolina, - - - - 2,000
Georgia, ... - i,000
Ohio, .... 1,500
Kentucky, ... - 1.500
Tennessee, .... 1,500
Illinois territory, - - - 218
Louisiana, .... 250
Since the 2il/i December, 1812.
Connecticut, - - . _ 5,000
New York, - - - . 2,000
Maryland, - . . . 1,500
Louisiana, - . . . 1,500
Before the 24/A December, 1812.
Ohio, .... 1,500
District of Columbia, - - . 2,200
Making an aggregate of 26,000 stands delivered, and leaving a balance of 8,477 stands, subject to future
distribution.
That the aforesaid disposition has been made in virtue of the authority conferred by ihe third section of the act
of April, 1808, which is as follows: *' That all the arms procui-ed in virtue of this act shall be tr-ansmitted to the
sevei'al States composing this Union, and territories thereof, to each State and teriitoiy, respectively, in pi-oportion
to the number of effective militia in each State and territory; and by each .State and teiriiory to be disirrbuted to
the militia in such State and territory, under such rules and regulations as shall be by law prescribed by the Legis-
lature of each State and territory.''
The language of this section is clear, and admits but of one constructiim: the proportion to which each State
is entitled is secured by it; each State having contributed its just proportion of money to the puixlmse, each State
is entitled to receive its just proportion of aims. "Shall be transmitted to each Slate and territory, respectively,
in proportion to the number of effective militia in each State and territory. TranismiUeil. When.'' "At such lime
as the Executive may deem proper." This is the only construction, in the opinion of your committee, of which
the language of the section is susceptible. If the intention of the Le5i.--lature had been to b.iid the Executive to a
s'lmtdlaneous or periodical transmission, the language of the sectioti uould have been diH'erent: '• shall be trans-
mitted a^ /he same lime," or "shall be trunsmiUtid annually, or bienniiil/y, m triennial/y," would have been the
language of the Legislature. The time of transmission not being specified, iheiel'uie, but left, as your- committee
conclude, to a sound Executive discretion, the question is, whether- any alteration in the act of April, 1808, be, in
this respect, expedient.
In legislation it is extremely difficult, and frequently impossible, to foresee all the exigencies which may arise
under a particular act, and, consequently, extremely difficult, and frequently imposs.ble, to make adequate pr.ivision
for them. In some cases, even the Legislature, forv'seelnj; a p issible exigancy, it would be unwise to anticipate and
provide fi r it by (he express teller oi' the law. Would it become the Legislature of the Union, for instance, to an-
ticipate the rebellion of a State against the authority of the United States, and to enact that " no State in actual
rebellion against the United States should be entitled to receive its proportion of arms? " Yourcomuiittee presume nit.
A legislation of this character would, to say nothing of the violence it would offer to the eiilighleiied sensibility of
the National Legislature, be the means, when frequently indulged, of bringir.g about that very state of things wliich
cannot be thought of without horror, and which ought not to be spoken of at all. In every act of legislation, there
338 MILITARY AFFAIRS. E181S.'
fore, something must be left to implication; sometiiing must be left to discretion. But there are other considera-
tions which, in the opinion of your committee, justify the discretion as to the time of transmission.
A war unexpectedly breaks out; a particular section is exposed to the assaults of the enemy; that section desti-
tute of arms; shall the enemy be suftiired to advance, to lay waste with lire and sword, because the President is
bound by the letter of the lavv so to distribute the arms as that each State shall, at the sapie time, receive a propor-
tion exactly equal to the number of its eftective militia? No, would be the exclamation from one end of the Union
to the other: let the safely of a pari be consulted, though the whole suifer inconvenience. Yet, were such
the letter of the law, the Executive would, under any circumstances, be bound to respect it. The act of the 23d
of April, 1808, was passed in a season of profound peace; contemplating future wars, it looked to no particular
war; it had just gone into operation, had scarcely developed its first fruits, when the present war broke out. The
war found the militia badly armed; it found particular portions of them worse armed and more expose,) than others.
Would it have been wise, under these circumstances, to distribute 30,000 stands of arms e^wa/Zi/ among 800,000
militia.'' Or would it have been wiser to consult the wants and exposure of particular portions.^
But suppose it were expedient, in the opinion of your committee, to define with precision the time of transmission;
what period ought to be selected.'lf ayearly or biennial or triennial distribution, were adopted, it might happen, by
casualty or accident, that, within the period limited, no arms were received, or so few, that the expense and trouble
of ditiibution would exceed the expense of manufacture; and what would the distribution of a dozen or an hundred
stands of arms avail the militia of a great State; they would be lost in the transmission, or suffered by the States
to lie neglected and forgotten- In the distribution by the States themselves, among their own militia, it is more
than probable they would be goveined by the same principle as that by which the recent disposition by the United
States has seemed to be regulated. Would a State having one thousand companies of militia"so scrupulously con-
sult the principle of equality, in the distribution of one thousand stand of arms, as to give one musket and bayonet
to each company? It may fairly be presumed not; the wants, the frontier position, and actual eocposure of particu-
lar parts of the State, would be much more likely to regulate the distribution; those of the militia, to be sure, from
whom, for the moment, tirey were withheld, might complain of a departure from the principle of exact equality,
but with what concern would the legislative body of such State regard such complaints.'
For these, and various other reasons, which might be adduced, but with which your committee forbear to trouble
the House, they are of opinion that, for the present at least, the act of April, 1H08, requires no alterations. They
are the more cunfii ined in this opinion, because they have reasim to believe, that there has been no misconstruction
of the law; that the seeming irregularity which has taken place has grown out of the exigency of the times; that a
disposition exists to correct such irregularity, as soon as circumstances ^yill admit; that the correction is, in fact,
at this moment proceeding; that, in due time, all the States must and will receive their respective proportions of
arms; and, in fine, that the immediate representatives of the people in Congress, inspecting, as they do, with never
ceasing vigilance, the execution of this, as well as every other law, stand ready to apply ihe remedy whensoever
right, or justice, or expediency, shall seem to them to demand it.
Sir: ' Committee Room, June 30, 1813.
I am directed, by the Committee on Military Affairs, to whom has been referred a resolution instructing them
to inquire what alterations are necessary in the act of the 28th of April, 1813, providing for the arming the whole
body of the militia of the United States, to ask information on the following points, viz.
1st. What number of arms have been received by the United States since the 24th day of December, 1812, under
contracts or purchases, for carrying into effect the aforesaid act of the 23d April, 1808?
2d. Whether, since the 24th day of December, 1812, any further disposition has been made of the arms acquired
under the act of the 23d April, 1808, and, if any further disposition, to what amount, to what States and territories,
and the number to each, respectively?
3d. By what authority eight thousand one hundred stand of arms have been, as appears by a report from your
Department, made to the House of Representatives, 24th December, 1812, loaned to several States and territories,
and whether the arms so loaned were arms acquired under the authority of the aforesaid act of the 23d of April, 1808?
Or any other information in possession of your Department touching the distribution of arms acquired under the
act of 1808, and which will enable the committee to comply with the instruction of the House.
Sir: War Department, Glh July, 1813.
In reply to the note you did me die honor to write to me on the 30th ult. I beg leave to state, that two thou-
sand eight hundred and thirty-seven stands of arms have been received into the public stores, since December, 1812,
under contracts made pursuant to law; and that deliveries of arms, since that period, to the amount of seven thou-
sand stands, have been made as follows, vi?,:
2,000 to the State of Connecticut.
2,000 to the State of New York.
1,500 to the State of Maryland.
1,500 to the State of Louisiana.
The arms stated in the report of December last to have been loaned, were in part acquired under the act of the
28th of April, 1808, viz:
1,500 delivered to Major General Wadsworth, of Ohio; and
2,200 to the District of Columbia. And are considered as furnished under that law. In the former of these
cases, the exigence growing out of the surrender of General Hull did not leave to this Department time for the em-
ployment of the cuslomaiy form of getting the receipt of the Governor. The balance of loaned arms (2,900) was
not acquired under the aforesaid act.
Accept, sir, the assurance of my very high respect,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Hon. Mr. Troup.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 339
13th Congress.] No. 123. [1st Session.
SPIRIT AND MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JULY 31, 1813.
Mr. Macon, from the committee to whom was referred that part of the President's message " which relates to tlie
spirit and manner in which the war had been waged by the enemy," made the following report:
That theyhave collected and arranged all the testimony on this subject which could, at this time, be procured.
This testimony is submitted to the consideration of the House, arranged under the following heads:
First. Bad treatment of American prisoners.
Second. Detention of American prisoners as British subjects, on the plea of nativity in the dominions of Bri-
tain, or of naturalization.
Third. Detention of mariners, as prisoners of war, who were in England when the war was declared.
Fourth. Compulsory service of impressed American seamen on board British ships of war.
Fifth. Violation of rtags of truce.
Sixth. Ransom of American prisoners from Indians in the British service.
Seventh. Pillage and destruction of private property on the Chesapeake bay, and in the neighboring country.
Eighth. Massacre and burning of American prisoners surrendered to officers of Great Britain, by Indians in the
British service. Abandonment of the remains of Americans killed in battle, or murdered after the surrender to
the British. The pillage and shooting of American citizens, and the burning of their houses, after surrender to the
British under the guarantee of protection.
Ninth. Outrages at Hampton, in Virginia.
The evidence under the first head demonstrates that the British Government has adopted a rigor of regulation
unfriendly to the comfort, and apparently unnecessary to the safe keeping, of American prisoners, generally. It
shows, also, instances of a departure from the customary rules of war, by the selection and confinement in close pri-
sons of particular persons, and the transportation of them, for undefined causes, from the ports of the British colo-
nies to the island of Great Britain.
The evidence under the second head establishes the fact, that, however the practice of detaining American citi-
zens as British subjects may be regarded as to the principle it involves, that such detentions continue to occur,
through the agency of the naval and other commanders of that Government. It proves, too, that, however unwil-
ling to allow other nations to naturalize her subjects. Great Britain is disposed to enforce the obligation entered into
by their citizens, when naturalized under her own laws. This practice, even supposing the release of every person
thus detained, obviously subjects our captured citizens, upon mere suspicion, to hardships and perils from which
they ought to be exempt, according to the established rules in relation to prisoners of war.
I'he evidence under the third head shows that, while all other American citizens were permitted to depart with-
in a reasonable time after the declaration of war, all mariners who were in the dominions of Great Britain, whether
they resorted to her ports, in time of peace, for lawful purposes, or were forced into them under the pretence of
illegal commerce, are considered prisoners of war. The injustice of this exception is not more apparent than the
jealousy it discloses towards that useful class of our fellow-citizens. But the committee can but remark, that, if
the practice of hiring American seamen to navigate British vessels is generally adopted and authorized, and that it
is sutlered appears Irom the advertisements of George Maude, the British agent at Fort Royal, which is to be found
with the testimony collected under the first head, that the naval strength of that empire will be increased in propor-
tion to the number of our seamen in bondage. The present war havnig changed the relation of the two countries,
the pretended right of impressment can no longer be exercised, but the same end may be accomplished by the sub-
stitution of this mode. Every seaman thus employed (the terms of whose engagement have not been ascertained)
increases the navaj strength of the enemy, not only by depriving the United States of his active services, but by
enabling Great Britain to carry on, and even extend, her commerce, without diminishing the number of sailors em-
ployed in her vessels of war.
The testimony collected under the fourth head proves, that it is the ordinary practice of the officers of British
armed vessels to force impressed Americans to serve against their country by threats, by corporal punishment, and
even by the fear of immediate execution— an instructing commentary upon the professions of the Government of its
readiness to release impressed American seamen, found on board ships of war.
On the evidence collected under the fifth head it is only necessary to observe, that, in one case, (the case of Dr.
M'Keehan) the enormity is increased by the circumstance of the flag being divested of every thing of a hostile
character, having solely for its object the relief of the wounded and suffering prisoners who were taken at the river
Raisin on the 22d January, 1813. The treatment of Dr. M'K.eehaii, not by the allies of Britain, but by the officers
of her army, can only be rationally accounted for by the supposition, that it was considered good policy to deter
American surgeons from going to the relief of their countrymen, as the Indian surgeons had a more speedy and
effectual mode of relieving their sufferings.
The evidence respecting the ransom of American prisoners from Indians, collected under the sixth head, de-
serves attention, principally from the policy it indicates, and as it is connected with Indian cruelties. Considering
the savages as an auxiliary military force in the pay of Great Britain, the amount of ransom may be regarded as
part of their stipulated compensation for military service; and, as ransoms would be increased, and their value en-
nanced, by the terror inspired by the most shocking barbarities, it may be fairly concluded, whatever may be the
intention of the British Government, that the practice of redeeming captives by pecuniary means will be occasion-
ally quickened, by the butchery of our fellow-citizens, and by indignities offered to their remains, as long as the
Indians are employed by the enemy. The justice of this conclusion is confirmed by the testimony of those wit-
nesses who were retained after ransom as prisoners of war.
The testimony_ collected under the seventh head shows, that the private property of unarmed citizens has been
fiillaged by the officers and crews of the British vessels of war on our coast, their houses burnt, and places of pub-
ic worship mutilated and defiled. It appears that the officers, animated by the presence of Admiral Cockburn,
particularly distinguished themselves in these exploits This evidence proves, that they were governed by the com-
bined motives of avarice and revenge; not satisfied with bearing off, tor their own convenience, the valuable arti-
cles found, the others, which furnished no allurements to their cupidity, were wantonly defaced and destroyed. It
has been alleged, in palliation of these acts of wanton cruelty, that a flag sent on shore by the Admiral was fired
upon by the American militia. The evidence proves this not to have been the fact. This pretence has been re-
sorted to only to excuse conduct which no circumstances can justify.
The committee forbear to make any observations upon the testimony collected under the eighth head, from a
perfect conviction that no person of this or any other nation can read the simple narrative of the different witnesses
of the grossest violations of honor, justice, and humanity, without the strongest emotions of indignation and horror.
That these outrages were perpetrated by Indians is neither palliation nor excuse. Every civdized nation is an-
swerable for the conduct of the allies under their command, and, while they; partiike of the advantages of their
successes, they are equally partikers of the odium of their crimes. The Britisn forces concerned in the affair of
the 22d, at the river Raisin, are more deeply implicated in the infamy of these transactions than by this mode of
reasoning, however correct. The massacre of the 23d January, after the capitulation, was perpetrated without any
exertion on their part to prevent it; indeed, it is apparent, from all the circumstances, that, if the British officers
did not connive at their destruction, they were criminally indifferent about the fate of the wounded prisoners. But
what marks more strongly the degradation of the character of the British soldiers is, the refusal ot the last offic"
340 MILITARY AFFAIRS. {1813.
of humanity to the bodies of the dead. The bodies of our countrymen were exposed (o every indignity, and be-
came food for brutes, in the sight of men who affect a sacred regard to the dictates of honor and religion. Low,
indeed, is the character of that army which is reduced to the confession tliat their savage auxiliaries will not permit
them to perform the rites of sepulture to the slain. The committee have not been able to discover even the expres-
sion of that detestation which such conduct must inspire from the military or civil authority on the Canadian fron-
tier unless such detestation is to be presumed from the choice of an Indian trophy as an ornament for the legisla-
tive hall of Upper Canada.
The committee have considered it their duty to submit the evidence collected under the ninth head of the atro-
cities committed at Hampt<m, althougii these enormities have been committed since their appointment. These bar-
barities may be rationally considered as the consequence of the example set by the officers of the naval force on our
coast. Iluiiian turpitude is alviJays progressive, and soldiers are prepared for the perpetration of the most dreadful
crimes by the commission of minor offences with impunity. That troops who had been instigated by the example
of their officers to plunder the property and burn the houses of unarmed citizens, should proceed to rape and mur-
der, need not excite surprise, hovi'ever it may inspire horror. For every detestable violation of humanity an excuse
is fabricated or found. The wounded prisoners on the Noithern frontier were massacred by Indians; the sick mur-
dered; and the women violated at Hampton, by the foreign troops in the pay of Great Britain. These pretexts, ad-
mitting them to be true, are as disgraceful as the conduct which made a resort to them necessary. Honor and mag-
nanimtty not only forbid the soLlier to perpetrate crimes, but lequire every exertion on his part to prevent them. If, in
defiance of discipline, acts of violence are committed upon any individual entitled to protection, the exemplary
punishment of the offender can alone vindicate the reputation of the nation by whom he is employed. Whether
such exertions were made by the British soldiers, or the character of the British nation thus vindicated, the evi-
dence will show.
The shrieks of the innocent victims of infernal lust, at Hainpton, were heard by the American prisoners, but
were too weak to reach the ears or disturb the repose of the British officers, whose duty, as men, required them to
protect every female whom the fortune of war had thrown into their power. The committee will not dwell on this
hateful subject. Human language affords no terms strong enough to express the emotions which the examination of
his evidence has awakened; they rejoice that these acts have appeared so incredible to the American people, and,
lur the honor of human nature, they deeply regret that the evidence so clearly establishes their truth. In the cor-
respondence between the commander of the American and British forces will be found what is equivalent to an
admission of the facts by the British commander. The committee have yet to learn that the punishment of the
offenders has followed the conviction of their guilt. The power of retaliation being vested by law in the Executive
Wifgistrate, no measure is considered necessary to be proposed but the resolution annexed to this report.
As such enormities, instead of inspiring terror, as was probably intended, are, in the opinion of the committee,
calculated to produce a contrary effect, they submit, for the consideration of the House, the following resolution:
Resolved, 'J'hat the President of the United States be requested to have collected and presented to this House,
during the continuar.ee of the present war, evidence of every departure by the enemy from the ordinary modes of
conducting war among civilized nations.
DOCUMENTS.
No. 1.
Bud treatment of American Prisoners by the British.
Washington, May 24, 1813,
Sir:
I have received your favor of the 22d instant, and hasten to reply to the questions therein, respecting the case
of Captain Jeduthan Upton, late commander of the privateer brig Hunter, of Salem, Captain Upton was taken in
liie month, I believe, of November last, oflT the Western islands, by the British frigate Phoebe, Captain Hilliard. In
chase. Captain Upton, as is usual in such cases, threw his guns overboard to ease nis vessel, in hopes by that means
to facilitate his escape from the enemy; but this not availing, he was, as above stated, taken and carried into Ply-
mouth, in England, where, on his arrival, he was immediately, with his first lieutenant, Mr. Wayne, put into Mill
prison, and refused his parol, on the plea he had not on board, when captured, fourteen mounted carriage guns
above the caliber of four pounders. After having been thus closely confined for three or four months in a filthy jail,
they were in the month of March taken out and sent on board the prison ship at Chatham, where, when I left Eng-
land in April last, they still were, in a worse situation, if possible, than in Mill prison. The allowance, sir, to Ame-
rican prisoners, in England , you are acquainted with; it is, therefore, not necessary for me ,to mention it here. It is
initjusticc to .state, thrit the captain of the Phoebe petitioned the Transport Board, and used every exertion in his pow-
er to obtain the parols of Captain Upton and Mr. Wayne, but all would not do; they were deaf to his petition, lost
as they are to every sentiment of honor, and every principle of humanity.
Except Captain Upton and his fiist lieutenant, all the rest of his officers and crew were sent on board the prison
ship on their hrst arrival at Plymouth; amongst them was the doctor of the Hunter, Mr. Carter, who came home in
the cartel Robinson Potter. vV'hat 1 have stated respecting the treatment of Captain Upton and Mr, Wayne, I
know to be facts, as I had the honor of spending twenty-four hours in Mill prison with them, and heard those
facts related by themselves-
Very respectfully, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant.
ALEXANDER COFFIN, Jr.
J. Mason, Esq.
Commissary General of Prisoners.
Sm:
Navy Yahd, Charlestown, June 3, 1813.
I have the hontfr to enclose to you a deposition respecting the inhuman treatment, which Mr. Nichols, late com-
mander of the private armed ship Decatur, belonging to Newburyport, has received from the British Government at
Barbadoes. 1 have been credibly informed that Captain Nichols is a very respectable and correct man, therelbre a
fair presumption, that he has not committed himself in such a manner as ought to deprive him of the established
rights of a prisoner of war. Any measure which the Government of our country may see proper to adopt in conse-
quence of this communication, I shall readily attend to.
I have the honor, sir, to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
WM. BAINBRIDGE.
Hon. WfLLiAM Jones,
.Secretary of the Navy, City of Washington.
I, James Foot, of Newburyport, in the county of Essex, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, mariner, testify
and depose, that I was a prize master on board the private armed brigantine Decatur, of Newburyport, in her late
cruise, William Nichols, commander; that, on the 18th day of January , now last past, the said brigantine was captur-
ed by his Britannic majesty's frigate Surprise, commanded by Captain Cochran, and carried into Barbadoes. After
our arrival in Barbadoes, Captain Nichols, with the other officers of the Decatur, were paroled. About t\vo months
after our arrival, his Britannic majesty's frigate Vesta arrived in Barbadoes, and through the influence of the com-
mander of the Vesta, Captain Nichols, without any known or pretended cause, was arrested and held in close con-
finement, without liberty to speak to any of his officers or any other American. The place where Captain Nichols
was confined, was about four feet in width, and about seven feet in length, on board a prison ship, where he remain-
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 341
ed for thirty-tour days, as nearly as I can recollect, and was then taken on board his majesty's ship Tribune, and
carried to England. What the cause of the unwarrantable and unjustifiable conduct of the enemy towards Captain
Nichols was, I am unable to state; there were several reports in circulation; one was, that he was to be carried to
England and held a prisoner until the release of certain men in France, from whom Captain Nichols recaptured his
vessel, which had been taken by the British before the commencement of the present war between the two countries:
another report was, that he was to be held until the close of the war, on account of his having been active against
the enemy, since the commencement of hostilities, and having been fortunate in a former cruise.
. JAMES FOOT.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Essex, ss.
On this thirty-first day of May. in the year of our Lord 1813, personally appeared James Foot, the subscriber to
the foregoing deposition, and made solemn oath that the same is true.
Before me J ACOH GERRiSB, Justice of the Peace.
Extract of a letter from the Commissary General of Prisoners, to Alexander Steioarl, Esq. United States^ Agent
for prisoners at Jamaica, dated
May 1, 1813.
" I enclose you a copy of an advertisement, said to have been taken from a Jamaica newspaper, apparently put
forth by the British agent for prisoners, proposing to hire out American prisoners: you will inquire into this matter,
and if it be as has been stated, you will remonstrate strongly against such a practice; and inform me of the practice,
and the result."
IRef erred to in the preceding extract.]
Port Royal, November 25, 1812.
Masters of vessels about to proceed to England with convoy, are informed that they may be supplied with a limit-
ed number of American seamen (prisoners of war) to assist in navigating their vessels, on the usual terms, by ap-
plying to
GEORGE MAUDE, ,agent.
Extract from a memorial addressed to the Secretary of State, by James Orm, Joseph B. Cook, Thomas Hum-
phries and others, masters of American vessels, who were prisoners of war in England, and returned to the
United States in the cartel ship Robinson Potter.
" We shall now proceed to give as correct a statement as we can of the treatment of our countrymen (prisoners
of war) by the British in England. On the arrival at Plymouth of the masters, first mates, supercargoes, and pas-
sengers, they are sent to Mill prison, for one day and night; they have an iron bedstead to sleep on, with a small
mattress which might easily be put into a countryman's wallet, and a small coarse blanket. The allowance for
twenty-four hours, is three small salt herrings, or about the same weight of salted cod-fish, or half a pound of beef,
one and a half pounds of black bread, a little salt, &c. &c. The second day they are paroled and sent to Ashbur-
ton, twenty four miles from Plymouth; they must pay their own expenses to get there. While they are there they
are allowed \s. 3d. per diem, or 8s. 9d. sterling per week. Beef is lOd. per pound, bread in proportion, and every
other necessary equally dear. The mates, who have nothing but their pay to live upon, join together, eight or ten
in a mess, hire a room, and do their own cooking, washing, &c. &c. and in this way make out to keep from starving.
Masters, supercargoes, and passengers, generally, have other resources, through their correspondents in England, and
make out to live, by great economy, at from 30s. to 35s. sterling per week; the second mates and other officers are
sent on board the different prison ships. On board some of them they are treated by the commanding officer as well
as the nature of their situation will admit; on board of some others, they are very badly treated. This, it will na-
turally occur to you, sir, is owing to the different characters of the different commanders. Their allowance is lOjlb.
brown bread, 2ilb. beef, 2 lb. bad fish, 2 lb. potatoes, and 10 ounces barley per week for each man, and 5 ounces salt
per week for ten men. The prison ships are kept very filthy, and the prisoners are confined below at 4 P. M. and
are kept in that situation until 7 or 8 A. M. At Portsmouth, particularly, they are very sickly, and we are inform-
ed die very fast, some days from eight to ten; in fact, they are very sickly on board all of them; several of this de-
scription came home with us in the Robinson Potter cartel, and had, when they came on board, the appearance of
having made their escape from a churchyard. It is not perhaps amiss, that we should state what we firmly believe;
that is, it is the policy of the British Government to select the sickly to be first sent in cartels, and keep the hale
and hardy seamen until they become sickly; thus rendering the whole of those gallant sons of Neptune, who escape
death, when they return to their homes, at least for some time, perfectly useless to themselves, and quite so to their
country, from their debilitated state; and . in fact, the probability is, tliat many of them will carry to their graves
the indelible stamp upon their constitutions of the treatment which they received on board British prison ships: for
that nation seems to have lost its boasted humanity, and if we did not find the word in their vocabulary, ^ve should
suppose it had never found a place there. Many of the seamen, prisoners on board those prison- ships, are impressed
Americans, who have given themselves up, refusing to fight against their country. Four hundred on board the fleet
in the Mediterranean, a short time before we left England, surrendered thernselves and were sent to Gibraltar and
England; several of them were most severely flogged for refusing to do their duty, were put in irons, and most of
them, to their immortal credit, submitted to the severest punishment in preference to assist the enemies of their
country. Some of us, whose signatures are annexed, were witnesses to the cruel fact. A tablet of gold is not rich
enough to inscribe the names of such men upon; and when a country can boast of such seamen, she has nothing to
fear from the enemy on the ocean on an equal footing. Captain Jeduthan Upton, late master of the private armed
brig Hunter, of Salem, of fourteen guns, because he threw them overboard in chase, was not allowed his parole, but
kept in close confinement for a long time in Mill prison, and lately has been sent on board a prison ship at Chatham.
We mention these facts in hopes that government will retaliate exactly in the same way. Captain Samuel Turner,
late master of the Purse schooner, of New York, was taken on his passage to France, in October, 1811, prior to the
war, and in retaking his vessel, the prize master, a British midshipman, was killed; he arrived safely in France, and
on his return to America, was again taken, in June, 1812, and sent to England, when being recognised, he was im-
mediately arrested and sent on board the St. Salvador, Admiral Calder's flag ship, at Plymouth, where he remained
a close prisoner until about January or February last, when he was sent on board the prison ship at Chatham, where
we fear he will remain until death relieves him: he has been very ill treated, much abused, put in irons, and after,
threatened to be hanged. These facts, some of us who sign this were witness to. We pray, in tlie name of justice,
that Government will take, without delay, the case of Captain Turner into their serious consideration; it is a case
which we think demands it; and the only way to prevent that nation from committing further outrages so degrading'
to human nature. We find in Roman history, that an injury or insult offered to a Roman citizen by a foreign Pow-
er, was considered as an insult offered to the whole Roman nation, and hope this will also be the American creed,
because we believe it will be the surest way of putting a stop to those indignities which Americans have so often been
obliged to suffer. We are, however, no advocates for cruelty, but, on the contrary, for lenity; yet we still believe,
that in certain cases retaliation is not only necessary, but becomes a duty to prevent further cruelties on the part of
an enemy."
44 m
;542 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
Nassau, November 27, 1812.
Dear Brother:
I embrace this, the earliest, opportunity of communicating to you, that, nn the 9th instant, fifteen days out, we
fell in with and captured the fine copper bottomed ship Venus, vessel and cargo worth at least twenty-five thousand
dollars. On the I2tli, pursuing our course, and within five days' run of your place, we were captured by his Ma-
jesty's sloop Moselle, George Moubray, commander, and brought into this place. We remained on board the sloop
two or three days, and on the 19th were transferred from thence to the prison ship, where we are now imprisoned,
with an allowance of six ounces of bread, three gills of rice, eight ounces of the worst of beef, including bone, which
is as much as meat, with as much brackish water as we can use; guarded day and night by ten or fifteen savage
Africans, who are total strangers to humanity, and confined every evening at sun-down, not to be released until
next morning sun-rise, abused to the lowest degree by the guard, and compelled to find salt for, and cook, our own
victuals with green mangoes. None of us are ever permitted, under any conditions whatever, to visit the shores,
with many other barbarous acts, which are too numerous to describe. This will be conveyed by the cartel sloop,
captain Cooper, being the second cartel which lias sailed since our arrival here. A schooner from Baltimore was
only allowed eight men, and Cooper, who brought sixty-four prisoners, is only allowed eighteen in return, while we,
eighteen in number, are detained in this miserable place; for which we cannot assign any reason, except to punish
us as privateersmen, or as hostages for those twelve lately detained in Charleston; this last is the general belief, and
as such, I deem a communication of the circumstance essential to Commodore Dent, commander of the southern
station, that he may look to it and inquire the cause why Americans are to be detained here two or three months,
while more prisoners have been received here, by a great many, than what have been sent to the United States.
Men who have arrived here since we, have been sent off; they proceed with no degree of regularity in the exchange
of prisoners, and act in open contradiction to every thing right, and really believe, that except you make known the
circumstances, and use some favorable exertions, that some of us will be intentionally detained until the end of our
present contest with Great Britain. As I wish your exertions for our exchange, I have subjoined a list of those
who are thus miserably treated, that we may be demanded in a proper way. The Rapid's crew have been impri-
soned here near three months, and have now no piospect of getting away, while the crews of two other privateers
have been released.
Crew of the Lovely Lass-
Lieut. Autine Lambert, John Gamache,
William L. Robeson, John Hynes,
William Thomas, Darius Swain,
John Crandel, John M'Kenzie.
David Ashton,
Rapid's Crew.
Captain Lameson, James T. Miller,
Peter T-a Vella, Francis Martin,
George Alexander, Gaugion Bigulows.
Other Prisoners.
Simon West, Matthew Bridge.
I wrote Mr. Peck and requested liim to forward me a letter of introduction to some one here, and also a protec-
tion showing that I am an Americnn- As it is possible that he may not get my letter, you will notice my request
and pay that attention which it deserves. I mentioned in my letter to Mr. Peck, that any funds which I received
here would be returned on application, as my expenditures will, through an economical principle, be as small as
possible. I indulge the hope that youvvill conform to my wishes in this particular, and also inform Mr. Kelly of
our imprisonment here, and request his influence in facilitating our exchange, with any other service.
We have no chance of gaining information here. Every person uses every exertion to keep us in ignorance;
however, we are enabled to say, that the English prisoners have generally combined in speaking of the treatment
they received in the United States.
I am, your affectionate brother,
WILLIAM L. ROBESON.
Capt. Thomas J. Robeson.
N. B. The Moselle, Rhodian, and Variable, three men of war, have just convoyed five or six vessels over the
bar, bound to some part of England; it is supposed that they will return to cruise off Charleston. In case you ad-
dress or send any thing for me to this place, you will direct to the care of Messrs. Bain, Dunshe, & Co. merchants
here.
I am, yours, &c. W. L. R.
Hartford, May 9, 1813.
Sir:
Annexed is Captain Samuel Chew's deposition, taken before Judge Edwards at New Haven. We expected it
in season to have forwarded it by Mr. Dotld, but received it last evening by Mr. Huntington, the United States'
Attorney for Connecticut district, and now forward it to you per mail.
Yours, respectfully,
Hon. James Monroe. LUTHER SAVAGE & Co.
Connecticut District, ss.
On this day, the 7th of May, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and thirteen, personally came before me,
Pierpont Edwards, Judge of the district court of the United States, for the district aforesaid, Samuel Chew, of the
city of New Haven, in the said distiict, and being duly sworn, deposeth. That he was at Bridgetown, in the Island
of Barbadoes, in the West Indies, in the monthdf February now last past; that on board a British prison ship, at
Barbadoes, there were confined about five hundred and twenty-three American prisoners, of the crews of private
armed vessels of the United States and merchantmen, captured since the war. At the time the deponent was at
Barbadoes the American prisoners were supplied with bread and some meat; as to vegetables, the deponent was not
informed. The regulations on board the said prison ship compelled the prisoners to go below decks, where they were
confined at evening and until morning; as many as could were suspended in hammocks, and still there was not suBi-
cient room below them for all to lie down. In this respect the situation of the prisoners was not only extremely un-
comfortable, but hazardous, and more especially, should there be, as was apprehended, a scarcity of provisions
during the approaching hot months. The deponent was not permitted to go on board said prison ship, but derived
his information from masters of vessels, prisoners at said island, who were allowed occasionally to go on board said
prison ship, with whom the deponent is personally acquainted, and in whose representations he has the most perfect
confidence, and entertains no doubt of the facts by them stated; and this statement is given at the request of the
friends of some of the prisoners at Barbadoes, particularly of the crew of the privateer Blockade, at Hartford.
PIERPONT EDWARDS, District Judge qf Connecticut District.
I, PierpontEdwards, Judge of the district court of the United States for the Connecticut district, do hereby
certify and make known to all whom it may concern, that Captain Samuel Chew, the within named deponent, is a
gentleman to me well known, having known him for many years: he is the son of Captain Samuel Chew, late of the
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 343
city of New Haven, deceased, and who fell by a caTinon ball on board an American vessel during the revolutionary
war: that the said deponent is a man of strict integrity, and attached to the constitution and Government of the
United States, and the most perfect confidence is due to his said representations so as aforesaid sworn to.
PIERPONT EDWARDS, District Judge of Conneclicitt District.
MiLviLLE Prison, August 30, 1812.
Sir:
We, the subscribers, for ourselves and our countrymen, now confined as prisoners of war in Milville prison,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, beg leave to represent to the American Government, that most of us have, for years past,
made commerce our sole employment and hope, in which, for seven years or more, we have often been wantonly
robbed by the English of what we had acquired by industry and danger, and while they striped us of our property, they
often treated us with the greatest indignity, and even barbarity.
We have seen and known that they liave often violated the sacred privilege of individual liberty and the law of
nations; we are conscious of the long forbearance of our Government, and their repeated calls upon the honor and
justice of the British nation, which, instead of redress, added other injuries; and when the hope of amicable re-
muneration had failed, and for retaliation our Government was forced to the last resort, an appeal to arras, we felt
the justness of our cause, and hoped for the blessing of Heaven for success. To serve our country and to make up
the losses which we had sustained, we, under commissions from the President of the United States, entered on board
of privateers, and iiave unfortunately been captured by the British. We would slate, that, in many instances after
we had struck our colors, we were tired upon by cannon and muskets, by broadsides and volleys, and some of our
men killed, and after our captors had come on board, some of us have been struck and severely wounded with cut-
lasses, without the least provocation for such inhumanity. Our American protections have been forced from us and
destroyed, and some native American citizens have been taken out of our privateers and put on board British ships,
and there obliged to serve. Most of us have been robbed of every thing, even of necessary clothing. When we
were going from the ships to prison, the officers would not permit us to take our clothing and baggage with us, but
pledged themselves that they should be sent to prison; but, disregarding their honor, we have lost all. Some of us
nave been marched thirty, and some sixty, and some one hundred and sixty miles over a miserable country, forced
along beyond our strength, half starved, and some in irons. Our allowance, each man per day, one pound and a half
of bread, a half pDund of poor beef, well proportioned with bone, one gill of peas, one-third of an ounce of salt. We
are without wearing apparel and without money, or any means of procuring them. A cold winter in this wretched
country fast approaches, and in our destitute situation we must endure every thing, and many of us must perish.
There are now of us in prison upwards of t\yelve hundred. Every art has been practised by the English officers to
excite disaft'ection in our men to the American Government, and to induce them to enter into the English service.
Necessity may oblige some to desert us and enter into British servitude, but we trust that speedy relief from our
Government will save them from that wretched alternative of perishing with want or joining our enemies. For our-
selves and the rest of the prisoners, we must say, we have now no fortunes to devote to the service of our country,
but we have hearts which yet feel warmly the general impulse, and which we pledge, if opportunity ever again pre-
sents, to devote in the interest and service of our country.
We are now sufferers, but we will cheerfully suffer every hardship of war rather than sue for dishonorable peace.
We respectfully request an exchange or some provision for relief. We feel the fullest confidence in our Go-
vernment, and that we need only to apprize them of our situation to ensure their assistance and protection.
Yours, &c.
JOSEPH STARR, Boston,
FREDERICK JOHNSON, New York,
ROBERT McKEARNY, New York,
RICHARD RHEA, New Jersey,
GEORGE BATTERMAN, Boston,
JOHN HAZELTON, Boston,
WILLIAM DYER, Boston,
JAMES TRASK, Boston,
SOLOMON NORTON, Boston,
ALEXR. B. LATHAM, New London.
DARIUS DENISON, New York,
EASTWICK PRAY, Portsmouth,
WILLIAM TEMOLD, Portsmouth,
FOBES DALA, Portland,
CHARLES THOMPSON, Jr. New York.
Hon. James Monroe, Secretary of State, Sf-c.
No. 2.
Detention of ^American Prisoners as British subjects.
Office of Commissary General of Prisoners,
Washington, June 10, 1813.
Sir:
I have tlie honor to transmit the copy of a letter from Captain Stewart, commanding the United States' naval
forces at Norfolk, dated the 20th of May, to Admiral Warren, and that of a letter from Rear Admiral Cuckburn,
dated the 21st of May, in reply, relative to a most unjustifiable act of Commodore Berresford, as to part of the offi-
cers and crew of the late United States' brig Vixen, at the mouth of the Delaware. Leaving the general question
of the interference of Commodore Berresford with these prisoners of war returning on parole, and the exaction
made by him in consequence of the irregular power thus assumed, on the ground on which Captain Stewart has
very properly placed it, I will remark, that Captain Stewart was certainly misapprehended by Admiral Cockburn,
in attributing to him the intention of conveying a threat, as to the final detention of two of the American prisonei'S.
On the contrary, the expression used by Captain Stewart communicates, in very plain terms, the decision of this
Government, then already made, that four of his Britannic Majesty's subjects should be immediately selected and
held in durance, subject to the same treatment in all respects, &c.
And I have now to inform you, sir, that, in virtue of this decision, and by an order from this office, the marshal
of Massachusetts has designated, and placed in close confinement, William Kitto, carpenter, and Thomas Bedding-
field, boatswain of the late British packet Swallow, and John Squirrell and James Russel, seamen of the Dragon
seventy-four, subjects of his Britannic Majesty, to be held responsible tor the safety of John Stevens, carpenter, and
Thomas King, seaman, part of the crew of the late United States' brig Vixen.
^44 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
I flatter myself, sir, that this subject will command your early attention, and that you will cause the officer and
seamen of the Vixen to be immediately released and returned to this country, according to their destination when
Very respectfully, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
J. MASON.
To Colonel Thomas Barclay, &c.
■ H. M. S. PoicTiERs, May 8, 1813.
I am sorry I am under the necessity of detaining John Stevens and John King, late of the Vixen, in conse-
quence of their being British subjects.
I am, sir, your very obedient servant,
J. P. BERRESFORD.
To Lieutenant Drayton.
United States' Frigate Constellation,
Off Norfolk, May 20, 1813.
I have the honor to represent to your Excellency, that a part of the officers and crew of the late United
States' brig Vixen, returning from Jamaica on parole as prisoners of war, were, on entering the Delaware, taken
out of the flag of truce by Commodore Berresford, commanding on that station, and detained until a part of the
crew of the Poictiers, then prisoners at Philadelphia, were demanded by him and sent down in exchange; that
ultimately he detained on board the Poictiers John Stevens, carpenter, and Thomas King, seaman, late of the
United States' brig Vixen, on plea of their being subjects of his Britannic Majesty.
This violation of, the rights of prisoners on parole is so contrary to the usage of all civilized nations, that 1 trust
your Excellency will give such instructions upon that head as will prevent a similar violation in future.
I have it in command, from my Government, to state to your Excellency that, in retaliation for so violent and
unjust a procedure, on the part of Commodore Berresford, in detaining the above Mr. John Stevens and Thos. King,
that four subjects of his Britannic Majesty will be immediately selected and held in durance, subject to the same
treatment, in all respects, which maybe shown towards the aforesaid two persons during their detention. I hope
your Excellency will give this subject your earliest attention, and direct the release of Mr. Stevens and Thomas King,
who have been so improperly detained on board the Poictiers.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your Excellency's most obedient servant,
CHARLES STEWART,
Commanding Officer of the United States' Naval forces at Norfolk.
To his Excellency the Right Hon. Sir John B. Warren,
Admiral of tlie Blue, and Commander-in-cluef of H. B. Majesty's Naval forces on the American station.
His Britannic Majesty's Ship Marlborough,
In Lynhaven Bay, May 31, 1813.
Sir:
In the absence of Sir John Warren, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter under date of
the 20th current, complaining of the conduct of Commodore Berresford towards some American prisoners of war
returning to Philadelphia on parole, and of his having detained on board the Poictiers Mr. John Stevens and Thomas
No report of these circumstances have yet reached Sir John Warren or myself from Commodore Berresford;
but I have no hesitation in assuring you, sir, that every inquiry would have been made into them, and every satis-
faction and explanation thereon, which the case might have required, would have been offered to your Government
and yourself, with the least possible delay, had it not been tor the threat with which your representation on this
subject is accompanied, the tenor of which being likely to produce an entire change in the aspect of our communi-
cations, and particularly in what relates to the individuals which the fate of war has placed within the power of our
respective nations, it totally precludes the possibility of my now entering further into the subject than to assure
you your letter shall be transmitted to the right honorable the Commander-in-chief by the earliest opportunity,
and whenever his answer arrives it shall be forwarded to you without delay.
I have the honor to be, sir, with high consideration, your most obedient humble servant,
G. COCKBURN, i?ear- ^rfwiiVa/.
Capt. Stewart, commanding the Naval forces of the United States at Norfolk.
Shark, Port Royal, {Jamaica) March 29, 1813.
Sir:
Captain Moubray, of his Majesty's sloop Moselle, has just sent to me the copy of a letter from you to him.
and another to Mr. Cook, of his Majesty's late sloop Rhodian, dated the 25th ult., respecting six men* mentionea
in the margin, who were sent here from the Bahamas as having been taken in the Ameiican privateer Sarah Ann, and
supposed to be subjects of his Majesty; but, as no proof to what country they belong has been adduced, it has never
been my intention to bring them to trial, and they are at present on board the prison ships, waiting an exchange of
prisoners.
I am, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
CHARLES STIRLING, Vice Admiral.
Charles R. Simpson, Esq
Harlem, June 1, 1813.
Sir:
I beg leave to refer you to a communication which took place some time in the autumn or winter preceding,
between Mr. Baker, his Majesty's late agent for prisoners of war, and Mr. Monroe, Secretary of State, respecting
six of the crew of the late American privateer Sarah Ann, Richard Moore, master, captured by his Majesty's
sloop Rhodian, John George Ross, Esq. conmiander, whose names* are inserted in the margin, and who, it appears, were
sent to Jamaica, to which station the Rhodian belonged, on suspicion of their being subjects of his Majesty. And
I further request your attention to a letter from Major General Pinckney to the Secretary of War, dated Head
Quarters, Charleston, 4th of November, 1812, from which it appears that twelve of his Majesty's subjects, then
prisoners of war at Charleston, were held in prison to answer in their persons for the fate of the six men, of the
Sarah Ann privateer, sent to Jamaica.
I have the honor to enclose you the copy of a letter from Vice Admiral Stirling, commanding his Majesty's
sliips of war on the Jamaica station, to Mr. Simpson, late sub-agent for prisoners of war at Charleston, from which
you will perceive, that the six men of the Sarah Ann are considered by the admiral as American prisoners gene-
rally, and are now on board a prison ship, in common with other American prisoners-
* Edwai-d Dick, Thomas Rodgers, Adam Taylor, Jonn Gaul, Mike Piuck, Geo. G. Roberts.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 345
H?ving given you this information with respect to the six men of (he Sarah Ann privateer, I have to request you
will take the necessary measures to have the contingent responsibility which it was thought proper to attach to the
persons of twelve British seamen, now in prison at Charleston, taken off, and that they may be informed thereof.
I understand that John Gaul, one of the six men, was paroled, and arrived at Georgetown, South Carolina, in
the brig Cyprus, and that he has reported himself to the marshal, who informed Mr. Simpson " that he had
sent on to the Department of State his parole."
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most humble servant,
THOS. BARCLAY,
General Mason.
Office of Commissary General of Prisoners,
Washington, June 9, 1813.
Sir:
I learn, with pleasure, by the letter you did me the honor to address me on the 1st instant, and the letter
from Admiral Stirling you have enclosed, that the six men belonging to the American privateer Sarah Ann, de-
tained in October last, and sent to Jamaica to be tried as Britisii subjects, have been restored to the ordinary state
of prisoners of war, to wait an exchange, and that there is now no inte.ntion to bring Ihem to trial.
I very cheerfully comply with your request, sir, and have this day directed the marshal of South Carolina to
restore, in like manner, to the ordinary state of prisoners of war, the twelve Britisii seamen, confined under the
orders of this Government, by him, and to inform them that the responsibility attached to their persons for the
safety of the men of the Sarah Ann has been taken off.
Very respectfully, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
J. MASON.
Colonel Thomas Barclay.
Chillicothe, June 8, 1813.
Sir:
I feel it my duty to lay before you the case of William M'Dowel Scott, late of Detroit, an unfortunate fel-
low citizen who has been seized and apprehended by the British commanding officer at Detroit and sent to Quebec,
where he is now confined under pretence of being a British subject, and one found in arms in behalf of the United
States against that Government.
William M'Dowel Scott is a native of Ireland, and emigrated to the United States about eighteen years since.
He resided for some years in the State of New York, and in the summer of 1800, he came to Detroit, established
himself as a physician, and has ever since reaided there. He has been naturalized agreeably to the laws of the
United States, and this fact is well known to the British Government: and both in the territory of Indiana, before
that territory was divided, and subsequently in the territory of Michigan, he has held and filled with respect and
fidelity some of the first offices in those two territories.
Such, for example, as a justice of the peace and a judge of the common pleas in the Indiana territory, and sub-
sequently marshal of the territory of Michigan.
In all these offices, sir, and in every other situation, in which Doctor Scott's public and political character has
been or can be viewed, he has uniformly manifested an undeviating attachment to the principles of our constitution
and the administration of tliis Government.
His support, in the present cause, during the time that General Hull lay at Sandwich and Detroit, was not out-
done by any person whatever. In fact it was his unwearied exertions that have provoked and spirited up the
British to that line of conduct and persecution they are now pursuing towards him.
Proctor, who sent him from Detroit, and Sir George Prevost, who received him at Fort George and forwarded
him to Quebec, threaten to treat him with all the severities authorized by the laws of nations and the usages of war,
in cases of an actual bona fide British subject found in arms against that Government.
I do not, for myself, however, entertain a belief that they will dare to put their threats in execution to their full
extent. But, sir, without the interference of the Government, they will detain him during the war, and they will
make his life so wretched and miserable that death would be a welcome messenger.
I hope, sir, the occasion will be a sufficient apology for obtruding this communication upon you. I am amongst
the number of those who have not the honor of a personal acquaintance with you. But General Taylor, who I look
to as the bearer of it, is a gentleman to whom I am personally known, and who has likewise a pretty correct know-
ledge of the character of Doctor Scott.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
E. BRUSH.
The Honorable James Monroe, Esq.
Extract of a letter from John Mitchell, Esq. agent for American prisoners of war at Halifax, to the Secretary of
Slate, dated
May 28th, 1813.
" I have just been informed by the agent for prisoners, that Mr. John Light, of the Julian Smith, a privateer
commanded'by Captain Henry Cooper, will be detained here in consequence of his having, previous to the war, taken
the oath of allegiance in this province, (Nova Scotia) and commanded a vessel out of this place (Halifax. ) Mr. Light
was lieutenant of the privateer when captured by the Nymph, the 12th May, 1813."
H. M. S. PoiCTiERs, May 8th, 1813.
Sir:
I am sorry I am under the necessity of detaining J. Stevens and T. King, late of the Vixen, in consequence
of their being British subjects.
1 am, sir, your very obedient servant,
J. P. BERRESFORD.
To liieut. Drayton.
The original is in the possession of the commissary general of prisoners.
W. JONES.
Navy Department, May 17, 1813
Sir:
You are hereby authorized and instructed to address a letter to Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, represent-
ing the following facts and determination, viz. That a part of the officers and crew of the late United States' brig Vixen
were returning from Jamaica, on parole, as prisoners of war, and entering the Delaware, when Commodore Berresford
caused them to be brought on board the Poictiers, and detained until a part of the crew of that ship, whom he
demanded in exchange, were sent down from Philadelphia; that ultimately, he detained John Stevens, carpenter,
and Thomas King, seaman, two of the aforesaid crew of the Vixen, on the plea of their being British subjects, as
346
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
that you
1 Stevens
■■— , _ - ^selected
and heid'i'n duress 'subject to tlie sume treatment, in all respects, that the said John Stevens and Thomas King may
receive during their detention. • ^ ,, ^ ui. t. a \
On the receipt of the admiral's answer, you will communicate the same to me without delay.
I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. JONES.
Charles Stewart, Esq. Commanding Naval Officer, Norfolk, Va.
Col. W. Scott to the Secretary of War-
Washington, January 30, 1813.
SiRI
I think it my duty to lay before the Department, that, on the arrival at Quebec of the American prisoners of
war surrendered at Queenstown, they were mustered and examined by British officers appointed to that duty, and
ever'ynative born of the United kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland sequestered and sent on board a ship of war
then in that harbor. The vessel, in a few days thereafter, sailed for England, with those persons on board.
Between fifteen and twenty persons were thus taken from us, principally natives of Ireland, several of whom
were known by their platoon omcers to be naturalized citizens of the United States, and others to have been long
residents within the same. One in particular, whose name has escaped me, besides having complied with all the
conditions of our naturalization laws, was represented by his officers to have left a wife and five children, all of them
born within the State of New York. u ,.,-.■ r „ u
I distinctly understood, as well from the omcers who came on board the prison ship tor the above purpose, as
from others, with whom I remonstrated on this subject, that it was the determination of the British Government, as
expressed through Sir George Prevost, to punish every man, whom it might subject to its power, found in arms against
the British King contrary to his native allegiance.
I have the honor to be, &c.
W. SCOTT, Lieutenant Colonel United States' 'id Artillery.
Mr. Beasley to the Secretary of Slate.
London, March 1st, 1813.
Annexed you have a copy of a letter from Henry Kelly, in behalf of himself and twenty-two persons. He
states that they are all citizens of the United States, and have wives and families there; that they were taken last
October in Upper Canada, and that they were sent to this country because they were born within the British domin-
ions. . „ -
I am, respectfully, &c.
R. a. BEASLEY.
On board H. M. S. Namur, lying at the Nore, February 6, 1813.
This is to inform you of the under named twenty-three American soldiers belonging to the 13th, 6th, and 1st
regiments of the United States' armies. We were taken on the 13lh of October, in Upper Canada. The reason of
their sending us twenty-three here, is, we were born in the British dominions, though we are all citizens of the
United States, and have our wives and children there. We are in a very miserable situation for clothing, having
drawn no winter clothes before we were taken. We therefore hope you \vill send us some relief to shelter us from
the inclemency of the weather.
Sir, I remain your obedient servant,
HENRY KELLY.
Sir, these are the names of my fellow sufferers:
Henry Blaney, Matthew Mooney,
George M'Cammon, " Patrick Karns,
John Dolton, John Fitzgerald,
Michael Condin, John Wiley,
John Clark, John Donnely,
Peter Burr, John Curry,
Andrew Doyle, Nathan Shaley,
John M'Gowen, Edward M'Garigan,
James Gill, John Dinnue,
John Fulsum, John Wdliams,
Patrick M'Braharty, George Johnson.
Mr. R. G. Beasley.
Extract of a letter from Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren to the Secretary of State, dated
Bermuda, March 8, 1813.
" I must refer you to my letter of the 30th of September, 1812, in which I stated the circumstance of twelve men
belonging to the Guerriere, taken out of a cartel by Commodore Rodgers, and illegally detained, upon the pretext
of six others, who were supposed to be British subjects, having been sent to the United Kingdom for examination;
since that event, five of these people, named in the enclosed list, have been received at Halifax, with orders for their
discharge. I therefore request you will communicate these particulars to the President, in order that further direc-
tions may be given respecting the Guerriere's men, so long confined at Boston, and to obviate the other inconve-
niences which must inevitably arise from such practices."
The Secretary of State to Admiral Warren f extract) dated April 16, 1813.
"It appears by your letter (of the 8th of March from Bermuda) that five only of the seamen that were taken on
board the Nautilus and sent to England, in confinement have been returned. No account is given of the sixth.
Orders have been issued for the release of ten of the twelve men, who, on the principle of retaliation, were confined
by Commodore Rodgers at Boston. You will be sensible that it will be impossible, on that principle, to discharge
the other two men until tlie sixth American seaman is returned, or such an explanation given of the cause of bi&
• 813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 347
detention, as, according to tiie circumstances of the case, regarding the conduct of the British Government towards
American seamen under similar circumstances, ought to be satisfactory.''
Extract qf a letter from Lieutenant F. H. Babbitt to Muster Commandant Wm. M. Crane, cf the United States''
Navy, (late of the United States'' brig Nautilus,) dated
Boston, Mass. 13th September, 1812.
Enclosed I send you a description of the proportion of our little crew, who have been so debased and traitorous
as to enter the service of our enemy. Also, a list* of those gallant fellows, whose glory it would have been to have
lost their lives in the service of iheir country, and whose niistbrtune it has been to cross the Atlantic on suspicion
of their being British subjects: four of them, native boin Americans, and two naturalized citizens. On their part-
ing with me, and removal from Ihe Africa of 64 guns to the Thetis frigate, (the latter with a convoy from England,
then in 43 30 N. and 46, 30 W.) their last request and desire was, that I would particularly acquaint you with
their situation, with their determination never to prove traitors to that country whose flag they were proud to serve
under, and whose welfare and prosperity they equally hoped and anticipated to realise.
F. H. BABBITT.
j1 list of men said to have entered on board his Britannic Majesty'' s frigate Shannon, Commodore Broke. Their
description, as far as known.
Jesse Bates, seaman; about five feet nine inches high, dark hair and complexion, dark snapping eyes, has an im-
pediment in his speech, and at times affects lunacy; has a wife and family in Boston, Massachusetts.
Samuel Lang, marine, born in Kentucky, five feet eight inches high, or thereabouts, and is supposed to be with
captain Hall, of the United States' marines. New York.
John Young, marine, five feet five inches high, large mouth, enlisted with captain Hall, Navy Yard, New York;
when addressed, or is addressing an oiBcer, casts down his eyes. For his particular description, as well as that of
John Rose, marine, about five feet eight inches high, brown hair, full face, thick set, and a scowl in his countenance,
refer to captain John Hall.
John O'Neal, seaman, about twenty-five years of age, five feet five inches high, dark hair, sharp face, dark eyes,
thick set, and was shipped at Norfolk, Virginia, previous to your taking command of the Nautilus.
William Jones, ordinary seaman, about five feet eight inches high, light hair, twenty-four years of age, full face,
thick set, downcast look, and is a very alert man; entered at New York, April last.
F. H. B.
Sir John Borlase Warren to Mr. Monroe.
Halifax, 30th September, 1812-
Sir:
Having received information that a most unauthorized act has been committed by Commodore Rodgers, in forci-
bly seizing twelve British seamen, prisoners of war, late belonging to the Guerriere, and taking them out of the
English cartel brig Endeavor, on her passaM down the harbor of Boston, after they had been regularly embarked
on board of her for excliange, agreeable to tlie arrangements settled between the two countries, and that the said
British seamen, so seized, are now detained on board the United States' frigate President, as hostages; I feel myself
called upon to request, sir, your most serious attention to a measure so fraught with mischief and inconvenience, de-
structive of the good faith of a fla,^ of truce, and the sacred protection of a cartel. I should be extremely sorry that
the imprudent act of an officer should involve consequences so particularly severe as the present instance must
naturally produce if repeated; and although it is very much my wish, during the continuance of the differences
-existing between the two countries, to adopt every measure that might render the effect of war less rigorous, yet in
another point of view, the conviction of the duty I owe my country would, in the event of such grievances, as I have
already stated, being continued, not admit of any hesitation in retaliatory decisions: but as I am strongly persuaded
of the high liberality of your sentiments, and that the act complained of, has originated entirely with the officer who
committed it, and that it will be as censurable in your consideration as it deserves, I rely upon your taking such
steps as will prevent a recurrence of conduct so extremely reprehensible in every shape.
I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration.
Sir, your most obedient and most faithful humble servant,
JOHN BORLASE WARREN,
Mmiral of the Blue, and Commander in Chief, ^c.
His Excellency James Monroe, Esq. Secretary of Slate.
Mr- Monroe to Sir John Borlase Warren.
Department of State, October 28, 1812.
Sir:
I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 30th September, complaining that Conimodore Rodgers,
commanding a squadron of the United States' navy at the port of Boston, had taken twelve British seamen, lately
belonging to His Britannic Majesty's ship the Guerriere, from a cartel in the harbor of Boston, and that he detained
them on board the President, a frigate of the United States, as hostages.
I am instructed to inform you that inquiry shall be made into the circumstances attending, and the causes which
produced, the act of which you complain, and tkat ,^such measures will be taken, on a knowledge of them, as may
comport with the rights of both nations, and may be proper in the case to which they relate.
I beg you, sir, to be assured, that it is the 'sincere desire of the President, to see (and to promote, so far as de-
pends on the United States) that the war which exists between our countries be conducted with the utmost regard
to humanity.
I have the honor, &c.
JAMES MONROE.
Sir John Borlase Warren, Sdmiralof the Blue, and Commander in Chief, fyc.
Washington, December 17, 1818.
Sir:
I have the honor to annex a list of twelve of the crew of the late United States' sloop of war Wasp, detain-
ed by Captain John Berresford, of the British ship Poictiers, under the pretence of their being British subjects.
I have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
GEORGE S. WISE, Purser.
The Honorable Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy.
•This list not received.
348
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181S.
List referred to in the preceding Note.
John M'Loud,
John Stephens,
Geo. M. D. Read,
William Mitchell,
James Gothright,
John Wright, -
Thomas Philips,
Peter Barron,
John Connor,
John Rose,
George Brooks, -
Dennis Daugherty,
boatswain,
boatswain's mate,
quartermaster, -
seaman,
do.
do.
do.
do.
ordinary seaman,
do.
do.
marine,
Has been in the service since 1804. Married in Norfolk in 1804 or 5,
and has a wife and four children there.
Has been in the service five or six years.
Has a protection, and has sailed out of New York and Philadelphia
for several years.
The greater number, if not all, had protections at the time of en-
tering and being taken. Two others were detained, John Wade
and Thomas Hutchins, but were given up — the former on Captain
Jones assuring Captain Berresforu he knew him to be a native ci-
tizerr; the latter on a like assurance from D. Rodgers.
William Mitchell was in the service during 1805 — 6 in the Medi-
terranean.
Washington City, December 17, 1812.
GEORGE S. WISE, Purser.
JUxtract of a letter from Major General Pinckney to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Charleston, November 4, 1812.
"Information having been given upon oath to Lieutenant Grandison, who, at present, commands the naval depart-
ment here, that six American seameri, who had been taken prisoners on board our privateers, had been sent to Ja-
maica to be tried as British subjects for treason, he called upon the marshal to retain double that number of British
seamen as hostages. The marshal, in consequence of instructions from the Department of State, asked my advice
on the subject, and I have given my opinion that they ought to be detained, until the pleasure of the President shall
be known. The testimony of Captain Moon is herewith. I hope, sir, you will have the goodness to have this busi-
ness put in the proper train to have the President's pleasure on this subject communicated to the marshal."
Copy of a letter from Captain Moon, of the privateer Sarah Jinn.
Nassau, New PRoviDENCE,(,Oc;o6er 14, 1812.
Six of my crew, claimed as British subjects, were this day taken out of jail and put on board His Majesty's brig
the Sappho, and sailed for Jamaica, where, it is said, they are to be tried for their lives; consequently, I questioned
each respectively as to the place of their nativity, and title to protection by the American Government, when they
stated as follows, to wit:
David Dick, seaman, that he was born in the north of Ireland, but has resided in the United States ever since the
year 1793; has served ten years in the United States' navy, viz: On board the frigates Chesapeake, President, Con-
stitution, John Adams, and schooner Enterprise, and gun boat No. 3. David Dick, shoemaker, in Alexandria,
is his uncle. Dick is about five feet six and a half inches high, dark hair, has a scar on his left elbow, and one on
each wrist; he entered on board the Sarah Ann in Baltimore.
John Gaul, seaman, says he was born in Marblehead, State of Massachusetts; where his parents, brothers, and
sisters, now reside; is married in New York, and his wife (Mary Gaul) lives in Roosevelt street. No. 37; has a re-
gular discharge from the navy of the United States, by Captain Hugh G. Campbell, dated at St. Mary's, Geor-
gia, 14th August, 1812; says he has served on board the United States'^brig Vixen, gun boats No. 10 and 158, from
the last of which he was discharged. Gaul is 27 years of age, about five I'eet seven inches high, brown hair, light
complexion; he entered on board the Sarah Ann in Baltimore.
Michael Pluck, ordinary seaman, says he was born in Baltimore; his parents are dead, but is known by William
Douland, Thomas Turner, and M'Donald of Baltimore; has a sister in some part of Pennsylvania, whose name is
Ann Welsh; was never at sea before: never had a protection. Pluck is twenty-six years old, five feet six and a
half inches high, and has a scar on his left cheek bone; entered on board the Sarah Ann at Baltimore.
Thomas Rodgers, seaman, says that he was born in Waterford, Ireland, but has resided many years in the United
States, and has been duly naturalized, a copy of which naturalization is filed in the custom house at Baltimore; is
known by Joseph Carey and Tom. Rodgers, cork cutter, both of Baltimore; has a wife and three children in Balti-
more; has lost his protection, but requests Joseph Carey to do all he can to effect his discharge from the British.
Rodgers entered on board the Sarah Ann in Baltimore.
George Roberts, a colored man and seaman- This man I had not an opportunity of questioning; but I know him
to be a native born citizen of the United States, of which fact he had every sufficient document, together with free
papers. Roberts entered on board the Sarah Ann in Baltimore, where he is married.
Sonty Taylor, boy, says he was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, but has neither friends, relations, nor ac-
quaintance there; says Jane Snowden, of Savannah, Georgia, is his mother; never had a protection. Taylor is fif-
teen years old, has brown hair and light complexion; he entered on board the Sarah Ann in Savannah-
RICHARD MOON,
Late Commander of the Privateer Sarah ^nn.
Copy of a letter from Admiral Warren to Mr. Mitchell, agent for the exchange of American prisoners of war, dated
Halifax, October 21, 1812.
Sir:
I had the honor to receive your letter and its enclosures, relating to Thomas Dunn,* and beg leave to inform
you, that it appears the said man is married in England, has been eight years in His Majesty's service, and received
a pension from Government; under these circumstances, and the man never having made any application for his
discharge from prison, he continues on board the Statira.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN BORLASE WARREN.
• Note. — The application was made at the request of his father, John Dunn, of Boston, who transmitted a deposition of his birth.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 349
Extract of a letter from William H. Savage, late Agent for American Seamen and Commerce at Jamaica, to the
Secretary of State, dated
Washington, December 1, 1812.
" I take the liberty to enclose you copies of a correspondence which took place between Vice Admiral Stirling
(commanding on the Jamaica station) and myself, since the declaration ot war. I should have furnished it you at
an earlier period, but an accident prevented, which I was not aware of until my arrival at this city."
Copy of my letter to Vice Admiral Stirling, commanding on the Jamaica station, on the subject of American sea-
men, after the declaration of war.
Kingston, Jamaica, August 6, 1812.
Sir:
Enclosed is a copy of a letter received by me yesterday, from on boai'd His Majesty's ship Sappho, purporting
to have been written by four American seamen on board that ship, with a view to solicit ray aid towards effecting
their discharge, in consequence of the declaration of war by the Government'of the United States, against Great
Britain.
In making this application, I am fully aware that my duties ceased, as agent for the commerce and seamen of
the United States, on the knowledge of such declaration being made known here; but, sir, I am led to believe that,
at this period, it will not be deemed inadmissible on your part to receive, nor improper on mine to make, the
request, that you will be pleased to grant an order for the discharge of these seamen, feeling conscious (should they
even not be protected with the usual documents afforded to citizens of the United States^ that an English seaman
■would not declare himself otherwise than such, under existing circumstances.
• ■ I seize the present opportunity also to forward to you tvyenty-one documents, as proof of the citizenship of that
number of seamen, said to have been impressed by ships of war on this station, the greatest number of which have
been heretofore unsuccessfully claimed by me, on behalf of the United States, and which may still comprise, at this
time, some part of the crews of His Majesty's ships on this station.
I beg further to state to you, that I have leceived numerous applications from on board various of His Majesty's
ships on this station, for the relief of seamen, who, I doubt not, are entitled to the protection of the American Go-
vernment, many of them having with them proofs of their citizenship, as I am led to believe from the assertions con-
tained in their communications. Applications have also been made for the relief of many, without success; the lat-
ter amount in number to forty-six, as per list of names enclosed, several of whom, I understand have been shifted
(since their impressment) on board of other vessels than those they were at first taken on board of. All of which
Ibegjto oiFer for your consideration, feeling, as I do, anxious to extend my last efforts in behalf of those seamen who
are entitled to them, and at the same time being impressed with the idea, that it would be foreign to you, sir, to re-
tain any Americans in the service of the navy of Great Britain, contrary to their disposition, during the present con-
flict. I, therefore, take the liberty of adding to my former request, that you will be pleased to grant orders that such
seamen may be discharged from duty on board His Majesty's ships on this station.
With sentiments of the highest respect, &c.
WILLIAM H. SAVAGE.
Copy of Vice Admiral Stirling''s Secretary's letter, in answer to mine to the Vice Admiral of 6th August, 1812.
Admiral's Penn, August 7, 1812.
Sir:
I am desired by Vice Admiral Stirling to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yesterday's date, and to
acquaint you that directions were given, some days ago, that all seamen in the squadron under his command, who can
prove themselves to be American born subjects, should be sent to the prison ship, until an exchange of prisoners is
established between the two countries, in consequence of the late declaration of war by the United States against
Great Britain.
I return herewith the papers which accompanied your letter
And am, sir, &c.
CHAS. STIRLING, Jr. Secretary.
Extract of a letter from William H. Savage, Esq. late Agent for American Seamen and Commerce at Jamaica,
to Charles Stirling, Jr. dated
Kingston, September 16, 1812.
" In answer to my letter of the 6th ultimo, you were pleased to inform me that directions had been given by
the Vice Admiral, some days prior to the date of my letter, for the removal of all native Americans (who could prove
themselves such) from on board His Majesty's ships to that of the prison ship; but, as some time has now elapsed
since you were pleased to give me this information, and learning that some instances of detention at present exist
onboard His Majesty's schooner Decouverte, I am led to embrace the subject again, as in one instance I shall hope
to satisfy Vice Admiral Stirling of the man's being entitled to his removal from duty onboard His Majesty's schooner
of war. The person alluded to is Elijah Stirling, an American seaman, who was impressed from on board the Bri-
tish merchant ship Brilliant, at the Bay of Honduras, in the early part of the year 1810, by His Majesty's schooner
Flordel Mar, and has since been detained on board of various of His Majesty's ships on this station, although pro-
vided with a regular protection, which instrument this man got conveyed to me about the 20th of September follow-
ing, and which was by me forwarded to Admiral Rowley, accompanied (as usual in like cases) with a request that
the man might be discharged. On the receipt of my letter, the Admiral answered, through his Secretary, that the
nature of Stirling's impressment was such, that he could not comply with my request; but which answer was unac-
companied, in return, with the protection in question, and what has become of it, I am unable to say.
" About this period, I was led to understand from Admiral Rowley, that all American seamen who should be
impressed from on board any British merchant vessel, would be retained in the service of His Majesty; but that all
American seamen who should be impressed from on board of American vessels, w'ould, on application, accompanied
by proof, be discharged. As this information was received about the period of my application for the discharge of
Stirling, I was led to conclude it stamped the nature of his impressment, and what confirmed it in my mind, was,
that I received similar assurances to various applications made for American seamen, who had, under various cir-
cumstances, shipped on board of British ships, and were from thence impressed on board of His Majesty's ships of
war, all of which I hope the Admiral will be pleased to take into consideration: for, to insist on the service of this
man, I think will be a dereliction to the marked manner of his amiable endeavors to distinguish and relieve American
seamen from duty on board the squadron under his command. I beg to enclose a note from Mr. Meek, (the late
Secretary) relative to my application for this man's discharge, and to observe, that, if it is possible, the protection
may yet be found among the papers of the late secretary, as it has not been usual to return me the protections of
those meil whose applications for discharge were not complied with. •
" I beg furthermore to observe, that there appears also to be on* board His Majesty's schooner Decouverte, two
other American seamen, viz. John Englefield and Richard Lauderkin, the former of whom asserts, that he served
his apprenticeship to the trade of a cooper, at Boston, but has lost his protection; the latter declares himself to be
a native of Rhode Island, and that his protection lias been destroyed by Mr. Oliver, commander of His Majesty's
45 m
350 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
schooner Decouverte. I shall not now animadvert on the impropriety of sucii a circumstance, but request, should
the instances here cited be found correct, tliat they may meet the attention of the Vice Admiral.
Extract of a letter from lice Admiral Stirling's Secretary to W. H. Savage, Esq. in answer to his of the \&th
September, 1812.
Admiral's Penn, 19/A September, 1812.
" I have just received your letter of the IGth instant, which I have laid before Vice Admiral Stirling, and I am
directed to acquaint you, that Elijah Stirling, and other persons on board of His Majesty's schooner Decouverte,
said to be American seamen, have not, wiien called upon, produced proof of being subjects of the United States.
They do not tail under the description of persons which I informed you, in my letter of the 7th ult.J were intended
to be discharged from the King's service, and to be detained on board the prison ship until an exchange of prisoners
takes place with America.
" The note from Mr. Meek, dated the 21st September, 1810, is returned herewith, and as it appears thereby that
Admiral Rowley thought the circumstances under which Elijah Stirling was impressed did not permit him to be
discharged, Vice Admiral Stirling does not feel himself justified in attending to the man's wishes on a bare asser-
tion. The protection you allude to is not to be found among Admiral Rowley's papers left in this office."
No. 3. •
Detention of Mariners as prisoners of war, who were in England at the time the war was declared.
J. W. Croker to Mr. Beasley.
Admiralty Office, 5th August, 1812.
Sir:
Having communicated to my lords commissioners of the admiralty your letter of the 31st ultimo, transmit-
ting a list of men, said to be Americans, who have been impressed and detained on board His Majesty's ships, and
requesting their discharge, I have their lordships' commands to acquaint you, that, under present circumstances,
they will defer the consideration of this request.
I am, &c.
J. W. CROKER.
R. G. Beasley, Esq.
Extract of a letter from Mr. Beasley to the Secretary of State, dated
London, October 23, 1812.
■" I have informed you that I had addressed Lord Castlereagh on the subject of our citizens who have been
impressed, and are now held in the British naval service. I demanded their release, and complained of the treat-
ment which some had received on offering to give themselves up as prisoners, or refusing to serve when they heard
of the war. In reply, I have received a short note from Mr. Cooke, one of the under secretaries, stating that he
was instructed to require of me the names of the men who, had received the treatment complained of, and the ves-
sels in which they were, which I immediately furnished, and urged a reply to the other part of my letter. In an
interview I have since had with Mr. Cooke, I took occasion to remind him of it, when he intimated that the Govern-
ment did not intend to answer me on that point; adding, that England was fighting the battles of the world; we had
chosen to go to war, and so aid the great enemy, and that England had as much right to recruit her army and navy,
in every possible manner, as France."
Mr. Beasley to Lord Castlereagh.
WiMpoLE Street, October 12, 1812.
My Lord:
In consequence of the war unhappily existing between the United States and Great Britain, it lias become
my duty to call your lordship's attention to the situation of the great number of American seamen who have been
impressed, and are now iield in the ships of war of His Britannic Majesty. In addition to the wrong which is done
to the United States by this detention of their seamen, I regret to state that some of these unfortunate persons,
having heard of the war, and ottered to give themselves up as prisoners, have, for so doing, or for refusing to do ser-
vice, been punished.
To put an end to a proceeding and a state of things so revolting to humanity, and so contrary to the law and
usage of civdized nations, I persuade myself it is only necessary to present them to the view of the British Govern-
ment; and I therefore trust that effectual measures will be immediately taken to restore these injured men to liberty
and to their country.
I have the honor to be, &c.
R. G. BEASLEY.
E. Cooke to R. G. Beasley.
Foreign Office, 19/A October, 1812.
" In consequence of your letter to Lord Castlereagh of the 12th instant, I am directed by his lordship to desire
you will furnish me with the names of the American sailors who have been so punished, and of the ship they are on
board."
Mr. Beasley to E. Cooke.
• WiAfpoLF, Street, iist October, 1812.
Sir: _ •
Agreeably to the request contained in your letter of the lOtli instant, I now transmit to you a list of impressed
American seamen on board British ships of war, who, having heai-d of the war, offered to give themselves up as pii-
soners, and for so doing, or for refusing to do service, have been punished.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 55J
I beg you to remind Lord Castlereagh, tliat tlie other part of my lettei- of the 12th instant, requesting the release
of the American seamen detained in the British service, is still unanswered.
I am, sir, &c.
R. G. BEASLEY.
The list referred to in the preceding letter, states the cases of the following persons:
John Ballard, on board the Zeuobia, ottered himself a prisoner, refused, and \\as put in irons for one night.
John Davis, on board the Thistle, gave himself up as a prisoner, and refused further service, for which he was
flogged.
Ephraim Covell, on board La Hogue, gave himself up as a prisoner, and refused further service, in consequence
of which he was kept seven days in irons.
John Hosman, on board La Hogue, gave himself up as a prisoner, and refused further service; was put in irons,
still kept therein, and was threatened by the commander with further punishment.
Russell Brainard, on board La Hogue, gave himself up as a prisoner, was put in irons, and still kept therein.
Thomas W. Marshall, Peter Lazette, Edward Whittle Banks, and Levi Younger, on board the Royal Wil-
liam, gave themselves up as prisoners, and were in consequence thereof put into close confinement for eight davs.
October 12, 1812.
Mr. Beasley requests Lord Castlereagh to cause the necessary passports to be furnished for the American ship
William and Eliza, Captain Howland, to proceed to the United States with American citizens.
October 21, 1S12.
Mr. Cooke acquaints Mr. Beasley that there will be no objection to granting a licence to a cartel for carrying to
the United States such American citizens, non-combatants, as may wish to return to iheir country. He requests
Mr. Beasley to inform him of the situation of the American ship William and Eliza.
Mr. Beasley to E. Cooke.
WiMPoLE Street, October 23, 1812.
Sir:
I have now the honor to repeat to you what I stated in conversation this morning, that the persons for whose
return to the United States I requested the necessary passports, are, for the most part, American masters and mari-
ners; that some of them, in consequence of the loss of their vessels abroad, have come here on their way to Ameri-
ca; that others of them, having been employed in British ships, are now desirous of returning home; that others,
through the detention or condemnation of their vessels under Britisli, orders in council, and others, through all the
casualties to which this class of men is always exposed, are left \vithout the means of conveyance. None of these
persons have been, in any way, engaged in hostilities against Great Britain. They are almost wholly destitute, and,
for some time, have been chiefly supported at the expense of the United States. There are also, I believe, some
American merchants and supercargoes, who are anxious of availing themselves of the same opportunity of return-
ing to their country.
You are, I presume, aware, that the American Government has afforded every facility to the departure of those
British subjects in the United States who were under similar circumstances with the persons included in my request.
With regard to the ship William and Eliza, in which these persons are to embark, I beg to observe, that I am
wel I assured by those who have charge of her, that there is no impediment to her departure.
I am, &c.
R. G. BEASLEY.
E. Cooke to R. G. Beasley.
Foreign Office, October 2S, 181-2.
Sir:
Having laid before Lord Castlereagh your letter requesting that you may be allowed to send a cartel to
America, wim citizens of the United States who wish to return to their country, I am directed by his lordship to
express his consent to this proposition, and am to desire you will confer with the commissioners for prisoners of
war with regard to the account you are to give for such parts of the crew as shall appear to be combatants, and on
that principle must be exchanged.
I am, &c. E. COOKE.
October 29, 1812.
Mr. Beasley states to J. W. Croker, of the admiralty office, that Lord Castlereagh had referred him to the com-
missioners for prisoners of war; that he had accordingly applied to them, and learnt that the instructions which that
board had received from the lords of the admiralty were not sufficiently explicit to enable them to proceed in the
matter. Mr. Beasley requests that their lordships would be pleased to give such further directions to the transport
bnard as might be found necessary.
October 30, 1812.
John Barrow, of the admiralty oflice, informs Mr. Beasley, that his letter of the 29th October had been laid before
the lords commissioners of the admiralty, and that the business had been referred to the transport board.
October 29, 1812.
Mr- Beasley informs Alexander M'Leay, of the transport office, that he had requested the lords of the admiralty
would be pleased to give the further instructions necessary, and presuming that these instructions would be imme-
diately given, requests Mr. M'Leay to inform him at \vhat time it vvill be convenient for the commissioners that he
should confer with them on the subject.
October 30, 1812.
Alexander M'Leay informs Mr. Beasley that he is directed to desire that Mr. B. would transmit to the transport
office a list of all the persons whom Mr. Beasley proposed to send to America, stating their several qualities, and
when, and how, they respectively came into Great Britain.
352 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
November 3, 1812.
Mr. Beasley transmits to Alexander M'Leay, of the transport oifice, a list of American citizens whom it is pro-
posed to send to the United States in the ship William and Eliza, stating their several qualities, and when, and how,
thev respectively came into Great Britain. This list contains one hundred and ten names. To these are added a
list of six persons, being other passengers in the same vessel. Mr. Beasley remarks to Mr. M'Leay, " 1 am well
informed that many persons of the description, and under the circumstances, of those mentioned in the first of these
lists (being seamen) who were awaiting the result of my late application to Lord Castlereagh for a cartel for their
' . . •-- 1 ...ui,:., „<-„... ,!„.,„ — t 1 ,.: — '■--- *'----iipiess officers, and taken on boa"'" **■"
Government respecting them."
conveyance to America, have, within a few days past, been seized by the impress officers, and taken on board the
tender of the Tower; and I beg to know what are the intentions of the British Go
November 6, 1812.
Alexander M'Leay informs Mr. Beasley that he had received and laid before the commissioners for the transport
service, the list of persons proposed to be sent to the United States in the William and Eliza cartel, and adds, " In
return I am directed to request that you will inform the board whether you will engage, that the above mentioned
persons, on their arrival in the United States, shall be exchanged for an equivalent number of British subjects, who
may have fallen into the hands of the Americans. I am at the same time to acquaint you, that the prisoners above
alluded to must sign engagements not to serve against this country or its allies until regularly exchanged."
Mr. Beasley writes to Alexander IMfLeay.
November 7, 1812.
" I have to inform the board that I am willing to engage that the American citizens whom I propose to send to
the United States on board the William and Eliza cartel, shall, on their arrival there, be exchanged for an equiva-
lent number of British subjects of the same description, who may have ftdlen into the hands of the United States
under similar circumstances^ and that the men themselves shall sign engagements for the performance of any condi-
tions similar to those which may have been exacted of sucji British subjects in the United States ; it being under-
stood, that, if it be found that British subjects, under any such circumstances, have been suftered freely to depart
from the United States, then these engagements, so far as regards the corresponding class of American citizens,
shall be void. If, however, it be more satisfactory to the boartl, that the return or exchange of these men should be
regulated by the principles recognised by the two Governments in the cartel which, I am informed, has been lately-
concluded afc Washington, I am ready to enter into an engagement to that eflfect"
Alexander ISPLmy writes to Mr. Beasley.
November 13, 1812.
" I am directed to acquaint you that the prisoners mentioned in the list transmitted by you will be released,
upon your entering into an unconditional engagement that they shall be exchanged for British prisoners now in
America, or who may be hereafter taken."
Mr. Beasley writes to Alexander M^Leay.
November 16, 1812.
" For those American citizens who composed the crews of ships taken in war, I am at all times ready to enter
into any engagement which the law and usage of nations require. But for those whom your laws have invited, or
whom misfortune has thrown into your country, whom accident, and not the fortune of war, has placed within your
power, I must still urge my request, that they be allowed to depart the kingdom on the conditions proposed in my
letter of the 7th instant." But "if the board will enter into an unconditional engagement, that all British subjects
who have been permitted to leave the United States since the declaration of war, or who may be permitted to depart
therefrom, shall be exchanged for American prisoners of war, I will, in like manner, engage for those American
citizens agreeably to your letter." Mr. Beasley adds, "This arrangement, however, I would make with great reluc-
tance; because it would not be in unison with that spirit of liberal warfare entertained by the Government of the
United States, and because it would bring within the influence of the war those who might, without detriment to
either party, be exempt from its operation. "
Mr. Beasley writes to Air. Hamilton, of the Foreign Office.
November 23, 1812.
" I must beg leave to state, that that part of my note of the 1 2th ultimo, addressed to Lord Castlereagh, relative
to American citizens who have been impressed, and are how held in his majesty's naval service, remains unanswered.
To the reasons already urged for the discharge of those men, may be added that of compelling them to fight against
their country; and I need scarcely add, that, as they were forcibly detained before the commencement of hostilities,
it would be very unjust to discharge them merely to make them prisoners. Of the number of those unfortunate
persons, many must be in vessels on foreign stations at a great distance. It is a subject of much public interest in
the United States, and one which involves the domestic comfort and happiness of many families."
Alexander M'Leay writes to Mr. Beasley, and, after some preliminary reasoning, says:
November 24, 1812.
" The commissioners (of the transport ofiBce) are instructed (by the lords commissioners of the admiralty) to
continue to require from you an unconditional receipt, as prisoners of war, for all persons of this description previous
to their being permitted to return to America."
Alexander M'Leay writes to Mr. Beasley.
December 23, 1812.
" I have received and laid before the commissioners fbr the transport service, &c. your letter of the 15th instant,
and in return am directed to acquaint you that, at present, they are only authorized to deliver up to you the Amer-
icans mentioned in the list transmitted by you on the 3d of November."
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 353
Mr. Beasley writes to Mexander M''Leay.
December 21, 1812.
" After so long a time spent in discussing the principles and conditions of an exchange of prisoners between the
United States and Great Britain, I perceive, with some surprise, by your letter of yesterday, that the only persons
whom the board are authorized to deliver up to me, are those mentioned in the list transmitted to you on the 3d
November, who, though so long known to the board as being at large in this city, have never been detained as pri-
soners, and who have, ever since their arrival, been maintained at the charge of the United States. During this
interval those persons have been partially dispersed; some iiave been taken up as prisoners, some have been impressed,
and some have otherwise disappeared. Others, however, under similar circumstances, have since been added, and
thej'e now remain about one hundred persons. Of these men, as I understand the tenor of our correspondence,
those who belonged to vessels detained or taken in war, are to be suffered to proceed to the United States on my
entering into the engagement which accompanied your letter of the 14th instant; but that, for the others, no engage-
ment is required. In order to avoid any further misunderstanding, I beg to know whether this recapitulation is
correct."
Mexander JiPLeay to R. G. Beasley.
Transport Office, 26//t December, 1813.
Sir:
I have received and laid before the commissioners for the transport service, &c. your letter of the 24th instant,
and, in return, I am directed to acquaint you that it is the intention of his Majesty's Government that such of the
Americans, named in the list which accompanied your letter of the 3d of last month, as belonged to vessels detained
or taken, and as are consequently prisoners of war, shall be suffered to proceed to the United States upon your
entering into the engagement which accompanied my letter of the 14th instant; but that, for Americans who were
resident or travelling in this country, or resorting hither for commercial purposes, not as mariners, no such engage-
ment will be required.
I am, &c.
ALEXANDER M'LEAY.
Mr. Beasley writes to .Alexander M'Leay.
December 28, 1812.
" On referring to that list (which accompanied my letter of the 3d ultimo) you will perceive another class of
persons, namely, mariners, who did not belong to vessels detained or taken; and as your omitting to notice these
men in your letter might leave room for some doubt respecting them, I lose no time in requesting to be informed
on what terms the board understand that they are to be suffered to return to the United States."
Mexander MLeay writes to Mr. Beasley.
December 29, 1812.
" By a reference to my letter of the 2Gth instant, you will observe that mariners are expressly excepted from the
description of persons who are to be released unconditionally, and consequently it is necessary you should give a
receipt for all the mariners named in the list transmitted by you."'
Mr. Beasley to Mexander M''Leay.
February 17, 1813.
"In your reply of the 9th instant, communicating the result of inquiries made by order of the lords commissioners
of the admiralty, relative to the alleged ill treatment of certain seamen claiming to be Americans, in the British
service, in consequence of their having requested to be considered as prisoners ot war, as represented in my letter
to Lord Castlereagh of the 12th October, I have to observe, that, although the statement of those persons, and that
contained in your lettei-, differ greatly as to the degree of this ill treatment, it does appear that some severity was
exercised towards them on that occasion, and witiiout any proper investigation of their claim of American citizenship,
which, if established, should have exempted them not only from punishment, but from service. As it may be
inferred, however, from your letter, that if proof be produced to support their claim, their request will yet be complied
with, I have to inform you, that evidence to that effect was long since transmitted to the lords of the admiralty in
behalf of several of these persons." [Here follows the names of persons, and a recitation of the proof of citizenship,
&c. ] Mr. Beasley proceeds, " I cannot avoid expressing my disappointment and regret that no notice has been
taken of the request made to Lord Castlereagh in my letter of the 12th of October, for the general release of the
American seamen detained in the British service. "
Mexander M'Leay to R. G. Beasley.
Transport Office, February 26, 1813.
Sir: ' y 1
I have received, and laid before the Commissioners for the Transport Service, &c. your letter of the 17th of
this month, with its enclosure, relative to the alleged ill treatment of certain seamen, claiming to be Americans, in
the British service, in consequence of their having requested to be considered as prisoners of war; and the same hav-
ing been referred to the right honorable the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, I am directed by the Board to
transmit to you the enclosed copy of a letter which they have received from their Lordship's Secretary, in answer
thereto.
I am, &c. ALEXANDER M'LEAY
Gentlemen:
John Barrow to the Transport Board.
Admiralty Office, February 25, 1813.
Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, your letter of the 18th instant, enclosing a
copy of a letter, together with the documents therein referred to, from Mr- Beasley, the American agent for prisoners
354 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
of war in this country, on tlie subject of certain alleged citizens of the United States detained in his Majesty's ser-
vice I have it in command to signify their Lordships' directions to you to acquaint Mr. Beasley, that neither now,
in w'ar nor before, during i^eace, is, or was, the British Government desirous of having American seamen in its ser-
vice; and that their Lordships will now discharge, as prisoners of war, as they formerly did as neutrals, those per-
sons'who can adduce any sufficient proof of their being Americans.
You will further inform Mr. Beasley, that all the cases stated by him have received, or are under accurate ex-
amination, and that such persons who may appear to be Americans, will be immediately sent to .prison, as many
have been already.
I am, &c. JOHN BARROW.
Mexander RPLeay to Mr. Beasley.
Transport Office, March 6, 1SI3.
Sir:
I am directed by the Commissioners tor the Transport Service, &c. to inform you, that, upon the receipt
of the printed letters which were transmitted by you to this office, for the purpose of being forwarded to certain
seamen on board of his Majesty's ships of war, they considered it their duty to submit the same to the consider-
ation of the right honorable the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, and to request their Lordships' directions
on the subject; and tlie Board having, this day, received a letter from their Lordships' secretary, of which the en-
closed is a copy, I have their directions to acquaint you accordingly, that the letters in question will not be forwarded,
and that you cannot be permitted to maintain any correspondence with the seamen on board his Majesty's fleet.
I am, &c.
ALEXANDER M'LEAY.
John Barrow to the Transport Board.
Admiralty Office, March 5, 1813.
Gentlemen:
In reply to your letter of the 16th of last month, enclosing a letter addressed by Mr. Beasley to a seaman
on board his Majesty's ship Poixupine, and requesting to be informed if letters of a similar description should be
forwarded to the persons to whom they are addressed, I am commanded by my Lords Commissioner of the Admi-
lalty, to signify their direction to you not to forward any such letters, and to acquaint Mr. Beasley that he cannot
be permitted to maintain any correspondence with the seamen on board his Majesty's fleet; observing to him, at the
same time, that the printed letter, in question, contains a statement unfounded in lact, for that, neither since the
war with America, nor before, have their Lordships declined to release American seamen, admitted or proved to be
such, though they have, and still do refuse, to release persons assuming, without any proof or document, that char-
acter.
I am, &c. JOHN BARROW.
Copy of a printed ciradar letter addressed to American seamen in British ships of war.
LoNDONj , 1813.
In answer to your letter of the , I have to inform you, that the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
having, in consequence of the war between the United States and Great Britain, declined to release those Ameri-
can citizens who have been impressed, and are held in the British service, there appears to be no other course for
you to pursue, than to give yourself up as a prisoner of war, to the commander of the ship in which you are de-
tained. ■ ,
Jtgent of the United States for prisoners ofivarin Great Britain.
Extracts of a letter from Mr. Beasley to Mexander M''Leay, dated ISth March, 1813.
" In the letter of their Lordships' secretary of the 5th inst. the Board are directed to observe to me, tliat the
printed letter which I addressed to certain American seamen detained in the British navy, " contains a statement
unfounded in fact; for that, neither since the war with America, nor before, have their Lordships declined to re-
lease American seamen, admitted, or proved to be such," It is not necessary to my present purpose to enter upon
an examination of their Lordships' conduct, on this matter, before the war; although my own official observation,
in numerous cases, when I held the office of consul, would authorize me to dispute even that part of their secretary's
assertion. But with reference to their Lordships' conduct since the war, I beg to remind them of their letter of the
fiftli August, soon after the commencement of the war, in answer to a request made on the 31st July, for the release
of certain impressed American seamen, in which their Lordships, going beyond the mere declining to release the
men, stated " that, under the present circumstances, they will defer the consideration of the request for their release;"
or, in other words, that they will not, at present, war being commenced, even think on the subject of their release.
11 further proof be necessaiy of their luordships' having, as I stated in my printed letter, declined the release of such
seamen in consequence of the war, I will call to their recollection a letter written by their secretary, on the '25th of
August, in answer to an application for the release of William Wilson, an impressed American, detained on board
the Cordelia, in which they state that this man, being an alien enemy, must continue to serve, or go to prison-
should other corroboration be ^vanted, it may be found in the long and marked silence of the British Government to
my numerous applications, again and again repeated, for the release of these men ; seeing that it was not until the 25th
of February, nearly seven months after their Lordships had informed me of their having deferred the consideration
of the subject, and nearly five months after my formal demand made to Lord Castlereagh, that they directed the
Board to inform me of their intention to treat them as prisonere of wai-. And even this was not done until eight
days alter ray printed letter in question appears to have been on their table. Surely it was in utter forgetfulness of
all these circumstances, that their Lordships declared my statement unfounded in fact; for it appears impossible
that they can, in the mind of any person, bear a dift'erent interpretation from that which I have given them. But
liow do these facts bear on their Lordships' statement? How, I ask, does their determination, that Wilson, ;3»'o«erf
and admitted to be an Anerican, must continue to serve or go to prison, support the assertion, that their Lordships
have not declined to release American seamen tvhen admitted or proved to be such? But, perhaps, in their Lord-
ships'view, to send them from service and detention in ships of war, to confinement in prisons, is to release
them. If so, it is unnecessary to pursue the subject further, and I w\l\ content myself with having vindicated the
correctness of my own statement."
" I come now to the consideration of their Lordships' purpose, as expressed in their Secretary's letter of the 25th
ultimo, to treat as prisoners of war the American seamen who have been impressed, and are held in the British ser-
vice. Taking into view the manner in which these unfortunate persons came into the power of the British Govern-
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY.
355
ment; that their own rights and inclinations, the rights of their country, the law of nations, and every principle of
justice were violated in the very act by which each of these men was brought within its power, and that this wiong
accumulates so long as any of them remain in its power, I do maintain that they are, on every ground, entitled to,
and the British Government is bound to grant, their immediate and complete release. It acquired them only as the
spoils of unlawful violence; how then can it retain them as the fruits of lawful war.^ Its right of control over them
can only arise from the lawfulness of their detention; but that which was unlawfully taken cannot be rightfully
held; and to acknowledge the pretension to such control as their Lordships' purpose implies, would be to legitima-
tise the act by which they came into their power. The British Government disclaims all right and all intention to
take them, and this disavowal is an acknowledgment of its obligation to restore them to the same condition, and to
the same freedom, from which they were taken. Upon what ground is it, then, that they are to be treated as pri-
soners of war? Not many years have elapsed since all Europe resounded with the complaints of Great Britain
against France, for retaining, asjprisoners of war, certain Britisii subjects, who, having entered the French territories,
in time of peace, were found there at the breaking out of the war. But, if that were regarded in England as ar;
outrage, wnat will be tliought of this detention, as prisoners of war, of American seamen, who, having been wrong-
fully taken on the high seas, and forcibly carried into the British service, in time of peace, are found therein at th;
breaking out of a war, doing her service, and fighting her battles? The conduct of France was attempted to tie
justifieti by certain acts of England, which were alleged to be equally contrary to the law of nations. But what jus-
tification, what excuse, can be set up for this conduct of Great Britain towards the impressed American seamen?
What infraction of the law of nations, what violence or injustice exercised towards British subjects, or what outrage
is this cruel act to retaliate? It cannot be the free and spontaneous permission given by the United States, at the
commencement of the war, for every British subject, of every class and description, found within their territories,
or in their power, to return to his country, that this imprisonment of American seamen is to requite. And, surely,
this cannot be the indemnification which Great Britain offers these unfortunate men for the wrongs which she has
inflicted on them, or the reward which she bestows for the service she has received at their hands.
" To the unqualified prohibition of all correspondence between myself and the impressed American seamen in
his Britannic Majesty's fleet, so unreservedly stated in the letter of their Lordships' secretary of the 6th instant, I
must conform, whatever may be my sentiments and feelings respecting it. The situation in which these unfortunate
men and myself stood towards each other, appeared not only to invite, but to authorize a communication between
us. On their part, the object of this correspondence was to obtain information and counsel as to the proper manner
of conducting themselves under circumstances the most difficult, and on an occasion the most important and solemn,
namely, how to act while forcibly held to service in ships of war belonging to a State engaged in actual hostilities
against their country — a situation which' their own good sense and proper feelings taught them was alike incompati-
ble with their rights and their duties. My part has been, after having waited five months, in vain, for a communication
of their Lordships' intentions, to recommend them, since there appeared no means of obtaining their release, to give
themselves upas prisoners of war — an evil comparatively light to that which they suffer. In other instances, their
letters have related the rejection of their offer, and the threats of punishment, and all contain complaints of the un-
exampled hardship of their situation."
Extract of a letter from Robert Montgomery, Consul of the United States at Alicante, dated the 4th November,
1812, to the Secretary of Stale.
" Herewith is a copy of a letter to Admiral Hallowell, with his reply. The man in question has declared, under
oath, that he never signed any article or agreement whatever to serve on board the Indefatigable, nor any other Bri-
tish vessel, and he has now- left her, losing what wages was due him."
Alicante, 23d October, 1812.
Sir:
Philips, a mariner and citizen of the United States, as appears by a regular protection, from the collector of
New York, informs me that, some time since, he engaged himself on board the transport Indefatigable, for six
months, at certain wages agreed for; that he has now been eight months in said vessel, and demands his discharge
and wages, but the master having refused both, obliges me to request you will inform yourself of the fact, and if as
the manner states, order him to be paid off and discnargej.
Permit me to assure you, &c.
ROBT. MONTGOMERY.
Benjamin Hallowell, Esq. Admiral Royal Navy of Great Britain.
Admiral Hallowell to Mr. Montgomery.
His Majesty's Ship Malta, in Alicante Bay,
October 26, 1812.
Sir:
I find upon inquiiy that there is on board the Indefatigable transport, the man mentioned in your letter of the
23d. As there is no objection to a foreigner going in the station of mariner, on board a vessel of that description,
and as he has signed articles of agreement to serve on board the Indefatigable, I shall not njolest him while he con-
tinues in her: but the moment he gets his discharge, I shall deem it my duty to take hold of him, and put him in
confinement, as a prisoner of war.
I have the honor to be, &c.
BN. HALLOWELL.
No. 4.
Compulsory service of impressed Americans on board British ships of war.
1, Beekman Verplanck Hoffman, of the town of Poughkeepsie, do certify, that I am a lieutenant in the United
States' Navy; that I was a lieutenant on board the Constitution frigate in the action and capture of the Guerriere;
that, after her surrender, I was sent on board; and after taking out the crew, fired and blew up the ship; that eight
impressed American seamen were among the crew of the Guerriere, who were liberated at Boston. I was also on
board the Constitution, in the action and capture of the Java, and was sent on board that vessel, and after the crew
were removed, set her on fire and blew her up. Amongst the crew of the Java, thirteen impressed American sea-
men were found, three of whom had entered the British service, and were left, the other ten were liberated as
Americans.
B. V, HOFFMAN.
Poughkeepsie, April 16, 1813.
356 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
Dutchess County, ss.
Richard Thompson, being sworn, saitli, that he is a native of New Paltz, opposite Poughkeepsie: that he sailed
from Wilminsiton, about the 28th of April. 1810, on board the brig Warren, William Kelly, captain,' for Cork. On
the homeward passage, in September following, he was impressed and taken on board the Peacock, a British
sloop of war, and compelled to do duty. That, while on board that vessel, he made many unsuccessful attempts to
write to his friends, to inform them of his situation. He further saith, that, after he had heard of the war, himself
and two other impressed American seamen, who were on board the Peacock, went aft to the captain, and claimed t»
be considered as American prisoners of war, and refused to do duty any longer. They were ordered oft' the quarter
deck, and the captain called for the master-at-arms, and ordered us to be put in irons; we were then kept in irons
about twenty-four hours, when we were taken out, brought to the gangway, stripped of our clothes, tied and whip-
ped, each one dozen and a half lashes, and put to duty.
He furlher saith, that he was kept on board the Peacock, and did duty, till the action with the Hornet; after the
Hornet hoisted American colors, he, and the other impressed Americans, again went to the Captain of the Peacock,
asked to he. sent below, said it v/as an American ship, and that they did not wish to fight against their country.
The Captain ordered us to our quarters; called midshipman Stone to do his duty; and if we did not do our duty, to
blow our brains out. "Ay, ay!" was answered by Stone, who then held a pistol at my head, and ordered us to our
places. We then continued at our pieces, and were compelled to fight till the Peacock struck: and we were liber-
ated after an impressment of about two years and eight months.
his
RICHARD + THOMPSON.
mark
PouoHKEEPSiE, Spril }7, 1813.
Read over and signed in presence of JOSEPH HARRIS,
JOHN S. FREAR.
Dutchess County, ss.
James Tompkins, being sworn, saith, that he is a native of Ulster county, opposite Poughkeepsie; that he sail-
ed out of New York, in the month of April, 1819, in the Ship Minerva, bound to Ireland; that, on her homeward
bound passage, in July after, this deponent, with three other American seamen, Samuel Davis, William Young, and
John Brown, were impressed and taken on board the British ship Acteon, David Smith, Captain. We were taken
on Saturday evening; on Monday.inorning we were brought to the gangway, and informed that we must enter on
board the ship and live as other seamen, or we should live on oatmeal and water and receive five dozen lashes.
This deponent says, himself and the other three impressed with him, did refuse to enter, and each of them were
then whipped five dozen lashes. On Wednesday following, we were again all brought up and had the same offer
made to us, to enter, which we refused, and we were again whipped four dozen laslies, each. On Saturday; after,
the like offer was made to us, and on our refusal we were again whipped three dozen lashes. On Mondajr follow-
ing, still refusing to enter, we were again whipped two dozen, each. On Wednesday following, we ^yere again whip-
ped one dozen each, and ordered to be taken below, and put in irons till we did enter; and the Captain said he would
punish the damned Yankee rascals till they did enter. We were then put in irons, and laid in irons three months.
During the time of our impressment the ship had an action, and captured a French ship. Before this action we were
taken out of irons and asked to fight, but we refused; and after the action we were again ironed, where we remain-
ed till the ship arrived at London. After arriving there we first heard of the war witli America, and that the Guer-
riere was taken. This deponent took his shirt, and Samuel Davis and William Young took their handkerchiefs, made
stripes and stars for the American colors, and hung it over a gun, and gave three cheers for the victory. The next
morning at six o'clock we were brought up and whipped, two dozen lashes each, for huzzaing for the Yankee flag.
Shortly after this, we were all released by the assistance of the American Consul and Captain Hall, who knew us.
This deponent further saith, that all had protections, and showed them, and claimed to be Americans, at the
time they were impressed.
JAMES TOMPKINS.
Sworn before me this 17th day of April, 1813; at which time the said James Tompkins showed me his wrists,
which, at his request, I examined, and there appeared to be marks on both of them, occasioned, as I suppose, from
his having been in irons.
WM. Vf.WiGKMiXi^, Justice of the Peace.
No. 5.
Violation of Flags of Truce.
Montreal Prison, May 6, 1813.
Sir:
I am an unfortunate American, who was taken by the Indians, on my way to Maiden, with a flag of truce, from
General Harrison, on the night of the 31st of January, and after aVariety of indignities, too tedious to mention, I was
brought here, and put in the dungeon for thirty-three days, and have been up on the centre floor a week. I wish to
see you, if possible, and have your advice, &c. &c.
In haste, yours, &c.
SAML. M'KEEHAN,
Surgeon'' s Mate, 2d Beg. 2d Brig. Ohio Militia.
Lieutenant Dudley.
Montreal Prison, May 9, 1813.
Sir:
Yesterday Sir George's aid came and informed me that the nature of my confinement had been contrary to
his orders, and Colonel Lethbridge was required to restore me my liberty. I was also informed, that you and my-
self would probably, in a few days, be sent to the United States. Colonel Lethbridge told me he would send for me
at 3 o'clock, and take my parole. In less than one hour. Major Shackleton called, and said the Governor, after a
more mature consideration, had concluded he could not let me have my liberty until he would hear from General
Proctor.
Two. or three days after my imprisonment. Major Shackleton told me that General Proctor had promised, with
the next despatches, to send on all the papers relating to my case, and that then I would have a hearing.
So you may see punishment by torture is not yet abolished. If they had drove a dagger through my heart, my
punishment would have been much less, and their compassion much greater.
Yours, &c.
SAMUEL M'KEEHAN.
Major Shackleton also told me that Colonel Baynes was unauthorized to tell me what he did.
S. M'K.
Lieutenant Dudley. "•
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 357
Montreal GKOi.,May 12, 1813.
Sir:
I am requested by Doctor M'Keehan to inform you of his present unpleasant situation. He is at this time so
unwell as to be confined to his bed, and has no chance of getting any thing to make him comfortable. No person at-
tends here to examine our situation; neither have we a chance to send out after any necessaries that we want.
I am confident the doctor's case requires some very speedy aid, particularly as it respects his confined situation,
lodging, &c.
Yours, respectfully,
GEO. H. RODGERS, United States' drmy.
Lieutenant Dudley.
DOCTOR M'KEEHAN'S NARATIVE.
On the 31st January last I was ordered, by General Harrison, to proceed to the river Raisin, with a flag of truce,
and from thence to Malden,if not stopped by the Indians. We arrived at the foot of the rapids of the Miami, at dark,
and not finding a company of rangers as expected, we encamped in a cave, tlie hiirse and carryall before the door,
and the flag standing by them. About midnighi the Indians fired in upon us, killed Mr. Lemont, wounded myself in
the foot, and made us prisoners. After despatching Mr. Lemont with the tomahawk, scalping and stripping him,
they seized my horse, harness, gi-eat coat, blankets, and other clothing, and one hundred dollars in gold, which the
General had sent to procure necessaries for the wounded of General Winchester's army.
That ni^ht I was made to walk more than twenty miles, to where Captain Elliot was stationed with a party of
Indians. The captain treated me politely, and sent me to Colonel Proctor. 1 was scarcely seated before the
Colonel began to exclaim against Gen. Harrison; said he had been used to fight Indians and not British; found fault
with my instructions, and said the flag was only a pretext to cover a bad design. I rebutted his insinuations with in-
dignation, which I believe has been the cause of all my troubles since. I was not recognized, in my official character,
until the 5th of February, when I was informed by Proctor's aid that I should attend on the wounded with Doctor
Bower, and that I would be sent to the United States, but by a'difterent route from that which I came- Doctor
Bower in a few days was sent home and I detained.
On the 2d of March, I was arrested, by order of Colonel Proctor, and accused of carrying on a private correspond •
ence. On the 8th, without having any trial, ordered to Montreal, and hurried on from Fort George, night and
day, although thinly clothed, and the weather very cold. From Kingston to Prescott, I was made to eat with the
officers' servants. This course of torture being finished, on the 28th, when I arrived in Montreal, and without being
asked any questions, or suffered to ask any myself, I was put into the dungeon, eight or ten feet below the surface
of the ground, where I had neither bed nor bedding, chair, bench, or stool; denied pen, ink, and paper, oreven the
use of a book, for two weeks. The only current oi" air that passed through my apartment came through the bowels
of the privy I Here I was kept thirty-three days, when I was, to my great joy, put up with the American prisoners,
and with them permitted to remain, till last Monday, when I was liberated by the intercession of Lieutenant Dud-
ley, of the navy. Colonel Baynes, aid to the Governor, told me the outrage which had been committed on roy per-
son was contrary to his orders.
I left fourteen American prisoners in gaol, viz: George H. Rodgers, United States' army; Wm. Hollenback,
Onis Hooker, Philaster Jones, Harry Jones, Lewis Minor, Zebina Conkey, Phiney Conkey, Canton; Seth Barnes,
Camden; Jared Witheril, John Campbell, Schoharie; Major Watson, Ogdensburg; Alexander M'Gregor, Balston,
who were kept in close confinement, notwithstanding Colonel Lethbridge and Major Shackleton had pledged their
words to Captain Conkey, before he left Montreal for Quebec, that they should have the liberty of the town during
the day. But the Captain was scarcely gone, when the pledge was either forgotten or disregarded. The prisoners
now are not permitted to procure such things as their small stock of money would provide. Sometimes they are
half a day without water, and two or three days without wood; and if they complain they are cursed and abused
by the gaoler, and told they are only allowed a quart of water in the day. I am requested to repi'esent their situation
to General Dearborn, which I intend to do as soon as I arrive at Sackett's Harbor.
This is a sketch of the indignities I have had to put up with since the last of January.
I am, yours, &c.
SAMUEL M'KEEHAN,
Surgeon's Mate 2(1 Reg't Ohio Militia.
Albany, May 24/A, 1813.
To his Excellency Major General Dearborn.
Sir: • . . .
Without introduction or apology, I beg leave to state to your Excellency, that, on the 31st of January last, I
was ordered by General Harrison to proceed to the river Raisin with a flag of truce. I was required, in my instruc-
tions, if I met no British officer at that place, to proceed to Maiden (if too great danger did not appear fron. tiie
savages. ) The same evening, thirty-three miles from the river Raisin, the Indians fired upon us and killed Mr. Le-
mont, (one of my attendants) wounded myself in the foot, then conveyed me to Captain Elliot, who took me to the
river Raisin, and from thence sent me to General Proctor, at head quarters, in Sandwich, who swore, by God, that
the flag' and papers which I gave him, was only a pretence to cover a dishonorable service. I rebutted his insinua-
tions as moderately as my indignant feelings would permit. General Proctor made several observations on General
Harrison's abilities as a commander; said lie was used to fight Indians, but not British troops, &c- &c. He kept
my instruetions; did not even inform the senior ofiicer, Ensign Baker, of the American prisoners, that he had a let-
ter for him. I was ordered to a tavern, under the care of a French sergeant. I waited till the 4th of February
before I wrote to General Proctor, demanding in what character I was considered; how long I would be detained,
and the cause of my detention.
The next day the General's aid informed me I was recognised as surgeon's mate, and would attend with Doctor
Bower on the American wounded prisoners. On the 12th, I received a letter from General Proctor, in answer to
one I had written to him the day before, of which the following is a copy:
Sandwich, I'ith February, 1813.
Sir:
In answer to your letter of the 11th instant, I am directed by Colonel Proctor, commanding, to observe, that
j'ou were sent in for the purpose of attending on the sick and wounded of General Winchester's armv, for which
purpose you are now detained; and beg leave further to observe, that, in the execution of your duty, you will ren-
der a most important service to your country.
I have the honor to be, sir, your humble and most obedient servant,
A. W. M'LEAN, A. D. C.
358 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
ray arrival at Montreal, I was, without being asked any questions, or permitted to ask any myself, put into a dun-
geon eight or ten feet below the surface of the ground, in dark and solitary confinement, and there kept tliirty-three
days, after which time I was put up with the American prisoners. A few days after my elevation, Lieutenant Dud-
ley became acquainted with my situation, and made such representations to Governor Prevost as induced his Excel-
lency to send his aid, Colonel Baynes, who said he was dnected by the Governor to inform me that the outrage
which had been committed on my person was contrary to his orders, and told Colonel Lethbridge to take my parole
and liberate me immediately. The Colonel, not having materials for writing at hand, said he would send for me at
three o'clock. In less than one hour, the town major came, and informed me that the Governor, on more mature
consideration, thought he could not liberate me until he got despatches from General Proctor. On the 17th May,
eight or ten days alter, I was taken from prison, and, in company with Lieutenant Dudley, sent to the United
States. I may here observe, that the apartment in which I was confined did not contain either chair, bench, or stool,
or any bedding whatever, for the space of two weeks. Fresh beef was furnished, but no salt. I was denied pen, ink,
and paper, and treated uniformly with the utmost contempt by the sergeant, whom I had the honor of seeing once
every day for a few minutes. By the request of fourteen American prisoners, now in Montreal gaol, whose names
are hereunto annexed, I beg leave to state to your Excellency, that they are kept in close confinement, sometimes
half a day without water, and frequently t\Vo or three days without wood to couk with; and when they complained,
the gaolor's curses were freely lavished upon them. They have not the privilege of procuring some little necessa-
ries, which the benevolence of some humane persons enabled them to do by giving them a little money. Sir George
Prevost has told them that their confinement is owing to the bad faith of their own Government, &c.
I would have stated to your Excellency the knowledge I had, through the report of others, of the outrages and
cruelties exercised on the American prisoners taken at General Winchester's defeat, but must refer your Excel-
lency to Mr. Rularid, who had a command in the Michigan militia last summer, and who was, after having been
dispossessed of all his property, sent to Fort George with me, who, no doubt, had many opportunities of hearing
such things triumphantly spoken of among British officers and subjects.
I have the honor to be, your Excellency's most humble and obedient servant,
SAMUEL M'KEEHAN,
Surgeon's Mate 2d RegU Ohio Militia.
Niagara Coffee House, .Aine 4, 1813.
LIST OF PERSONS LEFT IN MONTREAL GAOL.
Geo. H. Rodgers, U. S. army, Wm. Hollenback, Seth Barns,
Gains Hooker, Philaster Jones, Danny Jones,
Jared Witherall, Major Watson, Alex'r M'Gregor,
Lewis Minor, John Campbell, Zebina Conkey,
Pliny Coukey. David Johnston.
No. 6.
RANSOM OF AMERICAN PRISONERS FROM INDIANS IN THE BRITISH SERVICE.
Extract of a letter from Mr. Woodward to the Secretary oj State.
Albany, March 22, 1813.
A few days previous to the thirty-first of January, 1813, I transmitted some letters addressed to the friends and
families of a few of the prisoners whom We had been able to ransom out of the hands of the savages.
" On the thirty -first of January I addressed you a letter covering similar information for twelve other families."
No. 7.
Pillage and destruction of private properly on the Chesapeake Bay, and in the neighboring country. .
William Sears, of Talbot county, in Maryland, states, that, about the day of April last, whilst the Bri-
tish squadi-on, commanded, as he understood, by Admiral Warren, lay about Sharp's Island, in the Chesapeake
Bay, he being on the island called Poplar Island, his place of residence, observed some tenders and barges coming
oft" from the squadron in a direction towards the said island. The relator was then in the act of removing his furni-
ture and other property from the island, and hastened therein from seeing the apparent approach of the enemy; but
the said tenders and barges, whilst this relator was crossing to the main with his scows and batteaux laden with his
property, and in tow of his two schooners, appeared suddenly to put back to their ships. The relator afterwards,
m the afternoon and evening of the same day, made two other trips to the island, and succeeded in getting off" all his
bacon. On the succeeding day, as this relator thinks it was, he "again went on the island and got off forty or fifty
barrels of his corn and some other articles, without any interruption from the enemy. The relator having, in his
first trip, got oft" his family and slaves, he now watched the movements of the enemy from his farm on the main.
On Sunday morning the he saw two tenders come too at Poplar Island and go ashore in barges, and, after
some length of time, he saw them depart from the island. The relator, in the afternoon of the last mentioned day,
in company with several of his neighbors, went to see what the enemy had done on the island, and found that they
had injured nothing, nor taken anything away except some cider from the cellar. The relator then took off with
him as many of his hogs and other articles as he could, and was hurried oft" by seeing the enemy put off from the
squadron with several barges in tow of their tenders. The enemy, on that evening, took possession of the island,
and remained that night and a part of the next day, as well as this relator recollects; and, on the last mentioned
day, left the island and followed the squadron, which, in the meantime, had moved up the bay. The relator, seeing
this, on the next or the second day after, again went on the island, and there found that the enemy had taken and
killed about thirty head of black cattle, eighty-six head of old sheep and between twenty and thirty lambs; that
■ they had killed three hundred breeding sows in their beds, whose pigs were found dead; and that tliey had taken
oft' almost all of his poultry, all he supposes they could catch. From his house (where he had left some of his worst
furniture) they took off an old looking glass, worth about four dollars, and some newspapers in a file. They broke
several locks and one door, and threw many things about the house. In a house on the island, which had been
occupied by James Sears, they broke his desk to pieces and threw about his furniture and other things; but the
relator does not now recollect that any thing was taken away.
In testimony whereof, the said William Sears hath hereunto set his hand, this 22d day of June, 1813.
WILLIAM SEARS.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 359
Maryland, Talbot County, ss.
Be it remembered, that, on this 29d day of June, 1813, William Sears. Esq. of Talbot county, personally
appears before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace of the State of Maryland, in and for Talbot-
county, duly commissioned and qualified, and made oath on the holy evangelists, that the statement of facts, herein
contained, is substantially true, to the best of his knowledge, recollection, and belief.
Sworn before me,
PETER DENNY.
State of Maryland, Talbot County, to loit:
I hereby certify that Peter Denny, Esquire, before whom the above affidavit appears to have been made, and
who has thereto subscribed his name, was, at the time of taking and signing the same, and still is, one of the State
ot Maryland's justices of the peace, in and for the county aforesaid, duly commissioned and qualified.
In testimony whereof, I have hereto set my hand, and affixed the seal of my office, this twenty-fourth day of
June, Anno Domini 1813.
[L.S.] iACO^'LOOOLERMA^. Clerk of Talbot County Court.
Cecil County, State of Maryland.
Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace for the county and State afore-
said, Frisby Henderson, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that, on the 29th day of April,
1813, about seven o'clock A. M. a considerable British force, distributed, into thirteen barges, commenced a hostile
attack on a landing called Frenchtown, the property of tliis deponent, in the county aforesaid: that, some days pre-
vious thereto, a battery for five guns had been commenced on the wharf, but was in an unfinisiied state; that, on the
approach of the British force, eight or ten men collected, and commenced firing from the battery, and stopped the
advance of the barges for some time. The ammunition being expended, the barges then came on, and a firing from
them commenced of cannon shot at the battery, and also at the dwelling houses in Frenchtown. The Britisn then
landed on the wharf, and immediately set fire to a new store house on the wharf, which at that time contained
nothing but a large quantity of oats, the property of this deponent,; and also a fishery adjoining" the wharf was set on
fire at the same time. After burning the said store house and fishery, a force of about two hundred and fifty marines
veas marched from the wharf, through Frenchtown, and up the river shore, to the dwelling house of this deponent,
and demanded the way to the town of Elkton; that finding the river must be crossed on that direction to get to Elk-
ton, the whole force returiied to Frenchtown, broke open the upper storehouse, which was at that time full of goods,
part of which was the property of the United States, and the remainder for difterent merchants of Baltimore, to the
amount, probably, of fifty or sixty thousand dollars; and plundered and carried oft" part of the goods, and set fire
to the house and burnt it with the remainder of the goods. This deponent saith, that, by the destruction of the two
store houses and fishery, together with the oats and other property he had in the upper store house, burned by the
British as aforesaid, he has sustained a loss of about three thousand dollars.
Sworn before me, the subscriber, on this 12th day of June, 1813.
ALEXANDER KINKEAD.
Cecil County, State of Maryland.
Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace for the county aforesaid, Cor-
delia Penington, living in Frenchtown, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that she saw the
British on the 29th of April, 1813, land on the wharf at Frenchtown, and immediately set fire to and burnt the store
house and fishery. That, on the British breaking open the upper store house, this deponent went down to the store
house, and solicited the commanding officer not to burn the house; he replied, that he came for the purpose of burn-
ing the store houses: that they were public property; that this deponent replied, the store houses were private pro-
perty, and belonged to her brother; the officer said there was public property in it, and should be burnt, and ordered
the house set on tire, and burnt it with all the goods they did not carry away.
Sworn before me, the subscriber, the 12th day of June, 1813.
ALEXANDER KINKEAD.
Cecil County, State of Maryland.
Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace for the county aforesaid, Delia
Penington, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that she saw the British, on the 29th of April,
1813, land on the wharf at Frenchtown, and immediately set fire to and burn down the store house and fishery.
That, after the store house was on fire, the marines were marched up from the wharf; and, at the time of the plun-
dering and burning the upper store house, the marines were formed in the road opposite her mother's house. The
officer commanding the marines, who informed this deponent his name was Wybourne, said their orders were to
burn the stage stable and destroy the stage coaches. That, on this deponent's soliciting of him not to burn the stables
and stages, the officer replied, the question they generally asked when they went to any place was, how they voted
at the elections, and inquired of this deponent if her uncle, meaning Mr. Henderson, voted for the war.
Sworn before me, the subscriber, this 12th day of June, 1813.
ALEXANDER KINKEAD.
I do hereby certify that, on the morning- of the 6th of May last, I was impressed at my house at Turner's
creek, by the British forces, as they passed up the river Sassafras to Frederick and George towns, and was forced
to accompany them to the above places. On our way up we were met by two mulatto men in a batteau. Captain
Byng, (the name, I believe, of the officer) in whose boat I was, took a white handkerchief, fastened it on his espon-
toon, and was about to enter the batteau with the negroes, in order to proceed up the river, to inform the officer
commanding there, that, if he would not fire upon their barges, they would not destroy the town, when he was
ordered by the admiral not to do so, who observed, '" that he would only send the negroes with the message; that,
as they were known to the people in the fort above, he expected that they would believe what they told them." We
were then opposite to Mr. Wicke's farm, which I think must be about a mile below the fort. The batteau with
the negroes went to the fort as directed, and the British forces soon after followed. I was in the foremost boat, and
continued in said boat until their return down the river, after burning the towns, when I was landed on Mr. With-
ered's shore; and most positively declare, that there was no white flag ever hoisted in her or any of the other boats,
to my knowledge; nor did I ever hear any of the British officers or privates say they had ever hoisted a flag, or
that one ever had been fired on.
The captain, on his return down the river, declared, that " if he could catch Colonel Veazey, who commanded
at the fort above, he would quarter him, and give me part of his quarter for steaks, for that the fare he had received
was one of Washington's rounds."
I can't say positively what number of men they lost, as they would only acknowledge five wounded, but think
they have sustained greater injury.
Given under my hand, this 9th day of June, 1813.
JOHN STAVELY.
Subscribed and sworn to before ' SAMUEL BOYER.
360 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [181S.
I certify that I was at the battery on Pearce's Point, on the 6th of May, when a squadron of British barges
visited Georgetown; that 1 had a full view of all the barges until they got possession of the battery on the Cecil
shore and that I saw no white flag displayed from either of the barges.
W. SPENCER.
June 9, 1813.
We, the undersigned, certify that, on the 6th of May last, at the time Admiral Cockburn, with a consider-
able armed force, attacked and destroyed Frederick and George towns, on Sassafras river, in the State of Mary-
land, were in or near the breastwork below Fredericktown, under the command of Colonel Thomas W. Veazey.
From our position, we had a full and perfect view of the enemy's hostile armament, and saw nothing with it, or
preceded or followed it, that indicated or had the appearance of a. flag of truce, according to the established usage
of civilized nations.
We understand a flag of truce to be a mission for a pacific purpose, accompanied by men without arms, and
unprotected by a naval or military force.
The barges moved up the river in close and compact order; the leading boat a few yards ahead of the rest, said
to be Admiral Cockburn's, carried a colored flag, and was escorted by not less than fifteen armed barges, and full
of armed men, immediately in its rear, and evidently approached in a menacing manner and with hostile intentions.
Given under our hands, this 10th day of June, 1813.
Joshua Ward, John Loftis,
John W. Etherington, John Duffoy,
Dela F. Heath, John Etherington,
John V. Price, Moses N. Carson,
• Henry E. Coalman, Hezekiah Dowlin, his -f mark,
Samuel Dixon, James S. Price,
Joshua Greenwood, Elias See,
Robert H. Maxwell, Geoi-ge Beaster.
William Etherington,
Joseph Davis, John Conly, his + mark,
William Roberts, Nicholas T. Franks, his + mark.
Dormer Oakes, Joshua Haflington,
Mesbuk Kendrick, his + mark, Nathan Farrow, his + mark.
We saw no flag of any description.
State of Maryland, Cecil Countt, ss.
On the 10th day of June, Anno Domini 1813, personally appeared each and every person whose names are
subscribed to the foregoing certificate, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for the county and State afore-
said, and made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that the facts detailed in the foregoing certificate
are true to the best of their knowledge and belief.
Sworn before H. B. PENINGTON.
I do hereby certify that I was at the breastwork near Fredericktown, on the 6th ultimo, when the British
came up the river in their barges, and that I did not see a flag of truce, nor do [ believe that the commanding officer
at the breastwork knew or supposed there was any such thing in or among the barges. As witness my hand this
12th day of June, 1813.
JAMES SCANLAN.
Sworn to before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, and State of Maryland, the day and year
abovementioned .
H. B. PENINGTON.
7%e deposition of Richard Burnaby, of Fredericktown, in Cecil county, Maryland, aged about forty-eight years.
Being duly sworn, deposeth and sairh, that, on the morning of the 6th of May, after the engagement took place at
the fort below this town, that he went a short distance out of town to see some females to a place of safety, and, on
his return, he met about twenty of the British troops armed, commanded by an officer, who observed, on meeting of
him, here is one of the damned rascals from the fort; and then inquired where the damned rascals which were at the
fort had run to, and ordered him to go with him and show them to him. The deponent observing he did not know
where they were, the officer swore he was a liar, and drew his sword, and threatened to kill him; one of the men
presented a bayonet, and another drew a dirk, and swore if he did not go he would run it through him. He after-
wards went with them as far as Captain Francis B. Chandler's house, at which time Francis B. Chandler was
going towards his house; and, on their hearing some person call him captain, the officer ordered his men to take
him: the admiral coming up at the time, inquired the reason that h9use was set on fire. Afterwards this depo-
nent returned to his own house with the admiral, and requested of him not to have it set on fire. The admiral pro-
mised it should not be burnt if he would furnish him with thirty fowls, which he promised he would do. He fur-
nished them with about thirteen fowls. They then took away and destroyed nearly the whole of his furniture which
was in the house, and his provisions, and left him.
Given under my hand this 12th June, 1813.
RICHARD BARNABY.
Sworn to and subscribed before me, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, the day and year above written.
H. B. PENINGTON.
The deposition of Francis B. Chandler, of Fredericktown, Cecil county, Maryland, aged about thirty-nine years.
Being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, on the morning of the 6th of May last, just as he returned from the fort,
he was standing near his house, and saw a British party, consisting of about fifty persons, armed and headed by an
officer, said to be a post captain, running up to his house; that he, this deponent, stepped upon the steps of the
house and requested the officer not to enter; that he caught him by the breast, and called him a damned rascal, and
pulled him from oflf the steps, and then entered the house, with the whole of the party, and gave three cheers, and
ordered the men to go to work, and called for fire; that they immediately commenced cutting the stair case, win-
dow sash, and breaking the glass, and set the house on fire in three places; that, at this time. Admiral Cockburn ar-
rived, ami he, this deponent, begged him to have the fire put out, until he would reason the case with him, and the
Admiral asked him what he could do; if he could furnish thirty bullocks, in half an hour; that if he could not, the
house should be burnt; and asked him if he would try to get them; and upon this deponent replying in the aflSrma-
tive, ordered the fire to be put out for the present: that he, this deponent, got upon his horse, and rode about half a
mile, when he fell in with Colonel Veazey, and informed him what he was after; and that the Colonel told him to
go back and inform the Admiral that he should not have them: that he returned and informed the Admiral of it,
who then asked him what else he could do; and if he had a good deal of poultry; and upon replying yes, told him
181S.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 36I
he must have it; and ordered his men to catch it; which was done and carried off: that then, by the great persuasion
and entreaty of this deponent's wife and sister, the house was ordered not to be burnt; but the sister of this depo-
nent was much abused by one of their inferior officers, for her exertions in endeavoring to save the property: that
this deponent had his warehouse burnt by tiiem, with a considerable quantity of goods in it. and that he himself was
a prisoner with them for about three hours.
Given under my hand this 12th June, 1813. FRANCIS B. CHANDLER.
Sworn to and subscribed, before me, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, the day and year above written.
H. B. PENINGTON.
On this 12th day of June, 1813, personally appeared Jonathan Greenwood, aged thirty years, and being first
sworn on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, did declare, and say: that, on the morning of the 6th of May last,
upon the landing of the British forces at Fredericktown, where this deponent resides, an officer and two sailors
came to said deponent's house, and swore that, if they had not found him without arms, they would have thrust him
through with their bayonets; they then retired, fell in with some other forces, which soon alter came to deponent's
house, broke it open, took whatever they conveniently could carry away, and destroyed the rest, with their cutlas-
ses and dirks, and burned it, with his dwelling house, store house, and kitchen. The officers appeared to be most
active in the destruction of his property. The houses in the town were, soon after, generally, set on fire and des-
troyed.
JONATHAN GREENWOOD.
Sworn to and subscribed, before me, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, on the day and year above written.
H. B. PENINGTON.
The deposition of Captain John Mien, of Fredericktown, Cecil county, Maryland, aged about fifty-one years.
Being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, on the morning of the 6th May last, when the British forces landed,
on tiie beach of Fredericktown, and marched up through the streets, they fell in with this deponent at his brother
James Allen's house. The troops were headed by their commanding officer, (Admiral Cockburn, as this deponent
was informed by one of the men) and observed, who the damnation are these that kept such a firing upon us— are they
regulars? This deponent answered no, they were militia; he then asked where they were gone, and was told he
did not know; he then asked, where are all the men of the town? and was informed they were moved out; he said
he had sent word to the shore that, if he was not fired upon, he would not destroy any property, and turned round
and observed, to a black boy standing by, you black son of a bitch was one of the persons I sent word by; which the
boy denied. He then ordered the men to go on and burn and destroy, which they executed with fidelity. This de-
ponent then begged the admiral to spare his house (meaning the house of James Allen) as his brother's wife was
confined up stairs, in a very delicate situation, with an infant only two days old. He dien ordered her to be cleared
out,; Mrs. M'Donnah, his wife's mother, run out, clasping her hands, and begged for God's sake to spare her child,
for if she was removed her life would be lost. He then ordered, spare this house. He now marched off after the
men that had been gone for some little time, and shortly after returned on horse back. This deponent then request-
ed the Admiral to spare him one house, that he might collect his family together in, after it should please Providence
to restore peace between the two nations. He then directed this deponent to get him some fowls, who informed him
he had none; he damned him, and asked if he could not get them, and was told no; immediately afterwards a file
was made in the storehouse, and consumed. While George and Frederick towns were in flames, the Admiral, in the
presence of this deponent, observed to his officers, well my lads, this;looks well; to which no reply was made, and he
ordered all hands on board of the boats. That this deponent saw the British, two and a half miles off, coming up,
and saw no flag of truce, or any thing like it. That this deponent was of opinion the defence made by Colonel
Veazey, and the men under his command, was such as to entitle them to much credit, and justified by every circum-
stance within his knowledge; though himself and brother are sufferers to nearly one-half of the property in Freder-
icktown.
JOHN ALLEN.
Sworn to and subscribed, before me, this 12th day of June, 1813, a justice of the peace for Cecil county.
H. B. PENINGTON.
The deposition of Joshua Ward, living about one mile from Fredericktown, in Cecil county, aged forty-four.
Being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, from the best information he could obtain, from those persons that were
left at his house, that a party of British, consisting of between thirty and forty men, commanded by an officer, said
to be a post captain, on the 6th of May last, went to his house, and immediately placed a guard around it, inquired
particularly for him, and searched every part of the house, swearing they would sacrifice him; being disappointed in
finding me, they then began to destroy the tables, chairs, looking glasses, &c.; when they had completed the
destruction of such furniture as they could not talce off with tliem, the officer himself took down a pair of hand-
some looking glasses, and others of the party took as much of the best bedding, clothing, plate, window cur-
tains, &c. as they could conveniently carry with them; my little boy's clothes they carried off on the point of their
bayonets; before they left the house, they put powder in every room below stairs, an officer got fire himself from the
kitchen, and had it kindled in the different rooms, and a bed put in the cellar witii a part of the broken chairs, ta-
bles, &c. and a fire kindled; they then left the house, but continued in the yard until the fire was bursting from the
windows, and swore, that, if there was an attempt to extinguish the fire, they would put the person to death; that
they intended to return and burn every thing on the farm; they fired at one of my sons, not twelve years of age, as
he was driving off a flock of sheep.
JOSHUA WARD.
Sworn to and subscribed, before me, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, Maryland, this 14th June, 1813.
H. B. PENINGTON.
The deposition of Toilus JRbbertson, aged about thirty four years, who did live within about one mile of Frederick-
town, Cecil county, Maryland.
This deponent states, that, on the morning of the 6th of May, he was at the breastwork near Fredericktown, at
the time the British armament came up the Sassafras river; that he saw no flag of truce; that, after the militia were
obliged to retreat, he returned home, and in a very short time saw a party of the British coming towards his house,
and lie and his family left their house, except two black women and a black man, who state that the British took
the deponent's household furniture, and piled it up in the yard before the house door, and set them on fire, which com-
municated to the house, and consumed it also; the barn, which stood about one hundred yards from the house, was
set on fire and consumed. This deponent lost all his household goods and provisions. He saw Fredericktown in
flames, previous to his leaving his house, which alarmed himself and family to that degree, that he abandoned his
house for their safety.
Witness my hand, TOILUS ROBERTSON.
Sworn and subscribed to, before the subscriber, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, Maryland, this four-
teenth day of June, 1813.
H. B. PENINGTON.
362
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
The deposition of Moses N. Cannon, aged about thirty -two, who lives within about one-half mile of Frederick-
town, in Cecil county, Maryland.
This deponent states that he was at the breastwork, near Fredericktown, on the 6th May last, when the British
armament came up the Sassafras river; tiiat he saw no flag of truce; that, after the militia were obliged to retreat,
he returned home, and was occupied in turning horses out of his wheat field, when a party of the British came
to his house; he rode up to them, and they informed him that he was their prisoner; and on his observing that he
was in their power, they inquired of himiif he had any thing to drink, and he answering in the negative, they told
him they had got something to eat, and asked him if he wanted his house burnt; and he answering in the negative,
they told him to go then to the captain, that he was in the house, and would set tire to it; and on his going towards
the house he met the person whom they called the captain, with another person with him, loaded with his, this
deponent's, bed clothes, a pair of boots, and a number of other articles, carrying them towards his men, who
were formed outside the yard; at the time, an officer on horseback rode up and inquired of the deponent where the
damned militia were; he observed to him that they had retreated, pointing at the same time towards a wood;
he observed lie must burn the deponent's house, and on the deponent expostulating with him, and stating the
disadvantage lie would labor under, in case his house was burnt, he then inquired of him the road to the mouth
of Elk river, and if he, the officer, could march his men there, and the deponent observed that his Government
would not permit him to give him any instructions; and the officer observed that he knew that as well as the depo-
nent, but that he might trust a British officer, and smiled, and turned his horse, and ordered his men to march, and
tiiey went off) without burning the house or asking any more questions. The deponent then went to a neighboring
house to see about a part of his;family, and on his return back towards his house, he was tired on by a party of the Bri-
tish, stationed in the public road, about one hundred and fifty yards from the deponent's house; he then retreated
across the field, and abandoned his house; he saw, after riding from the party who tired on him, a party going to-
wards his house, wiio, as he supposes, destroyed, or took away, the residue of his household goods, and broke the
vi'indow glass, sash, doors, and did considerable damage to his house. Fredericktown was on tire about the time the
first party of the British came to the deponent's house.
• Witness my hand. MOSES N. CANNON.
Sworn to and subscribed, before me, a justice of the peace for Cecil county, Maryland, this fourteenth day of
■'""^'^'''- H.B.PENINGTON.
Sassafras Neck, Cecil County, June 28, 1813.
I do hereby certify, that, being in the fort at Fredericktown, on Sassafras river, on the morning of the 6th of
May last, when a battle took place with the British and the militia, under the command of Colonel Thomas W.
Veazey, I distinctly saw the enemy, from the time they first came in view, and discerned no flag of truce, or any
thing resembling one. The enemy, after some resistance, landed, burned Frederick and George towns, and destroy-
ed a great deal of other private property. My house, about eight miles on the river from the fort, was plundered
by them on their way down the river. • ^
' JNO. T. VEASY.
Sworn before
H. B. PENINGTON.
Valuation of Property destroyed in Fredericktown.
OWNERS' NAMES.
Captain John Allen,
Richard Barnaby, .
John Barnaby,
John H. Brown,
.Captain Frs. B. Chandler,
Jonathan Greenwood,
Mrs. Ann Moore, .
Joseph Jarvis,
Elizabeth M'Clannan,
James Mitchell,
Moses Cannon,
Toilus Robertson,
James Williamson, .
Joshua Ward,
John Ward, senr-
SPECIES OF PROPERTY.
Dwelling house, kitchen, and meat house,
Small house,
Small do.
Stable and carriage house, •
Granary, . . . .
Furniture and apparel, . . .
House and kitchen.
House and kitchen,
Wearing apparel, . . »
Granary and shed, near bank, .
Granary on wharf, . . .
Dwelling house, kitchen, and store house,
Merchandise,
Dwelling house.
Furniture, &c.
House,
House, . . . .
Dwelling house, kitchen, and meat house.
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Dwelling house and kitchen,
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Tenant's house.
Sl,200 00
200 00
300 00
100 00
1,000 00
350 GO
500 00
1,000 00
250 00
1,226 00
792 37i
1,200 00
447 00
2,500 00
2.836 45
Sum total,
$2,800 00
411 00
850 00
47 00
1,250 00
2,018 375
1,647 00
50 00
100 00
300 00
250 00
208 00
153 25
5,336 45
450 00
15,871 07s
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 363
Property destroyed in Georgetown.
OWNERS' NAMES.
Ann Bagwell,
Smith Bagwell's heirs,
Margaret Downs,
Denis Donlevy,
Thomas Dollis,
Margaret Jackson, .
Arthur Nicholson's heirs,
Mary Nicholson,
Joseph Jarvis,
Archibald M'Neill. .
Fanny M'Neili,
Philip F. Rasin,
Isabella Faggert,
Robert Usilton,
Mrs. Wilson,
William Inland,
Mrs. Fearer, .
Mrs. Mary Everitt,
Jacob Roads, .
Heirs of William Pope,
Miss Stengises,
Arthur Nicholson's heirs,
Isabella Freeman,
Mrs. Mary Henry, .
Robert Elliott,
Stepney Congo, . . .
Ann Peare,
William Jackson,
Inois Spuran, .
Heirs of Alex. Williamson.
SPECIES OF PROPERTY.
books, pro-
Furniture, &c.
Shoemaker's shop.
Dwelling house and kitchen.
Household furniture, apparel, musical instruments,
vision, &c. &c. &c. .
Furniture, apparel, carpenter's tools, &c. .
Houses, furniture, apparel, money, tools, &c. &c. &c.
Dwelling house, &c.
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Furniture, apparel, &c. .
House, ....
Furniture, apparel, &c.
Granary, . • .
Furniture, apparel, &c. . .
Furniture, apparel, &c. .
Furniture, apparel, &c. .
Dwelling house, kitchen, and two out houses,
Dwelling house, kitchen, stable, and carriage houses.
Dwelling house, brick, kitchen, stable and carriage house,
Carriage house.
Old house, ....
Tavern house, granary, two story stable and carriage
Good brick dwelling house and kitchen, . ■
Dwelling house, kitchen, stable, and carriage house,
Store house, ....
Dwelling house, kitchen, and stable,
Dwelling house,
Dvvelling house and kitchen.
Dwelling house, kitchen, store house, and granary,
Dwelling house and kitchen.
Dwelling house, kitchen, &c.
Sum total, Georgetown,
Ditto, Fredericktown,
Whole amount.
S300 00
128 75
house,
$156 00
200 00
150 00
3,744 15
110 00
1,865 75
350 00
150 00
67 12|
200 00
109 874
428 75
134 56
119 60
1,800 00
850 00
850 00
80 00
40 00
1,000 00
2,500 00
200 00
800 00
250 00
300 00
150 00
150 00
500 00
1,000 00
1,500 00
$19,755 81
15,871 07i
$35,626 881
The within is an inventory of property burned, otherwise destroyed, or taken away, on the sixth day of May
last, by the British forces, commanded by Rear Admiral Cockburn, in Frederick and George towns, and the vicinity
thereof, situated on Sassafras river. Eastern Shore, State of Maryland^ taken by the subscribers, on oath, when they
had a competent knowledge thereof; but when they had not a satisfactory knowledge of the property destroyed as
aforesaid, schedules thereof were taken from the owners upon oath. The subscribers have sufficient reasons to be-
lieve, indeed, that property to a very considerable amount has been destroyed or taken away by the aforesaid Bri-
tish forces, from the above mentioned places, which they can obtain no correct or satisfactory account of
JOHN J. COX,
JOHN MAXWELL,
JAMES BLACKISTON.
June 28, 1813.
Sir:
Eastern Shore, Maryland,
Marengo, ISth July, 1813.
Multiplied engagements and forgetfulness, succeeding each other, have prevented my forwarding to you this
statement of the depreoations committed on my property at Sharp's Island, by the enemy, while in the Chesapeake.
On the 12th of April, while I was in the act of removing my stock, &c. they landed upwards of a hundred men and
prevented ray removing any tiling. They detained me on the island until the seventeenth, in which time they were
principally engaged in getting vvater. Declarations were made by Admiral Warren and the other officers, that every
thing of the stock or grain kind, taken away, should be paid for at a fair price. Admiral Cockburn was, as I am in-
formed, at this time sent up the bay with the advance detachment of the fleet. Admiral Warren's ship and a few
tenders only, remained about the island. At that time they took twenty-eight hogs, four sheep, twelve cattle, thir-
teen bushels of Indian corn, and informed me that they should allow the following prices for them: Hogs $25,
sheep $24, cattle $13 a piece, corn $1 per bushel. On my return to the island some weeks afterwards, the accounts
were made out to the amount of $247, bills on their Government for the amount, except about $54 in specie. Before
I returned to the island, the fleet had all gone down the bay. I understood from the inhabitants, living in sight of
the island, that the enemy had paid the island another visit, and had made a general sweep of the stock. On my
arrival at the island I found it too true. They had taken all my sheep, in number 91; sixty-fiveof which were one-half
and three-fourths blood merinoes, and one full blood ram, which cost me $95, eighteen head of cattle, and about
twenty hogs. They left a bill on their Government for $133 and cash to the amount of $40. They took all the
poultry, shot in a wanton manner one of the finest boars which this country could produce, and which was much
admired by Admiral Warren for his uncommon beauty and breed, and who forbid, as a favor to me, that he should
be disturbed. They bayoneted others, which they left wounded, and which would have been lost, had my overseer
not saved a part by killing them. They left nothing for the sheep only a promise of $2 per head. I have estimated
my less, arising principally from this last visit, at $1,203, as will appear by the following statement:
364
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
$234 00
80 00
550 00
216 00
40 00
$1,120 00
10 00
$1,110 00
95 00
1,205 00
173 00
1,032 00
100 00
$1,132 00
18 cattle, at $13, .------
20 hogs, at $4, ' ^ '
55 I and i blood lambs, at $10, - - - - ' -
36 common stock with fleece, at $6, -
4 taken at the first visit, mennoes, at $10, - ' - -
Deduct $2i paid for the first four, -----
1 full blood merino ram, - - -
Bills and cash left, - - - - - -
Trouble and expense of reinstating stock, - - ' -
I will give tliose prices to any person wlio will reinstate the same number of stock and kine, at the close of the
war, or deliver them at any of my farms, the ram excepted, as I have raised others of the same kind. The injury
done me by breaking up the flock of sheep is far beyond the prices stated, as they cannot be reinstated for several
years. The destruction of the ram was a wanton outrage, as he was not fit to be eaten. He was bayoneted, and I
believe left on the island. This, I presume, was aimed at our manufactures.
There will be a loss of at least 20 per cent, upon the bills if sold here, and probably a total loss if I wait for the
British Government to pay them. Add this to the amount above given, makes the total loss $1,203.
Your friend and servant, ^
JACOB GIBSON.
James Nabb, Esquire, near Easton.
Talbot County, «c/.
On the 20th July, 1813, came Jacob Gibson, Esquire, before me, one of the justices of the peace for the State of
Maryland, and for Talbot county aforesaid, and made oath, on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that what is
contained in the within instrument of writing is just and true, as stated, as near as he can ascertain.
WILLIAM HARRISON, Jr.
United States' Frigate Adams, July 24, 1813.
I have the honor to enclose the copy of a letter from Lieutenant Read, giving the particulars of the loss of the
schooner Asp, and the inhuman conduct of the enemy to her commander, Mr. Segourney. Another letter from
Lieutenant Reed, of the same date, mentions that no part of the enemy's force were then above Blackstone's Island.
He further states, that, in their attempts to land on the Virginia shore, they have been invariably repulsed.
Vei-y respectfully, your obedient servant,
C. MORRIS.
Hon. William Jones, Secretary of the Navy, Washington.
United States' Cutter Scorpion, Potomac, July 23rf, 1813.
It is with much pain I have to inform you of the death of poor Segourney, who was killed a few days ago, (I
cannot say when) gallantly defending his vessel. He was attacked whilst lying in Kinsale creek, by three laun-
ches, and after a sharp contest beat them ofi". They, however, on gaining the'mouth of the creek, were reinforced
by two more, and again renewed the conflict. About this time Mr. Segourney got wounded througli the body. The
crew, on seeing him fall, having no officer capable of leading them, jumped overbnard and gained the shore; virhen
the enemy, who by this time succeeded in getting on board, finding the colors still flying and Segourney sitting up,
barbarously knocked his brains out with the butt end of a musket.
At the commencement ol the action, Mr. Segourney thinking them too strong for him, had ran the schooner on
shore, in which situation the enemy found her, and not being able to get her off, set her on fire. The militia, how-
ever, (who must have been slow in collecting) by this time got down and beat them off, retook the schooner, and ex-
tinguished the flames.
They have since buried Mr. Segourney with the honors of war.
I have not heard any thing of the crew.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
GEO. C. REED.
Captain Charles Morris, United States' frigate Mams.
P. S. All this I have from authority which cannot be doubted.
Extract of a letter from Midshipman H. M. M'Clintock, dated Kinsale, July I9th, 1813, to the Secretary of the
Navy Department.
"We were attacked by five boats; we continued doing the same as before, but having so few men we were un-
able to repel the enemy; when they boarded us they refused giving any quarter; there were upwards of fifty men on
our decks, which compelled us to leave the vessel, as the enemy had possession; they set her on fire and retreated."
Extract of a letter from John Tuberville, Major of the 2d Brigade lllth Regiment of the Virginia Militia, dated
Kinsale, July 2.0th, 1813.
" I arrived myself at the place of capture before the colors were lowered, and am confident that, even at that
time, their numbers, amounting to between sixty and seventy, might have been reduced one half, before they could
make their escape, could I have commanded twenty determined men. The gallant commandant fell before the en-
emy boarded him, by a ball which passed through his body, but continued to light to the last extremity. When there
were forty or fifty of the enemy on deck, one ot the schooner's crew asked for quarter, which was denied him. At
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 365
this instant the few men remaining made their escape by swimming to the shore, and Mr. Segourney was instantly
shot through the head. The vessel was shortly set on fire, and the barges moved off. The officers fought bravely,
and Mr. M'Clintock defended the vessel with much credit to himself, after the commanding officer was. wounded."
Hon. William Jones, Secretary of the. Navy, WaMngton.
Newbern, July \9l/i, 1813.
On Sunday night, the llth instant, an English fleet, consisting of one seventy-four, three frigates, one brig, and
three schooners, anchored about one mile from Ocracockbar; about day-break we were informed of it at Portsmouth,
by persons from Ocracock. I immediately got up and ordered the cutter to get under way and run up to Newbern
and give the alarm, which she did, but made a very narrow escape from the barges, as she was obliged to beat over
the swash against wind and tide, while they could row a straight course. I believe Admiral Cockburn had intended
to have visited Newbern for the purpose of robbing the banks, but was prevented by the cutter making her escape
to give the alarm. Indeed he said such was his intention, and was very much exasperated because the barges did not take
her. 1 believe there were as many as twenty-live barges that crossed the bar, and I think there could not have been
Jess than three thousand regulars, marines, and sailors in them: they captured the privateer brig Anaconda of New
York, and the letter of marque schooner Atlas, of Philadelphia, both valuable last sailing vessels; they then landed
on Portsmouth and Ocracock, and such a cruel wanton destruction ot property was scarcely ever witnessed; they
broke in pieces almost every species of furniture, cut open beds, and scattered the feathers, anil even carried their
villany to such a length as to rob many women of their children's clothes without leaving them a second suit to
their backs. The officers pretended there should be no depredations committed; and when complaints were made
to them they would say, " point out the fellow and he shall be corrected," well knowing it was impossible to iden-
tify any one of them, among such a number of strangers- They took off of the two places two hundred cattle, four
hundred sheep, and sixteen hundred fowls, for which they pretended to pay the inhabitants, some of whom I be-
lieve received more than compensation, and others received nothing: in short, they have ruined almost all on the pla-
ces. I had time to send my trunk with what bonds and money there are belonging to tlie United States, on board
the cutter, which escaped; I also had time to bring a few of the most valuable papers belonging to the office; it is well
I did, for they destroyed my office entirely, every paper in it, both public and private; they destroyed my library and
all other property of mine they could find, about eight hundred dollars' worth; and then sent me on bi)ard the
seventy-lour, where they detained me two days, until they had embarked and ready to sail. I was on shore two
days before they discovered I was a public officer; I presume they sent me on board to prevent observation. After
they had kept me until they were ready to start, they turned me adrift in the ocean in a small boat with four Spa-
niards, not one of whom was acquainted with the bar more than myself, in consequence of which we got into the
breakers and very narrowly escaped being all lost; all these things were transacted under the direction of the hu-
mane Admiral Cockburn. I believe, from the conversation 1 overheard, that they intend to visit Beaufort, then
Wilmington, a,nd so on to the southward.
My returns will be made as soon as I can get what remain in some kind of order.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
THOS. S. SINGLE TON, Collector.
Hon. William Jones, Acting Secretary of the Treasury.
On the morning of the 3d May, the day the British, under the command of Admiral Cockburn, made the attack
on the town of Havre de Grace, on my return from the commons where I had deposited some ammunition, I ob-
served an officer on the horse of Mr. James Wood of this place, a few paces in a southwest direction of the
church. At first sight I was of the opinion it was one of our own officers, which I thought to be Adjutant M'Kinna,
having heard but a few moments before, the voice of John O'Neill crying out in words to this effect: " damn it
men, return; we can certainly beat the rascals off." I was, however, deceived, as this officer was the person who took
O'Neill prisoner while in the act of entreating the militia to return. Not knowing at that time O'Neill was taken
by him, f advanced in a direction towards the church on my way to the magazine, to assist in carrying off more am-
munition, when I discovered in the front of the church a file of marines. To the best of my recollection, I was then
at a distance of from 1 00 to 1 50 yards from the officer on horseback, and I think about the same from three militia men,
when this officer (said to be Lieutenant Westfall) with a drawn sword in his hand, it being the onlyJZcfg-he carried,
cried out two or three times, "will you surrender?" One of the militia men made answer, but what it was I could
not tlistinctly hear, and immediately fired on him, and it is said wounded him in the hand. Finding it impossible to
reach the magazine, the marines being then round the church, whicii was contiguous to it, I bent my course towards
Mrs. Sears' tavern, in hopes of finding some ol the British officers there, and by entreaty to save some of the private
property, which I was fearful would be destroyed. On reaching Mrs. Sears' sign post, I found the first division of
boats had just reached the wharf, and two large guns were tired, one of which threw a ball on the Voof and knocked
off some shingles; the firing then ceased, when two other gentlemen with myself advanced on the wharf and asked
for the commander of that division of boats. A person, whom I supposed to be a midshipman from his appearance,
answered " Captain Lawrance will be here directly;" he then asked a number of questions, such as, " have you any
newspapers.'' how many militia have you? and where are they stationed? where is your post office?" &e. &c- to all of
which we carefully avoided giving any direct answer. Some of the barges then warped up along side of the wharf,
when I thought it most prudent to leave them, being fearful that 1 should be made a prisoner. I then walked up to-
wards the ferry house, followed by the two gentlemen who went with me on the wharf; we were met by an officer,
who immediately ordered us back. After reaching the lower end of the wharf, the midshipman before mentioned,
said, "sir, this is Captain Lawrance," pointing to the officer; Lawrance then addressed us in words to this amount:
"■ what have you got to say for yourselves; where is your mayor or chief magistrate?" He was told we had no
mayor, and that there was no magistrate in the place. He then asked, " are you prepared to ransom the town?" I asked
him what sum he demanded; he said about $20,000. We told him no such sum could be raised. " Why, tl.en'," he
replied, " did you fire on us; had you not done that, and hung out a flag, we would have treated you better." I then
asked him what was their intention in coming, and in what manner they would have acted had a flag been hung out
on their approach? To the first question he gave no answer, but after a short pause observed, "about one half the
sum now demanded would have been taken." He was then told, small as that might appear to him, it could not
have been raised. "Then." says he, turning hastily around, " in three quarters of an hour your town shall be in flames;
you shall now feel the effects of war." The said Captain Lawrance then went into the tavern of Mrs. Sears, and
with two or three men brought out a bale or box of goods, (which was said to have been lodged tiiere the night before,
belonging to a lady in Georgetown) and placed a few paces in front of the house; another officer (name unknown)
entered afterwards, and brought out a second box, and placed it near the first. Captain Lawrance then turned to him
and said, "sir, I have placed a guard here; we must now attend to other business; we will see to this," (pointing to
the goods,) "to-night." The order to fire the houses was then given, and Captain Lawrance walked down street
and entered the store of S. Hogg & Co., the door of which had been previously broken open, and a few men were
in the act of taking off wearing apparel, &c.; others had got to the counting room desk in search of money, scattering
the papers, &c. on the floor. The shameful act of pilfering the goods was however reserved for the redoubtable
Captain Lawrance; he it was who first began the shameful scene, so disgraceful to an officer, by taking down knives,
forks, &c. saying "ha! the very thing we want;" and, turning round, called in a fresh set of plunderers, and said
"boys, here is fine plunder:" the men did not wait a second invitation, but set in with their worthy leader, aud in a
short time emptied the store, excepting some articles which were of little value.
WM. T. KILLPATRICK.
47 m
366 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
P. S. When I found that Captain Lawrance ordered his men in the store, and gave the order to plunder, I
remonstrated with him on the impropriety ot such proceeding, and observed that, with civilized nations at war, private
property had always been respected. He replied, in a hasty manner, "you ought to be more particular in your
choice of representatives; you Wnnted war, and you shall now feel the effects." W. T. K.
Sworn to, this twenty-fifth day of June, 1813, before
ELIJAH DAVIS.
Personally came James Wood, of Havre de Grace, before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace for
Harford county, and made oath, according to law, that, on Monday morning, the 3d of May, 1813, between day-
light and sunrise, as he wa^ riding in the town of Havre de Grace, he discovered some men in the act of hauling up
the shore a piece of artillery that had been mounted on the battery, and from their dress and the dulness of the
nioniing, he took tliein to be Americans, nor did he discover his mistake until he was made prisoner and compelled
to dismount; upon which the officer commanding the British immediately mounted his horse. A short period after,
he was ordered on board of a barge in company with some other prisoners, which barge was moved up to Mrs. Sears'
wharf, in company with other barges. Some short time after, he discovered a house at some distance tiom the water
to be (m file, which excited, some surprise, (the house belonged to Mr. John Tucker.) He observed to the cockswain
of the boat, there was a house on fire, and asked him if he did not suppose it to be set on fire by a rocket; he replied,
'■^perhaps it might." Directly after, I saw the British kindling a fire in the yard of Mrs. Sears, and asked them for
■what that was intended. The cockswain answered " to set that house on fire." 1 then asked them, " why, you are
not going to burn the building?" The reply from an officer on board the same barge (and who, I believe, had not
been on shore) was, " yes, sir, we shall lay your town in ashes;" and in a few minutes I saw a general conflagration
of Ihe greater part of the best buildings, during the time I remained on board, which was until a very short time
before they left the place. I saw the officers as well as men in small squads bringing on board the barges, as they
lay at the wharf, plundered property of almost every description, and depositing it. During the time, an officer
brought tm board a large trunk or box, and calling to one of the men said, "I will give you two dollars to take care
of this for me; this is my own plunder; this was a stage passenger's property, and therefore is mine." He further
declares that he has no knowledge of any flag of truce being held out by the British, nor does he believe there was any.
JAMES WOOD.
Sworn to, this twenty-fifih day of June, 1813, before
ELIJAH DAVIS.
Personally came Roxana Moore, before me, ,the subscriber, one of the' justices of Harford county, Sfate ot
Maryland, and made oath, according to law, that on Monday morning, the 3d of May, in consequence of the tiring
of the British into the town of Havre de Grace, I fled for safety (my husband being from home) into the cellar of the
house in which I lived: that, upon the firing having stopped, I came up, and meeting an officer on horseback, and who
was wounded in the hand, I applied to him for protection, fearing injury from some of the men. He replied, " I
will not hurt you, nor shall my men, but I will burn your house." I answered him that I could not get out of it
with my little children. He replied, "then I will burn your house with you and your children in it." They pro-
ceeded a little further, and, after having set fire to my neighbor Richard Mansfield's tavern house, a number of
them returned and entered my house, and began to pillage and plunder. They took the whole of my bed clothes,
my own clothes, and all my children's, even to my youngest child's, a baby not two months old, together with my
cradle furniture. Upon my soliciting them to spare me some few things, one replied, " I will take every thing I
can, it's what we came for," and immediately seized a shawl from around my neck, and which was at that time
nearly all the covering my little baby, whom I held in my arms, had, and carried it away; they more than once put
fire to the house, but from the exertions of some of my neighbors it was as often put out.
Shefurtherdeclares that she never saw any flag of truce held out by the British, nor doth she believe there was any.
ROXANA MOORE.
Sworn to, this twenty-fifth day of June, 1813, before
ELIJAH DAVIS.
Personally came Richard Mansfield, a citizen of Havre de Grace, before the subscriber, one of the justices of
the peace for Harford county, Maryland, and made oath according to law, that on Monday morning, the 3d of
May, 1813, being in his own house about sunrise, and viewing the British barges as they came up the river, they
keeping up a continual firing into ihe town, until they reached Mrs. Sears' wharf, being about two hundred yards
below tliis deponent's, when the firing ceased; they then landed, and, as well as he could discover at the distance
from which he stood, immediately launched a 24 pounder on board a ferry boat, which bilged her, as she began to
settle in the water as soon as they moved her out, and in a few minutes went down; during this time, two of the
barges kept moving slowly up towards this deponent's,, and as soon as they landed, a petty officer ran to this depo-
nent's ferry boat and called out, " there'is nothing in her;" " cast her off," was the reply, which was instantly done.
This deponent and his son being at this time on tlie wharf, discovered a British officer on horseback with several of
his menat his heels, making to his house, upon which he returned and met them a few yards in front of his house. This
officer, (vvhose name this deponent since learned was Lieutenant Westfall, and who was wounded through the hand)
immediately ordered the house to be set on fire- This deponent remonstrated against such procedure, urging its
being unprecedented among civilized nations at war, to burn and destroy private property; that when nations were
at war all public property became fair objects of desti'uction, but that privatepropertyliad heretofore been respected,
except such as might unfortunately be injured by the usual and customary mode of warfare, or that might be taken
as provisions- His reply was, " by G — d it should be burnt." This (leponent and a Mr. King, who came with the
officer, solicited for the moveable property that was in the house, it being furniture, stating to him that that was this
deponent's only dependence, and was all he had. He replied generally, by ordering his men to burn. During this
conversation the men were in the house breaking and destroying every thing before them. ^ Mr. King then begged
the officer for one hour, saying that whatever could not be saved in that time might go. The officer's reply was,
" one hour, 7io, by G — d, notfive minutes; burn that house." Immediately ihey commenced, and had the dwelling
house on fire in four different places in a few minutes. This deponent, together with Mr. King, continued to solicit
for permission to save some furniture: after some time. Lieutenant Wesrfall observed, "you may save what you
can, and what you can save shall not be disturbed." Exertions were then made by this deponent, liis son, and Mr.
King, to save from the devouring flames, which proved successful for a short time; but a few minutes convinced us
what little dependence was to be placed on the word of a British officer, as the men, aided by officers, carried off
v;hat liad been, by great exertions and considerable risk, saved from the flames. The enemy had been busily
employed breaking, destroying, and carrying away, until the flames got to such height as to render it unsafe to go
within the walls. They then commenced upon such property as this deponent had saved, carrying oft' every portable
article, until their barges were stowed; ripping up beds, throwing the feathers to the air, cutting up chairs, breaking
open desks, &c. &c. The officer who made the attack on a walnut desk, refused to have it unlocked, but, after
breaking open the lid, discovered tlie inner door, exultingly exclaimed, "ah! I am used to such things," or, " I am
acquainted with opening desks," or some expression to that amount, and immediately broke it open, and continued
his search as if for money. After having destroyed and carried off nearly the whole of this deponent's property, and
seeing the buildings burnt down, they moved down to Mrs. Sears' wharf, and joined the other barges. This depu-
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 367
nent was then advised by some of his friends to apply to some of the officers and endeavor to get some of his property
back, which he did, but found such obstacles in the way that, after getting a hiokiiig glass, and some two or three
articles of small value, he gave it up: but upon meeting the admiral in person, he renewed hisappliciition, and after
some time, was directed to go on board and get what he could; this deponent then stated the impossibility of suc-
ceeding without an officer to accompany him. An officer was sent, but after repeated attempts to get some of his
property, he was, from the abuse and threats of being run through with a sword from an officer of marines, for
claiming his property, compelled to decline any further exertions, after getting another looking glass, and a few
more very trifling articles.
This deponent's observations being confined to his own house, and its immediate neighborhood, which was at the
upper end of the village, he was not an eye-witness to their savagelike conduct generally. One dwelling house and
grocery store, the property of Mr. George Bartoll, which stood a few rods below, and in front of this deponent's, he
saw the enemy plundering, and breaking every thing to pieces, and ended by setting it on tire and burning it down;
a number of houses were set on fire that were not consumed; a number they only robbed and broke the doors and
windows; among the latter was the church, in wliicli not one solitary window was left whole. During the time this
deponent was on Mrs. Sears' wharf, and on board die barges, he solicited for the prisoners, citizens of the town, to
be set at liberty, naming those that he immediately saw and knew, among whom was James Sears, a youth of about
seventeen, and John O'Neal, anaturalized Irishman, both of whom were, in a most positive manner, refused; and,
as soon as O'Neal's name was mentioned,''theiofficer, to whom the application was made, replied, "no!" swearing he
would have O'Neal himg if he could. O'Neal has since been discharged on parole. ' This deponent declares that he
has no knowledge of any flag of truce being sent by the British, nor does he believe there was any.
R. MANSFIELD.
Sworn to, this twenty-fifth day of June, 1813, before
ELIJAH DAVIS.
No. 8.
Massacre and burning ofJlniencan prisoners surrendered to officers of Great Britain, by Indians in the British
service. Mandonment of the remains of Americans killed in battle or murdered after the surrender to the Bri-
tish. The pillage and shooting of Jlrnerican citizens, and the burning of their houses after surrender to the Bri-
tish, under the guarantee of protection.
Extract of a letter from .Augustus B. Woodward, Esquire, to General Proctor.
Detroit, February 2, 1813.
" They [the inhabitants of Michigan] have entertained a constant apprehension that, when the American forces
approach the territory, and when an engagement has taken place, the fury of the savage mind at the sight of blood,
and in reflecting on the dead they lose, and, perhaps, on the retaliatory treatment of prisoners, or of the dead, which
their cruel mode of warfare is always likely to produce, might drive them to an ignoble revenge on the prisoners
they find in the country, and the inhabitants of it, who are American citizens. They, therefore, pressed this sub-
ject on your attention, previous to the battle of the 2-3d of January, 1813; and felt satisfied with your assurance that
you considered your ovyn honor pledged for their eftectual protection.
"Since the result of that battle, facts are before their faces which they cannot shut their eyes upon. Some of
theiii are, perhaps, unknown to yourself. I will enumerate some which I believe there will be no difficulty in es-
tablishing beyond the reach of contradiction.
" First. Some of the prisoners, after the capitulation of the 22d of January, 1813, have been tomahawked by the
savages.
" Second. Some of the prisoners, after that capitulation, have been shot by the savages.
" Third. Some of the prisoners, after that capitulation, have been burnt by the savages.
" Fourth. Some of the inhabitants of the territory of Michigan, citizens of the United States of America, after
the capitulation, have been shot by the savages.
"Fifth. The houses of some of the inhabitants of the territory, American citizens, after the capitulation, have
been burnt by the savages.
"Sixth. Some of the inhabitants, American citizens, after the capitulation, have been pillaged by the savages."
.4. W. McLean, Esq. to Mr. Woodward.
Sandwich, February 9, 1813.
Sir:
You will have the goodness to appoint a day for the purpose of adducing, before Colonel Proctor, such proofs
as you may have, to substantiate the assertions in your letter to him, relative to the slaugiiter of the enemy's sick
and wounded, on the 22d of January last.
. I have the honor to be, &c.
A. W. McLEAN, .iid-de-cnmp.
Extract of a letter from Mr. Woodward to General Proctor.
Sandwich, February 10, 1813.
»yr " ^ »*'^*'*® honor to receive, on the third day of this month, a verbal message from you, communicated to me by
Major Muir, requesting me to procure some evidence of the massacre of the American prisoners on the 23d day of
January last.
"I met with only a few persons at Detroit who are inhabitants of the river Raisin, nor was it altogether a plea-
sant task to those to relate, in these times, the scenes they have beheld. Some of them, he wever, appeared before
a magistrate, and I send you copies of what they have stated. It will occur to you, sir,i mmediately, that what
any ot them state on the information of others, though not direct evidence in itself, leads to the source where it
may be obtained.
"In communicating your message. Major Muir added something having relation to American citizens who might
be wdling to take the oath to the King.
" It will be obvious to you, sir, that, in a state of open and declared war, a subject or citizen of one party can-
not transfer his allegiance to the other party, without incurring the penalties of treason; and, while nothing can ex-
cuse his guilt, so neither are those innocent who lay temptation before him.
' Ihe principles adopted by the United States on the subject of expatriation are liberal, but are perfectly inap-
phcable to a public enemy in time of war.
" Some of the French inhabitants of the territory of Michigan, citizens of the United States of America, have
been much urged on this subject, and are apprehensive of being further troubled.
ggg MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
. " I had the further 'honor of receiving, on the 8th instant, your verbal message, by your aid-de camp, Mr. Mc
Lean aoquaintin" me that there was no capitulation on the 32d of January, and that the prisoners surrendered at
discretion.
•■" I, therefore, beg pardon for that mistake. ,,. . , „ . „
" The principles, however, of the law of nations impose an obligation almost equally strong."
No. XXV. — Translation.
Territory OF Michigan,^
District of Detroit, ^ "■ ,
Personally appeared before me, the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in the district of Detroit, Joseph
Robert, an inhabitant on the river aux Raisins, who, being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists, deposes and says, that,
on the next day after the battle on the said river Raisin, a short time after sunrise, he saw the Indians kill the Ameri-
can prisoners with their tomahawks, and that they shot several, to wit, three; that the Indians set the house on fire,
and that, in going out, the prisoners were massacred and killed as aforesaid, that is to say; three were shot, the
others were killed in the houses, and burnt with the houses. The Indians burnt first the house of Jean Baptiste Je-
reaume, and afterwards that of Gabriel Godlroy, Jr. The deponent has been informed that there were about forty-
eight or forty-nine prisoners in the two houses. The deponent has seen dead bodies on the highway which the hogs
were tearing and eating. Mr. Brunot told the deponent that the Indians had killed those of the prisoners who were
least wounded, and that the others were burnt alive-
Antoine Cuiellarie and Alexis Salliot, inhabitants of river Ecorces, told the deponent that two prisoners had
been burnt in the house of Grandon, on the river aux Sables. The deponent has heard that the Indians had tore
out the hearts of the prisoners, and had brought them still smoking into the houses, but did not recollect the names
of the informants; he believes, however, they were men worthy of credit.
The deponent says further, that, after the first action on the river Raisin, the Indians fired on one named Solo,
son-in-law to Stephen Labeau, an inhabitant on the river aux Sables, when returning from the house of Grandon to his
father-in-law; on his arrival, he hallooed to his father-in-law to open the door, saying that he was mortally wounded;
Stephen Labeau opened the door and told his son-in-law to throw himself on his bed, but that, in trying to move, he
fell dead. An Indian knocked at the door, and Labeau having opened it, received a ball in his breast, and fell
dead. The son of Labeau made his escape; th'e Indians shot several shots at him, which did not reach him.
The deponent says further, that Baptiste Couteur was killed near the house of the deponent, on the day of the
second battle on the river Raisin, a little after sunrise. , -x- , ,- . ■
The deponent says further, that the Indians have often threatened to burn his house and barn, if he did not
march with them against the Americans. The deponent says he is an American citizen.
The deponent says that several of his neighbors have told him that they liave received the same threat. Other
settlements have jjeen threatened with fire. The mills and houses on the river faux Roches were burnt in the month
of September last, after the capitulation of Detroit. And further this deponent said not.
JOSEPH ROBERT-
Sworn and subscribed before me, the 4fh February, 1813. ' ^ „ „ x.
PETER AUDRAIN, J. P. D. D.
No. XXVI.
Territory of Michigan^ 7 .„ '
District of Detroit, S
Be it remembered , that, on this day, February the fourth, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, per-
sonally came before the undersigned, a justice of the peace for the district aforesaid, viz: John M'Donnell, an
inhabitant of the city of Detroit, who, after being duly sworn upon the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, deposeth
and saith, that a few days after the battle of the 22d January last, (at the river Raisin) he was personally present at
the house of James May, Esquire, when he heard the said James May ask Mr. William Jones, the acting agent for
the Indian Department, if there would be any impropriety in piirchasing the prisoners from the Indians; and that
he heard the said Svilliam Jones say, " that he thought there would be no impropriety in purchasing them, but would
not undertake to authorize any person to do so;" that in consequence of which, this deponent purchased three or
four of the prisoners; amongst the number was one by the name of Hamilton, a private in the Kentucky-
volunteers, who declared to this deponent that on the first or second day after the battle at river Raisin, on 22d
January last, as he and some of his tellow prisoners were marching with the Indians between this place and river
Raisin, they came up to where one of the prisoners was burnt, the life just expiring, and an Indian kicking the ashes
oft' his back, saying "damned son of a bitch." r i t^ i i
This deponent also further deposeth as aforesaid, that Doctor Bowers, a surgeon's mate ol the Kentucky volun-
teers, who was purchased by him and some other gentlemen, stated to this deponent " that he was left to take care
of the wounded after the battle, but felt rather timid on account of the savages, but that he received such assurances
from Captain or Colonel Elliott of the safety of himself as well as the remaining prisoners, he concluded to stay, as
sleighs were promised to be sent to fetch them away the next morning; that near about daylight of the morning fol-
lowing the day of the batde, the Indians came into the house where said Bowers was with the other prisoners, and
proceeded to plunder and tomahawk such as could not walk, and stripping the said Bowers and the wounded
prisoners of all their clothes; that while the said Bowers and two other prisoners, named Searies and Bradlord, as
near as this deponent can recollect, were sitting by the fire in the Indian camp, an Indian came up who appeared
to be drunk, and called the said Searies, as near as this deponent can recollect, a Madison or Washington, then took
up a tomahawk and struck the said Searies on the shoulder; that the said Searies caught hold of the tomahawk and
held it for some time; that the said Bowers advised the said Searies to submit to his fate; with that the IntUm gave
him a second blow on the head, killed, scalped, and stript him; during this time the said Bowers and Bradtoix were
personally present, and being apprehensive for their own safety, that he. Bowers, ran and came up to the old cliiet
(who sold him to this deponent and others) who took him under his protection, and was very kind to him w iilst he
remained with him. This deponent further deposeth, that he has reason to believe the aforesaid Bowers and Ham-
ilton are now at Sandwich, and if applied to, they could give more ample information relative to the particulars ot
the aforesaid. And further this deponent saith not M'nONFT T
Sworn and subscribed at my chambers, in the city of Detroit, the day and year before written.
JAMES MAY, /. P. n. D.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 359
Appurtenances to No. XXVI.
No. I.
Note from Mr. John M'Bonell to James May, Esquire.
Detroit, ith February, 1813.
Dear Sir:
I had a conversation with Mr. Smart, after leaving your house to-day, who had a conversation with Bowers
and Bradford. He observes that I have made several material errors in my affidavit before you this day. He says
the prisoner killed was of the name of Blythe, instead of Searles; and mentioned some other errors that difter
widely from what I have sworn to, so that I think it is a pity that Bowers' and Bradford's own affidavits could not
be had, instead of mine.
Your's,
J. M'DONELL.
James May, Esft.
No. 2.
Note from Mr. M'Bonell to Mr. Lyons, his clerk.
I wish you to mention to Judge Woodward that application is made for me by a friend on the other side to
remain till the navigation opens. On that account, I hope that he will keep back the deposition that I have made
regarding the murders committed by the savages on the river Raisin, as he has much better testimony to substan-
tiate facts than what I have sworn to on hearsayj and, as I am sure, if the colonel was even disposed to hear my
application, that affidavit will be enough to send me oft; or, else, if I was allowed to remain, Elliot would set the
Indians on me.
No. XXVII. — Translation.
Territory of Michigan, 7
District of Detroit, 3 **•
Personally appeared before me, the undersigned, one of the justices of the peace in the district of Detroit,
Antoine Boulard, of the river aux Raisins, who, being sworn on the Holy Evangelists, deposeth and says, that, on
the next day after the last battle on river aux Raisins, he saw the Indians kill the secretary of the American Gen-
eral, who was on the horse of the Indian who had taken him prisoner, with a rifle shot; that the prisoner fell on
one side, and an Indian came forward with a sabre, finished him, scalped him, sfript him, and carried away his
clothes. The body remained two days on the highway, before the door of the deponent, and was part eat up by the
hogs. Afterwards, the deponent, together with Francois Lasselle, Hubert Lacroix, Charles Chovin, and Louis La-
joye, took up the corpse, at dusk of the evening, and carried into a field near the woods, where the hogs did not go.
They dared not bury it, for fear of being surprised by the Indians. And further this deponent saith not.
ANTOINE BOULARD, his + mark.
Sworn and subscribed in my presence, tlie 5th February, 1813.
PETER AUDRAIN, J. P. D. D.
No. XXVIII.
I hereby certify, that, the next day after the last battle on the river aux Raisins, the secretary of (he American
General was taken, near the door of the deponent, was wounded, and placed on a horse; that seven or eight Indians
were near the house, one of whom shot him in the head with a rifle; that he did not fall off his horse until another
Indian, drawing a sabre, struck him on the head several times, and then he fell to the ground, was scalped, and
stript of his clothes, and left on the road, where he remained one day and a half. I, the deponent, with Francois
Lasselle, Hubert Lacroix, and Louis Chovin, on the evening of the second day, took up the body, carried it to the
skirts of the woods, and covered it- with a few branches, but could not stay to bury it for fear of the Indians that
were in the neighborhood; and, on the next day after the last battle, I was near the house of Gabriel Godfroy, Jr.,
and the house of Jean Batiste Jereaume, where a great number of prisoners were collected; and that I heard the
screaming of the prisoners whom the Indians were tomahawking; that the savages set the houses on fire, and went off.
LOUIS BERNARD dit Lajoye, his + mark.
Detroit, 5th February, 1813.
No. XXIX.
I certify, that the bodies of the Americans killed at the battle of la Riviere aux Raisins, of the 22d of Jan-
uary last, remain unburied, and that I have seen the hogs and dogs eating them. The hogs appeared to be rendered
mad by so profuse a diet of Christian flesh. I saw the houses of Mr. Jerome and Mr. Godfroy on fire, and have
heard that there were prisoners in them. The inhabitants did not dare to bury the dead, on account of the Indians.
The inhabitants have been threatened by tlie Indians, if they did not take up arms against the Americans.
ALEXIS LABADIE, his + mark.
Michigan, February 6th, 1813.
No. XXX.
This is to certify, that, on or about the 28th day of January last past, an Indian woman came to my dwelling
house, on the river Rouge, and informed me, that, on the morning of that day, an American prisoner had been
killed in the Indian camp, and the reason she assigned for killing him was, because he had expressed a hatred for
the Indians.
ROBERT ABBOTT.
Detroit, 8//j February, 1813,
No. XXXI.
Territory of Michigan, 7
District qf Detroit, 3 **'
Personally appeared before the subscriber, one of the justices of the peace in the said district, Aaron
Thomas, and Agnes Thomas his wife, who both made oath, on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that the In-
dians have taken from the house of Mr. Attwater, on the I6th of August, 1812, one chintz gown, valued seven and
a lialf dollars; one calico gown, valued three dollars and seventy -five cents; one calimanco petticoat, value four
dollars; one pair of cotton stockings, one dollar and fifty cents; one pair of woollen stockings, seventy-five cents;
one pair of silk gloves, one dollar and fifty cents; one new small trunk, two dollars; one pocket book, two dollars;
thread, one dollar; needles, fifty cents; one shawl, one dollar; one cambric handkerchief, seventy -five cents; one
cotton ditto, sixty-two and one-half cents; one shift, one dollar; three-fourths of a pound of pepper, fifty cents;
370 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
one cake of chocolate, twenty-five cents; one fan, fifty cents; one blanket, three dollars; one cloak, ten dollars;
three yards of check cotton, ninety-three and three-fourth cents; one shawl, one dollar; one flannel loose gown,
three dollars. On the 12th September, taken on river Rou§e, one chesnut sorrel horse, fifty dollars; saddle and
bridle, ten dollars. On Friday, the llth September, taken on river Rouge, one other saddle, eight dollars; one
pair leather leading lines, two dollars and fifty cents; leading lines, seventy-five cents; one axe, two dollars and
fifty cents; chintz, patches, two dollars.
Sworn before me, at my chambers, 17th September, 1812,
PETER AUDRAIN. J. P. D. D
No. XXXII.
Letter from the Indians to the Inhabitants of the river Raisin, not dated.
The Hurons and the other tribes of Indians, assembled at the Miami rapids, to the inhabitants of the river Raisin:
Friends, listen! You have always told us you would give us any assistance in your power.
We, therefore, as the enemy is approaching us, within twenty -five miles, call upon you all to rise up, and come
here immediately, bringing your arms along with you.
Should you (ail at this time, we will not consider you in future as friends, and the consequences may be very
unpleasant.
We are well convinced you have no writing forbidding you to assist us.
We are all your friends at present.
ROUND HEAD, (by an emblem resembling a horse.)
WALK-IN-THE-WATER, (by an emblem resembling a turtle.)
No. XXXIII.— Translation.
Letter of the Inhabitants of the river Raisin, dated
Riviere aux Raisins, IZlh November, 1812.
Sir:
In the embarrassment in which we find ourselves, at present, on the subject of a letter addressed to Colonel
Navar, on the part of the Hurons and other savage tribes, we depute him to you to represent to you the situation
of the inhabitants of the river Raisin, praying you to assist him with your advice in so delicate a matter, having, at
all times, had great confidence in your great knowledge.
We have the honor to be, with profound respect, your obedient servants,
JAQUES LASSELLE,
JEAN BAPTISTE JEROME,
JEAN BAPTISTE BEAUGRAND,
FRANCOIS LASSELLE,
DUNCAN REID,
JEAN BAPTISTE LASSELLE-
To the Honorable Judge Woodward, Detroit.
Extract from the report of Ensign Isaac L. Baker, ^gentfor the prisoners taken after the battle of Frenchtoimi,
January 22c?, 1813, to Brigadier General Winchester, dated
" British Niagara, February 26, 1813.
" For the greatest number of our unfortunate fellow soldiers being sent from Detroit we are indebted to the ex-
ertions of our prisoner fellow-citizens there, who, with an unexampled generosity, when they saw their countrymen
driven through the streets like sheep to a market, lavished their wealth for their ransom. Nor was the procuration
of our liberty all. We had been almost entirely stripped by the Indians. Clothes, such as the exigency of the
occasion permitted to be prepared, were furnished us.
" On the 8th instant, Colonel Proctor ordered me to make out a return of all the prisoners who were killed
by the Indians subsequent to the battle, agreeable to the best information I could collect. The enclosed return,
marked B, was produced by this order. I might have added the gallant Captain Nathaniel Gray; S. Hairt, deputy
inspector general; Captain Virgil M'Crackin, of Colonel Allen's regiment; Captain John H. Woolfolk, your sec-
retary; Ensign Levi Wells, of the 7th United States' infantry; anaa number of privates, whom I find, by subse-
quent information, have been massacred.
" The memory of past services rendered me by captain Hart's family made me particularly anxious to ascertain
his fate. I flattered myself he was alive, and every information I could get for some time flattered my hopes. But
one of the last prisoners who was brought in, told me that the captain was certainly massacred. He was so badly
wounded as to prevent him from walking. The Indians took him some distance on a horse, but at length took him
oflFand tomahawked him.
" About the 10th instant, an Indian brought Captain M'Crackin's commission to Sandwich; the paper was bloody.
The fellow said he took the captain unhurt, but some time after, when stripping and examining him, he found an
Indian scalp in his bosom, which induced him to kill him. This, you cannot but be assured, is a humbug of the fel-
low's own making, to screen himself from the odium of barbarity. The captain's character, and the danger that
attended his carrying such furniture in a disastrous battle, give it the lie.
" Captain Woolfolk, after having been wounded in two places, by some means had got refuge in one of the French
houses on the Raisin. He was discovered next day, and dragged from his asylum. He was taken to the house of
a Mr. Lasselle, where he said he would give one thousand dollars to any one who would purchase him. Mr. Las-
selle said it was out of his power, but heli.ad no doubt his brother would do it, who lived at hand. He directed his
owners to the house of his brother, but as they were on their way, an Indian from a waste house shot him through
the head.
" Ensign Wells was taken by my side unhurt. I considered him as alive, until, on my arrival at this place.
Captain Nags tells me he was killed by a Pottawatamy Indian, not long after he was taken.
" Many fresh scalps have been brought in since the battle, and dead bodies seen through the country, which
prove that others have been killed, whose names I have not been able to find out, independent of those reported to
Colonel Proctor.
This, sir, is all the information I have been able to collect, concerning thost who were massacred. The fifteen
or eighteen, mentioned in the remarks to the return made to Colonel Proctor, whose names do not appear, were not
known by those who saw them killed.
"Major Graves, of the 5th regiment of Kentucky volunteers, I have been able to get no information of, further
than that he was brought to the river Rouge, on the 35th or 26th of January, in a sleigh. I fear, from our having
heard^ nothing ol him since, that he is no more, and that valuable ofiicer forever lost to his country.
"The dead of our army are still denied the rites of sepulture. At the time I left Sandwich, I was told the hogs
were e.iting them. A gentleman told me he had seen them running about with skulls, arms, legs, and other parts
of the human system in their mouths. The French people on the Raisin buried Captains Hart, Woolfolk, and
some others, but it was more than their lives were worth to have been caught paying this last customed tribute to
mortality.
" I several times agitated the subject of burying the dead, when in company with the British officers, but they
always answered, that the Indians would not suffer it."
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 37I
Ji return of the American Prisoners who were tomahawked by the Indians subsequent to the battle at Frenchtown,
January 22, 1813.
Names.
Rank.
Company.
Reg'iment.
Date.
Remarks.
1 Pascal Hickman,
Captain,
.
1st Kentucky vol. rifle, -
5th Kentucky vol. infant.
Jan. 23,
In Frenchtown.
2 Jas. E. Blythe,
Private,
Hart's,
•'
Ditto.
3 Charles Gerles,
do.
Do.
Ditto,
"
Sandy Creek.
4 Thos. S. Crow,
do.
Seabree's, -
1st Kentucky vol. infant.
"
Three miles from Frenchtown.
5 Daniel Darnell,
6 Thomas Ward,
do.
do.
Williams', -
Redding's, -
5th do. do.
1st do. do.
W
? Between Sandy Creek and
C Frenchtown.
7 William Butler,
do.
Sanghorne's,
1st do. rifle.
"
8 Henry Downy,
do.
Edwards', -
17th U. States' infantry. -
24,
Near Brownstown.
9 John P. Sidney,
Serg'ant
Martin's, -
15th Kentucky vol. infant.
26,
River Rouge.
Remarks. — In addition to the above number, I saw two others tomahawked at Sandy creek myself, and find
that the prisoners, now in the hospital in Sandwich, saw, say 'fifteen or eighteen others, treated in the same manner.
Two men tell me they saw one who had the appearance of having been burned to death. Those men who saw
Henry Downy and William Butler killed, tell me that the Indians left them without scalping.
ISAAC L. BAKER,
Ensign 2rf United Slates'' Infantry.
Colonel H. Proctor.
Extract of a letter from Major General Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated at the Miami Rapids, February
11, 1813.
" I have the honor to enclose to you the deposition of Medard Labbardie, who was at the river Raisin on the 22d
ultimo, and mnained there till tiie 6th instant. His account of the loss of the enemy in the action is corroborated
by several others, nor is there the least reason to doubt his statement, as it regards the horrible fate of our wounded men.
There is another circumstance which plainly shows that the British have no intention to conduct the war (at least in this
quarter) upon those principles which have been held sacred by all civilized nations. On the 30th ultimo, I despatched
Doctor M'Keehan, a surgeon's mate in the militia, with a flag, to ascertain the situation of our wounded. He was
attended by one ot our militiamen and a Frenchman. On the night after their departure, they halted near this place
for the purpose of taking a few hours' sleep, in a vacant cabin upon the bank of the river. The carryall in which they
travelled was left at the door with the flag set up in it. They were discovered by a party of Indians (accompanied,
it is said, by a British officer) and attacked in the manner described in the deposition. The militiaman was killed
and scalped, the Doctor and the Frenchman taken. Doctor.M'Keehan was furnished with a letter, addressed to any
British officer wiiom he might meet, describing the character in which he went, and the object for which he was
sent, an open letter to General Winchester, and written instructions to himself, all of which he was directed to
show to the first oflicer he met with. He was also supplied with one hundred dollars in gold, to procure necessa-
ries for the prisoners."
The affidavit of Medard Labbardie, late resident near the river Eaisin, in the Michigan territory.
He being sworn, saith, he was in his house when he heard the guns at the commencement.of the action at tiie river
Raisin, on the 22d January, 1813, between the American forces under General Winchester, and the British, Canadian,
and Indian forces, said to be commanded by Col. St. George. After some little time, he heard that the Indians were
killing the inhabitants as well as the Americans, upon which he went towards the scene of action, in order to save
his family. As he went on, he was, with one other inhabitant, taken prisoner by two Wyandot Indians, and carried
prisoner to the Indian liney, from which he saw great part of the action. The right wing of the Americans had given
A\'ay before he got a sight of tiie action. It terminated after the sun was some hours Ingh, not lar from 11 o'clock,
A. M. by the surrender of the American forces that then remained on the ground. He saw the flag hoisted by the
Bi'itish sent to the American forces, and saw it pass three times to the Americans before the surrender. He could
not understand English, but understood that General Winchester was taken prisoner before lie got to the lines of
his own men; that he was compelled to cany the flag to his own forces after he was taken; that he understood the
reason of the flag passing so often, was, that the Americans refused to surrender upon any other terms than that the
wounded should be taken care of, the dead buried, and the inhabitants protected in their property. That the
British first refused to agree to these terras, but finally did agree to them. He also understood that the loss of
the IJritishaud Indians in the action was about four hundred killed. He also understood that the loss of the Ameri-
cans in the action was about one hundred and eighty killed.
He knows that, on the day of the action, all the prisoners who were able to march, were marched ofi' to wards Mai-
den, the wounded, about sixty or eighty in number, left in two houses, without any of their friends, or a physician,
to take care of them, and without any British officer or men. About ten Indians remained behind upon the ground;
the balance of the Indians went ott'wiih tlie British, and he was told by some of the Canadian niilitia, that the Bri-
tish had promised the Indians a frolic that night, at Stony creek, about six miles from the river Raisin.
He was liberated after the line of maich was formeil for Maiden. The next morning he was in the houses where
the wounded were. That; morning about fifty Indians returned; they brought whiskey with them; tliey drank some,
and gave some to the Indians there, and between 9 and 10 o'clock A. M. commenced killing the wounded, then set
fire to the houses the wounded were in, and consumed them. He was at his father's, on this side of Detroit river,
about seven days after the action, and saw across the river the prisoners marched off tor Niagara, from Maiden.
He saith that he saw taken by his house, by Captain Elliott, and nine Wyandot Indians, two men that he under-
stood had been sent by General Harrison with a flag to the British. One of the men, (Mr. Tessier) he knew, the
other he did not know, but understood he was a doctor. He had not an opportunity of conversing with them, but
understood from an inhabitant, to whom Mr. Tessier communicated it, that they stopped for the night and left the
flag hoisted on the canyall; that the flag was taken away unknown to them, and that the Indians fired on them; that
he, Tessier, told them they were Frenchmen, and surrendered, upon which the Indians ceased firing, and took them.
They then mentioned they were sent with a flag. The Indians said they were liars, and took thein oft'.
Mr. Tessier was set at liberty at the river Raisin, and remained two days expecting the doctor to return^ at the
end of which time, Tessier was sent for by the British, and taken to Maiden. He understood that the doctor was
sent oft" immediately to Niagara; the doctor was wounded in the ankle. He understood the British charged the doc-
tor and Tessier with being spies. And further he saith not.
MEDARD LABBARDIE.
Witness, C. Gratiot, Captain of Engineers, and Interpieter.
Sworn to, before me, this llth day of February, 1813.
A true copy,
Camp, foot of the Miami Rapids.
C. S. TODD, Bis. Judge M.
R. GRAHAM, Aid-de-camp.
372 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
His Majesty^s ship San Domingo,
Chesapeake, May lOth, 1813.
Sir:
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th instant, respecting a man named O'Neale, taken
by the detachment from the squadron under the orders of Rear Admiral Cockburn. This man has been released
upon the application of the magistrates of Havre de Grace, on parole.
I was not informed of this man being an Irishman, or he would certainly have been detained, to account to his
sovereign and country for being in arms against the British colors.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN BORLASE WARREN.
Brigadier General Miller, commanding' the United States' forces, SfC- Baltimore.
NicHOLAsviLLE, Kentucky, ^pril 24th, 1813.
Sir:
Yours of the 5th instant, requesting me to give you a statement respecting the late disaster at Frenchtown,
was duly received. Rest assured, sir, th;it it is with sensations the most unpleasant that I undertake to recount the
infamous and barbarous conduct of the British and Indians after the battle of the 2-2d January. The blood runs
cold in my veins when I think of it.
On the morning of the 23d, shortly after light, sis or eight Indians came to the house of Jean Baptiste Jereaume,
where I was, in company with Major Graves, Captains Hart and Hickman, Doctor Todd, and fafteen or twenty
private volunteers, belonging to different corps. They did not molest any person or thing on their first approach,
but kept sauntering about until there were a large number collected, (say one or two hundred) at which time they
commenced plundering the houses of the inhabitants, and the massacre of the wounded prisoners. I was one
amongst the first that was taken prisoner, and was taken to a horse about twenty paces from the house, after being
divested of part of my clothing, and commanded by signs there to remain for iurther orders. Shortly after being
there, I saw them knock down Captain Hickman at the door, together with several others vvith whom I was not ac-
quainted. Supposing a general massacre had- commenced, I made an effort to get to a house about one hundred yards
distant, which contained a number of wounded, but, on my reaching the house, to my great mortification, found it
surrounded by Indians, which precluded the possibility of my giving notice to the unfortunate victims of savage
barbarity. An Indian chief of the Tawa tribe, by the name of M'Carty, gave me possession of his horse and blanket,
telling me, by signs, to lead the horse to the house which I ha<l just before left. The Indian that first took me, by
this time came up and manifested a hostile disposition towards me, by raising his tomahawk as if to give me the
fatal blow, which was prevented by my very good friend M'Carty. On my reaching the house which I had first
started from, I saw the Indians take off several prisoners, which I afterwards saw in the road, in a most mangled
condition, and entirely stripped of their clothing.
Messrs. Bradford, Searls, Turner, and BIytlie, were collected around a carryall, which contained articles taken
by the Indians from the citizens. We had all been placed there, by our respective captors, except Blythe, who
came where we were, entreating an Indian to convey him to Maiden, promising to give him forty or fifty dollars,
and whilst in the act of pleading for mercy, an Indian, more savage than the other, stepped up behind, tomahawked,
stripped, and scalped him. The next that attracted my attention, was the houses on fire that contained several
wounded, whom I knew were not able to get out. After the houses were nearly consumed, we received marching
orders, and after arriving at Sandy creek, the Indians called a halt, and commenced cooking; after preparing and
eating a little sweetened gruel, Messrs. Bradford, Searls, Turner, and myself, received some, and were eating,
when an Indian came up and proposed exchanging his moccasins for Mr. Searls' shoes, which he readily complied
with. They then exchanged hats, after which the Indian inquired how many men Harrison had with him, and, at
the same time, calling Searls a Washington or Madison, then raised his tomahawk and struck him on the shoulder,
which cut into the cavity of the body. Searls then caught hold of the tomahawk and appeared to resist, and upon
my telling him that his fate was inevitable, he closed his eyes and received the savage blow which terminated his
existence. I was near enough to him to receive the brains and blood, after the fatal blow, on my blanket. A short
time after the death of Searls,T saw three others share a similar fate. We then set out for Brownstown, which
place we reached about 12 or 1 o'clock at night. After being exposed to several hours incessant rain in reaching
that place, we were put into the council house, the iloor of which was partly covered with water, at which place
we remained until next morning, when we again received marching orders for their village on the river Rouge, which
place we made that day, where I was kept six days, then taken to Detroit and sold. For a more detailed account
of the proceedings, I take the liberty of referring you to a publication which appeared in the public prints, signed by
Ensign J. L. Baker, and to the publication of Judge Woodward, botli of which I have particularly examined, and
find them to be literally correct, so far as came under my notice.
lam, sir, with due regard, your fellow-citizen,
GUSTAVUS M. BOWER,
Surgeon's Mate 5th regiment Kentucky Volunteers.
Jesse Bledsoe, Esq. Lexington.
Jessamine County, to wit:
This day Gustavus M. Bower personally came before me, John Metcalf, one of the Commonwealths' justices of
the peace, in and for said county, and made oath to the truth of assertions before stated by the said Bower. Given
under my hand this 24th day of April, 1813.
JOHN METCALF.
Lexington, May 2d, 1813.
Sir:
I received your letter some time since, relative to the disastrous affair of Frenchtown, of 22d and 23d January
last. For the particulars of the action, and the terms of capitulation, I refer you to the official report of General
Winchester, which is correct as far as came within my knowledge. After the capitulation, I was introduced to
Colonel Proctor, the commander of the British forces and Indians, as one of the surviving surgeons, and by him
was requested to attend to our wounded who were left on the ground where the action was fought. I willingly
acquiesced, and Doctor Bowers, my mate, remained with me; at the same time I informed Colonel Proctor of my
apprehensions for the safety of the wounded and the surgeons; he replied, "be under no apprehensions, you will be
perfectly safe, I will place you under the special care of the chiefs until morning, and very early I will send con-
veyances for the wounded and yourself to Amherstburg." Shortly after, I was requested to ascertain the number
and rank of the wounded, and in so doing was assisted by a British officer, (whose name I did not know) to whom
I likewise communicated my apprehensions of safety; he manifested some irritation at my doubts of British honor
and magnanimity, and assured me protection would be afforded me. While engaged in this business, one of the
rooms occupied by the wounded was crowded with Indians who were peaceable, but one of them, who could speak
English, admonished the British officer of the propriety of stationing interpreters in the houses. Upon my return
from this business to the room I occupied, and which was set apart for the wounded officers, I met, and was made
acquainted with Captain Elliott, at present a British officer, who had visited Captain Hart, then wounded. Captain
Hart was solicitous to be removed that evening, and Captain Elliott replied, if it was possible (and every exertion
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 375
should be made) he should, and if it could not be effected that evening, early in the morning he would call for him
in his own train (sleigh) and convey him to his own house in Amherstbur", where he should remain until recovered,
assuring him repeatedly, no danger was to be apprehended, and, if possible, he would remain with him that night.
In the afternoon Captain Elliott and every British officer left the encampment, leaving behind three interpreters.
From the repeated assurances, my appreliensions wei-e quieted: for who could doubt.^ About one hour before day-
light (for my duties required my attention nearly all the night) the interpreters suddenly disappeared. About an
hour after day light, the Indians began to collect in the town, and commenced plundering the houses in which the
wounded were placed, and then stripped them and myself of our clothing. At this time the room I had occupied
was so crowded with Indians, and Captain Hart's wound, already painful, being injured by tlieui, I conveyed iiim
to an adjoining house which had been plundered and was empty, where I met the Indian, (who, on the preceding
day, had requested that interpreters should be left) and he knew my rank. He inquired why the surgeons were
left, and why the wounded were left.'' I replied, it was the wish of Colonel Proctor we should remain until he
could send for us; and Captain Hart informed him Captain Elliott, was a friend of his, and was to call for him that
morning. He shook his head significantly, and replied they were damned rascals, or we would have been taken oli"
the preceding day. The Indian informeti me every individual would be killed, and requested me to be quiet, for
the chiefs were then in council, and "may be" only the wounded would be killed. Captain Hart offered him $100
to take him to Maiden. He replied, you are too badly wounded. 'While we weie conversing, one of the
wounded was tomahavi'ked at our feet. Shortly after, the Indian returned and told me I was a prisoner, and must
go. I was taken by the Indian to the house I had left, and there discovered that Captain Hickman and two others
had, in my absence, been tomahawked, scalped, and stripped. I was tied and taken by this Indian towards Maiden
about four miles, when I came to the encampment of the British wounded, and met with Captain Elliott and the
surgeon of the 4Ist regiment. Captain Elliott immediately recognised me, and inquired the cause of my situation.
I informed him what had taken place, and requested him to send back immediately; that some who were badly
wounded might be still alive, and could be saved, and particularly named Captain Hart, for whom lie manifested
much friendship. Captain Elliott replied, it is now ton late; you may rest assured that those who are once taken by
the Indians are safe, and will be taken to Maiden, and those who are badly wounded are killed ere this. I replied,
many are unable to walk, and some will be killed after making an effort, and walking several miles, who might be
saved; to which he replied, charity begins at home; my own wounded are to be conveyed first, and if any sleighs
remain, they shall be sent back for your wounded. My anxiety to get some person to return, in hopes of saving
seme of the prisoners, induced me at length to make an appeal to their avarice. The surgical instruments of the
detachment were left in the room I occupied, and I informed the surgeon of their value and importance at that
time; he immediately despatched an interpreter for them, who returned with the information they were destroyed
in the burning of the house, and gave additional confirmation of the massacre of the wounded. I was released from
the Indians by Captain Elliott and the surgeon. At this time my brother, who was wounded, and several others,
were in possession of the Indians, who were taking them towards Maiden. I requested their release, and permis-'
sion for them to accompany me on foot,under British protection. Captain Elliott told me it was impossible, and to
be under no fears, they were safe: for he knew the fidelity of the Indians with whom they were. When the intelli-
gence of the massacre was by me communicated to Captain Elliott and the surgeon, (hey appeared much exasperated,
and declared it was impossible to restrain the savages. The cause he then assigned to me was, that when the
Indians discovered their loss in killed and wounded, and that of the British, they started off towards our wounded,
declaring they would have satisfaction, and, he continued, I was fearful of the event. During the plunder and the
massacre, our wounded conducted themselves with the utmost composure and resignation, and made no resistance
which they knew would be fruitless, and destruction to all.
It was asserted by Colonel Proctor, in a conversation at Amhersfburg, that the Indians had got some whiskey in
the house where we were stationed, and had become intoxicated- That the Indians may have had some whiskey,
1 shall not deny; but I think I can safely say, that they did not procure it there, and that was not the cause of the
massacre: for, on the preceding days, and subsequent to the action of the ISth, I wanted some spirits, and made ap-
plication to the housekeeper, who assured me there was none about the house, for it was all consumed by the Bri-
tish and Indians, who had quartered in the house prior to the action of the 18th; besides, the Indians showed no
manifestation of drunkenness; their deliberate pilfering, and their orderly conduct throughout, was not such as
would be expected from drunken Indians.
Upon my arrival at Maiden, I was again solicited to take charge of the wounded; the surgery was opened to
me, and I had the use of the medicines and dressings necessary, and they had as comfortable rooms as could be
procured. During our stay in Maiden, some eight or ten of the wounded were brought in by the Indians; several
made their escape who were doomed to massacre, and found protection with the inhabitants of the territory, who
brought them into Maiden; and several made their escape, wandered in and delivered themselves up at the fort.
Prior to our leaving Maiden, one poor fellow was brought in scalped alive by the Indians, and delivered up to the
British; but before I reacfied him, death put an end to his sufferings. L frequently, and on every occasion, urged
the British officers to exert themselves and procure the release of the wounded from the Indians, urging the neces-
sity of having their wounds dressed. In a conversation on this subject with Captain Elliott, and whi'le urging it
he replied, the Indians are excellent surgeons. The prisoners were all marched off to Sandwich, after remaining a'
few days at Maiden, and I was called upon to know how many from their wounds were unable to march, who had
sleighs furnished them, which was the case during the march to Fort George. Before I conclude, I must say, that
the terms of capitulation were violated in every particular by the enemy. The wounded were not protected; pri-
vate property was not held sacred; and our side arms were not restored. With a few exceptions, I was treated
respectfully by the British officers, save the abuse which was lavished on my Government, and that was by no
means sparingly bestowed.
I am, respectfully, yours, &c.
JOHN TODD, M. D.
„ , „ Late. Surgeon to the 5th Regiment of Kentucky Fohmteer Militia. .
The Hon. Jesse Biedsoe.
The Commonweath of Kentucky, 7
Fayette County, 3**- •
This day. Doctor John Todd came before, me, John H. Morton, a justice of the peace for said county, and
made oath that the facts stated in the toregping letter are substantially true to the best of his knowledge.
Given under my hand, this 3d day of May, 1813.
JOHN H. MORTON.
State of Kentucky, ')
Pendleton County, in the Toivn of Falmouth. 5
On the 21st day of April, 1813, I, John Dawson, an orderly sergeant in Captain Glave's company of the first
regiment Kentucky volunteer mililia, being detailed off, and attached to Captain Wriel Seabrees' company, and
was m the battle of the 18th of January, and did not receive a wound, but on the 22d, about 9 o'clock, received a
shot under the right arm, which lodged between the ribs. Alter the capitulation of our troops, there came a p-iy-
master of the British army m the house where I was, to take the number of wounded that was in the house I asked
what was to be done with us; he replied, "don't make yourself uneasy about that, you shall be protected this night by
a strong guard which shall be left with you." But to my sad misfortune, I found there were but three interiS-eteis
left, and in the night an officer took two of them away, and in the morning the other one said he could not talk In-
dian. So when the Indians came m the morning, they broke open the doors of the liouses, began to tomahawk, scalp
374 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
and phindei-, then set fire to the houses wliich contained the prisoneis; with this I got up, put on my great coat, put
up my knap jack, and went out of doors. I had not been out more than one minute before an Indian came up to
me and took the coat oft' my back: also another Indian told me to put my knapsack in his sled. I did so. At this
tim&Major Graves and C.iptain Hart were out in the yard. L heard Captain Hart make a bargain with an Indian
to take him to Maiden, which the Indian agreed so to do, for the sum of one hundred dollars. I saw the Indian
put a pair of sucks on Hart, and put him on a horse; -this was the last I saw of Hart. I then saw a man riding,
whom I thought was a British officer. I made to him, but found that he was an Indian who was aid-de-camp to
General Roundhead; he had with him, when I came up, twelve men. It was at the mouth of a lane where I over-
took him, where there were two Indians scalping two men; he hallooed to them to give way; they did so. After
this, we went on; and on Sandy creek, about three miles from the battle ground, I saw Major Graves in an Indian
sleigh; this is the last account of him that I could ascertain. We went on that night to Brownstown, and in the
morning of the 24th a man gave out walking, with the rheumatic pains, who was by the name of Downey. The
Indians tomahawked lijm, and then stripped him. We then marched on above Detroit, on the river Rouge. 1
staid witii them seven days. They then took me into Detroit, (leaving a young man in the camp by the name of
John Davenport) and sold me to Major Muir, who commands Fort Detroit. I then was sent over to Sandwich,
there I staid until the 8t1i of February; they maiched me to Fort George, and me on the 19th of February,
1813. The above is a true statement as far as I saw^ though I saw "numbers massacred that I did not know.
During my confinement with the Indians, whilst at their camps, they sliowed more humanity than the British.
Given under my iiand, this 21st day of April, 1813.
JOHN DAWSON.
Pendleton County, ss.
I, William Mountjoy, one of the Commonwealths' justices of the peace for the State of Kentucky, in and for
said county, do certify, that the foregoing certificate of John Dawson was written, subscribed, and sworn to before
me. Given under my hand this Slst day of April, 1813.
WM. MOUNTJOY.
State of Kentucky, '7
Pendleton County, in the Town of Falmouth. 5
On the 21 st day of April, 1813, 1, Thomas PoUard, a private of Captain Glave's company, of the first regiment
of Kentucky volunteer militia, was in battles, fought with the British and Indian army on the 18th and 22d of Jan-
uary last, at the river Raisin, and after the surrender of our army as prisoners of war on the 22d, upon the assurances
of the British officers promising protection to my wounded fellow soldiers, and that they would send can-yalls for
them the next day. Although I had received no injury in either of the actions tbught on the 18th and 22d, I volun-
tarily staid to assist and comfort my messmates, John Dawson, Albert Ammerman, and Jesse Green, all of whom
had received wounds by balls.
I have first examined the statement made and sworn to by John Dawson, hereto annexed, and witnessed every
circumstance therein stated to be truly stated, within my own knowledge. The Indian who bargained with Captain
Hart to take him to Fort Maiden for one hundred dollars, and took charge of him, put him on a horse and started on
his way; spoke good enough the English tongue for us to understand the contract.
THOMAS POLLARD.
Pendleton County, ss. ' ^
I, William Mountjoy, one of the Commonwealths' justices of the peace for the State of Kentucky, in and for
said county, do certify that the foregoing certificate of Thomas Pollard was subscribed and sworn to before me.
Given under my hand, this 21st April, 1613.
. WM. MOUNTJOY.
State of Kentucky, 1
Pendleton County, in the Town of Falmouth. S
On the 21st day of April, 1813, 1, Albert Ammerman, a private of Captain Glave'scompany of the first regiment
of Kentucky volunteer militia, being wounded in the battle of the 18th January last, at the river Raisin, by a ball
in the flesh of the thigh; and from the window of the house which was appropriated for an hospital, was a witness to
the battle of the 22d of the same month; and after the surrender, I being^but slightly wounded, proposed marching
with the rest of the prisoners, and was prevented by the order of a British officer, who said that a guard would be left to
take care of the wounded, and carryalls would be sent for them to ride into Maiden on the next morning. But to
my astonishment no guard was left, and about sunrise on the morning of the 23d, a party of Indians returned to the
hospital, and the first Indian that came to the room I was lodged in. could speak the English language. He was
asked by one of the wounded what was to be done with the wounded. He replied they were all to be killed that
could not walk; and shortly after a general massacre commenced- I instantly put on my knapsack and went out
of the liouse; my knapsack was demanded by an Indian at the door, to whom 1 gave it. He conducted me to a log
some little distance from the house, on which I sat down, where I witnessed the butchery of many of my fellow-
citizens, sufferers by the tomahawk and scalping knife, and to finish the scene, set tire to the houses occupied by the
wounded prisoners; many of them, struggling m the arms of death, put their lieads out of the windows whilst en-
veloped in smoke and flames. After this bloody work was finished, I was marched off on the direction towards
Brownstown, by an Indian, and when about half a mile from Frenchtown on our way, was overtaken by two In-
dians who had Captain Hart in custody, mounted on a horse. As they approached nearly to us, I noticed they were
speaking loud and animated as if in a quarrel, but not understanding their language, did not understand what passed
between them, but think it is probable that the quarrel was occasioned respecting one hundred dollars which I un-
derstood Captain Hart had given to one of the Indians aforesaid, to convey him to Fort Maiden. The quarrel ap-
peared to grow very warm, so much so that the Indians took aim at each other witli their gunsj and, as if to settle
the dispute, it appeared to me as if they had mutually agreed to kill Captain Hart, and plunder him of the rest of his
money and effects, which they did, by taking him offhis horse, then knocked him down with a war club, scalped
and tomahawked him, and stripped him naked, leaving his body on the ground. I was gratified in observing that
during this scene of trial, Captain Hart refrained from supplication or entreaty, but appeared perfectly calm and col-
lected. He met his fate with that firmness which was his particular characteristic. No other prisoner of our
army of the United States was present to witness this melancholy scene, the death of Captain Hart. During my
captivity with the Indians, five days only, 1 was treated with more hospitality than I had any reason to expect; much
more so than I experienced from the British, after I was ransomed at Detroit, by Mr. Benjamin Chittenden, who
will ever be entitled to my utmost gratitude; by him I was humanely treated, and also by some of the French
Canadians. ALBERT AMMERMAN, (his + mark.)
Pendleton County, ss.
I, William Mounjoy, one of the Commonwealths' justices of the peace for the State of Kentucky, in and for
said county, do certify, that the foregoing certificate of Albert Ammerman was subscribed and sworn to before me.
Given under my hand, this 21st day of April, 1813. ^^ MOUNTJOY.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 375
Lexington, Jipril nth, 1813.
Sir:
You request of me a statement of facts within my own knowledge, concerning the murder of our men after the
battle and surrender at Frenchtown.
I was one of those who was taken by the Indians on the retreat, about one and a half miles from where the action
first commenced. Just before we were taken, with the assistance of Lieutenant Chinn, belonging to the militia, I
formed between fifteen and twenty men, I then discovered the Indians running upon us on each side and in front,
about sixty in number, with their arms at a trail. I discovered there was no chance to repel them. I ordered the
men to ground their arms, wliich was done: the Indians then came up and secured the arms of our men, and shot them,
including the Lieutenant before mentioned. I was the only one. saved. I was taken and delivered up to Captain
Elliott, a British officer.
As to the murder of the wounded, I know nothing of nty own-knowledge.
Your obedient servant,
A. GARRETT.
Hon. Jesse Bledsoe.
Fayette County, ss. ,
This day. Lieutenant Asliton Garrett, of the 17th regiment U. S. infantry, came before me. and made oath, that
the foregoing statement is just and true to the best of his knowledge and belief
Given under my hand, this 13th day of April, 1813. ■
JOHN H. MORTON, J. P.
State or Kentbcky, Fayette County, ss.
Personally appeared before me, a justice of the peace for the county aforesaid, Charles Bradford, an inhabitant
of the town of Lexington, State of Kentucky, who, being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists, deposeth and saitk,
that he was in the actions at the river Raisin, on the 18th ancl 22d January last; that he was wounded in the right
hip, and remained at Frenchtown after the capitulation; that, on the '22d, before the prisoners (who were able to
walkj were marched for Maiden, he saw Captain William Elliott, with whom he had been formerly acquainted, and
of wliom he inquired, personally, what would be done with the wounded prisoners? whether they would be taken
to Maiden that evening with the other prisoners, or not? He said they would not be taken to Maiden that evening,
but a strong guard would be left to protect them against any outrage the Indians might be disposed to commit. Elliott
had a similar conversation with Major Graves, Captains Hart and Hickmari, and Doctors Todd and Bowers, in the
presence of this deponeiit. He, Elliott, further stated that sleighs would be sent to convey the wounded to Maiden
the next morning. This deponent further says, that the British marched away; no guard was left to protect the
wounded; and that Captain Elliott, when asked the reason, observed that some interpreters wore left, whose influ-
ence arfiong the Indians was greater, and that they were better able to protect us than a guard. About two or three
o'clock in the morning of the 23d January, this deponent discovered that the interpreters had left the house in which
he was, and he never saw them afterwards; that between day light and sun rise, on the 23d, he saw a large number
of Indians come to the house; they burst open the door, and in a few minutes commenced plundering the prisoners,
and tomahawking those who were unable to walk. This deponent left the house as suonas possible, and went into
the yard, where a number of his fellow-prisoners had assembled. He was there claimed as a prisoner by an Indian,
who gave him some articles to hold whilst he plundered more. At this time he was standing with Doctor Bowers
and James E. Blythe, when an Indian, without any provocation, tomahawked Blythe, and scalped him. Shortly
after, they (the Indians) set fire to the houses in which the wounded had been quartered, and burnt them down,
with the bodies of those whom they had murdered. . This deponent was then taken by the Indians, in compariy
with Doctor Bowers, Charles Searls, Julius Turner, and several others, to Sandy creek; that on the way he saw a
number of the prisoners who had been tomahawked; that, whilst at Sandy creek, they murdered Charles Searls,
Thomas S. Crow, and three or four others. That this deponent was then packed with forty or fifty pounds weight,
and taken to the river Rouge, where the Indians had encamped : that, whilst he was there, he inquired of an Indian
whether he would take him to Maiden, as he wished to be given to Captain Elliott. The Indian said, if Captain Elliott
told him to do so he would, as they always did as he requested them. This deponent was sis days with the Indians
before they took him to Detroit, where he was purchased by Stephen Mack- and Oliver W. Miller, for eighty dol-
lars. That the British officer commanding at Detroit (Major Muir) again claimed him as a British prisoner, not-
withstanding his having just been ransomed from their allies, (by his own countrymen) and sent him to Sandwich,
where he remained until the 9th or 10th February, when he was sent to Fort George, and there paroled. This depo-
nent states, that, whilst a prisoner at Sandwich, he was several times treated insultingly by the British officers, and
by one John M'Gregor; that the citizens, generally, treated the prisoners with kindness and attention, as far as
was in their power. • . . .
This being the first opportunity the deponent has had of expressing his gratitude to the American citizens who
treated the prisoners with so much friendship and humanity at Detroit, cannot refrain from so doing. And, as long
as he lives, the names of Messrs. Mack, Miller, Smart, Woodward, WiUiaihs, M'Donald, Hunt, Mays, &c. shall
never be forgotten.
CHARLES BRADFORD.
Sworn and subscribed to before me. this 29th day of April, 1813.
OLIVER KIEN, J. P.
United States' Ship Madison, SackeWs Harbor, June 4, 1813.
Sir:
I have the honor to present you, by the hands of Lieutenant Dudley, the British standard taken at York on
the 27th of April last, accompanied by the mace over which was hung a human scalp.
These articles were taken from the parliament house by one of my officers, and presented to me. The scalp I
caused to be presented to General Dearborn, who, I believe, still has it in his possession. I also send, by the same
gentleman, one of the British flags taken at Fort George on the 27t!i of May.
I have the honor to be, yeiy respectfully, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
ISAAC CHAUNCEY.
Hon. 'W . Jones, Secretary of the Navy, Washington.
A true copy from the original filed in the Navy Department, July 22, 1813.
W. JONES.
No. 9.
OUTRAGES AT HAMPTON, IN VIRGINIA.
Extract of a letter from General Taylor to Admiral Warren, dated
Head Quarters, Norfoik, June 29, 1813.
" I have heard with grief and astonishment of the excesses, both to property and persons, committed by the land
troops who took possession of Hampton. The respect I entertain for your personal character leads me to make
376 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [181S.
known these excesses. It would not become me to suggest what course of inquiry and punishment is due to the
honor of your arms. But the world will suppose those acts to have been approved, if not excited, which are passed
over with impunity. I do not, however, deprecate any measures you may think necessary or pi-oper, but am pre-
pared for any species of warfare which you may be disposed to prosecute. It is for the sake of humanity I enter
this protest. , • , c- <• tm i
" We are, iu this part of the country, merely in the noviciate of our warfare. Ihe character it will hereafter
assume, whether of mildness or ferocity, will materially depend on the first operations of our arms, and on the per-
sonal character and dispositions of the respective commanders.
"For myself, I assure you most solemnly, that I neither have authorized, nor will sanction, any outrage on
humanity or the laws of civilized warfare. On the contrary, I think it due, no less to my personal honor than to
that of my country, to repress and punish every excess. 1 hope that these sentiments will be reciprocated. It will
depend on you whether.tlie evils inseparable from a state of war shall, in our operations, be tempered by the mild-
ness of civilized -life, or, under your authority, be aggravated by all the fiend-like passions which can be instilled
into them."
H. B. M. Ship San Domingo, Hampton Roads, Chesapeake, June 29, 1813.
Sir: ...
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this day, stating that you had communicated to your Go-
vernment the proposal of an exchange of prisoners, and, also, that some excesses had been committed by the troops
in the late affair at Hampton. I have communicated to my friend. Sir Sidney Beckwith, the commander of his
Majesty's forces on shore, this part of your letter, and he will have the honor of writing to you upon the points to
which it alludes.
I beg leave to assure you that it is my wish to alleviate the misfortunes of the war commenced against my countiy,
by every means in my power; at the same time, I am prepared to meet any result that may ensue between the two
nations. •
I have the honor to be. sir, your most obedient faithful humble servant,
JOHN BORLASE WARREN,
Jidmiral of the Blue, and Commander in Chief.
Brig. Gen. Taylor, Commanding the United Slates^ forces at Hampton.
A true copy. SAME'S, MAXiRlCK,. Major, feting Jt. A. G.
H. M. Ship San Domingo, June 29, 1813.
Sir:
Admiral Sir John B. Warren having communicated to me the contents of your letter, I lose no time in assuring
you that your wish cannot exceed mine to carry on war with every attention to the unfortunate individuals in whose
immediate vicinity milifciry operations may take place. In this spirit I shall vie with you to the utmost. At the
same time, I ought to state to you that the excesses of which you complain at Hampton were occasioned by a pro-
ceeding of so extraordinary a nature, that, if I had not been an eye-witness, I could not have credited it. At the
recent attempt on Craney Island, the troops in a barge sunk by the fire of your guns, clung to the wreck of the boat.
Several Americans, I assure you most solemnly, waded off from the island, and, in presence of all engaged, fired
upon and shot these poor fellows. With a feeling natural to such a proceeding, the men of that corps landed at
Hampton.
That occurrences of that kind may never occur again, and that the troops of each nation may be guided by senti-
ments of honor and humanity, is the earnest wish of, sir, your very obedient servant,
SIDNEY BECKWITH, Q. M. Gen.
To Brig. Gen. Taylor, Commanding the United Stale.'*'' Troops, Norfolk.
A-true copy. JAMES MAURICE, Major, deling A. Jl. G.
Sir:
Head Quarters, Norfolk, July \, 1813.
It affords me the highest satisfaction to receive your assurance that you wish " to carry on war with every
attention to the unfortunate individuals in whose immediate vicinity military operations may take place." Such
sentiments can alone give splendor to courage, and confer honor on military skill. Worthless is the laurel steeped
in female tears, and joyless the conquests which have inflicted needless woe on the peaceful and unresisting. The
frankness with which you admit the excesses at Hampton is a guarantee against the repetition.
I cannot doubt, sir, your conviction that the scene described by you at Craney Island was really acted. But the
very reason it appeared to you incredible and inhuman, it should have been unauthorized. Your own perception
of propriety shall decide, if facts should not have been ascertained, and redress demanded, before retaliation was
resorted to — a retaliation, too, extravagant in its measure, applying not to the perpetrators of the alleged offence, or
their comrades, but to the innocent and helpless. I have reason to think that you are mistaken in your impressions
of the conduct of our troops at Craney Island. That they waded into the water on the sinking of your boat is true;
but I learn that it was for the purpose of securing their conquest, and assisting the perishing. One person, perhaps
more, was shot, but it was only for a continued effort to escape, after repeated offers of safety on surrender, (such at
least is the representation made to me.) If, however, your yielding troops have been butchered, it is due to the
honor of our arms to disclaim and punish the enormity. The fame of my country shaU never be tarnished by such
conduct in the troops under my command. I have to-day ordered an inquiry into the facts, by a board of field offi-
cers. Proper measures shall be taken to punish whatsoever of impropriety may have jjeen committed. I flatter my-
self you will perceive in these measures a disposition to afford no cause of reproach in any future conflict. When
we meet, let us combat as soldiers, jealous of the honor of our respective countries, anxious to surpass each other as
well in magnanimity as in courage.
Accept, sir, the assurance of my consideration and respect.
ROBERT B. TAYLOR, Brig. Gen. Commanding.
To Sir Sidney Beckwith, Quartermaster General,
Commanding ihe Land Forces of H. B. M. Hampton Roads.
A copy. ' JOHN MYERS, Md-de-Camp.
Extract qf a letter from Brigadier General Taylor to the Secretary of War, dated
Norfolk, 2rf ywft/, 1813.
I enclose, as was promised yesterday, copies of the letters written to Admiral Warren and General Beck-
with. My aid, who carried them down, yesterday, brought back a letter fiom Admiral Warren, of which a copy
is enclosed, and has made a statement of what occurred in his conference with the General.
The letter of the Admiral, though polite, is certainly not responsive to any thing which has occurred, and the
conversation with the General, though equally civil, is obviously designed to prevent any further discussion of the
subject. From the report of prisoners and deserters, there is too much reason to believe that, before the attack on
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 377
Craney Island, the cupidity of the troops had been excited by a promise of the pillage of Norfolk. To inflame their
resentment, after their failure, and to keep alive the hope of plunder at Norfolk, there is much rea?on to fear that
our troops have unnieritedly been charged with misconduct at Craney Island, and that made a pretext for their
excesses and theii- conduct at Hampton. I entertain no doubt of the justification of the honor and magnanimity
of our men, by the reports of the board of officers. I do not mean that the subject shall drop, but when I commu-
nicate the report, I shall leave the British commander the alternative, either of adopting similar measures in his own
army, or remaining under the imputation of having excited their troops to commit these excesses. Our troops are
highly inflamed.
Notes for Captain Myers in his interview with Admiral Warren.
A defenceless and unresisting town has been given up to indiscriminate pillage, though civilized war tolerates
this only as to fortified places, carried by assault, and after summons.
Individuals have been stripped naked; a sick man stabbed twice in the hospital; a sick man shot, at Pembroke,
in his bed, and in the arms of his wife, long after the defeat of the troops; his wife also shot at, and wounded — a
Mr. and Mrs. Kirby.
Females have been not only assaulted, and personally abused and struck, but even violated.
If occasion ofters, notice may be immediately made of the information, given by prisoners and deserters, of the
promise to plunder Norfolk.
As to the imputation of our troops at Craney Island, if Admiral Warren should mention it, deny the fact, and
state the actual conduct of our troops, in going into the water to assist their men, and then giving them refreshments
as soon as they entered the fort. Refer to {he conduct of all our prisoners, particularly those taken from the boats
of the Victorious.
JOHN MYERS, Captain and Md-de-camp.
Head Quarters, Norfolk, July 2d, 1813.
Sir:
In obedience to your orders I proceeded, yesterday, with a flag of truce, to Admiral Warren, in Hampton
Roads, to whom I handed both the despatch for himself and that for Sir Sidney Beckwith. The Admiral received
me with civility, and with many acknowledgments for the terms of your letter. Sir Sidney was on shore at Old
Point Comfort. Feeling some difiiculty about the propriety of delaying oif board for his arrival, I was about to
depart, but Admiral Warren expressed a wish that I would remain, saying that he would desire, no doubt, to give
a reply.
Sir Sidney did not arrive till 8 o'clock. He expressed great respect for the motives that had actuated you, sir, in
the measures which you were pursuing. They \vere more than he desired. It was sufiicient, hesaid, if your own mind
was satisfied. He expressed regret at the trouble you had taken, and much deference for your character, with a re-
solution to vie with you in efforts to coniine future operations within the bounds of humanity, and the usages of
war. He said, in allusion to the pretended conduct of our men at Craney Island, that it proceeded no doubt from
a few of the more disorderly. I denied the charge altogether, as I had done in my previous interview, when it was
made the justification of their outrages at Hampton, on the ground of retaliation.
I found that it was not his intention to give to your despatch a written reply. By the light manner in which he
glanced at the subject of your investigation, I could perceive that it was pressed further than was desirable to him.
It was my wish, however, to be able to report to you the probability of a like course of inquiry on his part, and I
enumerated the catalogue of abuses and violence at Hampton. I mentioned the pillage of the town, and the wanton
destruction of medicine; that individuals had been stripped naked; a sick man stabbed twice, who was in the hospital;
a sick man shot in his bed, at Pembroke, and in the arms of his wife, who was also shot at, and wounded, long after
the defeat of the troops— a Mr. and Mrs. Kirby; and finally, the assault on females, their being stx-uck, and person-
ally abused, and even violated.
At the mention of the murder of Kirby, and the wound given to his vvife, Sir Sidney distinctly admitted it; the
others he appeared not to be acquainted with the particulars of, and expressed some concern at it. He said that he
had, however, ou coming to a knowledge of their conduct, immediately ordered the embarcation of the troops that
were concerned, with a determination that they should not again land; and that, while he was unable to control a
past event, the responsibility of a recurrence should rest on himself; that the troops under his command were strang-
ers to him, on his arrival here, and appealing to my knowledge of the nature of the war in Spain, in which these men
(meaning the French corps) he said had been trained, told me they could not be restrained.
Thus far he thought he could not give a more convincing proof of the sincerity of his professions, than in the
withdrawal of these troops, and that he had, moreover, just been employed in finding a new watering place on Back
river, in order to remove from Hampton, and to quiet the minds of the inhabitants.
He assured me that in making such a pledge, as he wao doing, it should not be lightly regarded. That he would
either send away tliesc troops, or wait the arrival of others, for new operations. He concluded by expressing a hope
that you, sir, would in future use no reserve in communicating any subject of impropriety; and, on his part, that
he should certainly do so, with due regard to the liberality of your conduct. He hoped the. subject was at rest. 1 took
my leave.
1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
iOVm MY^nS, Captain and md-de-Catnp.
Brigadier General Robert B. Taylor, Norfolk.
Extracts of a letter from General Taylor to Sir Sidney Beckwith, (Quartermaster General, commanding the land
forces of his Britannic Majesty, at Hampton Roads, dated
Head Quarters, July 5, 1813.
" I have now the honor to transmit to you the proceedings of the board of ofiicers convened to inquire into the
transactions at Craney Island. They doubtless will convince you that, in that aflair, the American troops merited
no censure; that their conduct was distinguished by humanity and magnanimity; and that the distance to which
you were removed from the scene, by rendering it impossible that you could be informed of the motives of their
conduct, unhappily led you to draw conclusions equally mistaken and unmerited.
" You have done me the justice to declare that the measures pursued hy me evince a disposition to permit, in
my troops, no abuses on humanity, or the laws of authorized war. As I cannot doubt the existence of similar sen-
timents with you, I have a right to expect, on your part, measures equally decisive and unambiguous. If I have
deemed it needful to forbid openly, to my whole army, all acts of impropriety, and to direct a public investigation
of charges believed to be unmerited, but having the sanction of your imputation, I put it to your candor to deter-
mine, if excesses in your troops, admitted by yourself, and some of them of the most atrocious character, should pass
unnoticed. My conduct, and your declarations, give me a claim to ask that these excesses be punished. Your army
will then learn the abhorrence you feel for such acts, and be restrained, by the fear of your indignation, from similar
outrages. But if these admitted excesses are passed by, the impunity of the past will be construed, by your troops,
into an encouragement of future outrages, and your own humane intentions be completely defeated. Neither can
37f5 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [181S
you be unmindful oi'the propriety of taking, from my army, the pretexts for impropriety, by a knowledge of effect-
ual restraints on yours. . , , , , 1-^ r 1 i- • • X iL ., 1 -.i I ,1,
" I am fully impressed with the liberality ot your conduct in promising to remove the troops who commuted the
outrages of ILimpton from the opportunity of repeating these enormities. But, besides that my confidence in the
"allantry of' the American troops forbids me to desire any diminution of your force, and such a measure being liable
to misconception, by our own troops, might not attain your object. The rank and file of an army seldom reason
very prufouiidiy,'and however erroneously, might ascribe their withdrawal to the desertions which have, on every
opportunity taken place in that corps, and in their unwillingness, if any should have been displayed, to fire on the
American troops. If this should unfortunately be the case, your force will be diminished, without securing the
"reat ends of discipline and humanity for which you had, with so much liberality, made the sacrifice. I am the more
pressing on this subject, because I have reason to believe that, even since your assurance, though unquestionably
against your wishes, very improper acts have been committed by the troops on James river. The domestic property
of peaceable private citizens, respected by all civilized nations, has been pillaged, and what furnished no allure-
meats to cupidity has been wantonly defaced and destroyed.
' If such acts are either directed, or sanctioned, it is important to us, and to the world, to know what species of
warfare the arms of Great Britain mean to wage. If authorized, it will be of little practical avail to know, that the
director of these arms entertains the most liberal personal dispositions, while these dispositions remain dormant and
inoperative. .,■,,•
"If I- am troublesome on this subjiect, charge it to my anxious desire that nothing may occur to embitter our
own feelings, and those of our respective nations. In the progress of the war, charges of inhumanity have unhappily
been frequent and reciprocal. I am not indifferent to the infamy which such a charge fixes on the officer, \yhq either
encourages or permits it. I derive the highest satisfaction from the assurances you have given of similar senti-
ments. We have, sir, become enemies, by the sacred obligations we owe our respective countries. But, on the
great and expanded subject of human happiness, we should be friends by the sympathy of our feelings. Let us then
cordially unite, and exercising effectually the powers with which our Governments have invested us, give to our
warfare a character of magnanimity, conferring equal honor on ourselves, and on our countries."
• Extract from General Orders. • .
Norfolk, Assistant Mjutant General's Office,
^. July \st, 1813.
The General commanding has deemed it , proper tcf remonstrate against the excesses committed by the British
troops who took possession of Hampton. It has been attempted to justify, or palliate, these excesses, on the ground
of inhumanity in some of the troops at Craney Island, who are charged \yith having waded into the river, and shot
at the unresisting and yielding foe, who clung to the wreck of a boat which had been sunk by the fire of our guns.
Humanity and mercy are inseparable from true courage, and the General knows too well the character of the
troops under his command to doubt their magnanimity towards an unresisting foe. It is equally due to the honor of
the troops engaged, and to tiie hitherto unquestioned fame of the American arms, for honor and clemency, that the
imputation should be investigated. If the charge be well founded, the army must be purified by punishment for this
abomination. If, as the commander hopes and believes, the conduct of our troops has been misconceived, the world
should have an authentic record to repel the imputation.
He, therefore, directs that a board of officers, to consist of Colonel Freeman, President, Lieutenant Colonels
Boykin, Mason, and Read, do convene t\\a day after to-morrow, at a place to be appointed by the President, for the
purpose of investigating these charges, and report accordingly.
JAMES MAURICE, ATajor,,^cl.^st.M. Gen.
The evidence having been gone through, the Board, after deliberate and mature consideration, do pronounce the
following opinion:
That it appears from the testimony adduced, that, on the 22d of last month, in the action at Craney Island, two
of the enemy's boats, in front of their line, were sunk by the fire of our batteries; the soldiers and sailors who were
in those boats were consequently afloat, and in danger of drowning; and being in front of the boats whicli were un-
injured, to disable these, our guns were necessarily fired in a direction of the men in the water, but with no inten-
tion whatever to do them further harm, but, on the contrary, orders were given to prevent this by ceasing to fire
grape, and only to fire round shot. It also is substantiated, that one of the enemy, who had apparently surrendered,
advanced towards the siiore, about one hundred yards, when he suddenly turned to his right, and endeavored to
make his escape to a body of the enemy who had landed above the island, and who were then in view; then, and
not till then, was he fired upon, to bring him back, \vhich had the desired, effect, xind he was taken unhurt to the
island.
It further appears, that the troops on the island exerted themselves in acts of hospitality and kindness to the unre-
sisting and yielding foe.
" Therefore, the Board do, with great satisfaction, declare, as their unbiassed opinion, that the charge alleged
against the troops is unsupported, and that the character of the American soldiery, for humanity and magnanimity,
has not been committed, but. on the contrary, confirmed."'
CONSTANT FREEMAN,
Colonel .Artillery, President.
ARMISTEAD T. MASON,
Lieut. Colonel, commanding- 5th Reg. Inf.
■ . FRANCIS M. BOYKIN,
Lieut. Colonel, commanding 3d Beg. Inf.
THOMAS READj Jun.
Lieul. Colonel, commanding .Mrtillery.
JOHN BARBER, Recorder.
A true and correct copy. JAMES MAURICE, Maj. Act. As. Ad. Gen.
Copy of a note from Sir Sidney Beckwith to Gen. Taylor, dated H. M. ship San Domingo, July 6, 1813.
(Quarter Master General Sir Sidney Beckwith begs leave to return his best acknowledgments t9 Gen. Taylor
for his polite communication, and to repeat iiis earnest wish that military operations should be carried on with all
the liberality and humanity which becomes the respective nations. Any infringement of the established usages of
war will instantly be noticed and punished.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 379
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General Taylor to the Secretary of War, dated
Norfolk, Tth July, 1813.
" The Board of officers convenetl to examine the chaige biousht against our troops in the aflair at Craney Island
have made such a report as an American could desiie. I enclosed a copy yesterday to the British commander, with
a letter, ot which a copy is enclosed. The bearer of my despatch was met by a flag, the officer of which leceived
tlie despatch, and a few hours after returned with an answer, of which a copy is also enclosed. I fear, from the
generality of its terms, that little amelioration of the system, hitherto practised, is to be expected; but something is
gained by placing the enemy so decidedly in the wrong, that the world caniiot doubt to whom is to be ascribed any
excesses which hereafter may be committed on either side."
Extract of an official letter, addressed by Major Cnttchjield to Governor Barbour, dated.
York County, Half-way House, June 20, 1813.
" To give you, sir , an idea of the savage-like disposition of the enemy, on their getting possession of the neigh-
borhood, would be but a vain attempt. Although Sir Sidney Beckwith assured me that no uneasiness might be felt
in relation to the unfortunate Americans, the fact is, that, on yesterday, there were several dead bodies Tyin" un-
buried, and the wounded not even assisted into town, although observed to be crawling towards a cold and inhos-
pitable protection. The unfortunate females of Hampton, who could not leave the town, were suffered to be abused
in the most shameful manner, not only by the venal savage foe, but by the unfortunate and infatuated blacks who
were encouraged by them in their excesses. They pillaged, and encouraged every act of murder and rapine-^ki.l-
ing a poor man by the name of Kirby, who hatl been lying on his bed at the point of deatli for more than six weeks*
shooting his wife in the hip at the same time, and killing liis faithful dog while lying under his feet- The murdere(i
Kirby was lying, last night, weltering in his bed."
Extract of a letter from Captain Cooper of the Cavalry, to Charles K. Mallory, Esq. Lieutenant Governor of
Virginia.
" I was yesterday in Hampton with my troop; that place having been evacuated in the morning by the British.
|C7* My blood ran cold at what I saw and heard. The few distressed inhabitants running up in every direction to
congratulate us; tears were shedding in every corner. The infamous scoundrels, monsters, destroyed every thing
but the houses, and (my pen is almost unwilling to describe it) the women were ravishedby the abandoned ruffians!
Great God! my dear friend, can you figure to yourself our Hampton fenjales seized .ind treated with violence by
those monsters, and not a solitary American arm present to avenge their wrongs.' But enough; I can no more of
this.
" They have received a reinforcement-of 2,000. in all 6,000 men; and Norfolk or Richmond is their immediate
aim. Protect yourselves from such scenes as we have witnessed. They retired in great confusion, leaving behind
3,000 weight ot beef, muskets, ammunition, canteens, &c. &c. and some of their men, which we took. It is sup-
posed that they apprehended an immediate attack from 6,000 of our men, which caused them to retreat so precipi-
tately. My friend, rest assured of one thing, that they cannot conquer Americans; they cannot stand them: if we
had had 1200 men, we should have killed or taken the greater part of them." s
From the same to the same, dated
. Armistead's Mill, near Hampton, July 10, 1813.
Dear Friend: ,
" Your favor of the 7th has just been received through the politeness of Major Crutchfield, who had it for-
warded to me at this place. 1 am surprised to hear that you have among you a man who would endeavor to apolo-
gize for the unprecedented villany and brutal conduct of the enemy in Hampton. Be assured of one fact, that that
which 1 inforrned you of in my last was strictly true.
" You request me to make known to you a tew of the distressing particulars in a way which will force convic-
tion upon the minds of the incredulous. I will attend to it, my friend, that you may be enabled to confound such
with positive proofs. At present you must content y<mrselfwith the following, and believe it as religiously as any
fact beyond denial.
" Mrs. Tuinbull \Yas pursued up to. her waist in the water, and dragged on shore by ten or twelve of these ruf-
fians, who satiated their brutal desires upon her, after pulling off her clotlies, stockings, shoes, &c. This was seen
by your nephew Keith, and many others. Another case— a married woman, her name unknown to me, with her in-
fant child in her arms, (the child forciblv dragged from her) shared the same fate. Two young women, ■tvell known
to many, whose names will not be revealed at this time, suffered in like manner. * Doctor Colton, Parson Hoison,
and Mrs. Hopkins, have informed me of these particulars. Another, in the presence of old Mr. Hope, had her
gown, &c. &c. &c. cutoff with a sword, and violence offered in his presence, which he endeavored to prevent, but
had to quit the room, leaving the unfortunate victim in their possession, who, no doubt, was abused in the same
way. Old Mr. Hopef himself was stripped naked, pricked with a bayonet in the arm, and slapped in the face; and
were I to mention a hundred cases in addition to the above, I do not know that I should exaggerate."
Extract from a report made to Major Crutchfield by Thomas Griffin and Robert Lively, Esqrs. dated
York, ith July, 1813.
"Upon reaching Hampton, a scene of desolation and;destruction presented itself. The few inhabitants we found in
town seemed not yet to have recovered from their alarm: dismay and consternation sat on every countenance: reports
had reached us of the violence and uncontrolled fury of the enemy after they obtained possession of the place; their
conduct, in some cases, being represented such as would have disgraced the days of Vandalism. Our feelings were
much excited, and we deemed it our duty to pursue the inquiry as far as practicable, and are sorry to say, that, from
all the information we could procure, from sources too respectable to permit us to doubt, we are compelled to be-
lieve that acts of violence have been perpetrated, which have disgraced the age in which we live. The sex, hitherto
guarded by the soldier's honor, escaped not the rude assaults of superior force; nor could disease disarm the foe of
his ferocity. The apology, that these atrocities were committed by the French soldiers attached to the British forces
now in our waters, appears to us no justification of those who employed them, believing, as we do, that an officer is,
or should be, ever responsible for the conduct of the troops under his command."
• The former of these gentlemen acted as surgeon to the detachment lately stationed at Hampton, and is a young gentleman of
the first respectability. The latter is president of the academy at that place, and stands deservedly high in public estimation.
Mrs. Hopkins, also, is a lady of very high respectablUty, and of the most unquestionable veracity.
I This worthy old gentleman is bowing beneath the pressure of age, being near 70, or older: has a numerous famUy, most of
them sons, now in the service of their country.
380 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
To the Editor of the Enquirer.
Havin'' just returned from Hampton, where I made myself acquainted with all the particulars of British out-
ired
^^__^^ ^^ Oliy tlian iViajor v^ruicinieius or v^npLam v^uiiper s. i luu wen kiiuvv mcic uic tiiuac aiiiung us, wiiu Will
stilT'doubt, or pretend to doubt. But as I believe this class to be few in number, and insignificant in the public
estimation; as I firmly believe that a large majority of all political persuasions are open to conviction, and feelingly
alive to their country's wrongs; I cannot withhold from them the facts, whose simple recital will, according to their
different temperaments, inflame them with I'age, or fill them with horror.
My name you are at liberty to give to the public, or only to those who may inquire for it, as you think proper. I
have reason to believe that those who know me, whether federal or republican, will know and acknowledge that I
am incapable of publishing a falsehood; and I aver, that every statement inconsistent with the following, no matter
on whose authority it is made, is untrue; in proof of which I solemnly undertake, before the world, to establish every
fact contained in it, provided any gentleman will sign his name to a denial of either of them.
I went to Hampton with a determination of inquiring minutely into the truth of reports, which I hoped, for the
honor of a soldier's profession, and of human nature, to nave found exaggerated. In the investigation, I resolved to
depend on the second hand relation of no one, where I could mount to the original source of evidence; but since, in
some cases, this was impracticable, I feel it a duty carefully to distinguish the one class from the other.
That the town and country adjacent was given up to the indiscriminate plunder of a licentious soldiery, except,
perhaps, the house where the head quarters were fixed, is'' an undeniable truth. Every article of valuable property
was taken from it. In many houses not even a knife, a fork, or plate was left. British officers were seen by Dr.
Colton in the act of plundering a Mr. Jones's store. His house, although he remained in town, was rifled, and his
medicine thrown into the public street, just opposite where many ofiicers took up their quarters, who must have been
eye-witnesses of the scene. The church was pillaged, and the plate belonging to it taken away, although inscribed
with the donor's name. The wind-mills in the neighborhood were stript ot their sails. The closets, private drawers,
and trunks of the inhabitants, were broken open, and scarcely any thing seemed to be too trifling an object to excite
the cupidity of these robbers. Several gentlemen informed me that much of their plunder \yas brought into the
back yard of Mrs. Westwood's house, where Sir Sidney Beckwith and Admiral Cockburn resided. But I had no
opportunity of seeing this lady, who, it was said, would testify to the fact. In short, Hampton exhibits a dreary and
desolate appearance, which no American can \vitness unmoved. Doctor Wardlaw and Mr. John G. Smith, of this
city, visited it in company with me; and their indignation was equal. They, and every one who saw and heard
what I have stated, united in execrating the monsters who perpetrated these enormities; and political distinctions,
if any existed, were lost in the nobler feelings of pity for the sutterers, and a generous ardor to avenge their wrongs.
Here it may be necessary to notice a publication I have this moment read in the Alexandria Gazette of the 12th,
where, among other things, it is said, on the authority of a " gentleman who was in Hampton the day after the eva-
cuation by the enemy," that it was believed there " that nearly all the plundering was committed by the negroes;"
and that he saw many "articles brought to the magistrates which had been secreted in negro houses." That some
plundering may have been committed by the negroes, who, (as I was toldp were embodied and paraded though the
streets, is probable enough; that the expression of s!/f/j an opinion may nave been heard in Hampton is likewise
probable; but I do utterly deny, that it is believed there, by any person worthy of credit, that " nearly all the plun-
dering was committed by them." Let the gentleman, then, who gives this account, state from whom he derived his
information. Let him give the names of the magistrates who received the plunder thus found, and his oivn; and let
him declare what were the main articles he saw brought in. I will not directly hazard the assertion, but I am very
much inclined to believe, there were no magistrates in the town at the time spoken of, unless Parson Holson, Dr.
Colton, or Captain Wills, are magistrates; and with all these gentlemen I conversed, and heard not a whisper coun-
tenancing the statement in the Alexandria paper. How it is known that the negroes " had the address," first to im-
pose on the British.commanders, and then on the American troops, which " induced them to retreat to York," and
leave Hampton to be plundered by these artful rogues, that gentleman is left to say; but that the American troops
did not retire to York, in consequence of such inforniation, is undoubtedly true. Nor is it less true that Captain
Cooper's troop arrived in time to prevent any plundering ot the least consequence, after the evacuation; and in time
to prevent, what many gentlemen there believed to have been a plan concerted between the black and white allies —
the firing of the town.
That " Admiral Warren expressed his regret that the inhabitants of Hampton had not all remained, as in that
pase no plundering would have happened," is possible enough; since it admits the fact of the plundering, and is con-
formable with the answer given to Captain Wills, who complained to Cockburn and Beckwith of the destruction
of his private property. " Why did you quit your house?" said these honorable men. " I riemained in my house,"
answered Doctor Colton, " and have found no better treatment."
That Kirby, who, for seven weeks or more, had been confined to his bed, and whose death the savages only a lit-
tle hastened, was shot in the arms of his wife, is not denied. Those who wish for further confirmation may go
and take him from his grave, and weep, if they can feel for an American citizen, over his mangled body- Tiiey
may go to his wounded wife, and hear her heart-rending tale, and then they may turn to the account of the gentle-
man, and derive consolation from the excuse {which I never heard) " that it was done in revenge for the refusal of
the militia to give quarter to some Frenchmen, who were on board a barge that was sunk by our troops, who con-
tinued to fire on the almost drowning men, when making for the shore." This vile slander on our troops will, I have
no doubt, be met, in the proper manner, by the gallant officer who commands them at Norfolk. But the worst is to
come.
I conversed with a lady whose name is mentioned in Captain Cooper's letter, in company with Parson Holson,
Doctor Colton, and Captain Wills. Her story was too shocking in its details to meet the public eye. When I
had convinced her of the object I had in view in visiting her — that it was dictated by no impertinent curiosity, but a
desire to know the whole truth, to enable me, on the one hand, to do justice even to an enemy, or, on the other, to
electrify my countrymen with the recital of her sutttjrings, she discovered every thing which her convulsive strug
gles between shame and a desire to expose her brutal assailants would permit. This woman was seized by five (ir
six ruffians, some of them dressed in red and speaking correctly the English language, and stripped naked. Her cries
and her prayers were disregarded, and her body became the subject of the most abominable indecencies. She at one
time made her escape, and ran into a creek hard by, followed by a young daughter; whence she was dragged by the
monsters in human shape, to experience new and aggravated suffering. In this situation she was kept the whole
night, whilst her screams were heard at intervals by some of the Americans in town, who could only clasp their
hands in hopeless agony.
Virginian ! American ! Friend or enemy of the administration, or of the war! go, as I have done, to this woman's
house, and hear and see her. See too her young daughter on the bed of sickness, in consequence of the abuses of
that night! and your heart, if it be made of "penetrable stuff"," will throb with indignation, and a thirst for revenge,
and your hand instinctively grasp the weapon for inflicting it.
A Mrs. Briggs related to us, that a woman who had come to Hampton, to visit hei' husband, who was in the mi-
litia, was taken forcibly from her side by four soldiers in green, and with her young child, which one of them
snatched from her arms, borne to the hospital, in spite of her screams. They had previously robbed them of their
rings, and attempted to tear open their bosoms. A Mrs. Hopkins, who was not in town when I was there, obtained
the assistance of an officer, and rescued the woman from her ravishers, but not until one of them had gratified his
abominable desires. I was told by the gentleman who accompanied me, that Mrs. Hopkins confirmed this state-
ment, and would swear to at least two other cases of a similar kind, without, however, giving up the names of the
young and respectable women who suffered.
Doctor Colton and Captain Mills, assisted by an officer, rescued another lady from the greatest of all calamities.
1813.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR IS WAGED BY THE ENEMY. 381
Old Mr. Hope, aged, as he told Major Crutchfield, (in my presence) sixty-four or five years, was seized by these
wretches and stripped of all his clothing, even of his shoes and his shirt. A bayonet was run a little way into his
arm behind, as if in cruel sport; while several were held to his breast. In this situation he was kept Cora consider-
able time, and would probably have been another victnii of their rage, if their attention had not been diverted to a
woman, who had sought refuge in his house. They lollowed her into the kitchen, whither she had run for safety.
Mr. Hope made otf amidst her agonizing screams, and when he returned to his house, he was told by his domestics
that their iiorrid purposes were accomplished. This I had from him.
How far this violation extended will never be known. Women will not publish what they consider their own
shame, and the men in town were carefully watched and guarded. But enough is known to induce flie belief of the
existence of many other cases, and enough to tire every manly bosom with the irrepressible desire of revenge.
I am not disposed to tire the public patience, or I could tell of enormities little inferior to the above. I5ut the en-
emy are convicted of robbery, rape, and murder, and it is unnecessary to add to the catalogue of their crimes.
Men of Virginia! will you permit all this.' Fathers, and brothers, and husbands, will you fold your arm< in apa-
thy, and only curse your despoilers.' No, you will fly with generous emulation to the unfurled standard of your
country. You will imitate the example of those generous spirits who are, even now, in crowds, tendering their ser-
vices to the commander-in-chief; who are pouring from their native mountains, and soliciting to be led against the
enemy wherever he dares to show his face. You will prove yourselves worthy of the immortal honor that the enemy
has conferred upon you in selecting you as the object of his vengeance. You will neglect, for a time, all civil pur-
suits and occupations, and devote yourselves to the art, a knowledge of which the enemy has made necessary. You
will learn to command; to obep; and, with " Hampton" as your watch word — to conquer.
P.*
Sir: York, July 4, 1813.
Anxious to effect, as early as possible, the objects of the flag entrusted to us by you on the 1st instant, we proceed-
ed, immediately after receiving your despatches for Admiral Warren and General Taylor, to- Hampton. On our
arrival at the latter place, some difficulty arose in procuring a vessel to convey us to the Britisli fleet; and after some
delay, we were compelled to embark in a small, open, four oared boat, the only one, it seemed, which the fury of
the enemy had left capable of floating. We proceeded to the fleet of the enemy with the utmost despatch which
our little skiff", and the excessive heat of the day, would permit; and when distant from the Admiral's ship about a
half mile, were met and hailed by a barge of the enemy, the officer of which was informed we had despatches for
Admiral Warren. We were invited into the barge, which invitation v/e accepted, as well to relieve ourselves
from the confinement on board our little vessel, to lighten as much as possible the burthen of our oarsmen,
and to proceed with as much expedition as was practicable to obtain the objects of our mission. On our ar-
rival at the Admiral's ship (the San Domingo) we were directed to proceed to the "Sceptre," a line of battle
ship, on which we were informed Admiral Cockburn had recently hoisted his flag. Arriving along side of this ship
we were desired by the officer of the barge to ascend the ship. Upon our reaching the deck, we found a large as-
semblage of officers — certainly a greater number than could be necessarily attached to a single ship. In the space of
ten minutes the two Admirals, Warren and Cockburn, approached; to the former, we delivered your despatches,
who, upon perusal, evinced embarrassment, and after a short pause, said, that the principal object of the flag appear-
ed to be to procure supplies foryour hospital. He was answered in tlie affirmative. Could not these supplies have
been as easily and early procured from Richmond as from Norfolk.' We thought not. The Admiral then said he
would reflect upon the subject, and return us an answer soon, and retired with Admiral Cockburn to the cabin of
the ship. A period of about fifteen minutes then elapsed, when Admiral Cockburn advanced, and addressing
Major Griffin, informed him, that the Admiral would see him in the cabin. Upon Major Griffin's reaching
the cabin, the two Admirals only with him. Admiral Warren again repeated the opinion, that the hospital sup-
plies could be as expeditiously procured from Richmond, as from Norfolk, saying, it was contrary to their regu-
lations to permit even a flag to goto Norfolk; that it was their intention to land Mr. King, who went with the flag,
at Seawell's point, and jointly with Admiral Cockburn, expressed an unwillingness to permit the flag to pro-
ceed. They were answered, tliat if the flag was permitted to proceed, the supplies could be procured sooner
than if the flag was compelled to return, certainly in the course of the following day; that if compelled to resort to
Richmond, three days, probably more, would pass before the stores could reach Hampton; that our wounded and
sick were suffering lor medicine and necessaries; that all the medicine, private as well as public property, had
been wantonly destroyed by the troops who lately captured Hampton; and that the supplies absolutely required
for the use of the hospital could not be procured in Hampton. The Admiral said he had heard that the hos-
pitals had received some supplies. He was asked from whence, and assured it was not the case. Findin°--
the Admiral still hesitating. Major Griffin said, "that the reputed humanity of Admiral Warren forbid Major
Crutchfield to doubt that the application for the passage of a flag to Norfolk would be refused." After a short
pause Major Griffin was informed that the flag might proceed, upon condition of returning along-side the ship, in
the same vessel, with the same persons, and with no increase of persons. The restriction to the same vessel was
combated, on the ground that, in the event of much wind, the boat was too small to navigate the roads, and thus
the object of the flag would be defeated. But finding no relaxation in the condition probable, it was determined,
upon consultation with Lieutenant Lively, to proceed. Upon the subject of prisoners. Admiral Warren acknow-
ledged one only to be in the fleet, taken at Hampton. He declined all arrangement, and avoided all discussion on
this topic, saying he had opened a correspondence with General Taylor, but riothing was decided. Relative to the
officers' baggage captured in Hampton, the Admiral said that such articles as had been found had been restored
and mentioned the papers of Captain Pryor, which had been placed in the care of Captain Myers of Norfolk, and'
assured Major Griffin that he would direct Sir Sidney Beckwith to inquire farther, and if any should be discovered
it would be made known to us on our return. We were then informed we might proceed, which we immediately
did, and reaching Norfolk after 3 P. M. repaired to General Taylor's quarters, who directed the supplies written
for by the surgeons. Returning on the 2d, we were, as customary, again met by a barge of the enemy, and desired
to call on board the Admiral's ship; we entered the ship with the officer of the barge, and were received by the
Captain, who inquired if we had despatches for the Admiral. Being informed we were the returning flag that had
proceeded to Norfolk the day before, the Captain retired to the cabin, and shortly returned with information that
we might proceed when we pleased; this we did, and deposited with Doctor Colton the medical and hospital sup-
plies sent from Norfolk.
Upon our reaching Hampton a scene of desolation and destruction presented itself. The few inhabitants we
found in town seemed not yet to have recovered from their alarm; dismay and consternation sat on every counte-
nance. Reports had reached us of the violence and uncontrolled fury of the enemy after they obtained possession
of the place; their conduct, in some cases, being represented such as would have disgraced the days of Vandal-
ism. Our feelings were much excited, and we deemed it our duty to pursue the inquiry as far as practicable, and
are sorry to say, that, from all the information we could procure, from sources too respectable to permit us to doubt
we are compelled to believe that acts of violence have been perpetrated, which have disgraced the age in which we
live. The sex, hitherto guarded by the soldier's honor, escaped not the rude assaults of superior force; nor could
disease disarm the foe ot his ferocity. The apology that these atrocities were committed by the French soldiers
attached to the British forces now in our waters appeared to us no justification of those who employed them, believ-
ing, as we do, that an officer is, or should be, ever responsible for the conduct of the troops under his command.
We have the honor to be, your humble servants,
THOMAS GRIFFIN,
To Major Crutchfield, Commandant, Fork. ROBERT LIVELY.
♦Believed, upon good authority, to be Colonel Richard E. Parker, of Westmoreland county, Virginia.
49 wj
382 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
ADDENDA.
Washington City, July 30, 1813.
From William Berry, Midshipman in the Frigate Chesapeake.
Sir:
I consider myself bound to lay before you what came under my knowledge while on board the Chesapeake, as
well as on board the Shannon.
After the enemy had complete possession of the ship, Midshipmen Randolph and Flushman were ordered from
the fore and main top. In coming down the shrouds Lieutenant Faulkner (the British officer) said to his men, kill
those damned rascals. Then, ana immediately, several muskets were discharged at them, but without effect. My
station was in the mizen top, where I had an opportunity of seeing their actions. I was looking on deck when I saw
one of the Chesapeake's men crawling along, attempting to get below, with one of his legs oft". One of the enemy
stepped up to him with his cutlass, and immediately put an end to his existence. Lieutenant Faulkner looked up in
the mizen top; pointing at me, said he to his men, go up three of you and throw that damned Yankee overboard.
They immediately rushed up, seizing me by the collar; now, said they, you damned Yankee, you shall swim for it,
attempting to throw me overboard; but I got within the rigging, when one of them kicked me in the breast, which
was the cause of my falling; being stunned by the fall, I lay some time senseless, and, when I came too, I was cut
over the head with a cutlass, which nearly terminated my existence. Eleven of our midshipmen were confined in
a small place, nine feet by six, with an old sail to lay on, and a guard at the door, until a day or two before our
arrival at Halifax; and, likewise, eleven of us upon five rations, and some days only one meal. Our clothes were
taken on board of the Shannon; Lieutenant Wallis, the commanding officer on board, would not let us take our
clothes below with us, but pledged his word and honor as an officer, we should receive our clothes. But we dis-
covered, next morning, that their midshipmen had on our clothes and side arms. We were conversing together
respecting our clothes — one of their midshipmen overheard our conversation, and made a report to the Lieutenant
commanding. He then sent word to us that if we said any thing more about the clothes, he would put us in the
fore-hold with the men. We expected to receive our clothes when we arrived in port, but, I assure you, sir,
nothing was ever restored. Other rascally things occurred, which our officers will, when they return, make known
to the public, disgraceful to a civilized nation. If your request could have been made sooner, I should have felt
gratified in making a fuller statement. , , - ,
I have the honor to be, with the highest respect,
■ Honorable L. Condict, Washington. WILLIAM BERRY.
Another circumstance took place on board, which entirely escaped my memory until this moment. Several of
the officers had money taken from them which they received from the Chesapeake as prize money. Mr. Higin-
botham, as nearly as I can recollect, had upwards of one hundred and thirty dollars.
Georgetown, July 30th, 1813.
Sir:
Having perused a letter of yours to Mr. Berry, requesting information respecting the treatment of the Ameri-
can officers and seamen of the late Cheasapeake, I consider myself bound, sir, to lay before you what came under
my knowledge. My having been wounded, and remaining on board the Chesapeake, might not give me that scope
for observation which others possessed; but, I am sorry to say, many things transpired disgraceful to the character
ot a brave enemy. Whilst undressing myself in the steerage, after the Americans were driven below or had surren-
dered, and after resistance had ceased, 1 believe entirely, several muskets and pistols were at once pointed down
the hatchway, and discharged in the direction of the cockpit; and as the steerage and cockpit were filled with the
wounded, in all probability some of them were killed outright. It was Midshipman Hopewell, and not Livingston,
who was so inhumanly treated, as described in the public prints. It has been the custom in our navy to take the
side-arms of officers, (prisoners) but to restore them on their leaving the ship. Ours were taken, worn, and never
restored, together with what nautical instruments they could lay their hands on. When spoken to by the Americaa
officers on the subject, the answer was, such things were free plunder. A day or two after the action, I was con-
versing with Lieutenant Budd and Mr. NichoUs, near the tafferel, respecting the engagement, when it was observed
some of the Shannon's men were listening to our conversation. Immediately after. Lieutenant Faulkner, the com-
manding officer, ordered sentinels to be placed at the mizen mast; and, said he to them, if you see any ot the
Chesapeake's officers abaft the mizen mast, cut them down; if you see them conversing together, cut them down
without hesitation. It will be remembered the three officers who caused this order were all severely wounded.
We received no caution and overheard it by accident. So great was the rage for plunder, that Capain Lawrence,
before his death, could not obtain a bottle of wine from his private sea stores, without a note from the doctor to the
Lieutenant commanding. I pass over the robbing of the midshipmen on board the Shannon, as ij; did not come
under my immediate notice. If your request could have been made earlier, I should have felt gratified in making
a fuller statement.
Yours, respecttully,
WM. A. WEAVER.
Honorable Lewis Condict, Washington.
13th Congress.] No. 124. [1st Session.
ADDITIONAL FORTIFICATIONS, AND AN INCREASE OF THE ARMY.
communicated to the senate, august 1, 1813.
Committee Chamber, Monday, 30th May, 1813.
Sir:
I am directed by the committee of the Senate to whom was referred so much of the message of the President
as relates to the military establishment, to inquire of you what provision has been made, by your Department, for the
protection and defence of the seaboard of the United States; whether the protection authorized by law is deemed
sufficient; if not, what further or other provision is considered necessary; whether any, and, if any, what, modifica-
tion of the military establishment, or extension thereof, is deemed expedient. I am also directed to ask you to give
the committee such information, in relation to any other specific objects injyour Department, as you may deem pro-
per to be communicated, or which may require legislative provision.
Accept assurances of my high respect.
JOSEPH ANDERSON, Chairman.
To the Secretary of War.
1813.] ADDITIONAL FORTIFI C ATIONS— INCREASE OF THE ARMY. 383
War Department, /M;ie 10</(, 1813.
Sik:
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th ultimo, written by direction of the Com-
mittee of the Senate " to whom was referred so much of the message of the President as relates to the military esta-
blishment;" and inquiring
What provision had been made by the War Department for the protection of the seaboard?
Whether the protection authorized by law be deemed sufficient? And, if not; What further or other provision
be considered necessary?
Whether any, and, if any, what, modificationonextensionof the military establishment be deemed expedient? and
What other specific objects within my Department may require legislative provision?
To these questions 1 beg leave to reply:
1st. That, so far as the defence of the seaboard depends on troops, the statement I had the honor to inake to you
yesterday will be found to contain an appropriate answer to the first question. It but remains, therefore, to present
a table of the posts, the number and caliber of the cannon, and of the quantity of ammunition, at each of these.
This will be found in the documents enclosed, numbered 1, 2, 3.*
9d. That, in my opinion, the present protection of the seaboard is not sufficient, and that the measures to be
taken for its better defence are of two kinds: additional fortifications, and an increased number of regular troops.
Under the former of these heads, it is proposed to erect a work, of earth, (or of more durable materials, if found
advisable) on a small island of the Delaware, called the Pea Patch. The plan and extent of the work will be adapt-
ed to the relation which the island bears to the shores and channel of the Delaware; and, from the survey made, it is
believed that the work will completely cover both. The situation of the island is eight miles below New Castle.
A work of the same description at Hawkins's Point, near Baltimore.
A work on Maryland Point, or on that called Cedar Shoal Point, on the Potomac. It cannot be doubted but
that the seat of the National Government should be placed, not merely beyond injury, but beyond disturbance, from
an enemy.
A work on Craney Island, for the better protection of Norfolk, has been commenced, and is mentioned here but
from a belief that the importance of the position will be found to justify an extension of the present plan.
At Charleston, or its dependencies, some covering works have been projected, but want of funds has hitherto
prevented their execution.
Savannaii is believed to be a position which, from various causes, is more exposed than any other, and upon the
defence of which, few expenditures of public money have been made. It is, therefore, proposed to protect it by a
chain of redans on three of its sides, and, on the fourth, which is understood to be the most vulnerable, by a few
redoubts, connected by a ditch and parapet, &c. &c.
No additional work at New Orleans is thought necessary. One, of regular form, and of considerable extent, has
been recently erected on the Eastern bank of the Mississippi, at the Detour I'Anglais, and a second has been pro-
jected for commanding the entrance from the sea into lake Pontchartrain. When these are finished, the defence of
New Orleans from exterior attacks, and by means of fixed batteries, may be considered as complete.
Under the second general provision, (an increased number of regular troops) I oS'er the following arrangement
of permanent garrisons, viz:
To districts No. 1 and 2, - - - - - 2,000 men.
To do. do. 3 and 4, .... - 3,000
To do. do. 5, - - - - - 3,000
To do. do. 6, - - - - - 2,000
To do. do. 7, - - - - - 3,000
3d. In fulfilling the arrangement stated in the preceding article, it will be necessary to organize the whole num-
ber of the twenty regiments authorized to be raised during the last session of Congress. Of these regiments fifteen
have been already set on foot, including ten companies of rangers, intended for the defence of the territories of In-
diana, Illinois, and Missouri. It is respectfully proposed that the remaining five be also raised expressly for the de-
fence of other and particular points, and that their service be made commensurate with the war. Corps of this
description may be promptly obtained, and made to take a very efficient character. This is the only modification
of the present military establishment which is believed to be necessary. An extension of it, called for as well by
justice as by policy, is the establishment of an invalid corps. Instances of partial decrepitude have been much mul •
tiplied by the events of the last and present campaigns, and can best be relieved by an establishment which but de-
mands from the sufferer a service proportioned to his physical ability, and which, while it gives occupation, guaran-
ties against want.
4th. Some minor and insulated subjects require legislative notice and provision.
1. The law creating the ordnance department provides for four deputy commissaries. It is proposed to autho-
rize the President to add five other deputies. This will enable the head of that department to assign to each mili-
tary district, one deputy, who shall establish and superintend a laboratory within the same, and thus do au ay the
expense and risk of transmitting fixed ammunition from one district to another.
2. Aids-de-camp are now taken from the line of the army, in all cases; as are assistant adjutants and inspec-
tors general, and (in many cases) their principals; and, also, the paymasters of districts. These multiplied draughts
upon the line are found to have a bad eftect, and the more so, as officers of the greatest intelligence are generally
selected to fill these appointments. It is therefore proposed that general officers be permitted to select their aids
from the mass of citizens, and that the rank, pay, and emoluments, of a captain of cavalry be given to each aid-de-
camp, so long as he be continued as such.
3. No provision is made by law for paying money to officers of light dragoons and light artillery, in lieu of forage,
when not drawn in kind.
4. The provisions of the act of the 6th of July, 1812, in relation to the price to be allowed in lieu of forage not
drawn in kind, by officers of certain grades, appear to be contradictory.
5. The United States possess, in fee simple, sundry lots of ground in Pittsburg. It is understood that, if these
were divided into smaller lots, and sold at public sale, they would bring not less than forty thousand dollars— a sum
which would be competent to establish a laboratory near that place, on a scale proportioned to all the demands of
the West, Southwest, and Northwest. A law will be necessary to make such sale.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir. your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Hon. Joseph Anderson, Esq. Chairman, SfC. ^c.
War Department, June 18th, 1813.
Sir:
The following report, additional to that made on the 10th instant, on the subject of an increased seaboard de-
fence, is respectfully submitted to the committee to whom was referred so much of the President's message as relates
to the military establishment.
Our Atlantic towns and cities furnish, respectively, a large number of seafaring men, who, from their hardihood,
and habits of life, might be very usefully employed in the defence of the seaboard, particularly in the management
of great guns, whether in fixed or in floating batteries, or in those of position. A corps of great efficiency might be
formed out of these men, and on terms much more economical than those necessary to obtain soldiers of the line.
* Not on file.
384 MILITARY AFFAIRS. • [1813.
Their term of service need not exceed eight months in each year, viz: from the month of March to that of De-
cember. They may be hud at the rate of twelve dollars per month (if subsisted) and without expense on account of
clothing.
1,000 sea fencibles, at $12 per month, each, is, per month. . . . S12,000
8 months, at $13,000, per month, is . . . . . 96,000
Subsistence for term aforesaid, is . . . . . 36,600
Pay and subsistence of otKcers, viz: 10 captains, 10 first lieutenants, 10 second lieuten-
ants, and 10 third lieutenants, is .... 12.952
Total, $145,552
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Honorable Joseph Anderson, Esq.
Chairman, 4"C. ^c. Senate United Slates.
War Department, July IQth, 1813.
Sir:
In reply to the inquiry of the honorable the Senate, viz: " What preparations have been made, and are now
in readiness, ibr the defence of the navy yard and other public property in the city of Washington, in case it should
be assailed by the enemy?" I have the honor to report that, on the water line, the means of defence are of two kinds,
naval and military; that there are of the former, one frigate, two schooners, and three gunboats, so stationed as to
co-operate with Fort Washington; that this fort and its covering work have been recently put into a state of thorough
repair, are well equipped witli heavy cannon, furnaces, &c. &c., and are now occupied by a competent garrison of
United States' artillerists; that, to any attempts on the land side, vve can oppose the 10th, 36th, 38th, and a detach-
ment from the 5th, regiments ofinfantry, and one battalion of militia; the whole amounting to 1,600 effectives. That
the navy yard and marine establishment can furnish an additional defence of nearly one oattaliou; that two compa-
nies of light artillery have been organized, under an officer of much experience, and are supplied with cannon, cais-
sons, &c.; that several uniformed corps are in weekly drill, and ready for service the moment that a call upon them
shall become necessary; that, within the District alone, we may count on an additional force of nearly twelve hun-
dred effective militia, and that a competent supply of arms, and of fixed and loose ammunition, has been placed
within their reach.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
The Chairman of the Military Committee of the Senate of the United States.
War Department, July 26th, 1813.
Sir:
I beg leave to submit to the consideration of the Military Committee of the Senate, a copy of a letter from
Commodore Chauncey to the Secretary of the Navy, having relation to the subject submitted in my letter of the
19th instant. Mr. Stacey has been discharged, on the ground that a citizen cannot be considered as a spy.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Hon. Mr. Anderson, Chairman of the Military Committee Senate United States.
U. S. Ship Madison, Sackett's Harbor, July 4, 1813.
Sir:
On the l^t instant I caused Mr. Samuel Stacey to be apprehended a? a spy. Mr. Stacey lives upon the St.
Lawrence, a few miles below Ogdensburg, and I have the most positive information that he has been in the habit oi
conveying information to the enemy for many months. He visited this place a few days before the British made the
attack on the 29th of May, and I have no doubt but that he is the person that gave the information that most of the
troops had been sent to Niagara. I had information from the person that I employ on the other side that this man
would visit the Harbor about the last of June. He was accordingly watched. When he left Ogdensburg, he said
he was going to Utica upon important business. He told others that he was going into the Western country to collect
money, instead of which, he came to the Harbor, without any ostensible business, and made a great many inquiries
respecting the fleet: when they would sail.'' and the force of the new ship? &c. &c. I therefore thought it my duty
to detain this man for trial. I can prove his frequent intercourse with the enemy. At any rate I shall deprive the
enemy of the information which he could have conveyed to him, which is all important at this time.
It would be very desirable to hang this traitor to his country, as he is considered respectable in the country in
which he lives; and I think that it is full time to make an example of some of our countrymen, who are so base and
degenerate as to betray their country by becoming the spies and informers of our enemy. I hope the steps which I
Itave taken, with respect to Mr. Stacey, will meet with your approbation.
I have the lionor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
ISAAC CHAUNCEY.
The Honorable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy, Washington.
13th Congress.] No. 125. [2d Session.
REGISTER, AND RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
communicated to the senate, DECEMBER 29, 1813.
War Department, December 27, 1813.
Sir:
Conformably to a resolution of the honorable the Senate of the United States, dated July 31, 1813, 1 have the
honor to transmit, herewith, a corrected list of all the officers in the army of the United States.
I have the honor. &c.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
The President of the Senate of the United States.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
385
GENERAL STAFF.
War Department, Tf'ashington.
Staff Appointments.
Names, and Rank in Line.
Dates of Commis-
sion, in Staff.
Stations.
Adjutant and Inspector General.
Inspector General,
Abimael Y. Nicoll, major 1st artillery. -
March 18, 1813.
Washington.
Assistant Adjutant General,
Charles K. Gardner, major 25th infantry,
March 18, "
Commissary General Ordnance,
Decius Wadswortli,
July 2, 1812.
Do.
Deputy Commissary Ordnance,
John Morton, . . . -
Sept. 11, "
Do.
Ditto,
Edwin Tyler, - - - .
Aug. 5, 1813.
Do.
Assistant Ditto,
Nehemiah Baden, - - -
Aug, 6, "
Do.
Paymaster of the Army,
Robert Brent, - - . -
July 1, 1808.
Do.
Assistant Topographical Engineer,
James Kearney, lieutenant 5th infantry.
April 12, 1813.
Do.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 1.
Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Brigadier General,
T. H. Cusliing, commanding.
Adjutant General,
Peter P. Schuyler, colonel 13th infantry.
April 28, 1813.
Assistant Inspector General,
Enos Cutler, captain 7th infantry,
March 18, "
Assistant Dep. Quartermast. Gen.
Jonathan Allen, - . . .
April 20, "
Hospital Surgeon,
Benjamin Wateihouse. - - -
June 29, "
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
Joseph Goodhue, - - - -
Feb. 8, 1803.
Ditto, -
James H. Sargent,
March 8,i 1806.
District Paymaster,
Nehemiah Freeman, - - -
Boston.
Ditto, -
Jos. C. Boyd, for militia, &c.
.
Maine.
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
Amasa Stetson, - , - .
-
Boston.
Ditto, -
John Langdon, jun.
.
Portsmouth.
Military Storekeeper,
Samuel Devans, - - - .
-
Charlestown.
Ditto, -
John Rice, - - . .
.
Portsmouth.
Ditto, -
John Chaffee, ....
"
Springfield.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 2.
Rhode Island and Connecticut.
Brigadier General,
Inspector General,
Assistant Dep. Quartermast. Gen.
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
District Paymaster,
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
Military Storekeeper,
H. Burbeck, brevet, commanding.
Jacob Kingsbury, colonel 1st infantry,
Richard H. Ashley, lieutenant 1st artillery,
William Turner, - - . -
George L. Perkins, . . -
Elisha Tracy, - - . .
Giles L. Hommedieu, - - -
April 28, 1813.
April U, "
Sept. 28, "
New London.
Norwich.
Norwich.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 3.
New York, from the Sea to the Highlands, and East Jersey.
Major General, - - -
Henry Dearborn, commanding.
New York.
Adjutant General,
John R. Fenwick, lieutenant-colonel L. A.
March 18, 1813.
Do.
Assistant Adjutant General,
Thomas Chrystie, lieutenant 3d artillery,
March 18, "
Do.
Inspector General,
Nicholas Gray, - - . .
March 18, "
Do.
Assistant Inspector General,
J. C. Tillotson, lieut. 2d Jight dragoons,
March 18. "
Do.
Deputy Quartermaster General,
Theophilus W. Smith,
April 2, "
Do.
Assistant Dep. Quartermast Gen.
William A. Barron, - - -
April 2, "
Engineer,
William Cutbush, first lieutenant.
-
Fort Columbus.
Deputy Commissary of Ordnance,
George Talcott, jun. lieut- 25th infantry.
Aug. 5, "
New York.
Assist. Deputy Com. of Ordnance,
.Sneas M'Kay, - - . .
March 12, *'
Do.
Judge Advocate,
Evart A. Bancker,
March 18, "
Do.
Hospital Surgeon,
Samuel Akerly, - - . .
July 6, 1812.
Fort Columbus-
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
Alexander Wolcott, ...
March 25, "
Do.
Chaplain, . . .
Peter I. Vanpelt, - •-
April 2, 1813.
District Paymaster,
Samuel H. Eakin, - .. .
.
New York.
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
Military Storekeeper,
Samuel Russell, - - - -
.
Do.
John Fellows, - - -
-
Do.
Ditto, -
Jonathan Snowden,
-
West Point.
Ditto, -
H. P. Deering, . - . .
"
Sags Harbor.
386
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 4.
West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
StafF Appointments.
Names, and Rank in Line.
Dates of Commis-
sion, in Staff.
Stations.
Brigadier General,
Joseph Bloomfiekl,
Philadelphia.
Adjutant General,
William Duane, - - - -
March 22, 1813.
Do
Assistant Inspector General,
Robert Sterry, captain 6th infantry.
May 10, "
Do.
Quartermaster General,
William Linnard, ...
April 12, "
Do.
Deputy Quartermaster General,
J. S. Swearingen, captain 1st artillery.
March 17, "
Pittsburg.
Assistant Dep. Quartermast. Gen.
Robert Patterson, lieutenant 32d infantry.
June 24, "
Province Island.
Ditto, -
Samuel Duncan, - . - -
Aug. 6,
Carlisle.
Deputy Commissary of Ordnance,
Abraham R. Woolley,
Dec. 4, 1812.
Pittsburg.
Assist. Deputy Com. of Ordnance,
William Wade, - - - -
March 12, 1813.
Do.
Ditto, -
William C. Lyman, . . _
April 19, "
Do.
Assistant Topographical Engineer,
'Thomas Clark, lieutenant 2d artilleiy.
April 1, "
Philadelphia.
Apothecary General.
Francis Le Barron, - - -
June 11, "
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
John F. Heileraan, - .. -
July 2, 1802.
Province Island.
District Paymaster,
Henry Phillips, captain 6th infantry.
-
Philadelphia.
Ditto, -
Jacob AV. Albright, lieutenant 1st infantry.
-
Pittsburg.
Commissary General of Purchases,
Callender Irvine, - - - -
-
Philadelphia.
Military Storekeeper,
Richard Parker, - . - .
-
Carlisle.
Ditto. -
William C. Bennett,
-
Wilmington.
Ditto, -
D. Kirkpatrick, - - _ -
-
Newcastle.
Ditto, - - -
John M. Taylor, - - - -
-
Philadelphia.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 5.
Maryland and Virginia.
Brigadier General.
Adjutant General,
James Bankhead, major 7th infantry,
Sept- 9, I8I3.
Quartermaster General,
William Swan, major 2d infantry.
Aug. 7, "
Deputy Quartermaster General.
Paul Bentalou, . - - -
June 29, "
Assistant Dep. Quartermast. Gen.
Ferdinand Marsteller, ....
July 17, "
Engineer,
Walker K. Armistead, lieutenant-colonel.
Assistant Engineer,
Topographical Engineer,
Samuel Babcock, captain.
Paul H. Perrault,
April 12, "
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
William Jones, . . - -
July 2, "
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
George W. Maupin, - - -
Nov. 5, 1802.
Ditto, -
Lemuel B. Clark,
Jan. 4,1808.
District Paymaster,
Saterlee Clark, lieutenant 1st artillery, -
-
Annapolis-
Ditto, -
Samuel Turner, - - - -
-
Petersburg.
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
John M'Kinney, - - - -
-
Washington.
Ditto,
James Calhoun, Jr., - - -
Baltimore.
Ditto, -
Robert C. Jennings, ...
.
Norfolk.
Military Storekeeper,
Edwin Starke, - , >-
-
Do.
Ditto, -
Samuel Annin, - -
-
Harper's Ferry.
Ditto, -
Thomas B. Rutter, - - -
-
Baltimore.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 6.
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Major General, - - -
Adjutant General,
Assistant General,
Inspector General,
Deputy Quartermaster General,
Ditto. -
Assist. Dep. Quartermaster Gen.
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Engineer, -
Deputy Commissary of Ordnance.
Assist. do. do.
Ditto. . - - -
Judge Advocate, - - -
Hospital Surgeon,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
District Paymaster,
Military Storekeeper,
Thomas Pinckney, commanding.
Francis K. Huger, lieutenant col. 2d art.
John Erving, lieutenant 1st artillery,
William R. Boote, major 2d infantry,
Samuel Chaplain, lieutenant 1st artillery,
Thomas Bourke, - - - -
Peter Lequex, lieutenant 8th infantry,
William Cox, . - - .
Joseph B. Paine, - - . .
James Ward, - - - .
Prentis Willard, captain.
John H. Margart, - - - -
Daniel Bruckner, - - - -
Christopher Keyser, . . .
Thomas T. Dent, - - . -
William M'Caw, . - - -
George V. Proctor, - - -
Thomas Akin, - - - -
John H. Sackett, . - - -
Joseph L. Stevens, - - -
William Meriwether, - - -
William Ballard, - - - -
Samuel Dusenbury, . - _
Hamlin Cook, lieutenant 8th infantry.
Henry Simmons, . - - -
April 6, 1813,
April 6, '*
April 6, "
March 18, "
April 19, "
Aug. 31, "
Dec. 31, 1812,
Aug. 6, 1813,
July 19, "
May 20, "
June II, "
June 29, "
March 22, "
June 29, "
July 19, "
March 24, 1812,
March 25, "
Charleston.
1 813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
387
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
MILITARY DISTRICT, NO. 7.
Louisiana, the Mississippi Territory, and Tennessee.
Staff Appointments.
Names, and Rank in Line.
Dates of Commis-
sion, in Staff.
Brigadier General,
Ditto, -
Assistant Adjutant General,
Assistant Inspector General,
Quartermaster General, -
Assistant Deputy General,
Hospital Surgeon,
Garrison Surgeon,
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
Ditto, -
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
District Paymaster,
Ditto, -
Ditto,
Thomas Flournoy, commanding.
David R. Williams.
Carey Nicholas, captain 7th infantry,
Daniel Hughes, captain 1st infantry,
William Piatt, captain 2d infantry,
John T. Wirt, lieutenant 2d infantry,
David C. Kerr, - - - -
Oliver H. Spencer, - ,- -
James Stephenson, ...
Stephen Sutton, - - - .
Robert Huston, . - . -
Charles Slocum, - - - .
William T. Davidson,
S. Knight, captain 1st infantry, for volunt.
John T. Pemberton, captain 2d infantry. -
Alpha Kingsley, captain 1st infantry,
April 25, 1813.
Aug. 7, "
June 23, "
April 25, 1813.
April 30, 1812.
Oct. 9, 1804.
May 27, 1812.
Feb. 27, 1807.
March 25, "
June 13, 1808.
New Orleans.
Tennessee.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 8.
Kentucky, Ohio, and the Territories of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri.
Major General, - - -
William H. Harrison, - . -
.
Upper Canada.
Brigadier General,
Duncan M'Arthur, ...
-
Detroit.
Ditto, -
Lewis Cass.
Adjutant General,
Edmund P. Gaines, colonel 25th infantrv,
Sept. 1, 1813,
Upper Canada.
Assistant General,
Robert Dunn, lieutenant 22d infantry, -
March 22, "
Ditto.
Assistant Inspector General,
Levi Hukill, captain 1st light dragoons, -
April 6, "
Ditto.
Quartermaster General, -
John C. Bartlett, ... -
Aprd 12, "
Deputy Quartermaster General, -
Taylor Berry, lieutenant 17th infantry, -
March 31, "
Assist. Dep. Quartermaster Gen.
James W. Bryson, lieutenant 1st infantry,
April 25, "
Newport.
Ditto, -
Joseph Wheaton, - - - -
April 28, "
Engineer,
Charles Gratiot, captain.
Ditto, -
El. D. Wood, captain and major brevet, •
Topographical Engineer,
Simon Z. Watson,
.\ug 20, "
Deputy Commissary of Ordnance,
Robert D. Richardson,
Aug. 5, "
Assistant Comm. ot Ordnance, -
Thomas L. Hawkins, . .. -
Aug. 6,
Judge Advocate, -
Johns. Wills, . .. - -
May 7, "
Hospital Surgeon,
John R. Martin, - - - -
July 2, "
Hospital Surgeon's Mate, '
Hugh Stanard, . . - .
William Turner, - - - -
May 20, "
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
July 9, 1810,
Ditto, -
Cornelius Cunningham, . - .
Oct. 15,
Ditto, -
Anthony Benezet, - - - -
March 25, 1812,
Ditto, -
Samuel Meriwether, ...
Aug. 1, 1813,
Regimental Surgeon,
S. M'Keehan, - - . -
July 29, "
Regimental Surgeon's Mate,
John M'CuUoch, ditto.
" "
Chaplain,
Stephen Lindsley, . - -
" "
Ditto, -
Thomas Hersey, - - -
Aug. 20, "
District Paymaster,
A. Whitlock, captain 1st infantry,
-
Vincennes.
Ditto, -
James Taylor, - - - .
-
Kentucky.
Ditto, -
Samuel Huntington, - - -
■
Head Quarters.
Ditto, -
Jesse Hunt, . . . .
-
Ohio.
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
John H. Piatt, - - . -
-
Do.
Assistant Commissary, -
Robert Irvine, - - . -
-
Detroit.
Military Storekeeper,
Thomas Martin, - - - -
- 1
Newport.
Brigadier General,
Benjamin Howard, ...
St. Louis.
Assist. Dep. Quartermaster Gen.
William Christy.
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
Abraham Stewart, ...
Aprd 19, 1813.
Ditto, -
Jonathan S. Cool, . - - -
March 6, 1806.
District Paymaster,
Thompson Douglass,
Feb. 8, 1811.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 9.
New York, North of the Highlands, and Vermont.
Major General, -
James Wilkinson, commandant.
Ditto, -
Morgan Lewis.
Brigadier General,
John P. Boyd.
Ditto, -
Jacob Brown.
Ditto, -
Leonard Covington, ...
-
Dead.
Quartermaster General, -
Robert Swartwout, head ot department, -
March 21, 1813,
Adjutant General,
John B. Walbach, captain 1st artillery, -
Aug. 6,
Assistant General,
John Johnson, major 21st infantry,
April 2, "
Ditto, -
Ebenezer Beebe, captain 6th infantry,
" .4
Ditto, -
Talbot Chambers, captain 5th infantry, -
U il
388
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181i
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
MILITARY DISTRICT, No. 9— Continued.
Staff Appointments.
Names, and Rank in Line .
Inspector General,
Assistant General,
Quartermaster General, -
Deputy Quartermaster General, -
Ditto, -
Assist. Dep. Quartermaster Gen.
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Chief Engineer, ■
Engineer,
Assistant Engineer,
Topographical Engineer,
Ditto, -
Assist. Topographical Engineer,
Assist. Commissary Gen. oCOrtl.
Deputy Commissary Gen. of Ord
Ditto, - - ,
Assist. Commissary Gen. of Ord
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Judge Advocate, -
Ditto, -
Physician and Surgeon General,
Hospital Surgeon,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, •■
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
Ditto, -
Ditto,
Ditto, -
Chaplain,
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Deputy Paymaster General,
Assistant Paymaster General, -
Ditto, -
District Paymaster,
Deputy Commissary of Purchases,
Assistant Commissary, -
Ditto, -
Ditto, -
Military Storekeeper,
Right Wific— Lake Champlain
Major General, -
Brigadier General,
Ditto, -
Adjutant General,
Inspector General,
Quartermaster General, -
Assist. Dep. Quartermaster Gen.
Engineer, - - -
Assistant Engineer,
Assist. Topographical Engineer,
Hospital Surgeon,
Ditto, -
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
District Paymaster,
James Gibson, captain light artillery,
John R. Bell, lieutenant light dragoons, -
Elisha Jenkins, of the district,
Christopher Van de Venter, lieut. 1st. art
Samuel Brown, ... -
Gustavus Loomis, lieutenant 1st artillery,
Ezra Smith, lieutenant 1st artillery,
John Bliss, lieutenant 2d infantry,
Thomas B. Baldwin, - - -
John G. Camp, lieutenant 12th infantry, -
Marshall Jenkins, - - - -
Abraham Ten Eyck, ...
Thomas Campbell, - - -
Timothy Burr, . - - -
James Rees, . . - .
Joseph G. Swift, colonel.
George Bomford, major.
J. G. Totten, captain and major brevet.
John Anderson, captain 19th infantry,
Isaac Roberdeau, - - - -
Benjamin Connor, lieutenant 1st artillery,
James Daliba, lieutenant 1st artillery,
Thomas L. Campbell,
Rufus L. Baker, - - -
George Larned, - . -
James Baker, - - - -
Philip S. Parker, - .. - -
Stephen Lush, Jr. -
James Tilton, - . - -
James Mann, - - - .
Garret E. Prendergast, . . .
William M. Ross, - - -
Hosea Blood, - . - -
Ezekiel W. Bull, - - - -
W^illiam Thomas, - - - -
Rogers Smith, - . . .
Samuel Scofield, - - - -
Joshua B. Whitridge, .. . -
Henry Van Hoevenburg, -
Edward Purcell, - - - -
William W. Hazard,
Henry Brundige, - - - -
William E. Horner,
John Rodgers, - . - .
Jos. Wallace, - - . -
Abraham Vanhoy, - - - -
Eleazer Aspinwall,
Joseph West, . . . .
John H. Turner, - - - .
David Neilson,
Charles Taylor, - - . ■
David Jones, .. . . .
Robert Elliott, . - -
Aaron J. Booge, - - -
Washington Lee, major 16th infantry,
Joseph H. Rees, lieutenant 3d artillery.
Donald Fraser, lieutenant 15th infantry.
George Merchant, -
John H. Plummer,
Mathew Irwin, - - -
George Wadsworth,
James E. Herron, - - -
John Shaw, ...
Dates of Commis-
sion, in Staff,
July 13, 1813.
Sept. 29, "
April 22, "
March 26, "
it. c«
April 19, "
April 28, "
May 3, "
May 20, "
July 29,
July 31,
Aug. 1.
April 12, "
April 29, "
Aug. 3, "
Aug. 5, ^'^'
March 12, "
April 19, "
Aug. 6, "
April 2, "
Oct. 5, "
June 11, "
April 9, 1812.
April 25, "
March 18, 1813.
May 5, "
Aug. 8, "
July 7, 1809.
May 14, 1812.
Sept. 15, "
March 30, 1813.
March 31, "
May 2, "
May 14, "
May 16, "
July 2, "
July 13, "
July 15, "
June 10, 1802.
May I, 1810.
Dec. 3, 1812.
April 3, 1813.
April 2, "
May 20, "
June 16, "
Prisoner in Can.
W^ade Hampton.
Thomas Parker.
George Izard.
William King, major 15th infantry,
Henry Atkinson, captain 3d infantry,
James Thomas, . . . -
Henry Stanton, lieutenant light artillery, -
William M'Ree, major.
Sylvanus Thayer, 1st lieutenant.
Daniel Rose, lieutenant 21st infantry,
Samuel Shaw, ....
Walter V. Wheaton,
Thomas C. Walker, . . -
Israel Stoddard, . . . -
Walter Sheldon, lieutenant 11th infantry.
Pris. on parole.
July 18, 1813,
April 25, "
April 38, "
July 12, "
July 20,
April 6,
March 28,
July 2,
Feb. 18,
Utica.
Albany.
Ditto.
Champlain.
Burlington.
Niagara.
Albany.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
389
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
RANK, DISTRICTS, STATIONS, &c.
Names.
Rank.
Dates of appointment.
No. of
district.
Stations and Remarks.
General Officers.
Henry Dearborn,
Major General,
Januarys?, 1812, -
3
Thomas Pinckney, -
Ditto,
March 27, 1812, -
6
James Wilkinson,
Ditto,
March 2, 1813, -
9
Wade Hampton,
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Morgan Lewis.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
William H. Harrison,
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
Joseph Bloomtield,
Brigadier General,
March 27, 1812, ■
4
James Winchester,
Ditto,
Ditto,
-
Prisoner of war.
William Hull,
Ditto,
April 8, 1812,
-
Do. parole.
Thomas Flournoy,
Ditto,
June 18, 1812,
7
Thomas H. Gushing,
Ditto,
July 2, 1812,
1
John Chandler,
Ditto,
July 8, 1812,
-
Prisoner of war.
John P. Boyd,
Ditto,
August 26, 1812, -
9
Thomas Parker,
Ditto,
March 12, 1813, -
9
George Izard,
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
William H. Winder,
Ditto,
Ditto,
-
Prisoner of war.
Duncan Mc Arthur, - .
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
Lewis Cass,
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
Benjamin Howard, -
Ditto;
Ditto,
8
David R. Williams, -
Ditto,
July 9, 1813,
7
Jacob Brown,
Ditto,
July 19, 1813,
9
Leonard Covington, -
Ditto,
August 1, 1813, -
9
Henry Burbeck,
Brigadier General by brevet,
July 10, 1812,
2
Moses Porter,
Ditto, ditto.
September 10, 1813,
9
QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.
Names.
Rank.
Description of Quarter-
masters.
Dates of appointment.
No. of
district
Stations and Re-
marks.
Robert Swartwout,
Brig. Gen.
Chief of Department,
March 21, 1813.
William Linnard,
Colonel, -
Quartermaster Gen'l ,
April 12, 1813, -
4
Philadelphia.
John C. Bartlett,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
Elisha Jenkins,
Do.
Ditto,
April 22, 1813, -
9
Albany.
James Thomas,
. Do.
Ditto,
April 28, 1813,
9
William Piatt,
Do.
Ditto,
June 23, 1813,
7
New Orleans.
William Swan,
Do.
Ditto,
August 7, 1813, ■
5
Norfolk.
James S. Swearingen,
Major,
Dep. Q'rmaster Gen.
March 17, 1813, -
4
Pittsburg.
Samuel Cham plain, -
Do.
Ditto,
March 18, 1813, ■
6
Charleston.
C Van De Venter, -
Do.
Ditto,
March 26, 1813.
Samuel Brown,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Taylor Berry,
Do.
Ditto,
March 31, 1813, -
8
St. Louis.
Theos. W. Smith, -
Do.
Ditto,
April 2, 1813,
3
New York.
Thomals Bourke,
Do.
Ditto,
April 19, 1813,
6
Savannah.
Paul Bentalou,
Do,
Ditto,
June 29, 1813,
5
Baltimore.
William A. Barron, -
Captain, -
As. Dep. Q'rmast. Gen.
April 2, 1813,
3
New York.
Richard H. Ashley,
Do.
Ditto,
April 11, 1813,
2
Newport.
Gustavus Loomis,
Do.
Ditto,
April 19, 1813, -
9
Ezra Smith,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
William Chrystie,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
St. Louis.
Jonathan Allen,
Do.
Ditto,
April 20, 1813,
1
Pittsfield.
John T. Wirt,
Do.
Ditto,
April 25, 1813,
7
Mobile.
James W. Bryson,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
Newport.
John Bliss,
Do.
Ditto,
April 28, 1813,
9
Joseph Wheaton,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
8
John G. Camp,
Do.
Ditto,
May 20, 1813,
9
Abraham Ten Eyck, -
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Robert Patterson,
Do.
Ditto,
June 24, 1813,
4
Henry Stanton,
Do.
Ditto,
July 12, 1813,
9
Ferdinand Marsteller,
Do.
Ditto,
July 17, 1813,
5
Washington.
Thomas Campbell,
Do.
Ditto,
July 29, 1813,
9
Timothy Burr,
Do.
Ditto,
July 31, 1813,
9
James Rees,
Do.
Ditto,
August 1, 1813, -
9
Samuel Duncan,
.Do.
Ditto,
August 6, 1813, -
4
Carlisle.
Peter Lequex,
Do.
Ditto,
August 31, 1813, -
6
William Cox,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
6
Joseph B. Fame,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
6
James Ward,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
6
Joseph Miller,
Do.
Ditto,
September 1, 1813,
9
50
390
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT.
John Anderson,
Paul H. Perrault,
Isaac Roberdeau,
Simon Z. Watson,
Thomas Clark,
James Kearney,
Daniel Rose,
Benjamin Connor,
Major,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Captain,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Description.
Topographical Engin.
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Assist. Top. Engineer,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Dates of appointment.
April 12, 1813,
Ditto,
April 29, 1813,
August 20, 1813.
April 1, 1813,
April 12, 1813.
July 20, 1813,
August .3, 1813,
No. of
district.
Stations and Re-
marks.
Prisoner of war.
War OflSce.
ADJUTANT GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.
John R. Fenwick.
Colonel, -
Adjutant General, -
March 18, 1813, -
3
New Yorli^
William Duane,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
4
Philadelphia.
Francis K. Huger,
Peter P. Schuyler,
Do.
Ditto,
April 6, 1813,
6
Charleston.
Do.
Ditto,
April 28, 1813,
1
Boston-
William King,
Do.
Ditto,
July 18, 1813,
9
John B. WaJbach, -
Do.
Ditto,
August 6, 1813, -
9
Edmund P. Gaines, -
Do.
Ditto,
September 1, 1813,
8
James Bankhead,
Do.
Ditto,
September 9, 1813,
5
Norfolk.
Charles K. Gardner, -
Major,
Assist. Adjutant Gen.
March 18, 1813.
Thomas Chrystie,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
3
Robert Dunn,
Do.
Ditto,
March 28, 1813, -
8
John Johnson,
Do.
Ditto,
April 2, 1813.
9
Ebenezer Beebee,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Talbot Chambers.
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
John Erving,
Do.
Ditto,
April 6, 1813.
6
Cary Nicholas,
Do.
Ditto,
April 25, 1813.
9
INSPECTOR GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.
A. Y. Nicoll, -
Nicholas Gray,
William Boote,
Henry Atkinson,
Jacob Kingsbury.
James Gibson,
Enos Cutler,
John C. Tillotson,
Levi Hukill,
J. Snelling,
Robert Sterry,
Daniel Hughes.
Colonel, -
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Major,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Inspector General, -
Ditto.
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Assist. Inspect. Gen.
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
March 18, 1813.
Ditto,
April 6, 1813,
April 25, 1813.
April 28, 1813,
July 13, 1813,
March 18. 1813,
Ditto,
April 6, 1813.
April 25, 1813,
May 10, 1813,
August 7, 1813,
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
Decius Wadsworth,
Geor&e Bomford,
John Morton, -
Abraham R. Woolley,
John H. Margart,
.lames Dalibre,
Thomas L. Campbell.
Edwin Tyler,
R. D. Richardson,
George Talcott, Jun.
/Eneas McKay,
William Wade,
Rufus L. Baker,
William C. Lyman, -
George Larned,
Nehemiali Baden,
Daniel Brucknor,
Christopher Keiser, -
Thomas L. Hawkins,
James Baker, -
Colonel, ■
Major,
Captain, -
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Lieutenant,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Commissary General,
Assist. Commis. Gen.
Deputy Commissary,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Assistant Dep. Com.
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
July 2, 1812,
June 18, 1812,
September 11, 1812,
December 4, 1812,
December 31, 1812,
August 5, 1813, -
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
March 12, 1813, -
Ditto,
Ditto,
April 19, 1813,
Ditto,
August 6, 1813, -
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Washington.
Albany.
Washmgton.
Pittsburg.
Charleston.
Albany.
N. W. Army.
New York.
New York.
Pittsburg.
Albany.
Pittsburg.
Albany.
Washington.
Charleston.
N. W. Army.
Albanr.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
391
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
JUDGE ADVOCATES.
Names.
Rank.
Dates of appointment.
No. of
district.
Stations and Remarks.
E. A. Bancker, Esq. -
Philip S. Parker, Esq.
John S. Wills, Esq. -
T. T. Dent, Esq.
Stephen Lush, Jun. Esq.
Judge Advocate,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
Ditto,
March 18, 1813, -
April 2, 1813,
May 7, 1813,
July 19, 1813,
October 5, 1813, -
3
9
8
6
9
HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT.
James Tilton, -
Physician & Surgeon General,
June 11, 1813,
9
Francis Le Baron,
Apothecary General,
Ditto,
9
James Mann,
Hospital Surgeon,
April 9, 1812,
9
G. E. Prendergast,
Ditto,
April 25, 1812,
9
David C. Kerr,
Ditto,
April 30, 1812, -
7
Samuel Akerly,
William M. Ross,
Ditto,
July 6, 1812,
3
Ditto,
March 18, 1813, -
9
W. V. Wheaton,
Ditto,
March 28, 1813, -
9
Samuel Shaw,
Ditto,
April 6, 1813,
May 5, 1813,
9
Hosea Blood,
Ditto,
9
William McCaw,
Ditto,
May 20, 1813,
6
George D. Proctor, -
Ditto,
June 11, 1813,
6
B. Waterhouse,
Ditto,
June 29, 1813,
1
Thomas Akin,
Ditto,
Ditto,
6
John R. Martin,
Ditto,
July 2, 1813,
8
E. W. Bull, - ■ -
Ditto,
August 8, 1813, -
9
William Thomas,
Hospital Surgeon's Mate,
July 7, 1809,
9
Roger Smith,
Ditto,
May 14, 1812,
9
James Stephenson, - .
Ditto,
May 27, 1812,
7
Stephen Sutton,
Ditto,
Ditto,
7
Samuel Schofield,
Ditto,
September 15, 1812,
9
John H. Sackett,
Ditto,
March 22, 1813, -
5
J. B. Whitredge,
Ditto,
March 30, 1813, -
9
H. Van Hoevenberg, -
Ditto,
March 31, 1813, -
9
Edward Purcell,
Ditto,
May 2, 1813,
9
William W. Hazard,
Ditto,
May 14, 1813,
9
Henry Brundidge,
Ditto,
May 16, 1813,
9
Joseph L. Stevens,
Ditto,
June 29, 1813,
6
Thomas C. Walker, -
Ditto,
July 2, 1813,
9
William Jones,
Ditto,
Ditto,
5
William E. Horner, -•
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
John Rogers, -
Joseph Wallace,
Ditto, • -
July 15, 1813,
9
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
E. Aspinwall,
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Abraham Vanhoy,
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
William Meriwether,
Ditto,
July 19, 1813,
6
A. Torbling,
Ditto,
October 4, 1813, -
9
Oliver H. Spencer, -
Garrison Surgeon,
July 9, 1804,
7
New Orleans.
Joseph West,
Garrison Surgeon's Mate,
June 10, 1802,
9
Niagara.
John F. Heileman,
Ditto, . -
June 2, 1802,
4
Fort Mifflin.
George W. Maupin, -
Joseph Goodhue,
Ditto,
November 5, 1802,
5
Fort Nelson.
Ditto,
February 8, 1803, -
1
Fort Constitution.
Abraham Stewart,
Ditto,
March 6, 1806,
8
St. Louis.
James H. Sargent,
Ditto,
Ditto,
1
Fort Independence.
Fort Stoddart.
Robert Huston,
Ditto,
February 27, 1807,
7
Charles Slocum,
Ditto,
March 25, 1807, -
7
Natchitoches.
Lemuel B. Clark,
Ditto,
January 4, 1808, -
5
Norfolk.
William T. Davidson,
Ditto,
June 13, 1808,
7
Fort Stoddart
John H. Turner,
Ditto,
May 1, 1810,
7
C. Cunningham,
Ditto,
October 15, 1810, -
8
Detroit.
Jonathan S. Cool,
Ditto,
February 8, 1811, -
8
Fort Osage.
William Ballard,
Ditto,
March 24, 1812, -
6
Fort Hawkins.
Samuel Dusenbury, -
Ditto,
March 25, 1812, -
6
St. Mary's.
Alexander WoUcott, -
Ditto,
Ditto,
3
New York.
Anthony Benezet,
Ditto,
March 25, 1813, -
8
Fort Wayne.
William Turner,
Ditto,
September 29, 1812,
2
Newport, R. Island.
David Neil son.
Ditto,
December 3, 1812,
9
Israel Stoddard,
Ditto,
February 18, 1813,
9
Burlington.
Charles Taylor,
Ditto,
April 3, 1813,
9
Samuel Meriweather,
Ditto,
August 1, 1813, -
6
St. Louis.
CHAPLAINS.
David Jones, - - -
Chaplain,
April 2, 1813,
9
Peter J. Van Pelt, -
Ditto,
Ditto,
3
James I. Wilraer,
Ditto,
May 20, 1813,
8
Robert Elliot,
Ditto,
Ditto,
9
Aaron J. Booge,
Ditto,
June 16, 1813,
9
Stephen Liiidsley,
Ditto,
July 29, 1813,
8
Thomas Hersey,
Ditto,
August 20, 1813, -
8
392
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181S
GENERAL STAFF— Continued.
MILITARY ACADEMY.
Senior Officer of" Engineers,
Jared Mansfield,
Andrew EUicott,
Alden Partridge,
F. De Masson,
C. E. Zoeller,
Samuel Walsh,
Adam Empie,
Superintendent-
Prof, natural & esper. philos.
Professor of mathematics.
Professor of art of engineering.
Teacher of French language.
Teacher of Drawing.
Surgeon.
Chaplain.
Dates of appointment. Ljig^j-t Stations and Remarks.
PURCHASING DEPARTMENT.
C. Irvine, Esq.
Commissary General,
Philadelphia.
Jonn McKinney,
Deputy Commissary,
-
5
Washington.
John H. Plummer,
Ditto,
-
9
Albany.
John Langdon,
Ditto,
-
1
Portsmouth.
Amasa Stetson,
Ditto,
-
1
Boston.
Elisha Tracy,
Ditto,
-
2
Norwich.
Samuel Russell,
Ditto,
-
3
New York.
John H. Piatt,
Ditto,
-
8
Cincinnati.
James Calhoun, Jun. -
Ditto,
-
5
Baltimore.
Robert C. Jennings, -
Ditto,
-
5
Norfolk.
Matthew Irwin,
Assistant Commissary,
-
9
Champlain.N. York
George Wadsworth, -
Ditto,
-
9
Burlington, Ver.
Robert Irvine,
Ditto, ■
-
8
Detroit.
James E. Herron,
Ditto,
.
9
Niagara.
John M. Taylor,
Military Storekeeper.
- .
4
Philadelphia.
Samuel Devens,
Ditto,
-
I
Charlestown.
John Shaw,
Ditto,
.
9
Albany.
John Fellows,
Ditto, .
-
3
New York.
Jonathan Snowden, -
Ditto,
.
3
West Point.
H. P. Deering,
Ditto,
-
3
Sagg Harbor.
Richard Parker,
Ditto,
-
4
Carlisle.
D. Kirkpatrick,
Ditto,
- • ■
4
Newcastle.
William C. Bennett,
Ditto,
-
4
Wilmington.
Henry Simons,
Ditto,
-
6
Charleston.
Thomas Martin,
Ditto,
-
8
Newport.
G. L. Hommedieu,
Ditto,
-
2
Norwich.
Edwin Starke,
Ditto,
-
5
Norfolk.
John Rice,
Ditto,
.
I
Portsmouth.
John Chaffee,
Ditto,
-
1
Springfield.
Harper's Ferry.
Samuel Annin,
Ditto,
-
5
Thomas B. Rutter, -
Ditto,
"
5
Baltimore.
PAY DEPARTME
NT.
Names.
Rank.
Description of Paymasters.
Dates of Appointment.
No. of
district.
Stations and Re-
marks.
Robert Brent, Esq. -
Washington Lee,
.
Paymaster of Army.
Major,
Deputy Paymast. Gen.
April 13, 1813, -
-
Northern army.
D.Fraser,
2d Lieut.
Asst. Dep. Paym. Gen.
August 4, 1813, -
-
Frontiers N. Y
J. H. Rees, -
1st Lieut.
Ditto,
September 24, 1813,
-
Ditto.
Nehemiah Freeman, -
Major,
District Paymaster, -
March 16, 1802, -
1
Boston.
Ambrose Whitlock, -
Captain,
Ditto,
June 13, 1805,
8
Vincennes.
Simeon Knight,
1)0.
Ditto,
March 24, 1808, -
7
Natchez.
Alpha Kings! ey.
Do.
Ditto,
February 9, 1810, -
7
Nashville.
John T. Peinberton, -
Do.
Ditto,
June 4, 1812,
7
New Orleans.
Henry Phillips,
Do.
Ditto,
June 12, 1812,
4
Philadelphia.
Jonathan Eastman, -
1st Lieut.
Ditto,
March 4, 1806,
Pr. war, parole.
Satterlee Clark,
Do.
Ditto,
August 15, 1810, -
5
Washington.
Hamlin Cook,
Do.
Ditto,
July 26, 1813,
6
Charleston.
Walter Sheldon,
Do.
Ditto,
August 4, 1813, -
9
Buriington, Vt.
Jacob W. Albright, -
Do.
Ditto,
September 4, 1613,
4
W. Pennsyl'a.
Samuel H.Eakin,
Citizen,
Ditto,
June 3, 1812,
3
New York city.
James Taylor,
Do.
Ditto,
June 4, 1812,
8
Newport, pr.wr.
Joseph Watson,
Do.
Ditto.
Thompson Douglass, -
Do.
Ditto,
June 12, 1812,
8
St. Louis.
Samuel Turner,
Do.
Ditto,
Ditto,
5
Petersburg.
Jesse Hunt,
Do.
Ditto,
September 22, 1812,
8
Cincinnati.
George Merchant,
Do.
Ditto,
September 29, 1812,
9
Albany.
Samuel Huntington, -
Do.
Ditto,
October 3, 1812, -
8
N. W. army.
Joseph C. Boyd,
Do.
Ditto,
January 14, 1813, -
1
Portland.
Robert Gardner,
Do.
Ditto,
August 3, 1813, -
-
Quebec, pay pr.
George L. Perkins, -
Do.
Ditto,
September 7, 1813,
2
New London.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 181^
393
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, REGIMENT OF LIGHT ARTILLERY.
CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel-
First Lieutenants.
Joseph G. Swift, July 31, 1812.
Sylvester Thayer, July 1, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Win. Cutbush, ditto, "
Walker K. Armistead,
Ed. De Russy, July 6, "
July 31, 1812.
Thos.P. Finley, July31, "
Paymaster.
Fred. Lewis, Sept. 20, '•
Aid of Maj. Genera!
Majors.
Dearborn.
G. Bomford, July 6, 1812.
Jas. Gadsden, March 17, 1813.
William McRee, July 31, "
Second Lieutenants.
Captains.
Charles Gratiot, Feb. 23, 1808.
T. W. Maurice, Aug. 1, 1813.
A. Partridge, July 23, 1810.
Hipolite Dumas, Aug. 3, "
Eleazar D. Wood, July 1, 1812,
Maj.bvt.May6,1813.
D. B. Douglass, Oct. 1, "
J. G. Totten, July 31, "
Maj.bvt.Junee, do.
George Trescott, Oct. 1 6. "
Sam. Babcock, Sept. 20, "
J. L. Smith, ditto, "
REGIMENT OF LIGHT ARTILLERY.
Colonel.
Moses Porter, March 12, 1812,
Lieutenant Colonel.
J. R. Fenwick, Dec. 2, 1811,
Majors.
Abraham Eustis, March 15,1810,
Thomas Pitts, January 20, 1813.
Captains.
James Gibson, May 2, 1810,
Wm. Campbell, May 30, "
R. H.McPherson,Julyl5, "
J. N. Mcintosh, May 1,1811-
Samuel Price, August 15, "
Aw. McDowell, April 1, 1812.
Luther Leonard, July 6, "
Benj. Branch, August 24, "
G. W. Melvin, ditto, "
A. W. Thornton, Jan. 20, 1813.
First Lieutenants'
Fras. Stribling, March 1, 1811.
Tho. Ketchum, Sept. 1, "
John R. Bell, August 24, 1812,
F. B. Murdoch, ditto, "
W. F. Hobart, April 5, 1813.
Brig. General brevet,
Sept. 10, 1813.
Adjutant General.
Lieut. Colonel brevet,
Sept. 10, 1813.
Inspector General.
Assist. Inspector Gen.
W. Siimpter, May 27, 1813.
G. W. Might, August 10, '•
Wm. W. Smith, Oct. 1, "
Wm. K. Beall, Oct. 23, 1811.
G. N. Morris, ditto, "
Second Lieutenants.
J. H. Wilkins, March 30, 1813.
John Gates, jr. April 1,
Nelson Freeland, April 4,
J. T. McKinney, April 5, '
S. M. Mackay, May 27,
B. F. Robb, June 30,
Wm. Bazeau, August 1*,
G. E. Wells, October 1,
Elijah Lyon, October 23,
S. Washburn, ditto,
Third Lieutenants.
Henry Stanton, June 29, 1813,
Joseph Scott, July 2, "
Lloyd Hilleary, Aug. 1, "
Edm. M. Giles, ditto, "
Rich. W. Field, ditto, "
Surgeon.
A. Tombling, October 4, 1813.
Adjutant.
Assist. Deputy Quar-
termaster General.
FIRST LIGHT DRAGOONS.
Colonel.
Jacint Laval, August 1, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Nelson Luckett, August 1, 1813.
Majors.
T. A. Helms, June 7, 1813.
A. P. Hayne, August 1, "
Captains.
Asa Morgan, January 18, 1810.
Sk. Osborne, February 20, 1811.
Silas Halsey, May 31, "
A. Cummings, Nov. 1, "
W. M. Littfejohn, Dec. 1, 1812.
George Haig, January 20, 1813.
Levi Hukill, June 7, "
E. Boardman, August 1, "
First Lieutenants.
Joseph Kean, May 31,1811,
H. Whiting, August 20, "
George Birch, Nov. 1, "
F. S. Belton, January 20, 1813,
William Neilson, June 7, "
Louis Laval, July 28, "
As. Inspec. Gen.
Adjutant.
Aid to Brigadier
Gen. Boyd.
Paymaster.
James Barton, August 1, 1813.
Loring Austin, Sept. 3, "
Second Lieutenants.
V. P. Luckett, October 9, 1812.
Edward Carrington, do. 12, "
Owen Ransom, Dec. 1, "
Thomas Heriot, Jan. 20, 1813.
W. Hampton, jr. Mar. 17, "
T. B. Barton, July 27, "
F. H. Lissenhotl", Aug. 1, "
John A. Binns, Sept. 3, '■
Third Lieutenants.
Thomas F. Hunt, July 2, 1813.
Benjamin Desha, Aug. 1, "
T. J. Harrison, do. 15, "
L. P. Gustine, July 29, "
Cornets.
Thomas Hogan, Sept. 9, 1813.
Philip Anspach do. 25, "
Lewis Dunham, Dec. 12, 1808.
Surgeon^s Mates.
S. H. Littlejohn, April 3, 1813.
394
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
SECOND LIGHT DRAGOONS AND FIRST ARTILLERY.
SECOND LIGHT DRAGOONS.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and brevets.
and brevets.
Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
James Burn, July 6, 1812.
Walter Coles, July 6, 1812.
Ira Williams, do. 6, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Benjamin Smith, do. 6, "
A. T. Macneil, July 6, 1812.
J. C. Tillotson, August 10, "
As. Inspec. Geii.
Robert H. Craig, Mar. 18, 1813,
Adjutant-
Majors.
P. Callan. March 18, "
J. T. Woodford, July 6, 1812.
Isaac Griffith, do. 18, "
James V. Ball, Sept. 16, "
Lieut. Col. by
Daniel Bartling, April 22, "
brevet, Dec. 18,
James Martin, do. 30, "
Captains.
1812.
Benjamin Burd, May 16, "
S. R. Proctor. July C, 1812.
S. G. Hopkins, do. 6, "
Third Lieutenants.
Henry Hall, do. 6, "
George Watts, March 18, 1813.
Saml. D. Harris, do. 6, "
James Trippe, April 29, "
John A. Burd, do. 6, "
H. A. Hays. do. 29, "
Joseph Seldei], do. 6, "•
A. M'Farland, do.. 29, "
Jonas Holland, do. 6, "
C. Wright, do. 29, "
John Butler, do. 6, "
Hugh Sterling, do. 29, "
Charles J. Nourse, Aug. 15, 1813.
John Hoomes, May 20, "
Aid to Maj. Gen.
John L. Elbert, June 20, "
Hampton.
First Lieutenants.
Abel Wheelock, July 6, 1812.
Cornets.
Beverly Turpin, do. 6, "•
T. S. Bracken, May 16, 1813.
Walter German, do. 6, "
Sylvr. Booth, July 19, "
J. Nicholas, jr. do. 6, "
Charles Clarkson, July 29, "
James Hedges, do. 6, "
R. Northington, do. 29, "
A. H. Sneed, do. 6, "
Paymaster.
Claiborne Cain, October 1, "
Gabriel Barbour, do. 6, "
Wm. Johnson, do. 11, "
Fayette Roane, April 16, 1813.
T. S. Johnson, May 16, "
Surgeon.
W. H. Buckner, July 6, 1812.
Edward Conway, Oct. 31, "
Surgeon's Mates,
L. M. Bailey, May T, 1812.
FIRST ARTILLERY.
Colonel.
Henry Burbeck, April 1, 1802,
Lieutenant Colonel.
Const. Freeman, April 1, 1802,
Majors.
Wm. Mac Rea, July 31, 1800,
A. Y. Nicoll, Dec.
Jas. B. Many, May
1, 1804,
5, 1813.
Captains.
Lloyd Beall, February 16, 1801,
S. T. Dyson, Sept. 15, 1804.
Nathaniel Leonard, Dec. I, "
C. Wollstonecrat't, Mar.l3, 1805.
J. B. Walbach, Jan. 31, 1806,
Moses Swett, June 30, 1807.
Wm. Wilson, May 3, 1808.
E. Humphreys, January 9, 1809.
Frs. Newman, October 1, "
J. S. Swearingen, Jan. 13, 1811,
James Hanham, July 10, "
Michael Walsh, Oct. 31, '•
James Reed, March 12, 1812.
Thomas Murray, Feb. 10, 1813.
Wm. Gates, March 3, '•
J. F. Heileman, May 5, "
J. Gansevoort, do. 11, "
Hopley Yeaton, do. 20, "
Samuel Maclay, June 30, "
First Lieutenants.
Jona. Eastman, June 30, 1807,
Josh. Proveaux, January 9, 1809.
Thos. Bennett, August 1, "
Ethan A. Allen, Oct. 1, "
Archd. Darrah, Jan. 29,1811.
M. P. Lomax, June 30, "
Justus Post, July 1, "
S. Clarke, July 10, "
S. Champlain, October 31, "
Heman A. Fay, Dec. 23, "
Brig. Gen. brevet
July 10, 1812.
Colonel brevet,
July 10, 1812.
Lt. Col. brevet,
July 10, 1812.
Inspector Gen.
Major brevet,
July 10, 1812.
Adjutant Gen.
Deputy Quarter-
master General.
Dist. Paymaster,
Agt. Fortificat'n.
Dist. Paymaster.
Deputy Quarter-
master General.
Milo Mason, February 29, 1812.
C. Van de Venter, Mar. 1 2, '•
J. Fitzgerald, March 14, "
J. Erving, jr. August 16, "
A. L. Sands, February 10, 1813.
Thomas J. Beall, Mar. 3, "
James Daliba, do- 3, "
Gus. Loomis, May 5, "
Ezra Smith, do. 11, "
R. H. Ashley, do. 20, "
J. S. Brush, June 20, "
Second Lieutenants.
F. Whiting, February 10, 1812.
Samuel Spotts, do. 10, "
William Parker, do. 10, "
Levi Whiting, do- 10, "
J. W. Rouse, March 27, "
B. B. White, April 14, "
P. St. Medard, do. 30, "
Abel B. Chase, do. 30, "
James Baker, May 1, "
W. H. Nicoll, July 6, "
J. W. Lent, jr. March 12, 1813,
Charles Clark, do. 12,. "
Thomas Elfe, jr. do. 17, "
S. Rockwell, do. 20, "
Josh. Bosque, April 12, "
A. W. Forbush, May 5, "
Peter Melendy, June 29, "
B. C. Bartlett, do. 29, "
TTiird Lieutenants.
M. M. Russell, July 10, 1813.
Hugh Orr, July 19, "
J. Bennett, August 1, "
W. J. Sever, do- 1, "
Edmd. Hopkins, do. 1, "
Benj. Conner, do. 3, "
John Ellison, Sept. 29, "
Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mates.
Ditto.
As. Adj. Gen.
Dep. Com- Ord.
A. D. Q. M. G.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Aid to Brig. Gen.
Burbeck.
As. Top. Eng
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
395
SECOND AND THIRD ARTILLERY.
SECOND ARTILLERY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and brevets.
and brevets.
Colonel.
J. H. Dearing, July 6, 1812.
Winfield Scott, March 12, 1813.
Isaac Davis, March 13, 1813.
R. A. Zantzinger, do. 13, "
Lieutenant Colonels.
Robert Stewart, do. 13, "
F. K. Huser, March 3, 1813,
Adjutant Gen.
J. L. Edwards, do. 28, "
Wm. Lindsay, do. 12, "
Edwin Sharpe, June 26, "
William Tyler, Aug. 14, "
Majors.
D. M. Forney, July 6, 1812.
Second Lieutenants.
J. Hindman, June 26, 1813.
Jacob Warley, July 6, 1812.
Wm. Smith, do. 6, "
Captains.
Lewis Morgan, do. 6, "
Nathan Towson, July 6, 1812.
John RufRn, do. 6, "
S. B. Archer, do. 6, "
J. H. Gamble, do. 6, "
Wm. Nicholas, do- 6, "
Jno.W. Kincaid, do- 6, "
J. N. Barker, do. 6, "
Robert Goode, do. 6, "
J. B. Ton, do. 6, "
Francis 0. Byrd, do. 6, "
Sanders Donoho, do. 6, "
Thomas Winn, do. 6, "
Thos. Biddlejr. do. 6, "
Brigade Major.
Thomas Clark. April 16,1813,
As. Top. Eng.
Jos. Philips, do- 6, "
Cld. D. Cooper, do. 16, "
Aid to Brig.
John Ritchie, do. 6, "
Jos. P. Prince, do. 16, "
Gen. Izard.
John Goodall, do. 6, "
G. Doneghey, do. 16, "
Jesse Robinson, do. 6, "
P. J. Nevill, do. 20, "
Robert M. Gill, do. 6, "
M. S. Massey, May 13, "
P. Hawkins, jr. do. 6, "
J. P. Bunting, June 26, "
Danl. Gushing, do. 6, "
J. Henderson, do. 26, "
Stanton Sholes, do. 6, "
T. Shubrick, do. 26, "
G. W. Russell, do. 6, "
Spots. Henry, do. 6, "
Third Lieutenants.
Frederick Evans, do. 6, "
W. E. Broadwater, July 2, 1813.
A. J. Williams, March 12, 1813.
Benj. Lawson, do. 9, "
T.M.Randolph, jr. June 26,. "
H. M. Campbell, do. 19, "
John Mitchell, do. 19, "
First Lieutenants.
Hy. L. Duftell, Aug. 1, "
John S. Peyton, July 6, 1812.
W. Berryman, do. 1, "
Hy. K. Craig, do. 6, "
Jas. C. Pickett, do. 4, "
Adrian Neil, do. 6, "
Britton Evans, do. 15, "
P. M'Donough, do- 6, "
J. Watmough, Sept. 22, "
Wm. M. Read, do. 6, "
Wm. Kenny, do. 23, "
Jonan. Kearsley, do. 6, "
Adjutant.
N. Henderson, Oct. 12, "
Wm. J. Cowan, do. 6, "
John Fontaine, do. 6, "
Surgeon.
J. H. Larwill, do. 6, "
J. De La Motta, May 1, 1812.
Lowndes Brown, do. 6, "
Luther Scott, do. 6, "
Robt. R. Ruffin, do. 6, "
Surgeon^s Mates.
Paymaster.
James Trimble, July 6, 1812.
Hy. Slaughter, do. 6, "
Louis L. Near, do. 6, "
THIRD ARTILLERY.
Colonel.
J. M. O'Conner, Mar. 13, 1813,
Late Quarter-
A. Macomb, July 6, 1812.
G. H. Richards, do. 13, "
S. M. Dewey, May 20, "
master.
Lieutenant Colonels.
S. Churchill, August 15, "
G. E. Mitchell, March 3, 1813.
B. K. Pierce, October 1, "
James House, do. 3, "
First Lieutenants.
Majors.
Jas. Green, jr. July 6, 1812.
Samuel Nye, July 6, 1812.
J.L.Tracy, do. 6, "
G. Armistead, March 3, 1813.
Mo.ses J. Chase, do. 6, "
W. de Peyster, do. 6, "
Captains.
John Farley, do. 6, "
Ichb. B. Crane, July 6, 1812
Harold Smith, do. 6, "
Roger Jones, do. 6, "
J. H. Boyle, do. 6, "
Brigade Major.
Peter Pifer, do. 6, "
Benj. Brearley, do. 6, "
A. S. Brooks, do. 6, "
John W. Green, do. 6, "
J. W. Gookin, do. 6, "
Samuel Weston, do. 6, "
W. Van Deursen,jr.do. 6, "
C. M. Macomb, March 13, "
Adjutant.
J. S. B. Romayne, do. 6, "
Jos. H. Rees, do. 13, "
As. Dep. Pay-
Hor. H. Watson, do. 6, "
W. R. Duncan, do. 13, "
master Gen.
Eben. B. Morse, do. 6, "
Chester Root, do. 13, "
Paymaster.
James M'Keon, do. 6, "
Mw. Jenkins, do. 13, "
Rufus M'lntire, do. 6, "
P. D. Spencer, May 13, "
Benj. S. Ogden, do. 6, "
Jno. Mountfort, do. 20, "
Jona. Brooks, Sept. 24, "
G. Dearborn, October 1, "
Stephen Collins, Jan. 13, 1813.
A.C.W.Fanning, Mar. 13, "
Felix Ansart, do. 1, "
William King, do. 1, "
396
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
FIRST AND SECOND REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRD ARTILLERY— Continued.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments !
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and brevets.
and brevets.
Second Lieutenants.
D. Blaney, jr. October 1, 1813.
T. C. Legate, July 6, 1812.
Libbeus Custis, do. 1, "
JohnP.Bartlett,do. 6, "
Wm. Lyon, do. 1, •'
Adam A. Gray, do. 6, "
J. I. Ciomwell, Nov. 23, "
Third Lieutenants.
Thos. Chrystie, Mar. 18, 1813,
As. Adj. Gen.
C. Newkirk, October 1, 1813.
F. P. Woolsey, May 20, "
Oliver Bangs, do. 11, "
W. M'Clintock, June 20, "
L. H. Osgood, do. 20, "
Surgeon.
R. M. Kirby, July 9, "
J. H. Bradford, Oct. 3, 1813.
G.B. Sheldon, do. 9, "
Win. B. Read, do. 29, "
Surgeon's Mates.
Th. B. Chickering, Aug. 1, "
Joseph Eaton, April 14. 1812.
Ger. Senter, do- 14, "
Ed. Baynton, October 1, "
FIRST INFANTRY.
Colonel.
J. Kingsbury, August 18, 1808,
Lieutenant Colonel.
R. C. Nicholas, August 15, 1812.
Majors.
Z. Pike, March 20. 1800,
E. B. CLemson, Jan. 20, 1813.
Captains.
John Whistler. July 1, 1797,
Simon Owens, August 18, 1808.
D. Hughes, December 15, 1808,
Daniel Baker, March 12, 1812,
A. Whitlock, August
W. Whistler, Dec.
J. C. Symmes, Jan.
Simeon Knight, do.
A. Kingsley, do.
H. Johnson, do.
26, "
31, "
20, 1813.
20, "
20, "
20, "
First Lieutenants.
Benj. Marshall, Oct. 14, 1808.
J. Brownson, December 8, "
T. Hamilton, do. 15, "
J. W. Albright, Aug. 26, 1812,
Inspec. Gen.
L. C. brevet,
July 10, 1812.
Major brevet,
July 10, 1812.
As. Ins. Gen.
Aid to Major
Gen. Lewis.
Dist. Paymaster
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
S. Perkins, December 31, 1812.
L. T. Helm, January 20, 1813.
J. W. Bryson, do. 20, "
J. Campbell, do. 20, "
D. Stansbury, do, 20, "
B. Vasquez,, July 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
Lewis Bissell, March 12, 1812.
J. A. Shaw, August 26, "
Ormond Marsh, Oct. 30, "
Danl. Curtis, Dec. 31, "
R. A. M'Cabe, do. 31, "
N. E. Westfall, Jan. 20, 1813.
W. Anderson, do. 20, "
John 0. Fallan, do. 20, "
Third Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
J. C. Wooding, August 1, 1813.
H. Carrington, do. 1, *'
H. Catlett, February 18, 1813.
Surgeoii's Mates.
S. C. Muir, April 7, 1813.
As. Dep. Quar-
termaster Gen.
Ditto. '
Aid to Major
Gon. Harrison.
SECOND INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Richard Sparks, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
John Bowyer, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
Wm. R. Boote, July
Wm. Swan, January
0, 1812,
20, 1813,
Captains.
Hugh M'Call, August 19, 1800,
Wm. Piatt, February 17, 1809,
W. Lawrence, Jan. 1.1810.
H. B. Brevoort. May 1, 1811.
John Miller, March 12,1812.
R. Chamberlain, July 6, "
J. T. Pemberton, Jan. 20, 1813,
Wm. F. Ware, May 5, "
John M. Davis, do. 30, "
First Lieutenants.
A. Brownlow, January 1,1810,
John Mathers, May 1, 1811.
Inspec. Gen.
Quartermaster
General.
Major brevet,
July 10, 1812.
Quartermaster
General.
Dist. Paymaster
Late Paymaster.
Adjutant.
John T. Wirt, July 6,1812.
E. Bogardus, do. 6, "
H. Bradley, August 15, "
P. Willis, November 1, "
H. H. Villard, January 10, 1813.
John Bliss, do. 20, "
H. A. Burchsted, May 5, "
J. Bell, do. 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
T. Doggett, September 28, 1812.
R. Sturges, Nov. 1, "
Jas. Stuart, December 27, "
H. Conway, jr. Jan. 10, 1813.
N. Clarke, do. 20, "
V(- M. Smith, do. 20, "
Third Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mates.
As. Dep. Quar-
termaster Gen.
Quartermaster.
As. Dep. Quar-
termaster Gen.
Aid to Major
Gen. Wilkinson.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
397
THIRD AND FOURTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRD INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
J. F. Everitt, August 4, 1813.
H. V. Milton, August 15, 1813.
Wm. Triplett, Jo. 15, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
G. C. Russell, June 6, 1811.
J. W. Hansen, January 3, 1812.
T. Hunter, do. 3, "
Majors.
Wm. Christian, do. 3, "
M. Arbuckle, August 15, 1812.
W. Bourke, March 12, "
Wm. Carson, January 20, 1813.
John Tarrant, do. 12, "
A. Donoho, November 1, "
Captains.
James Smith, do. 19, "
John Nicks, July 1, 1808.
T. Turner, August 4, 1813.
H. Atkinson, do. 1, "
Ispec. General.
R. Goodwin, do. 15, "
J.M'Clelland,do. 1, "
Jas. WoodruflF, Dec. 12, "
Tliird Lieutenants.
Wm. Butler, do- 31, 1809.
John Martin, March 12, 1813.
R. B. Moore, Sept. 1, 1810.
W. L. Robeson, do. 12, "
J. Denking, February 6, 1811.
J. A. Watson, do. 12, "
H. G. White, May U, "
Jas. A Hart, do. 12, "
W. R. Davis, August 4, 1813.
Jack. F. Ross, May 20, "
S. W. Butler, do. 15, "
T. W. Barton, August 1, "
First Lieutenants.
Unsigns.
H. Chotard, December 31, 1809,
Adjutant.
C. Stephens, June 29, 1813.
Thos. Rogers, do. 29, "
B. D. Herriot, do. 1, 1810.
S. C. Mabson, do. 31, "
W. V. Cobbs, August 4, "
John Burnett, March 1,1811.
Wm. Laval, May 11, "
Quartermaster.
Surgeo7i.
J. M. Wilcox, January 3, 1813.
R. Shubrick, Aug. 8, 1809.
Geo. Morley, April 24, "
J. L. Carey, Nov. 1, "
Surgeon's Mates.
FOURTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
R. Purdy, August 26, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
J. Darrington, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
N. Heald, August 26, 1812.
S. Ranney, Jasuary 20, 1813.
Captains.
J. Binney, December 12, 1808.
R. B. Brown, March 18, 1809.
J. Snelling, June 12, "
0. G. Burton, August 25, 1811.
C. Fuller, November 9, "
C. Larrabee, Sept. 15, 1812.
E. Way, January 20, 1813.
J. L. Eastman, August 15, ''
F. Conkling, Sept. 2, "
First Lieutenants.
A. Hawkins, August 25, 1811.
G. P. Peters, October 29, "
John Smith, do. 31, "
L. Peckham, Nov. 9, "
G. Gooding, February 15, 1812.
Josiah Bacon, Sept. 15, "
P. Greenough, Jan. 20,1813.
M. BuHey, July 31, "
J. Plymton, August 15, "
G. W. Hovey, Sept. 2, "
Major brevet,
Aug. 9, 1812.
Paymaster.
Quartermaster.
Second Lieutenants.
P. Wheelock, January 3, 1812.
S. Butterfield, do. 3, "
Rufus Preble, February 15, "
S. Armstrong, Sept. 15, "
S. Legate, January 20, 1813.
Paul Peckham, May 19, "
J. Ranney, do. 30, "
E. Kerby, July 31, "
C. Munroe, September 2, "
Third Lieutenants.
J. P. Norton, March 12, 1813.
A. Wilson, jr. do. 12, "
N. Wadhams, do. 27, "
G. W. Boyd, April 16, "
Thos. Hunt, May 6, "
J. L. Gardner, do. 20, "
T. Green, jr. May 20, "
Ensigns.
John Drake, May 20, 1813.
James Dean, July 19, "
Surgeon.
Sylvester Day, March 13, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates-
A. Farnsworth, April 14, 1812.
J. M. Harper, January 19, 1813.
398
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
FIFTH AND SIXTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
FIFTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets,
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Colonel-
Danl. Bissell, August 15, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
George Gibson, August 15, 1813.
Majors.
N. Pinkney, January 20, 1813.
Benj. Wallace, April 30, "
Captains.
Colin Buckner, July 1, 1808.
G. M. Brooke, May 1. 1810.
R. Whartenby, do. 3, "
Townsend Stith, Sept. 30, "
A. M'lUhenny, do. 1, 1811.
T. Chambers, October 31, "
James Dorraan, Nov. 9, "
W. S. Henshaw, April 30, 1813.
Leroy Opie, June 26, "
Richd, H. Bell, Aug. 15, "
Krst Lieutenants.
John Jamieson, Oct. 31, 1811,
J. Saunders, Nov. 9, "
Josh. Owens, January 3, 1812,
R. W. Chick, March 12, "
J. S. Allison, July 6, "
J. R. Corbaly, do. 6, "
Wm.C. Bird, Sept. 1, "
P. B. Greenwell, April 30, "
J. G. Clark, June 26, '^
John Gassaway, Aug. 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
Henry O. Hill, January 3, 1812.
John W. Sinoot, do. 3, "
J. M'Gunegle, March 12, "
Aid to Major
Gen. Wilkinson
As. Adj. Gen.
Adjutant.
Aid to Brigadier
Gen. Parker
Paymaster.
J. Cummings, July
S. W. Prestman, do.
G. D. Snyder, Sept.
John Fendall, April
J. B. Taylor-, June
J. Darnall, August
Geo. Mun-ay, do.
Quartermaster.
6, 1812,
6, "
1, "
30, 1813.
26, "
14, "
15, "
Third Lieutenants.
Matthew Gait, jr. Mar. 12, 1813.
Jas. Kearney, April 11, "
Jas. Smith, jr. do. 16, "
J. A. B. Hai-ding, do. 25, "
George Rea, August 14, "
Jacob Swoyer, do. 14, "
Wm.C. Yates, do. 14, ''
T. Murphey, do. 14, "
M. Fishback, do. 15, "
George Brent, October 1, "
Ensigns.
Bailey Buckner, July 2, 1813.
Albert Vincent, do. 19, "
G. Liftwitch, do. 19, "
T. W. Morgan, do. 19, "
John Maul, do. 29, "
Robei-t Means, July 29, "
John Wells, do. 29, "
W.R.Richardson, do. 31, "
A. Whitehead, Sept. 15, "
Azel Gates, do. 15, "
Surgeon.
Adam Hays, February 10, 1812.
Sur^eon''s Mates.
Alexander Blair, July 6, 1812.
Clajon Reily, March 22, 1813.
As. Top. Eng.
SIXTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Jonas Simonds, July 8, 1808.
IJeutenant Colonel.
James Miller, November 30, 1810,
Majors.
3. Campbell. July 6, 1812.
Horatio Stark, January 20, 1813.
Captains.
Ebenez. Beebe, January 19, 1809,
J. Machesney, June 10, "
J. T. Arrowsinith, Oct. 20, "
G. Humphreys, Dec. 31, "
J. Walworth, January 1, 1810.
P. Muhlenburg, October 1, "
Clem. Sadliei-, Novem. 15, 1811.
Robert Steny, January 3, 1812,
J. E. A. Masters, June 4, "
Henry Phillips, October 13, "
First Lieutenants.
Edward Webb, October 1, 1810.
Henry Shell, March 9,1811.
James Bailey, January 3, 1812.
Londus L. Buck, ditto, "
A. R. Thompson, ditto, "
J. Chapman, July 6, "
Wm. Hazard, October 13, "
G. D. Smith, October 31, "
Colonel brevet, Aus
9, 1812.
Assist. Adj. Gen.
Assist. Insp. Gen.
Distr-ict Paymaster.
Quartermaster.
Adjutant.
G. W.TenBroeck,Mar.20, 1813.
R. B. Cuyler, April 1. "
Second Lieutenants.
D. VanderHeyden,Jan. 3, 1812.
G. W. Runk, ditto, "
H. R. Windle, ditto, "
Henry Cooke, March 12, "
N. Sherman, October 4, "
R. McClellan, ditto, "
I. L. Dubois, October 13, "
Geoi-ge Keese, Feb'y 1, 1813.
W. B. Staats, Maixh 20, "
A. Quackinbush, April 1, "
Third Lieutenants.
James Youn^
John Sisk,
Henry Meyer,
Patrick Ford,
John HaiTis,
Chai'les Rowan,
Maixh 12, 1813.
ditto, "
ditto. "
May 20, "
July 19, "
ditto, "
Ensigns.
W. Bicker, jr. July 29, 1813.
John Wood, ditto, *'
Surgeon.
T. Lawson, May 21, 1813.
Surgeon^s Mate.
W. Beaumont, Dec. 2, 1812.
Paymaster.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
399
SEVENTH AND EIGHTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
SEVENTH INFANTRy.
Names and Kank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
William Russell, May 3, 1808.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Thorn. Posey, April 30, 1813.
Majors.
J. Bankhead, August 15, 1813,
Ross Bird, ditto, "
Captains.
Uriah Blue, May 9, 1809.
Richard Oldham, Dec. 1, "
James Doherty, Jan. 1,1810.
Enos Cutler, September 3, "
Zach. Taylor, November 30, 1810,
W. H. Overton, Dec. 3, "
Carey Nicholas, March 1,1811,
W. McClellan, ditto, "
Alex. A. White, June 6, "
Narcis. Broiitin, April 6, 1813.
First Lieutenants.
J. Robertson, November 30, 1810,
J. S. Wade, December 3, "
Samuel Vail, March J, 1811.
George C. Allen, ditto, "
Elijah Montgomery, June 24, "
D. McClellan, February 10, 1812,
T. R. Richardson, ditto, " -
Jacob Miller, ditto, "
M. McClelland, Jan. 20, 1813.
S. Kercheval, April 6, '^
Adjutant General.
Assis. Inspec. Gen.
Major brevet, Sept.
5, 1812.
Assist. Adj. Gen.
Adjutant.
Quartermaster.
Second Lieutenants.
E. Taylor, February 10, 1
W. Snodgrass, ditto,
H. P. Helm, ditto,
William Prosser, ditto,
J. Forsythe, ditto,
John Hays, ditto,
John Meek, January 20,
J. N. Carrick, March 20,
T. F. Thomas, July 9,
Third Lieutenants.
E. T. Hall,
T. Blackstone,
John Weaver,
I. M. Rieley,
A. Ross,
John Noble,
T. B. Rice,
D. Burford,
March 12, 1813.
ditto, "
ditto,
ditto, "
May 2, "
ditto, "
.\iigust 9, '•
ditto,
Noble Johnson, ditto, "
Ensigns.
William Query, July 2, 1813.
A. Neilson, July 19. '•
Wilson Creed, ditto, '•
F. S. Gray, August 6, "
R. B. De Witt, ditto,
W. S. Doherty, August 9, 1813.
Surgeon.
A. G. Goodlet, Feb. 10, 1812.
Paymaster.
EIGHTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
Patrick Jack, July 6, 1812.
J. A. Black, July 6, 1812.
B. Martin, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
R. Lamer, ditto, "
L. Manning, August 15, 1813.
Henry Bill, March 25, 1813.
R. V. Marye, ditto, "
Majors.
P. Lequex, May 5, "
Assistant Deputy
Q'rmast. Gen.
W. Gumming, March 25, 1813.
Philip Cook, August 15, "
J. Ferguson, ditto,
Aid to Major Gen.
Pinckney.
Captains.
T. F. Wells, ditto,
D. E. Twiggs, July 6, 1812.
L. Gresham, August 14, "
R. Cunningham, ditto, "
W. W. Davis. August 15, "
W. Chisolm, ditto.
F. B. Warley, ditto.
Third lieutenants.
W. Jones, ditto, "
S. Coleman, May 5, 1813.
T. W. Farrar, ditto.
Aid to Brig. Gen.
James Colson, ditto, "
Flournoy.
J. G. Bostwick, ditto, "
W. McQueen. ditto, "
Brigade Major.
William Wayne, ditto, "
M. I. Keith, ditto, "
A. Dousset, ditto, "
C. Crawford. ditto,
R. J. Easter, ditto.
H. Walton, August 15, 1813.
J. A. Beaulard, August 15, "
First Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
Hamlin Cook, July 6, 1812,
District Paymaster.
H. L. Oneal, May 20, 1813,
R. p. Johnson, ditto, "
J. Gignilliat, ditto, "
T. S. Bailey, ditto.
J. G. Stallings, July 2, "
T. C. Hunter, ditto,
Otis Dyer, ditto, "
n
Surgeon.
J. H. Mallory, May 5, 1813.
W. R. Waring, April 11. 1813,
M. A. Roberts, ditto, "
James Wilde, ditto, "
Paymaster.
Surgeon's Mates.
William Bee, jr. August 14, "
J. W. Caldwell, July 6, 1812.
E. Halloway, August 15, "
Charles Lewis, July 19, 1813.
1
400
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1815
NINTH AND TENTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
NINTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staft' .appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
Aaron Lewis, August 15, 1813.
Simon Learned, July 6, 1812.
J. H. Cranson, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
T. Aspinwall, March 12, 1813.
W. Browning. March 13, 1813.
D. Chandler, ditto.
Majors.
H. Wellington, May 13,
Charles Foster, ditto, ''
C. Lyman, June 26, 1813.
H. Leavenworth, Aug. 15, "
W. Lyman. June 26, "
Otis Fisher,' June 30, "
Captains.
E. Norton, July 15, "
T. Crooker, July 6, 1812.
J. Gleason, August 14, "
Adjutant.
A. F. Hull, ditto,
E. Foster, March 13, 1813.
Third Lieutenants.
J. Ingersoll. jr. April 16, "
D. S. Townsend, May 13, "
J. Howard, March 17, 1813.
J. Christie, August 15, "
G. Bender, jr. ditto, "
David Foot, ditto, "
J. F. Norris, June 26, "
A. Burghardt, ditto, "
T. Harrison, August 15, "
T. Childs, jr. ditto.
First Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
S. L. AUea, March 23, 1813.
E. Badger, August 30, 1813.
J. W. Colburn, Sept. 29, "
W. L. Foster, ditto, "
B. F. Greene, March 30, "
J. Fowle, jr. April 16, "
Paymaster.
Surgeon.
S. Turner, May 13, "
J. Lovell, May 15, 1812.
E. Childs, ditto,
Loring Palmer, June 26, 1813.
Surgeon^s Mates.
David Perry, June 30, "
T. G. Mower, Dec. 2, 1812.
TENTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
James Welborn, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
A. Pickens, jr. July 6, 1812.
Majors.
W. S. Hamilton, March 3, 1813.
A. L.Langham, August 15, "
Captains.
July 6, 1812.
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto,
ditto, "
G. Cloud,
T. M. Nelson,
Philip Brittain,
Robert Mitchell
Eman. I. Leigh,
Mark Harden,
Joseph Bryant,
Josiah Woods,
Joseph Clay,
Jesse Copeland,
First Lieutenants.
George Vashon,
George Strother,
William Bailey,
H. H. Carson,
Abner S. Lewis,
Charles Lutterloh.
W. L. Dufphey,
July 6,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
April 15,
William Irvine, August 14, "
Jos. J. Clinch, August 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
Thomas D. Kelly, July 6, 1812.
Jos. G. Wall, ditto,
Arthur Fox, ditto, "
Adjutant.
R. Plummer, July 6, 1812.
S. A. Miller, March 23, 1813.
Lewis Yancey, ditto, "
Jehu Bird, April 15, "
A. G. Glynn, August 14, ''
James Roane, August 15. "
B. T. Goodwyn, ditto, "
Third Lieutenants.
John Garrett, March 24, 1813.
W. J. Gordon, ditto,
James Norris,
ditto.
"
Isaac Craton,
ditto.
F. McRae,
ditto, "
G. R. Bridges,
ditto, "
W. Lancaster, j
r. Aug. 14, "
James K. Hill,
ditto, "
S. Thomas,
ditto, "
W. Alexander,
August 15, "
Ensigns.
R. Wood,
March 24, 1813
N. S. Wade,
ditto.
R. H. Goodwyn
. ditto.
M. Parkes,
W. Pannili,
July 2,
ditto.
John Carney,
July 19,
T. H. Ferguson
July 31,
S. H. Bryant,
August 1,
John Rice, September 9, "
Surgeon.
I. Foster,
July 10, 18
13.
Surgeon-s Mates.
E. H. Bell, March 13, 1812.
R. Everitt, March 24, 1813.
Paymaster.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
401
ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
ELEVENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff .appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel-
Isaac Clark, July 6, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Moody Bedel, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
O. C. Merrill, March 3, 1813.
J. McNeal, jr. August 15, "
Captains.
J. W. Weeks, July 6, 1813.
B. S. Egerton, ditto, "
Samuel Gordon, ditto, "
W. S. Foster, March 13, 1813.
John Bliss, May 13, "
Richard Baen, June 26, "
V. R. Goodrich, ditto, "
Horace Hale, August 15, "
Benjamin Smead, ditto, "
First Lieutenants.
M. Corning, July 6.
W. Sheldon, March 13.
W. S. Heaton, ditto,
James Wells, ditto,
James Greene, May 13,
H. J. Blake, June 26,
D. Crawford, ditto,
R. Bucklin. jr. August 15,
N. S. Clarke, ditto,
Thomas Levake, ditto.
1812.
1813,
Late Quartermaster.
District Paymaster.
Adjutant.
Second Lieutenants.
W. F. Hail,
Ezek. Jewett,
F. A. Sawyer,
T. Aldrich,
J. V. Barron,
T. Staniford,
Isaac Clark, jr.
Wm. Risley,
J. E. Merritt,
March 13, 1813.
May 13,
June 26,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
August 14,
August 15,
ditto.
Enoch Cooper, ditto.
Ensigns.
S. C. Cotton, July 19, 1813.
J.C.Walker, ditto,
John Levake, July 29, "
Joseph Hopkins, Aug. 4, "
Thos. Tapper, August 23, "
P. S. Sandford, ditto, "
Hazen Bedel, Septenj. 21, "
B. Stevenson, ditto, "
H. Webster, Septem. 82, "
Surgeon.
G. P. Spencer, April 7, 1813.
Surgeon^s Mates.
T. Woodward, August 9, 1813.
John Sackett, ditto, "
TWELFTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Isaac A. Coles, March 12, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Thos. Taylor, August 15, 1813.
Majors.
R. C. Nicholas, March 3, 1813.
W. Morgan, June 26, "
Captains
T. P. Moore,
James Gibson,
James Paxton,
Thomas Saugster
A. C. Randolph,
James Charlton,
Charles Page,
A. L. Madison,
Thomas Post,
Robert G. Hite,
July 6, 1813.
ditto,
ditto.
. ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
March 29, 1813.
June 26, "
First Lieutenants.
Z. Morgan, July 6,
J. G. Camp, ditto,
L. B. Willis, ditto,
A. McDonald, ditto,
John Key, jr. March 39,
Robert Houston, ditto,
John Kenney, ditto,
0th. W. Callis, June 36,
William Stone, jr. ditto,
R. Harrison, September 30,
Second Lieutenants.
P. Magruder, July 6,
M. Hughes, ditto.
1813.
Late Adjutant.
As. Dp. Q'mast. Gen.
Paymaster.
Quartermaster.
John Towles, July 6, 1812.
W. C. Parker, March 39, 1813.
Bailey Bruce. ditto, "
A. Eggleston, March 30, "
R. Booker, ditto, "
Isaac Keyes, June 26, "
Jos. McGavock, ditto, "
David P. Polk, Septem. 30, "
Third Lieutenants.
C. Randolph, March 29, 1813.
P.C.Johnston, ditto, "
John Strother, ditto, "
David Hunter, ditto, "
John Macky, ditto, "
F. L. Dade, ditto,
Philip Wager, ditto, "
Jos. Shommo, ditto, "
Jos. Thomas, ditto, "
Mvv. M. Claiborne, jun.
August 14, "
Ensigns.
Geo. Eskridge, March 39, 1813.
Michael Crupper, ditto, "
Thomas Blair, April 19, "
John Robinson, May 18, "
S. Grantland, jr. May 20, "
N. C. Kindey, July 2, "
De Lafayette Johnston,
July 9, "
Robert Call, August 1, "
R. Randolph, ditto, "
S. Bartlett, ditto, "
Surgeon.
J. C. Bronaugh, April 28, 1812.
402
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181£
THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRTEENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
P. P. Schuyler, July 6, 1812,
Lieutenant Colonel.
S. S. Conner, March 12, 1813.
Majors.
J. V. H. Huyck, July 6, 1812.
R. M. Malcom, March 3, 1813.
Adjutant General.
Captains.
John Sproull,
Hugh R. Martin,
Mordecai Myers,
Myndert M. Dox,
W. D. Lawrence,
S. W. Kearney,
Samuel Haring,
John K. Paige,
W. B. Adams,
July 6, :
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
April 1,
ditto.
May 13,
ditto,
John Campbell, August 15,
First Lieutenants.
R. S. Gardiner,
W. Gansevoort,
John L. Fink,
Israel Turner,
Daniel Hugunin,
Alfred Phelps,
Hugh Robinson,
July 6, 1812,
ditto, "
ditto, "
ditto,
April 1, 1813.
May 13, "
ditto.
Paymaster.
Wm. W. Carr, May 13, 1813.
D. B. Wilcox, August 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
Jacob Sammons, July 6, 1812.
Jos. H. p wight, April 1, 1813,
John Williams, ditto, "
John Kirby, ditto, "
George Reab, jr. April 20, "
T. W. Denton, May 13, "
John Graham, June 20, "
Mason Ronalds, ditto, "
John Haight, August 15, "
Wm. Anderson, jr. ditto, "
Third Lieutenants.
F.J.Wheeler, May 2,1813.
C. Harrison, May 16, "
M. C. Cantine, August 1, "
G. Helinbold, August 15, "
R. Humphreys, Sept. 30. "
R. M. Harrison ditto, "
A. Schuyler, October 17, '•
Surgeon.
J. Y. Lancing, October 15, 1812.
Surgeon''s Mates.
John McCall, April 15, 1812.
David Marsh, April 1, 1813.
Quartermaster.
FOURTEENTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Wm. G. Mills, March 13, 1813,
Aid to Brig. Gen.
C. G. Boerstler, June 20, 1813.
James H. Gale, ditto, "
Winder.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Kiml. Godwin, ditto.
Timothy Dix, June 20, I8I3.
S. F. Donalson, ditto,
R. Bennett, May 12, '•
Paymaster.
Majors.
N. N. Robinson, ditto, "
Samuel Lane, March 3, 1813.
W. G. Sanders. May 13, "
I. D. Barnard, June 26, "
John Lynch, August 15, "
Adjutant
Captains.
Third Lieutenants.
H. Grindage, July 6, 1812.
T. Montgomery, ditto, "
Henry Fleming, ditto, "
Wm. Mcllvain, ditto, ''
K. McKenzie, ditto, "
D. Cummings, March 13, 1813.
Thomas Karney, May 13, "
Reuben Gilder, June 26, "
Jos. Marshall, .\ugust 15, •*
Abraham Clark, March 13, 1813.
Thomas Barton, ditto, "
Robert Beall, April 30, "
J. H. Falconar, May 4, "
C. Comegys, jr. May 10, "
B. Ricketts, May 12, "
Massom Mudd, ditto, "'
W. Thompson, ditto, "
D. McCriminin, May 13, '•
First Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
J. McDonald. July 6, 1812.
Richard Arell, ditto, "
W. G. Shade, March 18, 1813.
Peter Rich ditto, "
John A. Dix, May 10, "
John Waring March 13, 1813.
Henry Parker, May 12, "
Quartermaster.
Thomas Randall, ditto.
T. Davidge ditto, *'
John Beckett, ditto, "
Jesse Keen, ■ July 19, *'
Edw. Wilson, May 12, "
Asa Partridge, Sept. 24, "
A. Woodward, May 13, "
J. W. Thompson, June 26, "
Surgeon.
J. B. Sparkes, August 15, "
John Young, June 4, 1812.
Second Lieutenants.
Surgeon's Mates.
James Christie, July 6, 1812.
S. W. Magruder, March 28, 1813.
George Murdock, ditto, "
R. C.Downes, May 12, "
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
403
FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
FIFTEENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
David Curtis, May 13, 1813.
D. Brearley, March 12, 1813.
C. Stewart, August 15, "
John Scott, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Robert Carr, August 15, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
D. Fraser, March 13, 1813,
Assist. Deputy Pay-
Majors.
master General.
E. L. Whitlock, July 6, 1812.
J. Dickerson, ditto, "
William King, March 3, 1813,
Adjutant General.
William Coffie, ditto, "
C. Noyes, May 13, "
Quartermaster.
Captains.
H. K. MuUin, ditto.
Adjutant.
Z. Rosseli, July 6, 1812.
J. T. David, ditto, "
Paymaster.
C.W. Hunter, ditto, "
Brigade Major.
C. H. Roberts, ditto, "
White Youngs, ditto, '•
D. E. Burch, August 15, "
H. H. Van Dalsem, ditto, "
John Rose, ditto, "
J. L. Barton, July 30, "
J. D. Hayden, March 13, 1813.
Third Lieutenants.
Aaron Sutphen, May 13, ^'
Levi Heath, August 1, 1813.
Abm. Per Lee, ditto, "
Wm. B. Howell, ditto, "
Jb. D. Howell, August 15, "
Floreat Meline, Oct. 1, "
G. McGlassin. ditto.
Ensigns.
First Lieutenants.
J. C.Dehart, September 9.1813.
William Barnett, July 6, 1812.
Ch.W. Lee, September 30, "
James Piatt, ditto, "
J. Schofield. ditto.
Surgeon.
R. L. Howell, Sept. 15, "
Brigade Major.
Fenn Deming, April 14, 1812.
S. McDougall, Sept. 30, "
David Riddle, March 13, 1813.
Surgeon''s Mate.
A. Godwin, jr. May 13, "
R. T. Baker, March 12, 1812.
SIXTEENTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
C. Pearce, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
R. Dennis, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
W. Lee, March 3, 1813,
Robert Gray, August 15, "
G. G.Steele,
A. McEwen,
J. F. McElroy,
W. Davenport,
J. Machesney,
M. Greenwood,
John Baldy,
J. W. Aitken,
F. D. Cummins,
J. D. Coon,
Captains.
July 6,
ditto,
ditto,
Sept. 28,
March 13,
April 16,
ditto,
August 15,
ditto,
ditto,
First Lieutenants.
N. McLaughlin, April 16, 1813.
Thomas Horrell,
T. M. Powers,
Isaac Finch,
John Rahm,
Jacob Whisler,
ditto,
ditto,
August 15,
ditto,
August 5,
Deputy Paymaster
General.
Late Paymaster.
Late Adjutant.
Quartermaster.
Thomas Mahon, August 15, 1813.
Samuel Weigly, ditto, "
Thomas Evans, ditto, "
E. Olmstead, Sept. 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
Charles Fisler, May 16, 1813.
T. P. McMahon, May 19, '
Wm. Downey, August 15,
S. Nicholson, ditto,
S. Roberts, ditto,
Thomas Lyon, ditto.
Third Lieutenants.
Ths. Findley, August 15, 1813.
John Williams, ditto, "
Ensigns.
George Bryan, August 1, 1813.
Samuel Ladd, ditto, "
Hector Burns, ditto, "
Thos. Martin, ditto, "
L. Diffenbuch, August 14, "
Nathaniel Young, ditto, 19, ''
Surgeon.
S. Gilliland, May 15, 1812.
S Surgeon's Mate.
G. Baylies, December 2, 1812.
404
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
Samuel Wells, July 6, 1812.
Lieulenunt Colonel.
William M'Millan, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
Geo. Croghan, March .SO, 1813,
Richard Graham, " 30, "
Captains.
Wm. Bradford, July 6, 1812,
Charles Quiray, do. 6, "
R. Hightower, do. 6, "
.David Holt, do. 6, "
James Hunter, do. 6, "
William J. Adair, do. 6, "
James Duncan, jr. do. 6, "
C. H. Holder, March 29, 1813.
B. W. Sanders, April 16, "
M. L. Hawkins, April 16, "
First Lieutenants.
Benj. Johnson, July 6, 1812.
Alex. Robertson, do. 6, "
H. Crittenden, do. 6, "
M. W. Fisher, do. 6, "
J. Hackley, jr. March 13, 1813.
A. Garrett, do. 13, "
T. Mountjoy, do. 13, ''
C. A. Baylar, April 16, "
Parry Hawkins, do. 16, "
Philip King, Aug. 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
Ed. Ship, jr. March 13, 1813,
James Munday, do. 13, "
Lieut. Col. brevet,
August 2, 1813.
Paymaster.
Names and Rank.
Jos. Duncan, March 13, 1813.
Chesteen Scott, do. 30, "
Taylor Berry, do. 30, "
Thos. Hawkins, April 16, "
James Gray, do. 16, "■
William Baylor, Aug. 15, "
T.Buckley, do. 15, "
Samuel S. Berry, do. 15, "
Tliird Lieutenants.
John Hamilton, April 6, 1813.
G. J. Floyd, do. 6, "
S. H. Craig, do. 12, «
Reuben Taylor, do. 12, "
T. S. Morgan, do. 12, "
William Hughes, May 13, "
AVilliam Eubank, Aug. 15, "
John Taylor, do. 15, "
Ensigns.
G. M. Beall, April 6, 1813.
James Maxwell, June II,
R. W. Ewing, do. 16,
J. Mershon, do. 18,
Richard Doyle, July 2,
Ander. Evans, Aug. 1,
Surgeon.
William Turner, April 7, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates.
W. S. Madison, Dec. 2, 1812.
J. M. Talbot, March 13, 1813.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Dep. Qr.Mast. Gen.
EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT.
Colonel.
William Drayton, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Benajah White, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
William Strother, July 6, 1812.
M. J. Kenan, June 26, 1813.
Captains.
J. G.Blount, jr. July 6, 1813.
George Butler, do. 6, "
William Taylor, do. 6, "
Edward King, do. 6, "
H. P. Taylor, do. 6, "
Owen Clinton, do. 6, "
T. I. Robison, do. 6, "
Jas. Hamilton, March 13, 1813.
M. G. Waage, June 86, "
First Lieutenants.
W. A. Blount, July 6, 1812.
B. T. Elmore, do. 6, "
Elias D. Dick, do. 6, "
J. W. Farrow, do. 6, "
Alexander King, do. 6, "
William Tisdale, do. 6, "
Thos. Reynolds, March 13, 1813,
T. C. Wnihight, June 26, "
E. S. Hawkins, do. 30, "
Paymaster.
Quartermaster.
Second Lieutenants.
W. N. Miller, July 6, 1812.
R. Mebane, jun.
John Watkins,
H. Brown,
R. Thruston,
John Street,
Alex. Pagan,
John Peebles,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
March 13, 1813.
do. 13,
W. D. Freeman, June 30,
T7ii7-d Lieutenants.
Horatio Dade, March 13, 1813.
Fred'k Kinloch, do. 13, "
S. W. Smith, June 16, "
John S. Todd, July 23, "
Ensigns.
W. Whattey, June 29, 1813.
George Bruton,
J. W. Allston,
George Taylor,
A. B. Addison,
do. 29,
do. 29,
Aug. '6,
Oct. 11,
Sttrgeon.
Surgeon'' s Mates.
William M'Caw, May 1, 1812.
James B. Hill, July 6, "
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
405
NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
NINETEENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Colonel.
John Miller, -luly 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
J. B. Campbell, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
George Todd, July 6, 1812.
Thomas S. Jesup, April 6, 1813.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Col. brevet, Dec.
18, 1812.
Captains.
A. Edwards, July
H. H. Hickman, do.
Wilson Elliott, do.
James Herron, do.
John T. Chunn, do.
Hugh Moore, do.
Asahel Nearing, do.
John Anderson, March 16,
David Gwynne, do. 30,
G. W. Jackson, Aug. 15,
First Lieutenants.
Samuel Booker, July 6,
Stephen Lee, do. 6,
John Hazelton, do. 6,
James Campbell, do. 6,
James Morrow, do. 6,
J. D. Fleming. do. 6,
Philip P. Price, March 30,
Jonathan Rees, do. 30,
H. Frederick, Aug. 15,
Battle Harrison, do. 15,
Topographical Eng.
Names and Rank.
Second Lieutenants.
C. Mitchell, March 30, 1813.
J. Whistler, jun. do. 30,
E. T. Langhani, April 6,
Geo. Atchison, do. 6,
A. E. Hoffman, do. 6,
W. Blanchard, do. 6,
George W. Stall, do. 6,
Asher Phillips, May 20,
John Miligan, Aug. 15,
John Stockton, do. 15,
Third Lieutenants.
Jacob Anderson, April 6, 1813.
Mason Seward, do. 6,
Robert Carr, do. 6,
D. L. Carney, do. 6,
William Leavitt, do. 6,
A. C. Looker, Aug. 15,
Ensigns.
John Cochran, July 6, 1812.
E. B. Baskerville, do. 6, "
Hugh May. do. 6, "
John Simmons, do. 19, 1813.
C. Niswanger, do. 19, "
T. R. M'Knight, do. 19, "
John Jolly, do. 19, "
D. E. Jackson, do. 29, "
Surgeon.
Levi Rogers, Jan 28, 1813.
Surgeon'' s Mates.
Charles Marvin, Mar. 12, 1212.
Daniel Turney. Dec. 31, "
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
TWENTIETH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
T. M. Randolph, March 3, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
D. Campbell, March 12, 1813.
Majors.
John Stanard, March 3, 1813.
Lewis L. Taylor, do. 3, "
Captains.
Richard Pollard,
Wm. S. Jett, jun.
J. A. Thornton,
J. Macrea, jun.
Byrd C. Willis,
W. A. Shelton,
T. B. Randolph,
Charles Gee,
Bernard Peyton,
July
6,
do.
«.
do.
6,
do.
6,
do.
6,
April
5,
do.
5,
do.
16,
do. 16,
First Lieutenants.
Micajah Lynch,
John P. Duval,
M. M. Payne,
W. G. Hayes,
R. Crawford,
Clement White,
Thomas Harris,
Benjamin Smith,
Thomas Howson,
Thomas Monroe,
July
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
April
do. 16,
Second Lieutenants.
Thos. Blackwell, July 6, 1812.
John Archer, do. 6, "
J. H. Howard, do. 6, "
GeorgeEvans, jun; do. 6, "
William Ligon, do. 6, "
John B. Hogan, April 16, 1813.
W.F.Pendleton, do. 16, "
J. M. Glassell, do. 16, "
E. B. Randolph, Aug. 14, "
Daniel Booker, do. 15, "
Third Lieutenants.
John Wiley, jun. Mar. 30, 1813.
John Hill, do. 30, "
H. Saunders, jun. April 4, "
Jacob Koontz, do. 12, "
Thomas Rawlins, do. 16, "
Frs. Callaway, do. 16. "
Jos. Barnett, do. 16, "
Samuel Harris, Aug. 14, "
W. H. Godwin, do. 14, "
G. M'Laughlin, do. 15, "
Paymaster.
J. Pettipool
Dabney Morris,
H. Lewis,
James Fuller,
John Baker,
Robert Carter,
Jos. B. iScott,
Ensigns.
July 6, J812.
May 3, 1813.
July 2, "
do. 2, «
do. 29, "
Aug. 1, "
do. 1, "
Surgeon.
M. C. Buck, July 2, 1813.
Quartermaster.
52 m
406
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
TWENTY-FIRST AND TWENTY-SECOND REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
El. W. Ripley, March 12, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel,
Timothy Upham, March 12, 1813.
Majors.
John Johnson, June 26, 1813.
Jos. Grafton, do. 26, "
Captains.
Josiah H. Vose, July 6, 1812.
Charles E. Tobey, do. 6, "
Joseph Treat, do. 6, "
Charles Procter, do. 6, "
Jer. Chapman, do. 6, "
Benjamin Ropes, do. 6, "
Lemuel Bradford, do. 6, "
S. Burbank, March 13, 1813.
M. Marston, June 26, "
J. Eastman, jun. July 30, "
Hrst Lieutenants.
Daniel Henderson, July 6. 1812.
Assist. Adjutant Gen.
Perez Loring
Azor Orne,
Peter Pelham.
Henry Bender,
J. Bartlett,
Ira Drew,
March 13, 1813
do. 13,
April 16,
May 13,
June 26,
Aug. 14,
Adjutant.
Second Lieutenants-
Wm. Bowman, July 6, 1812.
John Downer, do. 6, "
James Pratt, March 13, 1813.
NathM N. Hall, do. 13,
A. Bigelow,
Jos. Cilley,
N. Blasdell,
Edward Hall,
April 16,
May 13,
Aug. 15,
do. 15,
Third Lieutenants.
Brackett Paine,
Daniel Rose,
Aug. 15, 1813.
do. 15, "
Ensigns.
H. C. Babcock, Aug. 1, 1813.
J. W. Holding, do. 5, "
Benjamin Jackson, do.
Francis Lamed, Oct.
Nicholas Tilraan, do.
Brad. Farnum, do.
6,
1,
1,
17,
A. Trowbridge, Aug. 1, 1813.
Surgeon''s Mates.
Josiah Everett,
Elisha Allen,
July 21, 1813
do. 21, '•
Quartermaster.
Assist. Topog. Eng.
TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY.
Colonel.
John D. Kehr, March 13, 1813.
Quartermaster.
Hugh Brady, July 6, 1812.
Robert Dunn, April 16, "
Gideon Low. do. 16, "
Assist. Adj. Gen.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Thomas Wright, do. 16, "
Robert R. Hall, June 20, "
Paymaster.
George M'Feely, July 6, 1812.
John R. Guy, do. 20, "
Majors.
John Armstrong, do. 20, "
Robert Lucas, March 3, 1813.
John Fee, do. 26, "
Ralph Marlin, do. 3, "
Third Lieutenants.
Captains.
Jas. M'Kenney, March 13, 1813.
Sampson S. King, July 6, 1812.
Wm. Gillaspie, do. 13, "
Jacob Carmack, do. 6, "
Peleg Slocum, June 16, "
0. Martine, do. 26, '•
John Pentland, do. 6, "
John Foster, do. 6, "
R. M. Davidson, do. 26, "
Silas Amberson, do. 6, "
Samuel Brady, do. 26, "
David Espy, April 16, "
John Arrison, do. 26, "
Jos. Henderson, do. 16, "
J.H. Vanderslice, July 19, "
Th. Lawrence, June 20, "
G. S. Wilkins, do. 29, "
Willis Foulk, do. 20, "
Ensigns.
James Stewart, July 19, 1813.
First Lieutenants.
John Larken, July 6, 1812.
Joseph Stable, do. 29, "
Thos. Y. Sprogell, do. 6, "
John Clark, do. 29, "
James Huston, do. 6, "
Geo. F. Semple, Aug. 1, "
William Morrow, do. 6, "
JohnSemple, do. 4, "
John Greene, March 13, 1813.
Adjutant.
Robert Beans, do. 14, "
S. A. Rippey, April 16, "
Fred. Hennings, Oct. 1, "
G. W. Ferguson, do. 16, "
William Sturgis, June 20, "
Surgeon.
I). Cornyn, do. 20, "
James M'Ghee, do. 20, "
Wm. N. Mercer, Aug. 7, 1813.
Surgeon-s Mates.
Second Lieutenants.
P. H. Craig, July 6, 1812.
Jacob Fetter, July 6, 1812.
J. Culbertson, March 13, 1813.
Jesse Magaw, do. 6, "
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
407
TWENTY-THIRD AND TWENTY-FOURTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
TWENTY-THIRD ENFANTRV.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
James P. Preston, Aug. 15, 1813.
Rod. Simons, July 6, 1812.
J. P. Livingston, Sep. 25, "
Levi S. Burr, March 18, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Jas. R. Mullany, March 3, 1813.
J. M'Aulay, jun. April 16, "
Jus. Ingersoll, June 20, "
Quartermaster.
Majors.
Samuel Tappan, do. 20, "
1
H. B. Armstrong, April 12, 1813.
Alph. Wetmore, do. 26, "
D. M'Farland, Aug. 15, "
Third Lieutenants.
Captains.
W. G. Belknap, April 5, 1813.
Peter Mills, July 6, 1812.
S. B. Griswold, do. 5, "
DerickVan Veghten, do. 6, "
Zadoc P. Morse, do. 16, "
David Scott, do. 6, "
John Jones, do- 16, "
Thomas Delano, do. 6, "
Rd. C.Smyth, May 3, "
Hor. G. Armstrong, Sep. 25, "
James S. Abeel, do. 3, "
L. B. Canfield, do. 25, "
Abm. Cantine, do. 10, "
Isaac Roach, jun. April 13, 1813.
J. P. Dieterich, do. 10, "
S. D. Wattles, June 20, "
Rd. Phillips, do. 13, "
A. W. Odell. do. 20, "
Samuel R. Hill, June 21, "
E. F. Gilbert, do. 26, "
Ensigns.
First Lieutenants.
Ezra King, July 6, 1812.
John M'Cartey, July 6, 1812.
J.Cauldwell,jun. Apr. 7, 1813.
John B. Truax, May 4, "
R. Goodell, do. 6, "
William Clarke, do. 6, "
Francis Blaize, do. 12, "
B. H. Mooers, do. 6, "
Dudley Lamb, Oct 4, "
John M. Lowe, March 17, 1813.
W. J. Worth, do. 19, "
Aid to Major General
Surgeon.
H. Whiting, June 20, "
Lewis.
Silas Fuller, July 6, 1812.
P. U. Hogeboom, do. 20, "
Paymaster.
Fred. Brown, do. 20, "
Surgeon's Mates.
Abijah Bennet, do. 20, •'
John Gale, July 9, 1812.
Henry White, do. 28, 1813.
TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
W. P. Anderson, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Joseph L. Smith, March 12, 1813.
Majors.
June 26, 1813.
Aug. 15, "
F. Armstrong,
Robert Butler,
Captains.
Aw. H. Holmes, July ■
Alexander Gray, do.
John A. Rodgers, do.
William 0. Allen, do.
Robert Desha,
J. H. Campbell,
Minor Sturges,
Frank Hampton,
W. O. Winston,
W. Wilkinson,
do.
do.
May 13,
June 26,
Aug. 15,
do. 15,
Mrst Lieutenants.
Silas Stevens,
James Stuart,
Samuel Scott,
Joseph Anthony,
Rt. Buntin, jun.
Tal. Richards,
Uriah Allison,
Caleb G. Fobes,
John O. Fallon,
Joseph Perkins,
July 6, 1812.
do. 6, "
March 13, 1813.
June 26, "
do. 26, "■
Aug. 15, "
do. 15, "
do. 15, "
do. 15, "
do. 15, "
Paymaster.
Aid to Major Gen.
Harrison.
Second Lieutenants.
Abner Hynes, April 20, 1813.
T. P. Favrot, June 26, "
Adam Peck, jun. do. 26, "
Litt. Johnston, do. 26, "
Sam'l T. Balch, Aug. 14, "
John Butler, do. 14, "
Jos. A. Martin, do. 14, "
W. M. Crawford, do. 15, "
Daniel Green, do. 15, "
J. S. Williamson, do. 15, "
Third Lieutenants.
Francis Valle, May 13, 1813.
John Gillbreath, do. 13,
Rd. M. Woods, do. 13,
F. Baldridge, do. 13,
William Martin, Aug. 9,
W. G. Childress, do. 15,
Lewis M. Ayer, do. 15,
Hezk. Jackson, do. 15,
Ensigns.
Robert Renfroe, Aug.
Ales. Hamilton, do.
R. M'Combs, do.
W. K. Pauling, • do.
William Johnson, do.
Abm. Fine, Oct.
9, 1813.
9,
9,
9,
9,
1,
Surgeon.
Henry Skinner, April 5, 1813.
Surgeon^s Mates.
C. Humphries, April 25, 1812.
Harry Bradford, Aug. 9, 1813.
408
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813
TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY AND RIFLE REGIMENT.
TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Colonel.
E. P. Gaines, March 12, 1813.
Lieulenanl Colonel.
Jonas Cutting, July 6, 1813.
Majors.
C. K. Gardner, June 26, 1813.
William Battey, Aug. 15, "
Captains.
George Howard, July 6, 1812,
Peter Bradley, do. 0, "
Joseph Kinney. March 13, 1813.
T. M. Read, April 10, "
J. B. Murdoch, do. 16, "
Henry Dyer. June 20, "
Minor Robbins, do. 26, "
J. A. Thomas, Aug. 15, ^^
Benjamin Watson, do. 15,
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
D. Ketchum,
Sept. 30,
First Lieuicnants.
J. Burbidge, March 13, 1813.
Edward White, April 16, "
Daniel Forward, do. 16, '"
Adjutant General.
Assist. Adj. Gen.
Late Quartermaster
Arch'd C. Crary, April 16, 1813.
T. S. Seymour, June 20, |'
Jesse Beach, do. 26, "
E. Shaylor, Aug. 15, "
Alex. T. F. Bill, do. 15, "
John G. Munn, do. 15, ''
George M'Chain, Sept. 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
J. Hutchinson, May 13, 1813.
G. Talcott,jun. July 10, "
Russell Eddy, do. 13, "
Clark Robbins, do. 13, "
John Gifford, do. 13, "
J. D. Brown, Aug. 15, "
S. H. Devotion, Sept. 28, "
Third Lieutenants.
Henry De Witt, Oct. 17, 1813.
Surgeon.
Giles Gridley, April 9, 1812.
Surgeoii's Mates.
P. Woodbury, July 6, 1812.
J. L. Comstock, Dec. 2, "
Quartermaster.
Dep. Com. Ord.
Paymaster.
RIFLE REGIMENT.
Colonel.
T. A. Smith, July 6, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
G. W, Sevier, July 6, 1812.
Majors.
J. M'Donald, Aug. 1, 1812.
Benj. Forsyth, Jan. 20, 1813.
Captains.
H. R. Graham, March 8, 1809.
A. A. Massias, July I, "
F. Ridgeway. do. 31, 1810.
Michael C. Hays, June 1,1811.
L.Morgan, July 1, "
Daniel Appling, April 1, 1812.
Joshua Hamilton, July 6, "
T. A. Patterson, Aug. 1, "
T. Ramsay, Nov. 30, "
William Smith, Jan. 20, 1813.
First Lieutenants-
Elias Stallings, March 16, 1811.
L.G.A. Armistead,Feb. 10, 1812.
W. E. Morris, April 30, "
John Findley, do. 30, "
H. V.Swearingen, July 6, "
E. Wadsworth, Aug. 1, 1812.
William Townly, do. 1, "
W. C. Beard, Sept. 27, '•
James Ryan, Nov. 30, "
George Gray, Jan. 20, 1813.
Aid to Maj. Gen.
Pinckney.
Quartermaster.
Second Lieutenants.
Harvey Murray, Oct. 17, 1812.
J. S. M'Intosh, Nov. 13, "
Jos. Calhoun, jun. Dec. 2, "
Hyem Cohen,
do.
2, "
William Arnold,
do.
3, "
John M'Intire,
do.
3, "
J. Shortridge,
do.
3, "
John Hanson,
Dec.
4, "
John Harlee,
Jan.
20, 1813
Josiah Hill,
do.
20, "
Third Lieutenants.
S. V. Hamilton, March 12, 1813.
R. M'Farland, do. 12,
Jacob Tipton,
W. Armstrong
Bennet Riley,
L. Norton,
J. S. Gray,
do. 12,
do. 12,
do. 12,
do. 12,
May 20,
Andrew Lindsay, June 29,
Ensigns.
T. F. Smith, July 2, 1813.
Samuel Cobbs,
do.
2.
G. Davidson,
do.
•3,
F. Howard,
do.
19,
J. H. Stannon,
do.
29,
Peter Albright,
Aug.
1,
Edward Drake,
do.
7,
Surgeon.
W. W. Hall, March 24, 1812.
Surgeon^s Mate.
S. Gantt, July 2, 1813.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
409
LINEAL RANK.
MAJOR GENERALS.
Henry Dearborn, January 27, 1812,
Thomas Pinckney, Marcli 27, 1812,
James Wilkinson, March 2, 1813,
Watie Hampton, March 2, 1813,
Morgan Lewis, March 2, 1813,
W. H. Harrison, March 3, 1813.
BRIGADIER GENERALS.
Jos. Bloomfield, March 27, 1812,
James Winchester, March 27, 1812,
William Hull, April 8, 1812,
Thomas Flournoy, June 18, 1812,
T. H. Gushing, July 2, 1812,
John Chandler, July 8, 1812,
John P. Boyd, August 26, 1812.
Thomas Parker, Marcii 12, 1813,
George Izard, March 12, 1813,
W. H. Winder, March 12, 1813,
D. M'Arthur, March 12, 1813,
Lewis Cass, March 12, 1813,
Benjamin Howard, March 12, 1813,
D. R. Williams, July 9, 1813,
Jacob Brown, July 19, 1813,
L. Covington, August 1, 1813,
COLONELS.
^prill, 1803.
H. Burbeck, 1st art. brig. gen. brev.
May 3, 1808.
William Russell, 7th infantry.
July 8.
Jonas Simonds, 6tli infantry.
August 18.
J. Kingsbury, 1st infantry, in stafl".
March 12, 1813.
M. Porter, L. A. brig. gen. brevet.
July 6.
Richards Sparks, 2d infantry,
Alexander iVIacomb, 3d artillery,
Thomas A. Smith, rifle,
P. P. Schuyler, 13th infantry, staft",
Simon Larned, 9th infantry,
James Burn, 2d light dragoons,
Isaac Clark, llth infantry,
Hugh Brady, 22d infantry,
Wm. p. Anderson, 24th infantry,
Cromwell Pearce, 16th infantry,
Patrick Jack, 8th infantry,
Samuel Wells, 17th infantry,
John Miller, 19th infantry,
William Drayton, I8th infantry,
James Wellborn, 10th infantry,
Jidyn.
Joseph G. Swift, engineer,
August 15.
Daniel Bissell, 5th infantry.
Jlugust 26.
Robert Purdy, 4th infantry.
March 3, 1813.
T. M. Randolph, 20th infantry.
March 12.
Ed. P. Gaines, 25th inf. adj. gen.
Wintield Scott, 2d artillery,
David Brearly, 15th infantry,
Isaac A. Coles, 12th infantry,
Elea. W. Ripley, 21st infantry,
L. Laval, 1st light dragoons.
June 20.
Charles G. Boerstler, 14th infantry.
Jlugust 15.
Homer V. Milton, 3d infantry,
James P. Preston, 23d infantry.
UEUTENANT COLONELS.
April 1, 1802.
C. Freeman, 1st art. col, brevet.
November 30, 1810.
J. Miller, 6th infantry, col. brevet.
June 6, I8I1.
Gilbert C. Russell, 3d infantry.
December 2.
J. R. Fen wick, light art. col. staft'.
July 6, 1812.
John Bowyer, 2d infantry,
John Darrington, 4th infantry,
George W. Sevier, rifle,
A. T. Macneill, 3d light dragoons,
William M'Millan, 17th infantry,
J. B. Campbell, 19th inf. col. brevet,
Benaja White, 18th infantry,
Jonas Cutting, 35th infantry,
George M'Feely, 32d infantry,
Richard Dennis, 1 6th infantry.
Moody Bedel, llth infantry,
Andrew Pickens, 10th infantry.
July 31.
W. K. Armistead, engineer.
August 15.
Robert C. Nicholas, 1st infantry.
March 3, 1813.
George E. Mitchell, 3d artillery,
James R. Mullany, 23d infantry,
James House, 3d artillery,
F. K. Hugcr, 2d artillery, col. staft'.
March 12.
Samuel S. Conner, 13th infantry,
Timothy Upham, 2 1st infantry,
Thomas Aspinwall, 9th infantry,
Joseph L. Smith, 34th infantry,
David Campbell, 30th infantry,
William Lindsay, 3d artillery.
April 30.
Thornton Posey, 7th infantry.
June 20.
Timothy Dix, 14th infantry,
N. Luckett, 1st light dragoons.
August 15.
George Gibson, 5th infantry.
Robert Carr, 15th infantry,
Thomas Taylor, 12th infantry,
Lawrence Manning, 8th infantry.
MAJORS.
March 31, 1800.
Z. Pike, 1st inf. lieut. col. brevet.
July 21.
W. M'Rea, 1st art. lieut. col. brevet.
December 1, 1804.
A. Y. Nicdll, 1st artillery, col. staft".
March 15, 1810.
A. Eustis, It. art. lieut. col. brevet.
July 6, 1812.
W. R. Boote,2d infantry, col. staff",
John Campbell, 6th infantry,
George Bomford, engineer,
Eph. L. Whitlock, 15th infantry,
John T. Woodford, 2d It. dragoons,
Samuel Nye, 3d artillery,
William Strother, 18th infantry,
Daniel M. Forney, 2d artilleiy,
John V. H. Huych, 13th infantry,
George Todd, 19th infantry.
JulyU.
William M'Ree, engineer.
August 1.
James M'Donald, rifle.
August 15.
Matthew Arbuckle, 3d infantry.
August 26.
Nathan Heald, 4th infantry.
September 16.
J. V. Ball, 2d It. drag. It. col. brev.
January 20, 1813.
Eli B. Clemson, 1st infantry,
W. Swan, 2d infantry, col. in staft',
Ninian Pinkney, 5th infantry,
William Carson, 3d infantry,
Horatio Stark, 6th infantry,
Arthur Morgan, 7th infantry,
Stephen Ranney, 4th infantry,
Benjamin Forsyth, rifle,
Thomas Pitts, light artillery.
March 3.
George Armistead, 3d artillery,
Washington Lee, 16th infantry,
W. King, 15th infantry, col. staft",
Samuel Lane, 14th infantry,
John Stanard, 20th infantry.
Richard M. Malcolm, 13th infantry,
Lewis L. Taylor, 20th infantry,
Robert C. Nicholas, 12th infantry,
Robert Lucas, 22d infantry,
William S. Hamilton, 10th infantry,
Ralph Marlin, 22d infantry,
Or=a. C. Merrill, llth infantry.
March 25.
William Cuniming, 8th infantry.
March 30.
G. Croghan, 17th inf. It. col. brevet,
Richard Graham, 17th infantry.
April 6.
Thomas S. Jesup, 19th infantry.
April 12.
H. B. Armstrong, 23d infantry.
April 30.
Benjamin Wallace, 5th infantry.
May 5.
James B. Many, 1st artillery.
June 7.
Thomas A. Helms, 1st It. dragoons.
June 26.
J. Johnson, 21st infantry, in staft",
Jacob Hlntlman, 2d artillery,
Charles K. Gardner, 35th infantry,
Willo. Morgan, 12th infantry,
Francis Armstrong, 24th infantry,
Joseph Grafton, 21st infantry,
Isaac D. Bernard, 14th infantry,
Michael J. Kenan, 18th infantry,
Chester Lyman, 9th infantry,
A. P. Hayne, 1st light dragoons.
August 15.
J. Bankhead, 7th inf., col. staff',
Ross Bird, 7th infantry,
Ang. L. Langham, 10th infantry,
Henry Leavenworth, 9th infantry,
Daniel M'Farland, 33d infantry,
Robert Butler, 34th infantry,
John M'Neal, llth infantry,
William Battey, 25th infantry,
Robert Gray, 16th infantry,
Philip Cook, 8th infantry.
CAPTAINS.
1797.
J. Whistler, 1st inf., major brevet.
1800.
H. M'Call, 1st inf., major brevet.
1801. <
L. Beall, 1st artillery, maj. brevet.
1804.
Samuel T. Dyson, 1st artillery,
Nathaniel liconarci, 1st artillery.
1805.
Charles WoUstonecraft, 1st artillery.
1806.
J. B. Walbach, 1st art., col. staff.
1807._
Moses Swett, 1st artillery.
1808.
Charles Gratiot, engineer,
William Wilson, 1st artillery,
John Nicks, 3d infantry,
H. Atkinson, 3d inf., col. in staff,
John M'Clelland, 3d infantry,
Colin Buckner, 5th infantry,
Simon Owens, 1st infantry,
John Binney, 4th infantry,
James Woodruff", 3d infantry,
D. Hughes, 1st inf., major staff.
1809.
Enoch Humphreys, 1st artillery,
E. Beebe, 6th inf., major staff,
W. Piatt, 2d infantry, col. staff.
Henry R. Graham, rifle.
Return B. Brown, 4th infantry,
Uriah Blue, 7th infantry,
John Machesney, 6th infantry,
J. Snelling, 4th inf., major brevet.
Abraham A. Massias, rifle,
Francis Newman, 1st artillery,
J. T. Arrowsmith, 6th infantry,
Richard Oldham, 7th infantry,
William Butler, 3d infantry.
Gad Humphreys, 6th infantry.
410
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
LINEAL RANK— Continued.
CAPTAINS— Continued.
1810.
Willium Lawrence, 2d infantry,
James Dnherty, 7th infantry,
John Walworth, 6th infantry,
Asa Morgan, 1st light dragoons,
George M. Brooke, 5th intantry,
J. Gibson, light artillery, col. in staff.
Richard Whartenby, 5th infantry,
William Campbell, light artillery.
Robert H. M'Pherson, light artillery,
Alden Patridge, engineer.
Fielder Ridgeway, rifleman,
Robert B. Moore, 3d infantry,
E. Cutler, 7th infantry, maj. staff,
Townsend Stith, 5th infantry,
Peter Muhlenberg, 6th infantry,
Z. Taylor, 7th infantry, major brev.
Walter H. Overton, 7th infantry,
1811.
J. S. Swearingen, 1st art. maj. staff,
James Denking, 3d infantry,
Seleck Osborne, 1st light dragoons,
C. Nicholas, 1st inf., major staff',
William M'Clelland, 7th infantry,
Henry B. Brevoort, 2d infantry,
John N. M'Intosh, light artillery.
Hays G. White, 3d infantry,
Silas Halsey, 1st light dragoons,
Michael C. Hays, rifleman,
Alexander A. White, 7th infantry,
Lodowick Morgan, rifleman,
James Hanhan, 1st artillery,
Samuel Price, light artillery,
Oliver G. Burton, 4th infantry,
Alexander M'lUhenny, 5th infantry,
Michael Walsh, 1st artillery,
T. Chambers, 5th inf., maj. stalf,
Alex. Cummings, 1st light dragoons,
Charles Fuller, 4th infantry,
James Dorman, 5th infantry,
Clement Sadlier, Cth infantry,
January 3, 1812.
R. Sterry, 6th inf. major in staff.
March 12.
John Miller, 2d infantry,
Daniel Baker, 1st infantry,
James Reed, 1st artillery.
April 1.
Andrew M'Dowell, light artillery,
Daniel Appling, rifle.
June 4.
J. E. A. Masters, 6lh infantry.
July 1.
E, D. Wood, engineer, maj. brevet.
July 6.
Reuben Chamberlain, 2d infantry.
Luther Leonard, light artillery,
Joshua Hamilton, rifle,
Ichabod B. Crane, 3d artillery,
Roger Jones, 3d artillery,
James H. Boyle, 3d artillery,
Alexander S. Brooks, 3d artillery,
Nathan Towson, 2d artillery,
Samuel B. Archer, 2d artillery,
William Nicholas, 2d artillery,
James N. Barker, 2d artillery,
Stephen R. Proctor, 2d light drag.
Jacob B. I'on, 2d artillery,
Sanders Donoho, 2d artillery,
Samuel G. Hopkins, 2d light drag.
Henry Hall, 2d light dragoons,
Thomas Biddle, jr., 2d artillery,
Thomas P. Moore, 12th infantry,
Henry Grindage, Mth infantry,
John VV. Gookin, 3il artiller-y,
Richard Pollard, 20th infantry,
Zachar-iah Rossell, 15th infantry,
George Cloud, 10th infantry,
Joseph Philips, 2d artiller-y,
Thomas M. Nelson, 10th infantry,
Andr-ew H. Holmes, 24th infantry,
John Sproull, 13th infantry,
Josiah H. Vose, 21st infantry,
William Bradford, 17th infantry,
Peter Mills, 23d infantry.
James Gibson. 12th infantry,
William Van Deursen, 3d artillery,
Samuel D. Harris, 2d light dragoons,
John A. Burd, 2d light dragoons,
Abraham Edwards, 19th intantry,
Joseph Selden, 2d light dragoons.
Turner Crookei-, 9th infantry,
John G. Blount, 18th infantry,
Char-les Quiray, 17th infantry,
Jas. I. B. Romayne, 3d artillery,
George G. Steele, 16th infantry,
Hugh R. Martin, 13th infantry,
David E. Twiggs, 8th infantry,
Richard Hightower-, 17th infantry,
Charles W. Hunter, 15th infantry,
Sampson S. King, 22d infantry,
George Howard, 25th infantry,
John W. Weeks, 11th infantry,
George Butler, 18th infantry,
Dk. Van Veghten, 23d infantry,
Char-les E. Tobey, 21st infantry,
Thomas Montgomer-y, I4tli infantry,
James Paxton, 12th infantry,
Har, H. Hickman, 19th infantry,
Hor. H. Watson, 3d artillery,
Joseph Treat, 21st infantry,
Alexander Gray, 24th infantry,
Robert Cunningham, 8th infkntry,
Philip Br;ittain, 10th infantry,
Mordecai Myers, 13th infantry.
John Ritchie, 2d artillery,
Hodijah Meade, 20th infantry,
Ebene/.er B. Morse, 3d artiller-y,
Jonas Holland, 2d light dr-agoons,
Thomas Sangster, 12th infantry,
Ar. C. Randolph, 12th infantry,
John Goodall, 2d ar-tillery,
Jacob Carmack, 22d infantry,
Myndert M. Dox, 13th inliintr-y,
William Chisholm, 8th iirfantr-y,
Charles Proctor, 21st infantry, ,
William S. Jett, jr., 20th infantry,
Wilson Elliott, 19th infantry,
James M'Keon, 3d artillery.
White Youngs, 15th infantr-y,
William M'llvain, 14th infantr-y,
John A. Thornton, 20th infantry,
Rufus M'Intir-e, 3d artillery,
David Holt, 17th infantry,
John A. Rodgers, 24th infantry,
John Butler, 2d light dragoons,
John Pentland, 22d infantry,
Felix W. Warley, 8th infantry.
Robert Mitchell, 10th infantry,
Jesse Robinson, 2d artillery,
William Taylor, 18th infantr-y,
Alexander M'Ewen, 16th infantry,
James Herr-on, 19th infantry,
Robert M. Gill. 2d artillery,
William Jones, 8th infantry,
William O. Allen, 24th infantry,
John Macrae, jr., 20th infanti-y,
Philemon Hawkins, 2d artillery,
Edward King, 18th infantr-y,
H. H. Van Dalsem, 15th infantr-y,
W. D. Lawrence, 13th infantr-y,
Emanuel I. Leigh, 10th infantry,
Jer-emiah Chapman, 21st infantry,
Daniel Gushing, 2d artillery,
James Hunter, 17th infantr-y,
James Char-lton, 12th infantr-y,
John Foster, 22d infantry,
Benjamin S. Ogden, 3d ar-tillery,
James F. M'Elroy, 16th infanti-y,
Robert Desha, 24th infantry,
John T. Chunn, 19th infantry,
Byr-d C. Willis, 20th infantr-y,
Stanton Sholes, 2d ar-tillery,
Henr-y P. Taylor, 18th intantry,
William J. Adair, 17th infantry,
Mark Harden, 10th infantry,
George W. Russell, 2d artiller-y,
Charles Page, 12th infantry,
Andrew L. Madison, 12di infantry,
Joseph Bryant, 10th infantr-y,
Benjamin S. Egerton, 11th infantry,
Thomas W. Farrar, 8th infantry.
Spotswood Henry, 2d artillery,
Samuel Gordon, Uth infantry,
Hugh Moore, 19th infantry,
Fr-ederick Evans, 2d artillery,
Benjamin Ropes, 21st infantry.
Peter Bradley, 25th infantry,
James H. Campbell, 24th infantr-y,
William M'Queen, 8th infantry,
Josiah Woods, 10th infantry,
Samuel Bradford, 21st infantry,
Joseph Clay, 10th infantry,
Asahel Nearing, 19th infantry,
Owen Clinton, 18th infantr-y,
James Duncan, 17th infantry,
Silas Amberson, 22d infantry.
Matthew I. Keith, 8th infantry,
Thomas I. Robeson, 18th infantry,
Jesse Copeland, 10th infantry,
Charles Ci-awfoi-d, 8th infantr-y,
David Scott, 23d infantr-y,
Henry Fleming, 14th infantry.
Ken. M'Kenzie, 14th infantry,
Thomas Delano, 23d infantry,
Abraham F. Hull, 9th infantry,
July 31.
J. G. Totten, eng. major brevet.
August.
Thomas A. Patterson, rifle,
Benjamin Branch, light aitilleiy,
Geor-ge W- Melvin, Tight artillery,
Ambrose Whitlock, 1st infantry.
September.
Charles Larrabee, 4th infantry,
Samuel Babcock, engineer-,
Jonathan Brooks, 3d ar-tillery,
H. G. Ar-msti-ong, 23d infantry,
Lizur B. Canfield, 23d infantry,
William Davenpor-t, 16th infantry,
Joseph L. Barton, 15th infanti-y.
October.
Henry Philips, 6th infantry.
November.
Thomas Ramsey, rifleman.
December.
W. M. Littlejohn, 1st light dragoons,
William Whistler, 1st infantry.
January, 1813.
Stephen Collins, 3d artillery,
John C. Symmes, 1st infantry,
Simeon Knight, 1st infantry.
Alpha Kingsley, 1st infantry,
Hezekiah Johnson, 1st infantry,
John T. Pemberton, 2d infantr-y,
Ebenezer Way, 4th infantr-y,
Geor-ge Haig, 1st light dragoons,
William Smith, rifleman,
Archibald W. Thornton, light art.
February.
Thomas Murray, 1st ar-tillery.
March.
William Gates, 1st ar-tillery,
Alexander J. Williams, 2d artillery,
John Machesney, 1 6th infantry,
James Hamilton, 18th infantry,
David Cummings, 14th infantry,
A. C. W. Farming, 3d ar-tillery,
John M. O'Conner-, 3d artillery,
George H. Richards, 3d artillery,
Edmund Foster, 9th infantry,
Jeremiah D. Hayden, 15th infantry,
William S. Foster, 11th infantry,
Joseph Kinney, 25th infantry,
Sullivan Bur-bank, 21st infantry,
J. Ander-son, 19th inf., major staff,
Caleb H. Holder, 17th infantry,
Thomas Post, 12th infanti-y,
David Gwynne, 19th infiintry.
Jlpril.
Stephen W. Kearney, 13th infantry,
Samuel Har-ing, 13th infantry,
Wm. A. Shelton, 20th infantry,
Thomas B. Randolph, 20th infantry.
Narcissus Broutin, 7th infantry,
Isaac Roach, jr., 23d infantry,
David Espy, 22d infantry,
Jared Ingersoll, jr., 9th infantry,
Thomas M. Read, 25th infantr-y,
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
411
LINEAL RANK— Continued.
CAPTAINS— Continued.
April.
Miles Greenwood, 16th infantry, •
Charles Gee, 20th infantry,
Bernard Peyton, 20th infantry,
Benjamin W. Sanders, 17th infantry,
John B. Murdoch, 25th infantry,
Joseph Henderson, 22d infantry.
Mar. L. Hawkins, 17th infantry,
John Baldy, 16th infantry,
William S. Henshaw, 5th infantry.
May.
Julius F. Heileman, 1st artillery,
William F. Ware, 2d infantry,
John Gansevoort, 1st artillery,
David S. Townsend, 9th infantry,
Thomas Karney, 14th infantry.
Minor Sturgus, 24th infantiy,
Aaron Sutphen, 15th infantry,
Abraham Per Lee, 15th infantry,
John K. Paige, 13th infantry,
William B. Adams, 13th infantry,
George Bender, jr., 9th infantry,
John Bliss, 1 1th infantry,
Hopley Yeaton, 1st artillery.
Samuel M. Dewey, 3d artillery,
John M. Davis, 2d infantry.
June.
L. Hukill, 1st light drag. maj. staff,
Samuel Maclay, 1st artillery,
Simon D. Wattles, 23d infantry,
Azariah W. Odell, 23d infantry,
Henry Dyer, 25th infantry,
Thomas Lawrence, 22d infantry,
Leroy Opie, 5th infantry,
Willis Foulke, 22d infantry,
T. M. Randolph, jr., 2d artillery,
Robert G. Hite, 12th infantry,
Montgomery, G. Waage, 18th inf.
Frank Hampton, 24th infantry,
Ephraim F. Gilbert, 23d infantry,
Richard Baen, 11th infantry,
Morrell Marston, 21st infantry,
Reuben Gilder, 14th infantry.
Minor Robins, 25th infantry,
Val. R. Goodrich, 11th infantry,
Jaines F. Norris, 9th infantry-
July.
Jonathan Eastman, 21st infantry,
Jackson Durant, 4th infantry.
August.
Elijah Boardman, 1st light dragoons.
William R. Davis, 3d infantry, ,
Samuel W. Butler, 3d infantry,
Richard H. Bell, 5th infantry,
John L. Eastman, 4th infantry,
Jacob D. Howell, 15th infantry,
Charles J. Nourse, 2d light dragoons,
Sylvester Churchill, 3d artillery,
Benjamin Natson, 25th infantry,
J. D. Coon, 16th infantry,
William 0. Winston, 24th infantry,
Hughes Watson, 8th infantry,
John Campbell, 13th infantry,
Jonathan W. Aitkin, 16th infantry,
George W. Jackson, 19th infantry,
John A. Thomas, 25th infantry,
George M'Glassin, 15th infantry,
Walter Wilkinson, 24th infantry,
Horace Hall, 11th infantry,
Benjamin Sneed, 11th infantry,
Joseph Marshall, 14th infantry,
Thomas Harrison, 9th infantry,
F. D. Cummins, 16th infantry,
F. Conkling, 4th infantry,
Daniel Ketchum, 25th infantry,
Benjamin R. Pierce, 3d artillery.
The following fourteen regiments are raised for one year.
TWENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY.
Nafties and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
' Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Lieutenant Colonel.
John Brown, jr., May 20, 1813.
T. B. Van Horn, April 9, 1813.
Clarkson Price, ditto, "
Jacob C. Leslie, ditto, *'
Majors.
Robert Stockton, ditto, "•
Joseph Jenkinson, Feb. 19, 1813.
Joseph M'Lean, ditto, "
W. A. Trimble, March 18, 1813.
Collin M'Cloud, ditto,
Geo. S. Bryan, June 1, "
Captains.
W. H. Puthuff, May 20, 1813.
Third Lieutenants.
J. Lockhart, ditto, "
Robert Nevill, May 20, 1813.
John Lucas, ditto, "
James Abbott, ditto, "
S. Swearingen, ditto, "'
George Kisling, ditto, "
John Moore, ditto, "
J. Swearingen, ditto, "
John Goode, ditto, "
John C. Avery, ditto, "
Christopher Wood, ditto, "
John Hall, ditto, "
Joel Collins, ditto, "
J. G. Talbott, ditto.
R. C. Talbott, ditto,
John El vain, ditto, ''
W. M'Donald, jr. June 1, •'
I^rst Lieutenants.
John Meldrum, Aug, 7, 1813.
William Baird, May 20, 1813.
George Will, ditto, "
C. A. Trimble, ditto, "
Charles A. Norton, ditto, "
Wm. M'Donald, ditto,
D. M'Farland, ditto, "
A. Delerae, ditto, "■
R. Anderson, ditto, "
B. Maltbrie, Aug. 7, "
Aid to Brigadier
Gen. Cass.
Ensigns.
Charles Cissna, May 20, 1813.
John Noel, ditto, "
Abijah Johns, ditto, "
Robert Young, ditto, "
Robert Smith, ditto, "
William Watson, ditto, "
William Catrige, ditto, "
Leonard Cole, Aug. 7, "
Thomas Shanks, ditto, "
Second Lieutenants.
William Huston, May 20, 1813.
Surgeon's mates.
A. Spencer, ditto, "
P. Sperrick,jr., April 26, 1813^
412
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
TWENTY-SEVENTH AND TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY,
TWENTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
John Eagen, May 20, 1813.
Samuel Coleman, ditto, "
George Paull, June 29, 1813.
John Carroll, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Avory Buttles. ditto, "
Robert Morrison, June 39, 1813.
John Miffbrd, ditto, "
T. C. Shields, ditto.
Majors.
Q. F. Atkins, Aug. 7, "
J. ,R. Munson, March 18, 1813.
Thomas Rowland, June 29, "
Third Lieutenants.
Michael Halm, May 20, 1813,
Captains.
A. Bushnel, ditto, "
Henry Northup, May 20, 1813.
Alexander Hill, ditto, "
James Nixon, ditto, "
0. Granger, ditto, "
Joseph Cairns, ditto, "
A. Strethers, ditto, "
G. Saunderson, ditto, "
A. Patterson, ditto, "
William Gill, ditto.
Philip Houtz, ditto, ' "
John Spencer, ditto, "
John Booten, ditto, "
Absalom Martin, ditto, "
James Applegate, ditto, "
Ensigns.
James A. Harper, ditto, "
J. G. Pigman, May 20, 1813.
I. Van Home, jr., ditto, "
James Shannon, ditto, "
John H. Simons, ditto, "
First Lieutenants.
William Hall, ditto, "
A. P. Pinney, May 20, 1813.
N. L. Reeves, ditto, "
Samuel Shannon. ditto, "
John Williby, ditto, "
W. Warner, ditto, "
John Patterson, ditto, "
Elias Gilman, ditto, "
Paymaster-
N. M'Fadden, ditto, "
Abraham Shane. ditto, "
Thomas Riddle, ditto, "
N. Gregory, ditto, "
J.J. TuUass, Aug. 7, "
E. Benedict, ditto, "
Charles L. Cass. ditto, "
Surgeon.
Samuel Drennan, ditto, "
John Hamm, April 16, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
Jamas Blair, May 20, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates.
J. Collins, ditto, "
Ed. B. Jackson, April 28, 1813.
TWENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
David G. Cowan, May 20, 1813.
T. Deye 0 wings, March 11, 1813.
James F. Moore, ditto, "
W. D. Hayden, ditto, •'
Lieutenant Colonel.
John C. Kouns, ditto. "
Anthony Butler, March 11, 1813.
William Henry, ditto, "
W. Greenup, ditto, "
Majors.
William Stewart, ditto, "
William Trig, March 11, 1813.
Richard Price, June 30, "
James Smiley, ditto, "
John Trumbs, ditto, "
Captains.
Third Lieutenants.
Benjamin Moseby, May 20, 1813.
George Stockton, ditto, "
J. G. Reynolds, May 20, 1813.
Henry C. Gist, ditto.
J. Heddleston, ditto, "
John Lowrey, ditto, "
Thomas Griffith, ditto, "
J. Megowan, ditto, "
Joseph Taylor, ditto, "
N. H. Moore, ditto, "
John Wyatt, ditto, "
Henry Daniel. ditto, "
Robert Clark, ditto, "
Jep. Dudley, ditto, "
Daniel Conner, ditto, "
T. L. Butler, June 30, "
Jonas Jordan, ditto, "
James Howerton, ditto, "
Mrst Lieutenants.
C. Hai-rison, June 30, "
Joseph Clark. May 20, 1813.
Joseph C. Bell, ditto, "
Htjsigns.
David M'Nair, ditto, "
Hughlnnis, ditto, "
Ch. L. Harrison, May 20, 1813.
Matthew H. Jouitt, ditto, "
Paymaster.
John B. Clark, ditto, "
James Hickman, ditto, "
John M'Nair, ditto, "
Robert Stockton, ditto, "
Peter Davis, ditto, "
W. P. S. Blair, ditto, "
John Mason, ditto. "
Thomas Edmonson, ditto, "
Reasin H. Gist, June 30, "
Joseph Dawson, ditto, "
W. N. Bryan, ditto, "
0. W. Crockett, June 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
Jonas Roads, ditto, "
Charles Larned, May 20, 1813.
Daniel Brown, ditto, "
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
413
TWENTY-NINTH AND THIRTIETH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
TWENTY-NINTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
T. Brownson, April 30, 1813.
Daniel Adams, ditto, "
M. Smith, April 12, 1813.
Thomas Dunham, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
H. Van Antwerp, ditto, "
G. D. Young, April 12, 1813.
Thomas Sutton, ditto, "
J. Rosecrantz, ditto, "
Mqjors.
Sylvanus Mott, ditto, "
John E. Wool, April 13, 1«13.
Asa B. Sizer, ditto, '*
TTiird Lieutenants.
.•
S. B. Hickcock. April 30, 1813.
Captains.
Alex. M'Knight, ditto, "
Chas. G. Jones, March 24, 1813.
S. D. Kellogg, ditto,
F. Y. Waterman, do. 25, "
James Palmer, ditto, "
P. B. Van Beuren, April 30, 1813.
J. I. Wynkoop, ditto, '•
B. Schuyler, • ditto, "
John BVasher, ditto, "
M. D. Danvers, ditto, "
Daniel Smith, jr., ditto, "
Elam Lynds, ditto, "
J. W. Edwards, ditto, "
J. C. Rochester, ditto, "
Alton Nelson, ditto, "
James B . Spencer, ditto, "
P. R. Halstead, ditto, "
T. Machin, jr., ditto, "
Ensigns.
Thomas Vail, April 30, 1813.
'
First Lieutenants.
A. B. Conant, April 30, 1813.
S. Newcomb, ditto, "
A. Spencer, jr., ditto, "
Thos. Turner, jr., ditto, "
A. C. Spencer, ditto, "
Aaron Ward, ditto, "
J. R. Townsend, ditto, "
L. H. Mitchell, ditto, "
H. B. Stebbins, ditto, "
Walter Smith, ditto, "
G. Dumbleton, ditto, "
John Sing, ditto, "
Aaron Walters, ditto, "
John Wynkoop, ditto, "
Joel Peebles, ditto, "
J. W. Lansing, Aug. 7, "
J. B. Stewart, ditto, "
Paymaster.
Teunis Hanson, ditto, "
Surgeon.
Martin Jennison, July 1, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
B. A. Boynton, April 30, 1813.
B. A. Barrett, ditto, "
Adjust.
Surgeon's Mate.
R. G. Walrasey, July 1, 1813.
THIRTIETH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Elias Fasset, February 23, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Martin Norton, Feb. 23, 1813; .
Majors.
Mains French, Feb. 23, 1813.
John Bayley, ditto, "
Captains.
S. Wright,
April 30, 1813
Salmon Clark,
ditto, "
David Sanford,
ditto, "
Peabddy Utley,
ditto, "
John Wires,
ditto, "
A. J. Brown,
ditto, "
D. Farrington,
ditto, "
G. Spencer, jr.,
ditto, "
S. Danforth,
ditto, "
James Taylor,
ditto, "
Mrst Lieutenants.
William Miller,
April 30, 1813
S. Robinson,
ditto,
William Barney,
ditto.
William Myrick,
ditto.
J. M. Young,
ditto,
G. W. Kendall,
ditto.
Shev. Weeks,
ditto.
Israel Smith,
ditto.
R. Salsbury,
ditto,
G. Brownson,
Aug. 15,
Second Lieutenants.
J. H. Burton, April 30, 1813.
Stephen Rurasey, ditto, "
53 m
Paymaster.
Adjutant.
A. Bostwick, April 30, 1813,
Gideon Hawley, ditto, "
Thomas Stephens, ditto, "
Andrew Rublee, ditto, "
Abel Gibbs, ditto, "
Elisha Smith, ditto, "
James Johnson, ditto, "
M. L. Selden, Aug. 15, "
Third Lieutermnis.
Benjamin Darby, April 30, 1813.
Benjamin Fasset, ditto, "
Nath. Spalding,
R. B. Hyde,
Phelps Smith,
Almerin Smith,
Return Strong,
H. Wadams,
James Smith,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto.
Th. Chittenden, Aug. 15, "
Ensigns.
Henry Hendrix, April 30, 1813.
S. Hatheway, ditto, "
A. B. Dake, ditto, "
J. R. Pettibone, ditto, "
R. R Childs, ditto, "
Daniel Griswold, ditto, "
W. B. Ferris, ditto, "
Stephen Webb, ditto, "
T. Matthews, ditto, "
Surgeon.
P. S. Mason, June 29, "
Surgeon's Mates.
Wm. Paddock, June 29, 1813.
W. A. Needham, July 19, "
Quartermaster.
414
MILITARY AFFAIRS,
[1813,
THIRTY-FIRST AND THIRTY-SECOND REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff Appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff Appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
Simon Brown, April 30, 1813.
Daniel Dana, February 23, 1813.
Asa Baker, ditto, "
Fifield Liflford, ditto, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
John Putnam, ditto, "
Huckens Storrs, Feb. 23, 1813.
John Farwell, ditto, "
John Hatch, ditto, "
Major.
M. Ormsbee, Feb. 23, 1813.
Third Lieutenants.
Luther Bugbee', April 30, 1813,
Adjutant.
Captains.
E. Emmons, ditto, "
D. A. A. Buck, April 30, 1813.
Eleazer Davis, ditto, "
Quartermaster.
AsaAikins, ditto, "
John Pratt, jr. ditto, "
L. Egerton, ditto, "
Jonathan Eddy, ditto, "
Rufus Stewart, ditto, "
S. Wetherbee, jr. ditto, "
N. Noble, ditto.
John Atwood, ditto, "
Ethan Burnap, ditto, "
Jonas Gates, ditto, "
Cyrus Johnson, ditto, "
F. Nickinson, ditto, "
Joseph Morril, ditto, "
James Adams, ditto, "
Silas Dickinson, ditto, "
Ensigns.
First Lieutenants.
Harvy Gilman, April 30, 1813.
Jeremiah York, ditto, "
C. L. Rockwood, April 30, 1813.
Andrew Arnold, ditto, "
S. M. Perkins, ditto, "
J. S. Bicknell, ditto, "
Asa Peabody, ditto, "
Presbury West, ditto, "
J. Y. Sawyer, ditto, "
William Bingham, ditto, "
S. Stephens, jr. ditto, '■
Isaac Briggs, ditto, "
Paymaster.
Levi Powers, ditto, "
Enos Walker, ditto, "
J. Greenleaf, ditto, "
D.C.. Bryant, ditto, "
Aaron Matson, ditto, "
John Merrill, ditto, «
Surgeon.
Second Lieutenants.
Truman Powell, July 19, 1813.
Levi Cox, April 30, 1813.
A. W. Brown, ditto, "
Surgeon's Mate.
Chas. Livermore, ditto, "
E. Littlefield,. July 19, 1813.
THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY.
Colonel.
S. E. Fotterall, May 6, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
S. B. Davis, May 6, 1813.
Major.
George H. Hunter, May 6, 1813.
Captains.
G. F. Goodman, March 18, 1813.
William Smith, ditto,
Samuel Borden, May 17,
Thomas Town, ditto,
John Steele, jr. ditto,
J. J. Robinson, ditto,
Jonathan B. Smith, ditto,
Horatio Davis, ditto.
First Lieutenants.
Robert Patterson, April 5, 1813,
Pr. P. Walter, April 17, "
Claud.F.Le Grand, ditto, "
Richard Bache, ditto, "
Maskline Clark, ditto, "
R. G. Rawlins, ditto, "
John Suter, ditto, "
Second Lieutenants.
John Wilson, May 17, 1813.
Act. dep. qr. m. gen
Adjutant.
Aid to brigadier gen,
[Bloomfield.
James M'Karaher, May 17, 1813.
C. B. Hopkins, ditto, "
Joseph Baldwin, ditto, "
William Crosier, ditto, "
A. BonnaflFon, ditto, "
Thomas F. Hargis, ditto, "
Charles Kean, ditto, "
TTiird Lieutenants.
De. E. Sweeny, May 17, 1813.
A. L. Gamble, ditto, "
H. M'Clelland, ditto, "
George Dannaker, ditto, "
Thomas M'Elwe, ditto, "
George K. Hall, ditto, "
John Stewart, May 17, 1813.
Henry Wilson, ditto, "
G. W. Hunter, ditto, "
Michael E. Israel, ditto, "
Henry Gulick, ditto, "
James Irvine, ditto, "
James M'llvaine, ditto, "
G. F. H. Crocket, ditto, "
Surgeon's Mates.
Frank. Bache, May, 17, 1813.
Henry Hall, ditto, "
Paymaster.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
415
THIRTY-THIRD AND THIRTY-FOURTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Colonel.
Isaac Lane, February 23, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
John A. Harper, July 19, 1813.
Major.
Daniel Lane, February 23, 1813.
Captains.
Benjamin Adams, April 30, 1813.
Benjamin Dunn, do. 30, "
EliasFoss, do. 30, "
Noah Haley, jr. do. 30. "
Francis Drew, do. 30, "
R, K. Goodenow, do. 30, "
Isaac Hodsdon, do. 30, "
Charles Lothrop, do.
Th. Dinsmore,
James Currey,
.30,
do. 30,
do. 30,
First Lieutenants
Joel Milliken, April 30, 1813.
G. Newbegin, do. 30, "
Josiah Moulton, do. 30, "
Steph. Bean, do. 30, "
Jere. Goodwin, do. 30, "
Geo. Scamraon, do. 30, "
Ebenezer Seavey, do. 30, "
Alex. M'CoUey, do. 30, "
James Weeks, do. 30, "
Jos. Morrison, do. 30, "
Second Lieutenants.
D. M'Glaughlin, April 30, 1813.
Isaac F. Snow, do. 30, "
Henry Cole, do. 30, "
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Paymaster.
Adjutant
Quartermaster.
Names and Rank.
Solomon Strout, April 30, 1813.
Alex. Worster, do. 30, "
T. Buckminster, do. 30, "
James Willey, do. 30, "
Mija. M. Lane, do. 30, "
Wm. Morris, jr- do. 30, "
S. Woodman, jr. do. 30, "
Third Lieutenants.
Nich. Edgecomb, April 30, 1813.
S. Hopkinson, do. 30, "
Wm. Cutts,
Joseph Bryant,
B. Palmer, jr.
Hanson Hayes,
John Dunn,
Rufus K. Lane,
Jona. Goodwin,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Ensigns.
James Warren, April 30, 1813.
James Walker, do. 30, "
Nathl. Webster, do. 30, "
James Banks, do. 30, "
Geo. Dunham, do. 30, "
J. B. Hartford, do- 30, "
Joseph Snow, do. 30,. "
Samuel Powell, do. 30, "
B. D. Gardner, do. 30, "
William Marr, do. 30, "
Surgeon.
Perl. F. Groves, April 10, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates-
Ward Bassett, April 10, 1813.
John P. Briggs, do. 10, "
THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
J. D. Learned, February 23, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Ebene. Smith, February 23, 1813.
Major.
T. M. Vinson, February 23, 1813.
Captains.
Robert Douglass, April 30, 1813.
Sherm. Leland, do. 30, "
RobertR. Kendall, do. 30, "
Peter Chadwick, do. 30, "
Benjamin Poland, do. 30, "
Benjamin Bailey, do. 30, "
William Sweet, do. 30, "
Isaac Carter, do- 30, "
Danl. Grossman, do. 30, "
Jos. C. Adams, do. 30, "
First Lieutenants.
John Merrill,
Thomas Bailey,
Wm. Stevens,
John Lee,
Jeremiah Edes,
Ewd. Barneville,
Elihu Norton,
Thos. Clark,
Ben. Woodman,
.Nathl. Gookin, May 16,
Second Lieutenants.
N. S. Benton, April 30, 1813.
W. A. Springer, do. 30, "
Joseph Sumner, do. 30, "
Apr
1 30, 1813.
Paymaster.
do.
30, "
Quartermaster
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
do.
30, "
Adjutant.
Wm. Nash, April 30, 1813.
Nathl. Wilson, do. 30, "
David Sherman, do. 30, "
Wm. Nevers, do. 30, "
S. Dearborn, do. 30, "
Timothy Bacon, do. 30, "
Calvin Crocker, do. 30, "
Third Lieutenants.
Otis Robbins, April 30, 1813.
Royal D. Simons, do. 30, "
Thos. Johnson, do. 30, "
Robert Gibson, do. 30, "
Moses Clough, do. 30, "
;jos. M'Clure, do. 30, "
Edward Springer, do. 30, "
Isaac Townsend, do. 30, "
Supply B. Gookin, July 1, "
Flavil Sabin, August 15, "
Ensigns.
Henry Taylor, April 30, 1813.
Elias Morse, do. 30, "
Oliver Blake, do. 30, "
Steph. Morrell, do. 30, "
John Nash, do. 30, "
D. Farnsworth, do. 30, "
Josiah Parlin, do. 30, "
G. W. Thomas, do. 30, "
Cotton Ward, July 1, "
Surgeon.
Jotham Forbes, April 30, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates.
Charles Loring, May 20, 1813.
Thad. Hubbard, do. 20, "
416
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181S.
THIRTY-FIFTH AND THIRTY-SIXTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Colonel.
Jos. Goodwyn, March 3, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Robert Pegram, March 3, 1813.
Majors.
Au?. C. Smith, March 3, 1813.
A. I. M'Connico, do. 22, "
Captains.
Danl. C. Butts, March 31, 1813.
Saml. M'Guire, do- 31,
M. Taliaferro,
John Thorp,
B. Hardaway,
Benj. B. Jones,
F. E. Walker,
W. T. Cocke,
Isaac T. Preston,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
First Lieutenants.
John W. Stith, March 31, 1813.
Christn. Miller, do. 31, "
James Belches, do. 31, "
Th. J. Parker, do. 31, "
Francis H. Hooe, do. 31, "
John G. Crump, do. 31, "
Blair Boiling, do. 31, "
Edw. L. Pegram, do. 31, '
John Garland, do. 31, "
Second Lieutenants.
L. Dangerfield, March 31, "
Names and Rank.
Wm. Rivers,
Henry Cook,
Wm. Loyal 1,
S. C. Williams,
James Minor,
David B. Stith,
John B. Hall,
Robert Eskridge,
March 31, 1813.
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
do. 31,
TTiird lAeutenants.
Charles R.Rose,March 31, 1813.
David Shelton, do. 31, "
Chas. Hutchings, do- 31, "
Edwin Jones, do. 31, "
Thomas K. Ball, do. 31, "
William Dunn, do. 31, "
F.D.Charlton, do. 31, "
R. Crockvirell, do. 31, "
Winfield Jones, do. 31, "
Ensigns.
Samuel Kirby, March 31, 1813.
John Thompson, do. 31, "
R. W. Scott, do. 31, "
P. R. Burwell, do. 31, "
John Huson, do. 31, "
Robert R. Conrad, do. 31, "
Lawr. M. Gale, do. 31, "
Surgeon.
Wright Tucker, July 19, 1813.
Surgeon's Mate.
W. W. Southall, July 20, 1813.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Paymaster.
THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY.
Coloneh
Henry Carbery, March 22, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
William Scott, March 25, 1813.
Majors.
Alex. Stuart, March 25, 1813.
Henry Lee, jr. April 8,
Joseph Hook,'
Henry C. Neale,
Jos. S. Nelson,
C. C. Randolph,
Thos. Carbery,
Samuel Rasin,
J. J. Merrick,
Mort. D. Hall,
H. W. Deneale,
Thos., Corcoran,
April 30,
do. 30,
1813.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
30,
First Lieutenants.
Wm. C. Hobbs, April 30, 1813.
James Neale, do. 30, "
John Ricaud, do. 30,
James Ord, do. 30,
Francis J. Neale, do. 30,
John Chauncey, do. 30, "
Wm. N. Earle, August 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
Jas. H. Ballard, April 30, 1813.
Paymaster.
Quartermaster.
Adjutant.
Wm. L. Rogers, April 30, 1813.
Richd. K. Watts, do. 30, "
Clement Sewell, do. 30, "
Charles Queen, do. 30, "
W. Hindman, jr. Aug. 15, "
Wm. Merrick, do. 15, "
Wm. A. Rind, do. 15, "
Third Lieutenants.
George Slye, April 30, 1813.
Wright Hall, do. 30, '
Henry Redman, do. 30,
F. J. Wheeler, do. 30,
J. M. Burgess, do. 30,
Philip Fisher, August 15,
John Clark, do. 15,
Edward Scott, do. 15,
Ensigns.
Julius Germane, April 30, 1813.
Edwd. Hopkins, do. 30,
Richd. H. Lee, do. 30,
W.T. S. Beall, do. 30,
Wm. Gallop, do. 30,
Geo. Johnson, do. 30.
John Mansfield, do. 30,
Surgeon.
Thos. P. Hall, July 10, 1813.
Surgeon's Mate.
John H, Beall, July 31, 1813.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
417
THIRTY-SEVENTH AND THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
Daniel Bicknell, April 30, 1813.
Eldad Ruggles, do. 30, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Jas. L. Raynolds, do. 30, "
A. Benjamin, March 11, 1813.
Eli Bradley, do. 30, "
David Tracey, do. 30, "
Majors.
W. Wakeman, do. 30, "
Roswell Lee, March 3, 1813.
Nathan Clark, May 19, "
Saml. Hoadley, do. 11, "
Third Lieutenants.
Captains.
Samuel Keeler, April 30, 1813.
Elizur Warner, April 30, 1813.
Ralph Steel, do. 30, "
Christ. Ripley do. 30, '«
Thomas Weller, do. 30, "
Chauncey Ives, do. 30, "
J. R. Warren, do. 30, "
S. B. Northrop, do. 30, "
G. H. Parmele, do. 30, "
Riley Sweet, do. 30, "
Saml. Robinson, do. 30, '•
Noah T. Ferry, do. 30, "
Andw. Andrews, do. 30, "
D. Waterbury, do. 30, "
Irad Storrs, do. 30, "
Stephen D.Tilden, do. 30, "
S. B. Dickinson, do. 30, "
John Phelps, jr. June 3, "
Guy Gaylord, May 31, "
Ensigns.
Saml. Keeler, jr. April 30, 1813.
First Lieutenants.
Oren Hatch, do. 30, "
Lyman Mallory, do. 30, "
John Brown, April 30, 1813.
H. W. Huntington, do. 30, "
David C. Welsh, do. 30, "
Adjutant.
Henry Lord, do. 30, "
Paymaster.
Thomas Hewit, do. 30, "
William Morgan, do. 30, "
John Fellows, do- 30, "
Stephen Drummer, do. 30, "
Elipha. Ripley, do. 30, "
Wm. Kellogg, do. 30, «
Ebenezer Fisk, June 3, ''
Demas Deming, do. 30, "
Jas. Smith, jr. do. 22, "
Chaun. Hosford, do. 30, "
David Gibbs, do. 30, "
Surgeon.
Solomon Dewy, May 31, "
Elijah Butts, May 20, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
Surgeon''s Mate.
Henry Starr, April 30, 1813.
Asahel Hall, September 19, 1813.
THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY.
Colonel
Peter Little, May 19, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Vyilliam Steuart, May 19, 1813.
Majors.
Leonard Frailey, May 19, 1813.
George Keyser, do. 19, "
Captains.
James H. Hook, May 20, 1813.
James Haslett, do. 20, "
Isaac Aldridge, do. 20, "
John Rothrock, do. 20, "
John Brookes, do. 20, "
John Buck, do. 20, "
A. Miltenberger, do. 20, "
Henry O'Neal, do. 20, "
Ch. Stansbury, do. 20, "
S. C.Leakin, do. 20, "
First Lieutenants.
John Mowton, May 20, 1813.
James Smith, do. 20, "
William Ford, do. 20, "
Henry S. Geyer, do. 20, "
G. S. Eichelberger, do. 20, "
Wm. R. Gwinn, do. 20, "
•William Hall, do. 20, "
Joshua Medtart, August 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
James Holmes, May 20, 1813.
Adjutant.
Quartermaster.
Paymaster.
B. B. Sweeting,
Jerem. Green,
J. M. Barrett,
William Jones,
Jas. S. Griffin,
Geo. Fletcher,'
John Sticher,
Wm. H. Bates,
May 20, 1813.
do. 20, "
do. 20, "
do. 20, "
do. 20, "
do. 20, "
do. 20, "
Aug. 15, "
Third Lieutenants.
D. W. Duncan, May 20, 1813.
Peter Keyser, do. 20,
Saml. Barkley, do. 20,
Wm. Harwood, do. 20,
Hynson Crabbin, do. 20,
F. W. HoflFman, do. 20,
Henry Huber, do. 20,
Benj. P. Head, August 15,
Geo. W. Lee, do. 15,
Ensigns.
Cassa. Watkin?, May 20, 1813.
John Savery, do. 20, ' '
Rich. M. Sands, do. 20, "
Wm. Camp, jr. do. 20, "
John B. Martin, do. 20, "
John Spicknall, do. 20, "
W. H. Addison, do. 20, ♦•
Surgeon.
Tobias Watkins, May 20, 1813.
Surgeon's Mates.
418
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
THIRTY NINTH AND FORTIETH REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
TfflRTY-NINTH INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
Colonel:
John Williams, June 18, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Th. H. Benton, June 18, 1813.
Majors.
L.P. Montgomery, July 29, 1813.
Wm. Peacock, do. 29, "
Captains.
John Phagan, July 29, 1813.
Wm. Walker, do. 29, "
Benj. Reynolds, do. 29, "
George Hallani, do. 29, "
John B. Long, do. 29, "
A. H. Douglass, do. 29, "
Hen. Henniger, do. 29, ''
John Jones, do. 29, "
James Davis, do. 29, "
Thos. Stuart, do. 29, "
First Lieutenants.
Willie Martin, July 29, 1813.
James Gray, do. 29, "
Rbt. M. Somerville, do. 29, "
Benj. Wright, do. 29, "
D. Lauderdale, do. 29, "
James Sharp, do. 29, "
Samuel Wilson, do. 29, "
Jas. M'Donald, do. 29, "
Nath. Smith, do. 29, "
Joel Denton, do. 29, "
Names and Rank.
Second Lieutenants.
B. M. Patterson, July 29, 1813.
M.C.Molton, do. 29, '
James Leith, do. 29,
Ashlay Stanfield, do. 29,
Jesse C. Tate, do. 29,
Jos. R. Henderson, do. 29,
Guy Smith, do. 29,
David M'Millen, do. 29,
Third Lieutenants.
Jos. S. Jackson, July 29, 1813.
Ellis Thomas, do. 29, "
Benj. Duncan, do. 29, "
M. W. M'Clellan, do. 29, "
Isaac Pangle, do. 29, "
Simpson Payne, do. 29, "
J. M. Armstrong, do. 29, "
Rand. Quarles, do. 29, "
Ensig
ns.
Saml. Houston,
July
29, 1813
T. C. Hindman,
do.
29, "
Joel Parrish,
do.
29, "
Andrew Greer,
do.
29, "
Jacob K. Snap,
do.
29, "
■John M'Henry,
do.
29, "
Thomas Fasten,
do.
29, "
J. H. Anderson,
do.
29, "
Surgeon.
Surgeori's Mate.
John H. Read, July 2, 1813.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
TTie following Jive regiments are authorized by the act of the 5th July, 1813, to serve during the war.
FORTIETH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
J. Orne Bowden, Sept. 1, 1813.
Joseph Loring, jr. July 31, 1813.
Joseph M'Comb, do. 1, " ,
Sam. Hodges, jr. do. 1, ''
Lieutenant Colonel.
John Breck, July 19, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
James Harris, Sept. 1, 1813.
Majors.
Samuel C. Pope, do. 1, "
Perley Putnam, July 19, 1813.
John Spalter, do. 1, "
Hen. C. Brown, do. 19, "
Ellas Goodspeed, do. 1, "
R. H. Blanchard, do. 1, "
Captains.
J. B. Varnum, July 19, 1813.
Third Lieutenants.
Seth W.Nye, do. 19, "
John Parrott, July 29, 1813.
James Perry, do. 29, "
Saml. H. Russell, Sept. 1, "
Leonard Ross, August 1, "
M. N. Sandborn, do. 1, "
Enoch Manning, do. 1, "
Andrew Lewis, do. 1, "
Robert Neale, jr. do. 1, '•
Moses Aldrich, do. 1, "
John Leonard, do. 6, "
John Bailey, September 1, "
Fnsigns.
Eiisha Field, do. 1, "
Jas. Perry, jr. July 29, 1813.
John Fillebrown, do- 1, "
Nich. B. Proctor, Sept. 1, "
Perez Alexander, do. 1, "
First Lieutenants-
Isaac Carpenter, do. 1, "
Robert Carter, July 29, 1813.
Danl. P. Brown, August), "
Surgeon.
Charles Durant, Sept. 1, "
Surgeon's Mates.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
419
FORTY-FIRST AND FORTY- SECOND REGIMENTS INFANTRY.
FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Colonel.
Second Lieutenants.
Robert Bogardus, July 29, 1813.
Jud. Hammond, Sept. 30, 1813.
T. E. Beekman, do. 30, "
Lieutenant Colonel.
Alex. Clinton, do. 30, "
J. W. Livingston, July 29, 1813.
Daniel Wishart, do. 30, "
William Seaman, do. 30, "
Majors.
John Tabalee, do. 30, "
Darby Noon, August 1, 1813.
Geo. Hamilton, do. 30, "
James D. Wallace, do. 1, "
John H. Sims, do. 30. "
Henry Brown, do. 30, "
Captains.
Luther Hand, do. 30, "
Gilbert Seaman, August 1, 1813.
Alex. Hamilton, do. 1, "
Third Lieutenant.
Alpheus Sherman, do. 1, "
Sol. Sutherland, August 1, 1813.
Saml. B. Romaine, do. 1, "
Samuel Berrian, do. 1, "
Ensigns.
James Campbell, do. 1, "
George West, August 6, 1813.
Wm. S. Radcliff, do. 3, "
Jeremiah Smith, Sept. 30, "
Chs. Humphrey, do. 7, "
John Webb, jr. do. 30, "
John B. Scott, Sept. 30, "
Francis Allyn, do. 30, ''
Lawrence Rigail, do. 30; "
Wm. Hammet, do. 30, "
Isaac Miller, do. 30, "
First Lieutenants.
Asher Corles, do. 30, "
Thomas Barker, August 1, 1813.
George Maxwell, do. 30, "
M. M. Quackenbos, do- 1, "
John C. Hart, do. 30, "
John Ingersoll, do. 7, "
James M'Cullen, do. 7, "
Surgeon.
William Loudon, do. 9, "
John Neilson, Sept. 30, 1813.
John L. Clark, Sept. 30, "
J. L. Bogardus, do. 30, "
Surgeon's Mate.
J. M. Schermerhorn, do. 30, "
1
Fayette Cooper, Sept. 30, 1813.
Henry White, do. 30, "
FORTY-SECOND INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Wm. N. Irvine, August 4, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
James G. Forbes, August 1, 1813.
Major.
Tunis Riker, August 1, 1813.
Captains.
Thos. Stockton, Sept. 20, 1813.
Geo. W. Barker, Jan. 10,
E. S. Mendenhall,
Wm. G. Oliver,
Thos. Hanson,
Edm. B. Duvall,
John Junkin,
Armstrong Irvine,
John Biddle,
First Lieutenants.
Josiah S. Carty, August 3, 1813.
Aug.
1,
do.
1,
do.
4,
do.
4,
do.
7,
Oct.
1,
do.
1,
James Laken, August 3, 1813.
Thos. Traquir, do. 4, "
Second Lieutenants,
Robert Shaw, jr. Aug. 1, 1813.
Joseph Hall, do. 1, "
P. Mendenhall, do. 4, "
Howerton Cross, do. 7, "
Alex. Trotter, Sept. 9, "
TTiird Lieutenants.
J. B. Welhenson, Aug. 1, 1813.
Daniel Saint, do. 3, "
Fredk. Lazarus, Sept. 25, "
Martin Grant, do. 25, "
J. Armstrong, do. 30, "
Surgeon.
Surgeon's Mate.
Jas. M. Kelly, August 1, 1813.
420
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[181£
FORTY-THIRD AND FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.
FORTY-THIRD INFANTRY.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments' and
Brevets.
Colonel.
Nicholas Long, August 4, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Dune. L. Clinch, August 4, 1813.
Majors.
James Campbell, August 1, 1813.
Thomas D. King, do. 4, "
Captains.
John J. Goodwyn, Aug. 1, 1813.
Theo. L. Gurdin,
G. H. Manigault,
Joel E. Grace,
Edw. F. Tattnall,
Thomas Hyde,
Henry Garrett,
Robert Love, jr.
George Dabney,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
First Lieutenants.
Abner H. Hicks, August 1, 1813.
Samuel A. Taylor, do. 1, •'
W. Edmondson, do- 1, "
Saml. Farrow, jr. do. 1, "
Charles Cantey, do. 3, »
John Smallwood, do. 4, "
James Smith, do. 4, "
George R. Gd man, do. 4, "
Wm. W. Holt, do. 4, "
Aid to Brigadier
Gen. [zard.
Second Lieutenants.
Robert Stark, August 1,
Joshua Irby,
Robert H. Briggs,
W. Timberlake,
Edward Hare,
John M. Neel,
Robert L. Coombs, do.
Archd. Bigby, do-
James Moss, do,
1813.
do.
do.
do.
do.
R.Campbell, jr. Oct. 16,
Third Lieutenants.
William Miles, August 1, 1813.
Marshall Ayres, do. 1, "
Holomon Battle, do. 4, "
Wm. H. Norman, do. 4, "
Wm. Welsh, do. 4, "
Elisha Gates, do. 4, "
Levin V. Greer, do. 4, "
Jas. B. Moore, August 1, 1813
John Vereen,
Daniel Wall,
John H. Lawson,
Joseph Oliver,
Lar. L. Baldwin,
W. H. Fairchild,
5o.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Surgeon.
Surgeon^ s Mates.
Aid to Brigadier
Gen. Williams.
FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.
Colonel.
Geo. T.Ross, August 1, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Rene Trudeau, August 1, 1813.
Majors.
Henry D. Piere, August 1, 1813.
Waters Clark, ditto, "
Captains.
Isaac L. Baker, April 5, 1813.
Wm. O. Butler, ditto, •'
First Lieutenant.
Nathl. Pryor, August 30, 1813.
Second Lieutenant.
Elzr. B. Billings, Aug. 9, 1813.
Surgeoti.
Squire Lea, August 1, 1813.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
421
RANGERS AND UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Captains.
William Dunn, April 12, 1813.
Piere Andre, ditto, "
James Bigger, April 30, "
Fred. Shoults, May 20, "
Andrew Ramsey, July 19, "
David Musick, ditto, "
Daniel M. Boone, ditto, "
James B. Moore, August 1, "
W.B.Whiteside, ditto, "
Jacob Short, ditto, "
Jas. Manary, sen. Aug. 5, "
Sam. McCormick, Aug. 7, "
First Lieutenants.
Henry Brinton,
Hyacm. Lassell,
John Carr,
James Morrison,
P. K. Robbins,
William Massey,
Jos. Borough,
David Robinson,
Nathl. Journey,
John Hopkins,
James Flinn,
April 12, 1813.
ditto, "
April 30, "
July 19, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
August 1, "
ditto, "
ditto, "
August 5, "
October 1, "
Second Lieutenants.
Henry Ristine, April 13, 1813.
Homer Johnson, aitto, "
James Curray, April 30, "
Sylvester Pattie, July 19, 1813.
James Calloway, ditto,
Peter Craig, ditto,
Sam. Gilham, August 1,
Arthur Morgan, ditto,
Andrew Bankston, ditto,
Brattn. Crawford, Aug. 5,
John Knox, October 1,
Third Lieutenants.
David Hillis, April 12, 1813.
Jno. Hadden, jr. ditto, "
W. P. Meredith, April 30, "
Wm. McHenry, August 1, "
Stephen Rector, ditto, "
William Boon, ditto, "
David Steal, August 5, "
Wm. G. Sems, October 1, "
Ensigns.
Green B. Fields, April 12, 1813.
David L. Gregg, ditto, "
Jno. Owens, jun. April 30, "
David Bailey, July 19, "
John McNair, ditto, "
Drakeford Gray, ditto, "
John Journey, August 1, "
Aaron Armstrong, ditto, "
Eben. F. Seaman, Aug. 5, "
William Patterson, Oct. 1, "
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
From Maine and New Hampshire.
Colonel.
Denny McCobb, Dec. 23, 1812.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Aquila Davis, January 13, 1813.
Captains.
Elijah Hall, October 1, 1812.
Benj. Bradford, Nov- 18, "
Josh. Danforth, Nov. 20, "
Daniel Holden, Dec. 15, "
Nathan Stanley, ditto, "
Smith Elkins, January 1, 1813.
Joseph Flanders, Jan. 24, "
First Lieutenants.
Th. B. Sylvester, Nov. 1, 1812,
John Butterfield, Nov. 18, "
Daniel M. Gregg, Nov. 18, "
David Doane, Nov. 20, "
A. P. Cochran, Dec. 2, "
Henry Snow, Dec. 15, "
Daniel George, January 12, 1813.
Adjutant.
Second Lieutetiants.
Benj. White, jr. Oct. 1, 1812.
Joseph Low, Nov. 18, "
Marshall Baker, Dec. 2, "
David Denison, ditto, "
Daniel Patch, Dec. 15, "
Daniel Page, ditto, "
Saml. Sylvester, Jan. 1, 1813.
James Bean, Jan. 12, "
Ensigns.
John Neal, jr. October 1, 1812.
Wm. Kendall, Nov. 16, "
Wm. Reed, ditto, "
Jonas G. Brooks, Dec. 1, " .
Joseph Berry, Jan. 1, "
Enoch Page, Jan. 24, "
Parker Chase, March 26, "
Surgeon^s Mates.
John Trivett, March 1,1813.
James Bates, March 12, "
Quartermaster.
54
422
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[ISIS.
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS— Continued.
UNITED STATES' VOLtTNTEERS.
From New York. Second Regiment.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments and
Brevets.
Colonel.
Samuel Hawkins, Feb. 15, 1813.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Gilbert Ketcham, Feb. 15, 1813.
Major.
W. S. Tallmadge, Feb. 15, 1813.
Captains.
Edmund G. Perlee, Nov. 5, 1812.
J. D. Wadsworth, ditto, "
Thomas Bruyn, ditto, ' '
John S. SufiFern, ditto,
David Crawford, ditto, "
John McCamley, ditto, "
John Miller, December 1, "
Joseph Delafield, Dec. 29, "
Gabriel Y. Denton, Jan. 21, 1813.
Robert Gourlay, jr. Feb. 1. "
First Lieutenants.
Sanford AUyn, November 5, 1812.
Moses Burnet,
Richard Eldred,
Z. Schoonmaker,
J. A. Rapalje,
Job Wright,
ditto,
ditto,
Dec. 9,
Dec. 21,
ditto,
Paymaster.
Joseph De La Montanya,
January 1, 1813,
R. W. Nelson, January 16, "
James Darrow, February 1, "
E. B. Baldwin, February 9, "
J. L. Bleecker, Feb. 10, "
Aw. D. Willson, April 16, "
Sec07id Lieutenants.
John Bailey, November 5, 1812.
Piatt Ketcham, Nov. 17, "
Jacob Montross, Dec. 25, "
G. S. Caldwell, Jan. 4, 1813.
John Peters, January 10, "
Morris Janson, January 11, "
Epens. Wheelar, Feb. 1, "
Geo. S. Allison, Feb. 10, "
Jesse Barlow, Feb. 16, "
John Wilson, April 16, "
TTiird Lieutenant.
James Archer, July 1, 1813.
Surgeon.
Steph. Rapalje, Nov. 14, 1812.
Surgeon^s Mate.
Josiah Torrey, Dec. 30, 1813.
Quartermaster.
Adjutant.
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
From New Fork. Third Regiment.
Lieutenant Colonel.
Alex. Denniston, February 1, 1813.
Captains.
Gouvr. S. Bibby, Dec. 8, 1812.
Christian Kartell, Dec. 28, "
Geo. K. McKay, Jan. 9, 1813.
Charles Hughes, Jan. 16, "
Jonan. Gidney, Jan. 18, "
John Hatfield, Jan. 23, "
Benjamin Wood, Jan. 30, "
Ths. Shearwood. Jan. 31, "
Isaac Little, February 1, "
First Lieutenants.
Thomas Earle, August 20, 1812.
Thomas Darling, Dec. 31, "
William Perron, Jan. 1, 1813.
Edwin Baldwin, Jan. 2, "
Stephen Baxter, Jan. 9, "
James Kerr, Jan. 25, "•
William Walsh, Jan. 28, "
Robert P. Ross, Jan. 31, "
Ephraim Clark, March 1, "
Paymaster.
Second Lieutenants.
Ebenezer Cole, Dec. 28, 1812.
Peter Holmes, January 1, 1813.
Allen Reynolds, Jan. 20, "
Isaac Percy, Jan. 25, "
Eras. H. Weed, Jan. 28, "
Caleb Crane, Jan. 30, "•
Matthew D. Coe, Jan. 31, "
Chas. T. Butler, March 1, "
Third Lieutenants.
William Buttre, Feb. 1, 1813,
Daniel L. Scott, Feb. 28, "
N. G. Carmer, August 15, "
Surgeon.
Robert C. Hunter, Jan. 31, 1813.
Surgeon's Mate.
Elias C. Badeau, Feb. 9, 1813.
Adjutant.
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
From Richmond, Virginia-
Captain.
Richard Booker, Dec. l, 1812.
First Lieutenant.
John W. Ellis, Dec. 1, 1812.
Second Lieutenant.
B. Hazlegrove, Dec. 1, 1812.
Fnsign.
Robert Kennedy, Dec. 1, 1812.
1813.]
REGISTER OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
423
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS AND SEA FENCIBLES.
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
From the Mississippi Territory.
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
Names and Rank.
Staff appointments
and Brevets.
and Brevets.
Brigadier General.
Alexander Calvit, Feb. 24, 1813.
Aid to the General.
F. L. Claiborne, March 1, 1813.
John Allen, do. 25, "
Com'ding the two following Regiments.
Robert Layson, March 4, "
Colonel.
Benj. F. Salvage, do. 12, "
Quartermaster.
Joseph Carson, April 30, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
Kean Caldwell, Oct. 12, 1812.
Major.
Charles Moore, Dec. 1, "
Daniel Beasley, Feb. 15, 1813.
Charles Baron, Jan. 15, 1813.
S. M. Osborn, Feb. 8, "
Captains-
N. Lockridge, March 5, "
Philip A. Engle, Jan. 9, 1813.
R. C. Anderson, do. 6, "
Archilaus Wells, do. 15, "
George Dougherty, do. 15, "
Randall Jones, do. 27, "
Robert Swan, do. 15, "
William Jack, do. 28, "
James Luckett, do. 15, "
Wm. C. Mead, do. 29, "
George H. Gibbs, do. 15, "
Benjamin Dent, do. 31, "
Robert Burton, do. 15, "
Hatn. Middleton, do. 31, "
D. M. Calliham, do. 15, "
Abrm. M. Scott, do. 31, "
James Foster, do. 31, "
Fnsigns.
L. V. Foelckil, Feb. 1, "
Stephen Mays, Feb. 28, 1813.
Y. R. M'Donald, Mar. 6, "
C. G. Johnson, March 1, "
Hans Morrison, do. 8, "
Benj. Blanton, do. 6, "
Benj. Stowell, do. 6, "
First Lieutenants.
William S. Britt, do. 12, "
James Baily, Oct. 12, 1812.
Isaac W. Davis, do. 15, "
Richn. Bowman, Dec. 18, "
Robert Davi?, May 23, "
A. L. Osborn, Jan. 15, 1813.
Charles West, Aug. 12, "
William Morgan, do. 15, "
Samuel Guest, do. 15, "
J.D.Rodgers, do. 20, "
Richard Smith, do. 15, "
W. R. Deloach, Feb. 1, "
Adjutant.
Theron Kellogg, do. 6, '•
Surgeon's Mate.
A. Montgomery, do. 9, "
William R. Cox, Feb. 17, 1813.
John Camp, do. 10, "
UNITED STATES' VOLUNTEERS.
From Louisiana.
Major.
William Henry, April 30, 1813.
Captains.
P. A. Rivery, Nov. 20, 1812.
John Mowry,
A. Peychaud,
E. de Mirepoix,
Ferd. Amelung,
L. de Marans,
Abrara. Miller.
do. 24,
Dec. 16, "
do. 19, "
do. 28, "
Jan. 13, 1813.
First Lieutenants.
Hugh Davis,
George Russel,
Noel G. Dupuy,
Joseph Bige,
J. P. Thebault,
Francis Hewit,
Benj. Bridges,
Oct. 22, 1813.
Nov.'25, "
do. 27, "
Dec. 28, "
do. 28, "
Jan. 25, 1813.
Aug. 15, "
Second Lieutenants.
D. Hutchings, Dec. 5, 1812.
Adrian F. Duval, Jan. 9, 1813.
John Koen, Aug. 15, "
James M'Arthur, do. 15, "
John Files, do. 15, "
W. R. Chambles, do. 15, «
T. C. Vaughn, do. 15, "
Ensigns.
Curtis Lewis, Dec. 5, 1812.
Pat'k M'Clasky, Feb. 6, 1813.
Robert Steele, Aug. 15, "
Lewis W. Brant, do. 15, "
John Booth, do. 15, "
Surgeoru
Peter Lambert, Dec. 26, 1812.
SEA FENCIBLES.
Captains.
Thos. M. Newell, Aug. 1, 1813.
John Nicholson, do. 1, "
Lemuel Morris, do. 4, "
John Du Bose, do. 4, •'
Frederick Brooks, do. 7, "
First Lieutenants.
Abraham Nicols, Aug. 1, 1813.
James J. Cumming, do. 1, "
John J. Couturier, do. 4, "
Richard Baynor, Aug. 7, 1813.
Second Lieutenants.
Ferd. A. O'Neal, Aug. 1, 1813.
William Lytle, do. 1, "
Byrd B. Mitchel, do. 7, "
TTiird Lieutenants.
Henry B. Jones, Aug. 1, 1813.
John Hardwick, do. 4, "
John Boner, do. 7, "
424
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT/ NEW YORK.
ACADEMICAL STAFF.
Senior officer of Engineers, Superintendent of Military Academy.
Jared Mansfield, professor of natural and experimental philosophy.
Andrew Ellicott, professor of mathematics.
Alden Partridge, (captain of Engineers) professor of the art of engineering.
Florimond deMasson, teacher of the French language.
Christian de Zoeller, teacher of drawing.
Samuel A. Walsh, surgeon.
Adam Empie, chaplain.
James Spencer,
John Wright,
Henry W. Fitzhugh,
George W. Gardiner,
Charles S. Merchant,
Nathaniel G. Dana,
John Monroe,
Isaac A. Adams,
John S. AUanson,
George Emmerson,
Thomas S. Suggett, '
Milton Partridge,
Thomas Childs,
John Alexander Webber.
George W. Gardner,
Lewis G. De Russey,
Henry H. Loving.
Samuel Waldo Wetmore,
Stanley G. Morgan,
Jackman [. Davis,
Wilson C. A. Armistead,
Samuel Mackenzie,
John Mackenzie,
William H. Swift,
William B. G. Taylor,
Robert C. Brent,
Benjamin Bonneville,
Robert L. Armstrong,
James K. Armstrong,
Thos. Jef. Gardner.
Cromwell Fowle,
Thomas Broom,
James P. Baddollet,
Bradley S. A. T<owe,
James Ripley,
R. I. Scott,
Nathaniel H. Loring,
Gerrit B. Staats,
Cornelius Ogden,
William Wells,
Isaac E. Craig,
Evans Humphrey,
Hilary Brunot,
Wolvert E. Williams,
William L. M'Laughlin,
Samuel Cooper, jun.
Henry Smith,
Nicholas Gray, jun.
William Rigal,
Stephen Birdsall,
Charles M. Thruston,
Edmond Brooke, jun.
William Graham,
William Booth,
Alexander B. Smoot,
William W. M'Intire,
George W. Swift,
Thomas W. Lendrum,
Stephen Herberger,
Michael F. Van Deventer,
Thomas P. Gwyfln,
James D. Graham,
Thomas J. Baird,
John B. Duffie,
Edwin B. Newton,
Allen Jackson.
George D. Brewertoii,
Henry Brewerton,
Thomas J. Leslie,
James Word,
Ward Marston,
George Blany,
Thomas Denny,
Alexander F. Cockran,
Joseph Smoot,
Thomas T. Stephenson,
Jasper Strong,
George A. Washington,
Henry R. Dulany,
Alonzo Brewer,
William H. Vanderburgh,
William W. A. Dulany,
John Roe Sloo,
David Turner,
Jabez Parkhurst, jun.
Milo Johnson,
William S. Evelette,
David Stone, jun.
Henry W. Griswold,
William Longstreet,
Robert Forsyth,
Charles L. A. Despinville,
Simon Willard, jun.
John Hills, jun.
James Limonson,
Abraham Wendell.
James Monroe,
John Symington,
Thomas Robinson.
ORGANIZATION OF A REGIMENT.
COMPONENT PARTS OF A REGIMENT.
CORPS.
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Light Artillery,
First Dragoons,
Second Dragoons,
First Artillery, - -
Second and Third Artillery,
Infantry, - - - -
Riflemen, . - - -
1
1
1
1
2
1
I
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
I
1
1
1
1
1
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20
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703
1,038
1,631
1,918
1,094
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963
703
1,038
1,631
3,836
27,350
853
36,374
7=
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1813.]
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
425
ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY.
COMPONENT PARTS OF A COMPANY.
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Light Artillery,
10
95
Dragoons, first and seconil,
8
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64
86
First Artillery,
20
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56
81
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20
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72
95
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10
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108
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68
84
Two regiments form a brigade, to be under a brigadier general, who has one aid -de-camp and one brigade major.
Two brigades form a division, to be commanded by a major general, who has two aids-de-camp, (and when he com-
mands an army, one adjutant general, one inspector general, one quartermaster general, two assistant adjutant
generals, two assistant inspector generals, one deputy quartermaster general, and four assistants, one topographical
engineer, and one assistant) that is, beside a chief of each department, as many assistants may be allowed as there
are brigades in each separate army.
Note. — By the act of 29th January, twenty additional regiments for twelve months' service are authorized.
(One of them to be rangers, by a subsequent act, and five regiments to be for five years, for local service.)
21,880
36,374
Total authorized force.
58,254
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.
War Office, May 1, 1813.
RANK OF REGIMENTS.
1st. The light artillery.
2d. The light dragoons, ^
3d. The foot artillery, >• According to the numbers of the regiments respectively.
4th. The infantry, J
5th. The riflemen.
6th. The volunteers in the service of the United States, and 7 According to the numbers given to them respec-
7th. The militia draughts, ' 5 tively by the General commanding the district.
This regulation is confined to parades. On all other occasions, regiments will be drawn up in the way which
shall be directed by the General, or other commanding officer.
RANK OF OFFICERS.
In all cases in which command shall not have been specially given, the eldest officer, whether of cavalry, of
artillery, or of infantry, will command.
Where a controversy concerning rank shall arise from the saineness of date in commissions, it shall be deter-
mined by reference to former commissions in the regular service; and if none such should have been held, by former
commissions in the militia.
Brevet rank gives no precedence nor command, except on detachments; nor shall persons having such rank
only, be included in the roster of officers for any duty other than that performed by detachments, and to which they
shall be specially assigned.
Officers of the regular army of the same grade with those of the volunteers and militia, have precedence of these,
whatever may be the dates of their respective commissions.
There is no precedence between staff departments. The officers assigned to these will take rank, 1st, from the
brevets they hold; and 2d, from the rank they respectively have in the line.
RULES WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION.
1. Original vacancies will be supplied by selection; accidental vacancies by seniority, excepting in extraordinary
cases.
2. Promotions to the rank of Captain will be made regimentally; to that of field appointments, by line, the light
artillery, dragoons, artillery, infantry, and riflemen, being kept always distinct.
3. No officer shall be entitled to the pay, rations, or emoluments, annexed to any office, until he shall have notice
of his appointment thereto from the War Department; or from a general officer, with respect to appointments in the
gift of Generals.
COMPLIMENTS TO BE PAID BY THE TROOPS.
The highest miiitaiy honors are payable to the President and Vice President of the United States, whether in
uniform or not.
To the Secretary of War, to Major Generals commanding districts or corps of the army, and to Governors of
States, when in unif9rm, the same honors will be paid; with this exception, that to them the standards of the cavalry
will not be dropped in saluting.
426 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
All other Major Generals are entitled to three ruffles of the drum, with presented arms, and to the dropping of
all colors other than the standards.
Brigadier Generals commanding districts or corps of the army, are entitled to the honors payable to Major Gen-
erals not commanding in chief.
All other Brigadiers are entitled to two ruffles of the drum, and presented arms.
To Colonels," the guards of their own regiments turn out and present their arms, once a day; after which, they
only turn out with ordered arms.
To Lieutenant Colonels and Majors, their own guards turn out with ordered arms, once a day.
When a Lieutenant Colonel or Major shall command a regiment, their own quarter guards pay them the com-
pliments due to a Colonel.
When a General or other officer, entitled to a salute, shall pass in the rear of a guard, it will not face about, but
stand with shouldered arms.
When a General or other officer, entitled to a salute, shall pass guards while in the act of relieving, both guards
will salute, taking the word of command from the senior officer of the two.
Military compliments are to be paid to officers of the navy, when in uniform, agreeably to their rank, as
follows, viz: Commodores, with broad pennants, have the same compliments as Brigadier Generals; and all other
Post Captains, those due to Colonels.
All guards are to be under arms when an armed party approaches their posts; and to parties commanded by a
commissioned officer, they will present arms and beat a march, and the officers will salute.
The colors of a regiment passing any guard will be saluted, the drums of the regiment saluting in turn.
When two regiments meet on a march, the regiment of inferior rank will halt, form, and salute the other, which
proceeds on its march with swords drawn, bayonets fixed, trumpets sounding, drums beating, and colors flying, until
it -shall have cleared the front of the latter regiment.
All regiments marching with standards or colore, have claim to the compliments of any regiment they may meet
on their march not having standards or colors, without regard to the rank of the particular corps.
The national salute shall be conformable to the number of States composing the Union-
A national salute shall be fired on a visit to the post from the President of the United States.
Fifteen guns shall be fired on a visit from the Vice President, the Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, a
Major General of the army; and thirteen guns on that of a Brigadier General when commanding a district. No
other person shall be entitled to salutes, and no salutes will be fired to any person but ou his arrival- No salutes
shall be fired to foreign ships or vessels of war, but in return, and in every case their salute shall be returned gun
for gun, notice being given. No salutes shall be fired to public armed vessels of the United States under the rate
of a frigate, and to those only in return, gun for gun, notice being given.
At one o'clock, on the fourth day of July of each year, a national salute will be fired from all the military posts
and forts in the United States.
Salutes shall not be fired from guns of higher caliber than twelve pounders.
DUTIES OF ADJUTANTS GENERAL.
These will be divided under the following heads, viz: .
Distribution of orders:
Details of service:
Instruction of the troops in the manual exercise, and the evolutions and arrangement of them when brought into
action; and
Direction of the military correspondence-
1 . Distribution of Orders.
The general orders of the day having been received from the commanding General, the Adjutant General, or his
assistant, will cany them to the office of distribution, where they will be recorded in a book kept for that purpose,
whence, at an hour which shall have been previously assigned, they will be transcribed by the Aids-de-camp of
general officers, by Majors of brigaile, by the Adjutants of all separate corps less than brigades, by a Deputy or
Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, by an Hospital Surgeon, or an Hospital Surgeon's Mate, detailed for that
duty by the senior surgeon, and some commissioned officer from qach corps of engineers; and when so transcribed,
they will be carried without delay to the corps to which these officers respectively belong, and be there promulgated,
under the orders of the officers commanding the corps, and become to them a rule of conduct.
2. Details of Service.
These shall be made agreeably to prescribed rules, and the usage of war.
All corps will furnish according to their strength— the longest off duty, the first on duty. When it may be found
practicable, the troops are to act by companies, battalions, or regiments.
Return detachments will not be excused from duty more than two days. ., . ,
Seniority of corps with respect to troops, and priority of rank with respect to officers, will entitle to precedence
forcoinmand; subject to deviations under the orders of the commanding general.
In details, the following gradation will govern:
1. Reconnoitering parties and corps of observation.
2. Foraging before the enemy.
3. Detachtnents and outposts.
4. Guards of trenches.
5. Van guards in approaching an enemy.
6. Rear guards in retiring from an enemy.
7. General courts martial.
8. Guard of the General commanding in chief.
9. Campof garrison guards.
10. Other guards mounted from the grand parade.
11. Guards of general officers and the staff according to rank.
12. Pickets.
13. General fatigues.
14. Police.
In the routine of duty the law of detail will always give it to the officer longest off duty, and when two have
been credited with the same grade of service, on the same day, reference to the former tour on the roster will deter-
mine the detail.
Should a tour of service of higher grade occur to an officer while on any subordinate duty, he shall be relieved,
and the tour on which he is, be passed to his credit.
If an officer's tour for general court martial, picket, rr fatigue, occur while he is on any other duty from the
grand parade, he shall not be relieved, but stand for the next tour.
1813.] RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 18 13. 427
3. Instruction of the Troops.
This shall be governed by circumstances, as to time, place, and frequency: of which the commanding general
will judge. The mode of infantry discipline, adopted by regulation of the War Department, will be observed-
4. Military Correspondence.
Reports of services performed, and demands for courts of inquiry, or courts martial, shall be made to the Adjutant
General. All returns intended to exhibit the strength of the corps, made agreeable to the 19th article of war, and
accounting for the absent non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates; reports of the Hospital and of the
Quartermaster's Departments; and of ordnance and of ordnance stores attached to the army; shall also be addressed
to the Adjutant General; out of which he shall form a general return, to be transmitted monthly, for the informa-
tion of the War Department: and those transmitted for the months of June and December, shall be accompanied
with lists of the officers serving in any garrison or corps of the district or army so returned, specifying their names,
rank, and places of station. Returns of ordnance and ordnance stores shall be made agreeably to forms prescribed
by the Commissary General of ordnance. Departures from these forms, and inattention to the injunctions above,
will be regarded and punished as acts of positive disobedience.
July 9, 1813.
The returns required of Adjutants General, for the information of the War Department, will exhibit regiments
and detachments of regiments, separately and by name.
War Office, May Is/, 1813.
DUTIES OF INSPECTORS GENERAL.
These will be divided under the following heads, viz:
Mustering and inspecting troops of the line, and militia detachments serving with them:
Selecting places of encampment, and posting guards:
Superintending the police of the camp and of the marc
rch:
Inspecting parades; and
Making half yearly confidential reports to the War Department, of the state of the army, division, or detachment,
to which they belong.
1. Mustering and inspecting the Troops of the Line and Militia Detachments.
Troops of all descriptions shall be mustered once in two months, for payment, nor shall any payment be made
but upon muster rolls signed by an Inspector General, or his assistant, or, in the absence of these, by some officer
of the army of the United States, specially assigned to this duty, by the general commanding the district in which
the said troops, so mustered, shall be found. Three copies of these rolls shall, in all cases, be made; one of them
to be deposited with the Paymaster of the district, and two of them to be sent to the War Department; the one
for the use of the Accountant of the said Department, and the other for the Paymaster of the army.
Serai-annual musters of the whole army, whether regular or militia, shall be made on or before the 1st day of
January, and 1st day of July, in each year; and rolls thereof, in alphabetical order, forwarded to the War Depart-
ment as promptly thereafter as possible.
Inspections of the troops are of two kinds: stated and occasional. The former shall take place monthly, and (as
often as may be practicable) on the last day of each month^ the latter, as often as the General commanding the district,
the Chief of the Staff, or the Inspector General, may think proper. The general object of both shall be to ascertain
the exact state of the arms, equipments, and clothing, and of every other circumstance tending to show the actual
condition of the troops so inspected.
Dragoon, artillery, and all other horses belonging to the public, will also be subjects of inspection, quarterly; those
unfit for service will be branded in the presence of the inspecting officer, with the letter C, and immediately trans-
ferred to the Quartermaster General's Department, for public sale; nor shall any horse, so branded, be thereafter
accepted by any inspecting officer. Returns o{ cast horses will be made quarterly.
A return of every inspection shall be made and deposited in the office of the Inspector General, for the infor-
mation of the general commanding the district; and halt yearly returns of inspection shall be made to the War De-
partment.
3. Superintending the Police of the Camp and of the March.
It will be the duty of this department to designate all guards for the security and good order of the camp; to
take charge of all prisoners made by these or otherwise; to examine and report the several cases to the command-
ing general, and to take his orders in relation to their future disposal; to'inspect the state of tents, barracks, and hos-
pitals; to punish any want of care or cleanliness therein; to regulate all sutlers and markets, within any camp, can-
tonment, or garrison; and to inspect and enforce the order of march, and to punish all infractions of it.
3. Inspecting Parades.
The troops detailed from each regiment for the service of the day will be brought to the parade ground of the
brigade, under the command of the senior officer present, and on duty; these detachments will there be embodied,
andmarched to the ground of division parade, accompanied by the adjutant of the day, under command of the senior
officer; the whole will then be marched as aforesaid, to the ground of general parade, accompanied by a major of
brigade, detailed for that service by division orders; where they will be received by an Inspector or an Assistant
Inspector General, reviewed, and detached for the service of the day.
4. Selecting Places for Encampment and Posting Guards.
This duty shall be performed under the directions of the commaniling general; and the Inspector, in performing
it, shall call to his aid an officer from each corps of engineers.
5. Making half yearly Confidential Reports to the War Department.
These reports will relate to the conduct of corps, and to that of individuals composing them. They shall
be submitted to the general commanding the army, and shall receive from him his remarks in writing, before they
are transmitted to the War Department. They shall specify —
1st. The progress made by each corps or regiment, in military discipline in general, and particularly in a knowledge
of the evolutions prescribed for the practice of the troops; in habits of obedience, and of attention to personal
appearance, and to the rules of interior economy.
2d. Whether the field and company officers, respectively, know their duty, and are able and willing to perform it?
Whether the subalterns are severally sober, active, and industrious, careful to acquire knowledge, and to com-
municate it to the non-commissioned officers and privates? Whether the Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Pay-
master, are competent to the duties assigned to them? Whether the regimental books are kept with accuracy
and regularity? and whether the non-commissioned officers perform their duty with promptitude and effect?
3d. Whether the meat and bread furnished by contract are of good quality, and whether these, and other articles,
composing the rations, are regularly issued?
4th. Whether the forage be good, and of sufficient quantity.^
5th. Whether the hospital supplies and regulations be sufficient, and regularly dispensed in the one case, and obser-
ved in the other?
428
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
6(h. Whether there has been any irregularity in the proceedings of courts martial, or in the execution of sentences
7th. Whether the quantity of ammunition in store is sufficient, and well secured, and whether the arms and equip-
ments are in proper order?
On each of these heads there will be a special report; and in what may be said on the 2d, all possible frankness
is expected. One motive more to this, will be found in the solemn declai-ation of the Government, that, while it
shall be its invariable practice to distinguish, and to reward merit of every description, and in every grade, all pre-
tensions not having tiiat foundation, however propped and patronized by names, will be utterly disregarded.
QUARTERMASTER GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.
It shall be the duty of this department to provide—
1st. For the quartering and transporting of troops-
3d. For transporting- all military stores, camp equipage, and artillery.
3d. For opening and repairing roads, and constructing and repairing bridges, which maybe necessary to the
movement of the army, or of any detachment thereof.
4th. It shall be the further duty of this department to receive from the departments of purchase, and of ordnance,
all clothing, camp equipage, arms, ammunition, and ordnance; to transport the same to the place of destination.
and there to make distribution thereof, agreeably to the direction given to the articles by the Commissary General
of Purchases, and to the orders of the general commanding the district to which they are destined.
Quartermasters in the intermediate districts, between the places of receipt and delivery, will be held responsible
for the safe transportation of all articles through their respective districts.
Articles for conveyance by this department shall be transported in bulk as much as possible, and with each
quantity of stores conveyed, the Quartermaster at the post from which it is sent shall furnish a conductor, who shall
have charge of it, and for whose conduct, in the safekeeping and delivery thereof, the Quartermaster shall be re-
5th. It shall be the duty of the department to provide all forage and fuel for the use of the troops, and have the
same transported and issued agreeably to the regulations which follow.
6th. To provide good and sufficient store houses for provisions deposited under contract between individuals and
the Government, and to appoint store keepers (for the custody of the said provisions, or other articles, the property
of the public, which may be placed there) who shall give security for their safe keeping and delivery, under the
orders of the commanding General of the district, or of the Quartermaster General; and to find means of transport-
ing the same, when so required by the engagements of the Government.
7th. To make returns, iialf yearly, to the Secretary of War, of all horses and draught oxen, or horses and oxen on
hire in' public service; showing their number, employment, and condition; and a similar return of all other arti-
cles, the property of the public, of which the department may be possessed.
8th. To make and transmit to the Secretary of War, monthly summary statements of the accounts of the Depart-
ment, and quarterly accounts thereof, agreeably to the forms which shall be prescribed by the Treasury Department.
9th. All money drawn for the use of the Department, within any military district, shall be drawn and accounted
for by the senior officer of the Department within such district. , .. „ .
No purchases, on public account, will be made by the Quartermaster's Department, but of the followmg articles:
1st. Of forage.
2d. Of fuel.
3d. Straw for soldiers' bedding.
4th. Articles of stationary for regimental and garrison service.
5tli. Dragoon and artillery horses, oxen, wagons, and carts, for the transportation oi baggage; boats for the
same; and . . ■ , , , j , i , • ,
6th. Boards,' planks, nails, and other materials, for constructing and repairing barracks, hospitals, and bridges.
In all cases in which gun carriages and artillery wagons may want repair in the field, the senior officer of artil-
lery is to see the necessary repairs done, and for the expense of these, will make his draft on the Quartermaster
When any building occupied by troops as a barrack shall have been left by them in a filthy state, or shall have
suffered injury by them, the Quartermaster of the post, or of the party succeeding to them, shall, in the one case,
have the quarters cleansed, and in the other repaired; and the expense of so doing shall be deducted from the pay
of the officers commanding the party which immediately preceded in the occupation of the buildings so cleansed
and repaired.
Regulations which shall govern the allowance of Quarters, of Forage, of Fuel, of Straw for Bedding, of Station-
ary, and of the transportation of the Baggage of Officers, ivhen ordered on distant commands.
1. Of Quarters.
To a Major General, three rooms and a kitchen. ,..,,., , ^, , , ,t
To a Brigadier General, the Adjutant and Inspector General, principal Quartermaster General and Commissary
General of Ordnance, each, two rooms and a kitchen. j t.- , w^n- .- ■ ^ ^ ^
To each \djutant General, Inspector General, Quartermaster General, and tield Officer of a regiment, to the
Assistant Commissary General of Ordnance, and to each Deputy Quartermaster General, one room and a kitchen.
To each Assistant Adjutant General, Assistant Inspector General, Topographical Engineer, Major of Brigade,
or Brigade Inspector, Deputy Paymaster General, Captain ot the Line, Judge Advocate, Hospital Surgeon, Regi-
mentafSurseoii, and Chaplain, one room. , , , r ■ m
For all other commissioned officers, one room to every two officers; and to each mess ot six or more officers, one
kitchen. . . ,■ ^, ^ i -i. i.
To twelve non-commissioned officers, musicians, or privates, one room or (in the summer) a kitchen.
The eldest officer to have the choice of quarters.
■2. Of Fuel.
The allowance of fuel, from tlie last day of April to the first day of November of each year, shall be at the
rate of one cord of wood per month for each kitchen (or room occupied for cooking). At all posts, garrisons, or
cantonments, within the States of New Hampshire. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, Connecticut, New
York. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Ohio, one cord and a half ot a cord.ofwood per month,
from the last day of October to the first day of May of each year, for each room and kitchen occupied agreeably to
the preceding regulations; and at all other posts, garrisons, or cantonments, during the same period, one cord of
wood per month tor each kitchen or other room occupied as aforesaid.
Each commanding or senior officer at any separate post, whatever may be his rank, will be entitled to tuel tor
one kitchen. ,. ^ ,
The allowance of wood for the quarters of the sick will be regulated by the commanding officer ami surgeon.
No compensation in money to be made in lieu of allowances of fuel or of quarters; and no tuel to be drawn
but within the month for which it is due. No fuel furnished for the use of a garnson, post, camp, or cantonment,
shall be removed therefrom, but by the Quartermaster attached thereto; and any overplus of fuel beyond what has
been used, or may be necessary for use, at such post, shall revert to the United States. Coal may be issued, in pro-
portion to the cost of wood, in lieu thereof.
1813.] RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813. 429
3. Of Forage.
To all horses in actual service there shall be allowed fourteen pounds of hay, and twelve quarts of oats, or, in
lieu of oats, eight quarts of corn per diem.
Officers will be allowed to draw forage in kind, when on actual service in the field, where their duties require
them to be mounted, for the number of horses they actually keep in service, not exceeding tiie following rates:
Major Generals, seven; Brigadier Generals, five; Colonels of artillery and infantry, four; Lieutenant Colonels and
Majors, three; and all other officers entitled by law to receive money in lieu of tbrage, when the same shall not be
drawn in kind, two each.
4. Of Straw.
One truss of straw, weighing thirty-six pounds, is allowed for every two men.
At the expiration of sixteen days, each truss is to be refreshed with eight pounds. At the expiration of thirty-
two days, the whole straw is to be removed, and a fresh bedding of one truss to be furnished; and so on, every
succeeding period of sixteen and thirty-two days. The same quantity of straw is allowed for servants, or batmen
not soldiers, or for washerwomen, in the proportion of one woman to every seventeen men.
The straw is to be changed for the sick in hospital as often as may be deemed necessary by the surgeon or (in
his absence) by the mate.
Requisitions for fuel or straw must state the number and rank of the officers, the number of non-commissioned
officers and privates, servants, batmen, and washerwomen, for whom it may be demanded, and certified by the com-
mandant of the regiment, garrison, or recruiting rendezvous. No fuel or straw shall be drawn for officers or for
soldiers whilst on furlough, nor any allowance made to them for the same.
5. Of Transportation.
To each company, or detachment of one hundred men, shall be allowed one four- horse wagon and team, or
two two- horse wagons and teams, for the conveyance of baggage and camp equipage, consisting of one common
tent, one iron kettle, and two tin pans, for every six men.
When officers are ordered on distant commands, the following rates are- to govern in the allowance made to
them for the transportation of their baggage: at two dollars per hundred pounds per hundred miles.
To a Major General,
Brigadier General,
Colonel,
Lieutenant Colonel,
Major,
Hospital surgeon.
1,250 lbs.
To
a Captain,
1,000
Surgeon,
750
Subaltern,
600
Surgeon's mate.
500
Cadet,
750
400 lbs.
400
300
300
200
The most direct post route will determine the distance for the amount of transportation, whether performed by
land or water.
To every officer ordered on general courts martial, temporary commands, or on other duties, on the seaboard, or
in the Atlantic States, there vvill be allowed, if he so elect, in lieu of the transportation of his baggage, his stage
hire; no delay being admitted on the road. Receipts from the stage offices, or certificates on honor, of the perform-
ance of the duty, will be required.
No allowance for transportation of baggage to officers fulfilling the first order after appointment.
G. Of Stationary-
To a Major General, or other officer, comijia'hding a district, so much stationary as may be necessary for the
discharge of his public duties.
To every other general officer twenty -four quires of paper per annum.
To every officer commanding a separate post or garrison of not less than two, nor more than five companies,
twelve quires per annum, and one blank book of three quires.
To every officer commanding a separate post or garrison of not more than ten companies, eighteen quires per
annum, and one blank book of three quires.
To a Colonel, or other officer, commanding a regiment, for the use of himself and regimental staff, eighteen
quires per annum, and a blank book of three quires.
To a Major, six quires of paper, and one blank book, per annum.
For the use of every company, whether in garrison or otherwise, twelve quires per annum, and a blank book
of two quires.
For the use of every other commissioned officer in the army of the United States, two quires per annum.
For the use of every officer and garrison, a proportion of other stationary, at the rate of fifty quills, as many
wafers, and a paper of ink powder, to each six quires.
.Annual Estimates.
It shall be the duty of this department to make out and transmit to the War Department, on or before the first
day of December in each year, annual estimates of the forage, fuel, straw for bedding, articles of stationary, dra-
goon and artillery horses, oxen, wagons, and carts for transportation of baggage, &c. , and of all other articles the
furnishing of which appertains to the said department.
November 9, 1812.
Officers, prisoners of war, are allowed for transportation of baggage, from the places where they are paroled to
their respective homes, unless transportation is provided by the enemy, or the Government.
July 9, 1813.
In addition to the provision made for repairs of buildings occupied as barracks and quarters, it is ordered, that
where private lands and buildings are occupied b^ the troops of the United States, a reasonable compensation shall
be made to the proprietor by the Quartermaster of the district or post; and when the rate of compensation cannot
be satisfactorily agreed on, discreet and disinterested persons shall be appointed by the Quartermaster and proprietor,
to appraise the rent, which will be settled by the Quartermaster, and the damage repaired as before provided.
" Every officer of the army, whose duty requires him to be on horseback in time of action, and whose horse
shall be killed in battle, shall be allowed a sum not exceeding two hundred dollars, on making satisfactory proof of
the loss and value of the horse so killed; the proof required shall be by the affidavit of the Quartermaster of the
corps to which the owner may belong, or of two other credible witnesses."*
The Quartermaster's department will adjust and settle all claims conformably to the above provisions.
Double rations are allowed to the Commanding Officers of the following Military Posts and Stations, viz:
Maine. — Passamaquoddy, Wiscasset, Georgetown, and Harbor of Portland.
New Hampshire. — Harbor of Portsmouth.
Massachusetts. — Harbor of Boston, New Bedford, Springfield, fHarbors of Salem, Marblehead, Gloucester,
and Newbury port.
Rhode Island. — Harbor of Newport.
Connecticut.— ¥oTi Trumbull.
• Act of May 12, 1796. ^ These are considered as one military station.
55 m
430 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
New Fo)-it.— Harbor of New York, West Point, and Niagara.
Pen«S2/toa?iJa.— Fort Mifflin and Pittsburg.
Maryland.— Vmt M'Henry, Harbor ot Annapolis, and Fort Washington.
District of Columbia.— Gre^erAe&Vs Fo'int.
Viro-inia.-liarhm- of Norfolk and Fort Powhattan.
North Carolina.— ¥ort Johnson and Beaufort.
•South Carolina. — Georgetown, Harbor ot Charleston, Beaufort, and Rocky Mount, or Mount Dearborn.
Georgia- — Savannah, Fort Hawkins, Colerain, and Point Petre.
3'Essissippi Territory. — Fort Stoddert, Fort Adams, and Washington.
Orleans Territory. — Plaquemine, Nachitoches, Fort St, John, Batort Rouge, and Pass Christian.
Louisiana Territory. — Belle Fontaine, Fort Osage, and Fort Madison, or Belle Vue.
Illinois Territory.— Fori Massac.
Indiana Territory. — Viucennes, Chicago, or Fort Dearborn, Fort Wayne, and Fort Harrison.
7Wi«e«see.— Highwassee and Fort Hampton.
Xen/McAy.— Newport.
Michigan Territory. — Detroit and Michillimackinack.
And to Generals commanding separate armies and to the commanding; officer at New Orleans, treble rations.
The commanding officer at each of the posts within named will certify, on honor, that he was the actual com-
manding officer at the post, and for the time stated in his return, or account for additional rations^ which certificate
will accompany his return, and be considered a necessary voucher.
One officer only can be considered entitled to additional rations.
Specijic monthly allowance of Wood, from 30th Jlpril to 1st November.
SUMMER MONTHS.
Cords. .
1st. To a Major General, - - - - - - - - 1
2d. To each Brigadier General. &c. - ■• .... . \
3d. To each Adjutant General, &c. - - - - - t 1
4th. To each Assistant Adjutant General, &c. ----- i
5th. To every officer not included above, - - - - - \
6th. To each non-commissioned officer, musician, or private, - - - 1-12
To the senior officer (of staff ov the line) at a post, . , . . i
From the 3lst October to 1st May.
WINTER MONTHS.
1st. To a Major General, - - - - - - -6
2d. To each Brigadier General, &c. ------ 4^
3d. To each Adjutant General, &c. - - - - - • - 3
4th. To each Assistant Adjutant General, &c. " . .: ' ' " ^^ .
and for a kitchen, when he messes in garrison, in addition, - - - i — !|
5th. To each otlier officer, - - .'...' ' " ' ^
and, when he messes in garrison, for a kitchen in addition, - - - ? — 1
6th. To each non-commissioned officer, musician, or private, - - - . ^
To the senior officer at a post, if of a rank named under the 4th rate of allowance, - . 3
To the senior officer at a post, if of a rank named under the 5th rate of allowance, - 2|
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
May 1, 1813.
I. Of Laboratories.
There shall be three principal laboratories in the United States ; one in the neighborhood of - — ^ — , one in
the neighborhood of , and one near .
At each of these laboratories the head of the department will cause to be bought ten acres of land, and have
thereon erected workshops competent to the accommodation of forty workmen, and barracks for the further accom-
modation of the same, with the necessary magazines and store houses. The workmen at each of the said laborato-
ries shall be engaged for a term of service not less than five years, and at the rates prescribed by law; and at each
there shall be one master wheelwright and carriage maker, and one master blacksmith, the whole to be under the
direction of the Commissary General, or of some one of his officers. It is, however, understood, that, if workmen
cannot be engaged for a term as long as five years, the Commissary General may engage them for a shorter period.
And he is also authorized to employ women and children, at low wages, in all work which can be as well per-
formed by them as by men; and accounts regularly presented and certified by him, of the amount of all wages for
work done under this regulation, shall be paid by the paymaster of the army.
At these workshops shall be made all gun carriages, ammunition wagons, travelling forges, and every other ap-
paratus for the artillery, and shall be prepared all kinds of ammunition for garrison and field service.
2. Inspection of Powder, SfC.
It will be the duty of the Commissary General of Ordnance to call upon the Commissary General of Purchases
for the names and places of residence of all persons engaged in making powder, cannon, cannon shot, or other ord-
nance stores, under contract with the United States, and, on notice of the time of delivery of such articles, he
will cause the same to be duly proved and inspected. Until thus, previously inspected and proved, no ordnance,
cannon balls, shells, shot, or powder, shall be received or paid for by any public agent of the linited States.
3. Distribution of Ordnance.
The orders of general officers for the supply of ordnance, ammunition, carriages, &c. shall go no farther than to
direct the number and caliber of the guns, the quantity and kinds of ammunition necessary for the service, and to
command the preparation and delivery of these, and other enumerated articles, to some officer charged with its con-
veyance to the camp or garrison of the general requiring them.
The artillery will bo distributed, for field service, into divisions. or half divisions.
A division of artillery will consist of six pieces of ordnance, viz: Four cannon of the same caliber, and two
howitzers, or six cannon of not more than two calibers. • i ■ r
A half division of artillery will consist of two pieces of cannon of the same caliber, and of one howitzer, or of
three pieces of cannon of the same caliber.
To each pair of three pounders will be allotted one ammunition wagon or caisson.
To each six pounder, one ammunition wagon or caisson.
To each howit/^er, two ammunition wagons or caissons.
To each gun oi larger caliber than a six pounder, destined to act with the army in the field, two, or at most
three, ammunition wagons or caissons.
1813.] RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813. 431
To each division of artillery will be allotted three wagons, iprovided with assorted and spare articles of equip-
ment, ammunition, harness, entrenching and artificers" tools, &c.
To each half division will be allottea one wagon, with assorted and spare articles and tools, as above.
To each division of Hying artillery, and every two divisions of foot artillery, will be allotted one travelling forge.
The proportion of overplus small arms for the infantry may be one-fourth of the number of effective troops in the
field; these shall be placed in reserve, at some safe and convenient situation near the army.
The proportion of musket cartridges for the infantry shall consist of thirty rounds per man, accompanying the
troops in ammunition wagons; and such additional quantities, as may be judged requisite, shall be placed in reserve,
as provided for small arms in the preceding paragraph.
Wagons will be provided with mining and laboratory tools and utensils, together with additional quantities of
entrenching and artificer's tools, whenever the nature of the service may render it necessary.
4. Preservation and safe-keeping of Ordnance Stores, ^-c.
It will be the duty of the Commissary General of Ordnance to take measures for the completion, reparation, and
preservation of all ordnance, ammunition, artillery carriages, and machines, in the respective fortresses, magazines,
and arsenals.
5. Return of Ordnance Stores, ^-c.
The senior officer of artillery of every division or detachment of the army, and of every garrison and post, and
all keepers of magazines and arsenals, or other .persons having charge of military stores, shall fmake returns quar-
terly to the Commissary General of Ordnance, agreeably to such forms as may be furnished by him.
The military stores, above referred to, are:
Fire arms of every description, with their equipments and accoutrements;
Ammunition, whether fixed or loose;
Laboratory stores and utensils;
Artificers' tools; and
All artillery carriages and machines, not to include camp equipage or barrack furniture.
Such returns shall be made by the Commissary General, as are required by law: and
G. Jinmud Estimates-
It shall be the duty of the Commissary General of Ordnance to make out and render to the War Department,
yearly estimates of the powder, ordnance, cannon balls, shells, and shot, timber and other materials for gun carria-
ges and ammunition wagons, laboratory utensils, artificers' tools, &c. which shall be requisite for the service of the
public.
PURCHASING DEPARTMENT.
1st. The Commissary General of this Department and his deputies will purchase, upon the orders and estimates
of the W'ar Department, all ordnance, ordnance stores, laboratory utensils, artificer's tools, artillery carnages, am-
munition wagons, timber, and other materials for making and repairing these; artillery harness, ammunition, small
arms, accoutrements, and equiprnents; clothing, dragoon saddles and bridles; tents, tent-poles, camp kettles, mess
pans, bed sacks, medicines, surgical instruments, hospital stores,- and all other articles required for the public ser-
vice of the army of the United States, excepting only such as are directed to be purchased by the Quartermaster
General's Department.
2d. The articles, so purchased as aforesaid, shall (such as may require it) be carefully packed, and all be deli-
vered over, by the Commissary General, or by.his deputies, toan officer of the Quartermaster General's Department,
for transportation to the places ot their destination and use; and all parcels so packed shall be legibly marked with
the name of the place or places whither they are to be sent, and that of the detachment or corps for which they are
intended, accompanied by an invoice of the articles contained in the said parcels.
3d. The Commissary General of Purchases, and his deputies, shall severally make and transmit monthly sum-
mary statements to the Secretary of War. and quarterly accounts of the purchases and deliveries made by them,
respectively, to the Accountant of the War Department, with the necessary vouchers, and agreeably to the ibrnis
which shall be prescribed by the Treasury Department.
Returns of Clothing, Sfc.
To enable the War Department (o furnish the orders and estimates as provided by the foregoing regulation, each
regimental Quartermaster shall make and transmit, on or before the first day of December in each year, an estimate,
countersigned by the commanding officer of the regiment, of all such clothing, arras, accoutrements, equipments,
and camp equipage, as may be necessary for the supply of the regiment, for the ensuing year; with a return of the
articles on hand, and a report of the condition in which they are.
JuLY.9, 1813.
In the returns for clothing, one column shall represent what is due to the detachment or regiment, one what is
actually wanted, and a third, the articles, if any, on hand, and in the custody of som3 officer of the detachment or
regiment.
These returns shall be signed by the regimental Quartermaster, or officer doing that duty, and countersigned by
the officer commanding regiments or corps. '
Upon returns thus made, the Commissary of Issues will furnish such articles, and in"such proportions, as the
state of the public stores will permit.
No return will be made but for the clothing of men actually present.
DUTIES OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS AND THEIR ASSISTANTS.
To niake such surveys, and exhibit such delineation of these, as the commanding General shall direct; to make
plans of all military positions (which the army may occupy) and of their respective vicinities, indicating the various
roads, rivers, creeks, ravines, hills,|woods, and villages to be found therein; to accompany all reconnoitering parties
sent out to obtain intelligence of the movements of the enemy, or of his positions, &c. ; to m.ake sketches of their
route, accompanied by written notices of every thing worthy of observation thereon; to keep a journal of every
day's movement, vyhen the army is in march, noticing the varieties of ground, of buildings, of culture, and the dis-
tances and state of the roads, between given points, throughout the march of the day; and, lastly, to exhibit the re-
lative positions of the contending armies on fields of battle, and the dispositions made, whether for attack or de-
fence-
HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
It shall be the duty of the Physician and Surgeon General to prescribe rules for the government of the hospitals of
the army; to see these enforced: to appoint stewards and nurses; to call for and receive returns of medicines, sur-
gical instruments, and hospital stores; to authorize and regulate the supply of regimental medicine chests; to make
outgeneral half-yearly returns of these, and of the sick, (in hospitals) to the War Department, and yearly estimates
of what may be wanted for the supply of the army.
The Apothecary General shall assist the Physician and Surgeon General, in the discharge of the abo\e mentioned
duties, and shall receive and obey his orders in relation thereto.
432 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
MISCELLANEOUS RULES.
Each Major General will appoint his Aids-de-camp. Each Brigadier General will appoint his Brigade Major
and Aid-de-camp. No Aid-de-camp shall be taken from a rank higher than that oFa subaltern.
No officer shall be permitted to hold two stafFappointments at the same time.
No surgeon of the army shall be engaged in private practice.
No officer, commissioned or non-commissioned, shall be the agent of a contractor.
Quarter masters of regiments, or of corps, will cause the company provision returns to be consolidated and car-
ried to the commanding officers of regiments, and of detachments, or brigades, for their signatures. Abstracts of
these, furnished and presented by the contractors, will be signed by officers commanding brigades, (or separate
posts) and will thus become vouchers for the contractors.
No furlough shall be given during a campaign; nor any but by the General commanding the district or army, and
for the cause of disability, which disability shall be certified by a regimental or hospital surgeon.
Furloughs shall, beside expressing the term of time granted to absentees, express, also, an order to join the regi-
ment, post, or garrison, to which they mav belong.
No order shall be given to officers seeking a furlough for their own convenience, which shall have the effect of
entitling them to an allowance for transportation of baggage.
All discharges given to soldiers by generals commanding separate detachments, shall specify the causes of dis-
charge.
All officers, whatever may be their rank, passing through a garrison town, or established military post, shall re-
port their arrival at such town, or post, to the commanding officer, by written notice, if the officer arriving be elder
in rank, and personally, if he be younger in rank than the officer commanding.
All officers arriving at the seat of Government, will, in like manner, report to the Adjutant and Inspector
General.
REGULATION OF NOVEMBER 1, 1808.
Officers of the cavalry will be allowed money in lieu of forage, under the rule which governs in the allowance to
officers of other corps, to wit, twelve dollars to a Colonel, eleven dollars to a Lieutenant Colonel, &c.
Captains and subalterns of that corps are not to be allowed forage, or money in lieu thereof, until ordered to be
mounted.
MILITARY DISTRICTS.
May 1, 1813.
The United States have been divided into nine, as follows, viz:
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, - . • . - . No. 1..
Rhode Island and Connecticut, - - - - - No. 2.
New York, from the sea to the Highlands, and New Jersey, excepting that part of the State which
furnishes the first division of militia, - - - - - No. 3.
That part of New Jersey excepted above, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, - - • No. 4.
Maryland and Virginia, ...-_- No. 5.
The two Carolinas and Georgia, .---.- No. 6.
Louisiana, the Mississippi territory, and Tennessee, ..-..- : . ■ No. 7.
Kentucky and Ohio, and the territories of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri, - No. 8.
New York, North of the Highlands, and Vermont, . , . - No. 9.
RULES WITH REGARD TO RECRUITING.
Each military district of the United States shall form a recruiting district, within which shall be established one
principal rendezvous, and such minor depots for recruits as may be prescribed by the general or other officer com-
manding, who shall superintend and direct the recruiting service, within such district, either by himself, or by
some officer whom he shall designate for that purpose, and whom the Secretary of War shall approve.
The Commissary General of Purchases will cause to be deposited at the principal rendezvous in each district, a
sufficient quantity of clothing, arms, accoutrements, ammunition, camp equipage, and medicine, for the several
corps to be recruited therein; and that there shall at no ti.ne be a deficiency of any of these articles, the superin-
tending officer shall give notice to the Commissary General of the articles received, delivered, and on hand, and at
what time a further supply will be necessary.
The superintendent will be held strictly responsible for the good conduct, order, and discipline, of the parties
within his district, and will transmit weekly returns, showing the name, rank, regiment, and station, of every offi-
cer employed therein, on the recruiting service, the strength of their parties, and the alterations since the last re-
turn; and he will use every possible exertion to promote the said service, by visiting the different rendezvous within
his district, and by directing his recruiting officers to places where they are knovyn, or to such as promise most suc-
cess. It shall be his further duty to report to the War Department all commissioned and non-commissioned offi-
cers who may be incapable, or negligent, or unsuccessful, in the discharge of their functions.
Recruiting officers will receive money, &c. for their recruits, from the superintending officer of the district, for
which they will give the proper duplicate receipts, and be held accountable. They will transmit to him a statement
of their accounts weekly, showing the amount of money, clothing, &c. received and distributed, and the balance
remaining on hand.
All the recruiting officers within the district shall report weekly to the superintendent, the strength of their
parties, the names of their recruits, and the description of their persons, respectively, and shall detach these to the
general rendezvous, where they shall be embodied and organized into squads or companies, for the purposes of dis-
cipline.
Soldiers enlisted by the officers of any particular regiment shall be given over to that regiment, nor shall any
transfer of soldiers from one corps to another be made, without the assent of the officers commanding both corps, or
by the orders of the War Department. When a recruiting officer shall send a party of recruits to the principal
rendezvous, he will transmit to the commanding officer an exact statement of each man's account, as respects cloth-
ing, subsistence, bounty, and pay; and a like statement must accompany every man sent to the regiment, to be
entered in the books of the company for which he enlisted. No person shall be received as a recruit, who has sore
legs, scurvy, scald head, ruptures, or other infirmities. Healthy, active boys, between fourteen and eighteen
years of age, may be enlisted for musicians; and whenever the recruit, who is under age, shall have a parent, guar-
dian, or master, his consent shall be obtaitied, and accompany the enlistment. The recruiting officer shall be ac-
countable fur any loss which the United States would otherwise sustain by enlisting recruits of either of the above
descriptions.
When a recruit is rejected, his clothing, if delivered, and the bounty or pay advanced to him, shall be returned;
for which the recruiting officer will be held accountable.
No party shall be detached on the recruiting service, unaccompanied by a commissioned officer, unless by spe-
cial permission of the superintendent. As soon as convenient, and within six days at furthest, from the time of liis
enlistment, every recruit is to be brought before a magistrate, and take and subscribe the necessary oath, agreeably
to the 10th article of the rules and articles of war. No objection is to be made to a recruit for want of size, pro-
vided he be strong, active, well made, and healthy. If any recruit, after having received the bounty, or a part of it,
shall abscond, he is to be pursued, and punished as a deserter.
1813.]
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
433
Every officer engaged in the recruiting service, at posts where there shall be no Quartermaster, will procure the
necessary transportation, forage, fuel, straw, and stationary, taking the requisite vouchers.
Recruiting officers shall, as far as practicable, be furnished witli drums and fifes, from their regiments; where
this may be impossible, and musicians have not been enlisted, they are authorized to engage a drummer and fifer,
at a rate not exceeding fifteen dollars per month, and one ration per day each.
When medical or surgical aid is required by a recruiting party, if no surgeon or mate of the army be at or near
the post, the senior officer shall have authority to obtain such by special agreement in writing, under the following
rules, viz:
For any number of sick, not more than thirty, the rate of compensation shall not exceed the pay and emolument
of a surgeon's mate of the army, exclusive of medicine. In any other case it shall not exceed those of a regimental
surgeon.
All communications relating to the recruiting service shall be addressed to " Tke Adjutant and Inspector Ge-
neral's Office, War Department. "
MILITARY DISTRICTS.
Each regiment shall furnish a recruiting party or parties, to be expedited to the military districts, according to the
followine arrjinffempnt. vi?.:
IJ Ul pal LLCS, K\J U^ tApouil-tl
following arrangement, viz:
rTwo companies of the light artillery,
District, No. 1. ■< Three troops of the 2d light dragoons,
COne battalion of the 1st artillery.
The 4th infantl-y,
The 9th infantry, and
The 21st infantry.
n.- , • < xr o 5" One troop of the 2d light dragoons,
utstrtct, INC. J. ^Qjjg ijattalion of the 1st artillery, and
The 25th infantry.
rTwo companies of light artillery ,
District, No. 3. < Two troops of the 2d light dragoons,
C Two battalions of the 3d artillery.
The 6th infantry, and
The 15th infantry.
District, No. 4.
("Two companies of light artillery,
• ) Two troops of the 2d light dragoons,
\ One battalion of the 2d artillery,
LThe 3d infantry,
The 5th infantry,
The 16th infantry, and
The 22d infantry.
rTwo companies of light artillery.
District, No. 5. < One troop of the 1st light dragoons,
COne and a half battalion of the 2d artillery,
The 12th infantry,
The 14th infantry, and
The 20th infantry.
rTwo troops of the 1st light dragoons.
District, No. 6. < One battalion of the 1st artillery,
CThe 8th infantry.
The 10th infantry, and
The 18th infantry.
CTwo troops of the 1st light dragoons,
District, No. 7. < One battalion of the 1st artillery,
C The 2d infantry.
The 7th infantry.
The 24th infantry, and
Three companies of riflemen.
fTwo companies of light artillery,
r>.„. .„, . •v„ Q J Three troops of the 1st light dragoons,
Uistnct, ISO. B. S^oneand a half battalions ot the 2d artillery,
(.The 1st infantry,
The 17th infantry.
The 19th infantry, and
Four companies of riflemen.
rTwo troops of the 2d light dragoons.
District, No. 9. < Two battalions of the 3d artillery,
CThe 11th infantry.
The 13th infantry,
The 23d infantry, and
Three companies of riflemen.
RULES WITH REGARD TO MILITIA DRAUGHTS.
1st. All militia detachments for the service of the United States must be made under the requisition of some
officer of the United States, (to be hereafter authorized to make such requisition) on the Executive authority of the
State, or of the territory from which the detachments siiall be drawn.
2d. In these requisitions shall be expressed the number of privates, non-commissioned and commissioned officers
required; which shall be in the same proportions to each other as obtain in the regular army. The looser method of
requiring regiments or brigades will be discontinued.
3d. So soon as one hundred privates, eleven non-commissioned, and five commissioned officers, shall have been
organized as a company, under any requisition as aforesaid, they will be mustered and inspected by an Inspector
General, or his assistant, or some other officer of the army of the United States, thereto specially appointed; upon
whose rolls and reports they will be entitled to pay, &c.
4th. It shall be the duty of the officer so mustering and inspecting militia detachments, to make immediate report
thereof ^o the War Department; and ,. , , i n u • j
5th. Payment will be made through the regimental paymaster, in all cases in which the corps shall be organized
as a regiment; and in all cases it wiiich it shall fall short of the number necessary to that organization, by the Pay-
master accompanying the army or division to which it may belong.
CHANGES IN THE UNIFORM OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.
The coat of the infantry and artillery shall be uniformly blue. No red collars or cufis, and no lace, shall be
worn by any grade, excepting in epaulettes and sword knots.
All officers will wear coats of the length of those worn by field officers. All the rank and file will wear coatees.
The button holes of these will be trimmed with tape on the collar only. Leather caps will be substituted tor telt,
and worsted or cotton pompons for feathers.
434 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1813.
General officers, and all others of the general staflf, not otherwise directed, shall wear cocked hats, without fea-
thers; gilt bullet buttons; and button holes in the herring-bone form.
The epaulettes of Major Generals will have, on the gold ground of each strap, two silvered stars.
The epaulettes of Brigadiers will have, on each strap, one star.
The uniform of (he physician and surgeon, and apothecary generals, a,nd hospital surgeons and mates, shall be
black; the coats with standing collars, and, on each side of the collar, a star of embroidery, within half an inch of
the front edge.
The rules, with respect to undress, are dispensed with; excepting that cockades must always be worn.
Of the General Staff.
The Co af— Single breasted, with ten buttons, and button holes worked with blue twist, in front, five inches long
at the top and three at the bottom. The standing collar to rise to the tip of the ear, which will determine its width.
The cuifs, not less than three and a half nor more than four inches wide. The skirts faced with blue, the bottom
of each not more than seven, nor less than three and a half, inches wide; the length to I'each to the bend of the
knee. The bottom Qf the breast and two hip buttons to range.
1. On the collar one blind hole, five inches long, with a button on each side.
2. The blind holes on each side of the front, in the herring-bone form', to be in the same direction with the collar,
from the top to the bottom.
3. Blind holes (in the like form) to proceed from four buttons, placed lengthwise, on each skirt. A gilt star, on
the centre of the bottom, two inches from the edge.
4. The cuffs, to be indented within one and a half inch of the edge, with four buttons lengthwise on each sleeve,
and holes to the three upper buttons, corresponding with the indention of the cuff, on the centre of which is
to be inserted the lower button.
5. All general officers will be permitted to embroider the button holes. The Commissary General of Ordnance,
the Adjutants, Inspectors, and Quartermasters General, and the Commissary General of Purchases, will be
permitted to embroider the button holes of the collar only.
Vest, breeches, and pantaloons — White (or buff for general officers) — blue pantaloons may be worn in the win-
ter, and nankeen in the summer. Vests single breasted, without pocket flaps.
1. Breeches, or pantaloons, with four buttons on tlie knee, and gilt knee buckles.
3. High military boots and gilt spurs.
Black stock — of leather or silk.
Chapeaux — of the following form: the fan not less tlian six and a half, nor more than nine inches high in the rear,
nor less than fifteen, nor more than seventeen and a half inches from point to point, bound round the edge
with black binding half an inch wide.
1. Button and loop, black.
'3. Cockade, the same, four and a half inches diameter, with a gold eagle in the centre.
Swords — Yellow mounted, with a black, or yellow, gripe. For the officers of the Adjutant, Inspector, and '
Quartermaster General's departments, sabres; for all others, straight swords.
Waist Bells — of black leather. No sashes.
Epaulettes — of gold; according to rank.
Note. — Officers of the corps of engineers will wear the uniform already established for that corps.
The dress of the hospital staff will conform, as to fashion, to the uniform of the staff, except that they will wear
pocket flaps, and buttons placed across the cuffs, four to each, and covered buttons in all instances, of the color of
the coat, (black.)
Officers of the line appointed to a staff station, which confers no additional rank, will wear the uniform of their
rank in the line, with high boots and spurs.
Of the ^ftrtillery.
Caul — of the same general description with that of the staff; and
\ . Pocket flaps, cross indented below, not less than two and a half nor more than three inches wide, with four
buttons and blind holes; two buttons at the opening of the pocket of each skirt; and a diamond of blue cloth,
ornamented one and a quarter inch on each side, the centre two inches from the bottom of the coat.
2. The blind holes on either side of the front, with the coat buttoned close to the collar, accurately to form lines
with the corresponding ones opposite, from the top to the bottom, i. e. not to represent herring-bone.
3. The cuffs, with four blind holes, extending from four buttcms placed across on each.
4. Two blind holes on the collar, five inches long, with two buttons on each side.
5. Gilt buttons of the size and insignia furnished the Commissary General of Purchases, from the War Depart-
ment.
Vests, breeches, and pantaloons — for the field and staff, the same as those described for the general staff: and
vests and pantaloons, for the officers of tiie line, the same, except the first and second particular articles.
Stocks and Chapeaux — of the same general description with those of the general staff:
1. Button and loop of the chapeau, yellow.
2. Black cockade of leather, four and a half inches diameter, with a gold eagle in the centre. A white feather to
rise eight inches; that of the adjutant, white and red.
Swords — cut and thrust, yellow mounted; with a black or yellow gripe.
Waist Belts — of white leather.
Sashes — to be worn only on a tour of duty, and round the waist.
Epaidettes — of gold (bullion and strap) according to rank. The Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Paymaster, to
wear a counter strap on the opposite shoulder.
The surgeons and mates, to include garrison surgeons and mates, will wear tlie same uniform except the cape,
which is of black velvet; the plume black.
Of the Infantry.
The same as that pointed out for the officers of artillery, with the following exceptions:
The sword of the sabre form, and with mounting of silver, or plated. For the medical staff, small swords.
Epaulettes, buttons, spurs, buckles, and trimmings, silver or plated; and caps may be worn on duty.
1813.]
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
435
Schedule, of the monthly compensation of the Troops of the United States, agreeably to the several acts of Congr
in force on the 1st of April, 1813.
Forag-e by No.
Subsistence
RANK OB GRADE.
Pay.
of horses.
or Rations per
day.
aSMABKS.
Major General,
$200 00
7
15
Secretary to the general command-
ing the army of the United States,
24 00
2
-
In addition to comp. in the line.
Aid-de-canip to a major general, -
24 00
2
4
Brigadier General, - - -
104 00
5
12
Aid de-camp to a brigadier general,
20 00
2
-
Do. do. do.
Brigade Major,
24 00
-3
-
Do. do. do.
Brigade Chaplain, - - -
50 00
2
4
Judge Advocate,
50 00
2
4
Adjutant and Inspector General, -
104 00
5
12
Adjutant General, -
90 00
5
6
Assistant do. do.
60 00
4
4
Inspector General, -
75 00
4
6
Assistant Inspector General,
60 00
4
4
Quartermaster General,
75 00
4
6
Deputy Quartermaster General,
60 00
4
4
Assistant Dep. do. do.
40 00
.
3
Topographical Engineer,
60 00
4
4
Assistant Topographical Engineer,
40 00
3
Paymaster of the Army,
120 00
Deputy Paymaster General,
50 00
.
-
In addition to comp. in the line.
Assistant Deputy Paymaster Gen.
30 00
.
-
Do. do. do.
District Paymaster,*
50 00
3
4
When not from the line.
Assistant Paymaster,
10 00
.
-
In addition to comp. in the line.
Regimental Paymaster, f
10 00
2
-
Do. do. do.
Regii ental Quartermaster,
10 00
2
-
' Do. do. do.
Regimental Adjutant,
10 00
2
-
Do. do. do.
Principal Wagon Master, -
40 00
1
3
Wagonmaster, - - -
30 00
1
2
Principal Foragemaster,
40 00
2
3
Assistant Foragemaster,
30 00
1
2
Conductor of Artillery,
30 00
2
Principal Barrackmaster, -
40 00
2
3
Deputy Barrackmaster,
30 00
1
2
Superintendent ot Artificers,
45 00
1
3
Assistant Superintend't of Artificers,
Master Artificers, - - -
30 00
2
30 00
_
1 Ueach
f Rations in kind only.
Artificers of the corps of that name.
16 00
_
Special Commissary of Purchases, -
60 00
4
4
Commissary General of Ordnance,
75 00
4
6
Assistant Commissary do. do. -
50 00
3
7
Deputy Commissary of Ordnance, -
40 00
1
5
Assistant do. do. do.
30 00
2
Wheelwrights, carriage makers and
)
Rations re-
^
blacksmiths,
16 00 V
-
ceivable in
> Of the ordnance department.
Laborers, .. -
9 OOJ
-
kind only.
5
Commissary General,
-
-
$3,000 per annum.
Superintendent, - . -
-
_
.
3,000 do.
Physician and Surgeon General, -
-
.
2,500 do.
Apothecary General,
. -
•-
-
1,800 do.
Hospital Surgeon, -
75 00
2
6
Hospital Surgeon's Mate, -
40 00
2
2
Hospital Stewards, - -
20 00
_
2
Wardmasters, - - -
16 00
.
2
.
Surgeons, - - - • -
45 00
2
3
Surgeons' Mates, -
30 00
2
2
Professor of natural and experimen-
-\
tal philosophy, - - -
60 00
3
5
1
Assistant do. do. do.
Professor of mathematics, -
40 00
50 00
3
3
4
)■ Of the corps of engineers only.
Assistant • do. do.
40 00
.
3
J
Professor of the art of engineer-
ing, - -
50 00
3
4
^
Assistant do. do.
40 00
3
> Of the corps of engineers only.
J
Teacher of the French language, -
40 00
_
3
Teacher of drawing.
40 00
.
3
Cadet, . - - -
16 00
.
2
Colonel (except of cavalry)
75 00
4
6
I>ieutenant Colonel, do. do.
60 00
3
5
Major, (except cavalry)
50 00
3
4
"^
Captain, (except cavalry) -
First Lieut., do. do.
40 00
30 00
-
3
2
j And forage for the light artillery.
Second Lieut, do. do.
25 00
2
y when mounted, the same as for
1 light dragoons.
Third Lieut., do. do.
23 00
.
2
Ensign, . . . -
20 00
-
2
J
• When taken from the line, thirty dollars, (in addition) provided it does not exceed the pay, &c. of a Major.
I Of tlie first artillery, and first and second infantry, forty dollars per day and three rations.
436
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1813.
SCHEDULE— Continued.
Forage by No.
Subsistence
HANK OE GBADE.
Pay.
of horses.
or rations
per day.
REMARKS.
♦Sergeant Major, -
$ 12 00
.
^
♦Quartermaster Sergeant, -
12 00
-
-
♦Sergeant, - - - -
11 00
-
•■
♦Principal Musician,
11 00
'
-
♦Corporal, - - - -
10 00
-
-
♦Musician, - - •■ -
9 00
-
, -
'
^ Pay during the continuance of the
♦Private, driver, bombardier, ma-
-
-
( present war.
tross, sapper and miner.
8 00
-
♦Artificer, saddler, farrier, & black-
-
smith, not attaciied to the Quarter-
-
-
-
master General's and Ordnance
-
-
- •
department,
13 00
-
-
J
Colonel of cavalry.
90 00
5
6
-)
Lieutenant Colonel cavalry,
Major, - do.
Captain, - do.
First Lieutenant, do.
Second Lieutenant, do.
Third Lieutenant, do.
Cornet, - do. - -
Riding Master, do.
75 00
60 00
50 00
33 33
33 33
30 00
26 66
26 66
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
4
3
2
2
2
2
3
Provided they furnish their own
horses and accoutrements, and
actually keep in service the
» aforesaid number of horses, to
entitle them to their forage, or
an equivalent in money, at eight
dollars per horse.
Masterofthe sword, do.
26 66
2
2
A
' Annual suits of clothing' and rations receivable in kind only.
RANK OR GRADE.
REMARKS.
Non-commissioned officers and pri-
vates of the companies of rangers.
$1 per day each; 75 cents per day
without horses.
To furnish their own rations, arms,
equipments, and horses.
Women (in the proportion of one to every seventeen riien) a ration in kind, also to matrons and nurses allowed
in hospitals.
Note. — Though/oT-a^e may be allowed for the number of horses noted, yet money, in lieu thereof, cannot. A
distinction should therefore be drawn; say forage money for one horse only, to all those of the staff, who have not
been entitled, heretofore, to more than ten dollars per month. The Brigade Major, aid to a Brigadier, and Adju-
tant, are expressly limited to that. The allowance of forage in kind, hay, oats, and corn, may be made to as many
horses in actual service as the War Department directs.
Commanding officers of separate posts additional rations, at the discretion of the President.
Officers who actually keep waiters not of the army, are allowed to draw money in lieu of subsistence; and agreea-
bly to the act of the 12th of April, 1808, it will be estimated at twenty cents per ration.
Major Generals are entitled to six waiters; Brigadier Generals, four; Colonels, three; Lieutenant Colonels, Ma-
jors, and Hospital Surgeons, two; and all other commissioned officers, one each.
The vouchers required for charges under this allowance, and the provisions of the act of the 6th July, 1812, will
be the certificate of the officer that he actually employed and kept in service the number of waiters charged, not of
the army; and that he did not, during the term so charged, keep or employ as waiters or servants, soldiers from the
line of the army.
CLOTHING.
Cost of an annual suit of each description, calculated at the present prices of clothes, fyc.
Infantry Clothing.
Coat, ... - -
Cap, - - - - •
Vest, - - - -
Overalls, linen, two pair, at 92J cts. each,
Ditto woollen, two pair at $2 77| cents,
Frock,
Trowsers, - - - - -
Gaiters, - - ...
Shirts, four, at f 1 42 cents each, -
Stockings, two pair, at 54 cents each,
Socks, two pair, at 10 cents, . . .
Shoes, four pair, at 98 do. ...
Blanket, - - - - -
Stock and clasps, . - - -
Cockade and eagle, . - - -
Feather, . . . - .
Privates,
Musicians,
Sergeants,
1813.]
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE ARMY FOR 1813.
437
CLOTHING— Continued.
Old Artillery Clothing.
Hat, - -
Coat, ---.-..
Vest, - -
Overalls, linen, two pair, at 92j cents, - - . -
Ditto, woollen, two pair, at $2 77| cents, . . .
Frock $1 57| cents, trowsers, $1 15 cents, gaiters, 285 cents.
Shirts, four, at $1 42 cents, ......
Stockings, socks, shoes, blanket, stock and clasp, and cockade and eagle,
Plume, .......
Privates, . . . - -
Musicians, .--..-
Sergeants, - . - .
Dragoon Clothing.
Cap, ......
Coatee, ......
Vest, ..--.-
Overalls, linen, two pair, at 92| cents, ...
Ditto, woollen, two pair, at $2 77| cents.
Frock, $1 57i cents, trowsers, $1 15 cents, gaiters, 28| cents.
Shirts, four, at $1 42 cents, ....
Stockinj;s, socks, shoes, blanket, stock and clasp, and cockade and ea
Plume (say feather) - - - . -
One pair boots, .....
Cloak, ......
Privates,
Musicians,
Sergeants,
Light Artillery Clothing.
Cap, - - - -
Coat, ........
Vest, . - .- - - -
Overalls, linen, two pair, at 92^ cents.
Ditto, woollen, 2 paij- at $2 77| cents, ....
Frock, $1 574 cents; trowsers, $1 15 cents; gaiters, 28| cents.
Shirts, four, at $1 42 cents, .....
Stockings, socks, shoes, blanket, stock and clasp, and cockade and eagle,
Feather, .-...-.
Privates, .....
Musicians, .....
Sergeants, .....
Fifle Clothing.
Cap, - - -
Coat, - - .
Vest, .......
Green overalls, fringed, two pair, at $2 77| ...
Woollen, do. two pair, at $2 77| ....
Rifte frock, .......
Shirts, tour, at $1 42 cents, . . - . .
Stockings, socks, shoes, blanket, stock and clasp, and cockade and eagle.
Feather, .......
Privates, .....
Musicians, . . . . .
Sergeants, . . . . .
Dolls. Cts.
Dolls. Cts.
1 00
6 64|
2 08
1 85
5 554
3 Oil
5 68
8 43
15
.
34 41
.
36 44
-
37 85
S 50
5 96|
2 08
1 85
5 55i
3 Oil
5 68
6 47
35
6 00
13 75
.
53 22
.
55 09 1
-
57 16
1 00
6 21|
2 08
1 85
5 554
3 Oil
5 68
8 43
35
.
34 18
.
36 05
-
37 59
1 50
6 21|
2 08
5 544
5 55
2 63
5 68
8 43
35
.
37 98i
.
39 85
-
41 77
Note. — The price of the corporal's clothing is the same as that of the privates of the respective corps to
which they may belong.
56
438
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1814.
Pay and Subsistence allowed in the Navy of the United States to Officers, and Petty Officers.
Pay per
month.
Rations per
day.
HANK OR STATIOS.
Dollars.
Number.
Captain of a vessel of thirty-two guns and upwards, - - - .
Captain of a vessel of twenty and under thirty -two guns, . - - -
Master commandant, - - - - - , - . -
Lieutenant, - - - - - - - -
Lieutenant commanding, - - , - - , .
Chaplain, - - - - - - - -
Surgeon, ----.-..-
Surgeon's mate, - - - -
Master, ---------
Purser, - --
Boatswain, ---------
Gunner, - - - - - - .-
Sailmaker, - - - - - - - - -
Carpenter, - - - - - - - --
Midshipman, - - - - - - -
Master's mate, - - - . J - - -
Captain's clerk, .--_.;-.-
Boatswain's mate, - - -
Cockswain, ---------
Yeoman of the gun room, - - - - - -
Quarter Gunner, - - - - - ' r ' -
Quartermaster, - -- - '",'
Carpenter's mate, - - - ' - - ' -
Armorer, - - - - - - -
Steward, - - - - . - - - - -
Cooper, .----.---
Master-at-arms, - - -
Cook, ---------
100
75
60
40
50
40
50
30
40
40
20
20
30
20
19
20
; 25
19
18
18
18
18
19
18
18
18
18
18
8
6
5
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Note. — Whenever any officer shall be employed in the command of a squadron on separate service, the allow-
ance of rations shall be double during the continuance of such command and no longer; except in the case of the
commanding officer of the navy, whose allowance, while in service, shall always be at the rate of sixteen rations
per day, agreeably to an act of Congress passed the 25th February, 1799.
13th Congress.]
No. 126.
[2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 14, I8I4.
ucting an
their
Mr. Taylor, from the Committee for Revising Militia Laws, to whom was referred a resolution instructii
inquiry into the expediency of so amending the laws of the United States that the militia called out under
authority may not be compelled to serve more than three months for a tour of duty, reported:
That, by the 4th section of the act to provide for calling forth the militia to suppress insurrections and repel
invasions, &c. passed February 28, 1795, the service of the militia is limited to a term not exceeding three months
in any one year, after their arrival at the place of rendezvous. By the 3d section of the act to authorize a detach-
ment from the militia of the United States, passed April 10, 1812, the militia may be compelled to serve not exceed-
ing six months. The last mentioned act will have expired at the end of two years from its passage. These are the
only acts in force to authorize calling out the militia into actual service. When such call is made under the act of
1795, to repel either actual or threatened invasion, the service is limited to the term contemplated by the resolution.
But, in case a detachment is required for more distant service, the term of three months would often be inadequate
to effect any valuable purpose. The committee, therefore, submit the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is inexpedient to limit the service of the militia called out under the authority of the United
States to a term not exceeding three months.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 439
13th Congress.] No. 127. [2d Session.
CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE ARMY ON THE NORTHERN FRONTIER.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 2, 1814.
To the House qf Eepresenlalives of the United States:
I transmit to the House of Representatives a report of the Secretary of War, complying with their resolution of
the 31st of December last.
JAMES MADISON.
January 3lst, 1814.
War Department, January 25, 1814.
Sir:
In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 31st of December last, requesting
such information (not improper to be communicated) as may tend to explain the causes of the failure of the arms of
the United States on the Northern frontier, I have the honor to submit the following documents, and to ofter to you,
sir, the assurance of the very high respect with which I am,,
Vour most obedient and very humble servant,
The President. JOHN ARMSTRONG.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND MAJOR GENERAL DEARBORN, he.
Note presented to the Cabinet, on the 8th February, 1813, by the Secretary of War.
The enemy's force at Montreal and its dependencies has been stated at 16,000 effectives. It more probably
does not exceed 10 or 12,000. The militia part of it may amount to one sixth of the whole. Is it probable that we
shall be able to open the campaign on Lake Chaniplain, with a force competent to meet and dislodge this army be-
fore the 15th of May ? I put the question on this date, because it is not to be doubted but that the enemy will then
be reinforced, and, of course, that new relations, in point of strength, will be established between us. Our present
regular force, on both sides of Lake Champiain, does not exceed 2,400 men. The addition made to it must, necessa-
rily, consist of recruits, who, for a time, will not be better than militia; and when we consider that the recruiting
service is but beginning, and that we now approach the middle of February, the conclusion is, I think, safe, that we
cannot move in this direction, and thus early, (say 1st of May,) with effect
It then remains to choose between a course of entire inaction, because incompetent to the main attack, or one
having a secondary, but still an important object; such would be the reduction of that part of Upper Canada lying
betvyeen the town of Prescott, on the St. Lawrence and Lake Erie, including the towns of Kingston and York, and
the Forts George and Erie.
On this line of frontier the enemy have,
At Prescott, --■•---- 300
At Kingston, - - - - - - , - 600
At George and Erie, &c. - ■ - - ■• - - 1,200
Making a total (of regular troops) of ----- ^Aon
Kingston and Prescott, and the destruction of the British ships at the former, would present the first object;
York, and the frigates said to be building there, the second; George and Erie, the third.
The force to be employed on this service should not be less than 6,000 effective regular troops, because, in this
first enterprise of a second campaign, nothing must, if possible, be left to chance.
The time for giving execution to this plan is clearly indicated by the following facts:
1st. The river St. Lawrence is not open to the purposes of navigation before the 15th of May; and
2d. Lake Ontario is free from all obstruction, arising from ice, by the 1st day of April.
Under these circumstances we shall have six weeks for the expedition before it be possible for Sir George Prevost
to give it any disturbance.
Should this outline be approved, the details for the service can be made and expedited in forty-eight hours.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Mqjor General Dearborn, dated
War Department, February 10, 1813.
" I have the President's orders to communicate to you, as expeditiously as possible, the outline of a campaign,
which you will immediately institute and pursue, against Upper Canada:
" 1st. 4,000 troops will be assembled at Sackett's Harbor.
" 2d. 3,000 will be brought together at Buffalo and its vicinity.
" 3d. The former of these corps will be embarked and transported, under convoy of the fleet, to Kingston,
where they will be landed. Kingston, its garrison, and the British ships wintering in the harbor of that place, will
be its first object. Its second object will be York, (the capital of Upper Canada) the stores collected, and the two
frigates building there. Its third object, Forts George and Erie, and their dependencies. In the attainment of this
last, there will be a co-operation between the two corps. The composition of these will be as follows:
1st. Bloomfield's brigade, .-.-.. 1,436
2d. Chandler's do. ----- . 1,044
3d. Philadelphia detachment, - - - - - - 400
4th. Baltimore do. - - - - - . - 300
5th. Carlisle do. - - - - - - 200
6th. Greenbush do. ----- - 400
7th. Sackett's Harbor do. - - - - - - 250
4,030
8th. Several corps at Buffalo, under the command of Colonel Porter, and the recruits belong-
ing thereto, --.--., 3^000
Total, 7,030
440 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
" The time for executing the enterprise will be governed by the. opening of Lake Ontario, which usually takes
place about the first of April.
" The Adjutant General has orders to put the more Southern detachments in march as expeditiously as possible.
The two brigades on Lake Champlain you will move so as to give them full time to reach their place of destination
by the 25th of March. The route by Elizabeth will, I think, be the shortest and best. They will be replaced by
some new raised regiments from the East.
" You will put into your movements as much privacy as may be compatible with their execution. They may be
masked by reports that Sackett's Harbor is in danger, and that the principal effort will be made en the Niagara, in
co-operation with General Harrison. As the route to Sackett's Harbor, and to Niagara, is, for a considerable dis-
. tance, the same, it may be well to intimate, even in orders, that the latter is the destination of the two brigades
now at Lake Champlain."
Albany, February 18, 1813.
Sir:
Your despatches of the lOth were received last evening. Nothing shall be omitted, on my part, in endeavor-
ing to carry into effect the expedition proposed.
I fear the very large magazines of provisions on Lake Champlain will be unsafe, unless a considerable partis re-
moved at some distance from the store, or a considerable force is assembled at Burlington, and vicinity, by the time
the two brigades shall move. Another motive for having a large force on that lake will be, that of preventing the
enemy from sending almost his whole force from Lower Canada to Kingston, as soon as our intentions shall be so
far known as to afford satisfactory evidence of our intentions in relation to the conquest of Upper Canada; and un-
less an imposing force shall menace Lower Canada, the enemy's whole force may be concentrated in Upper Canada,
and require as large a force to operate against them as would be necessary to operate towards Montreal- It may be
advisable to draw out a body ot New Hampshire militia to serve for a short time, in Vermont. You will judge of
the expediency of such a measure; but I do not believe that there will be a sufficient body of new raised troops in
season for taking the place of the two brigades.
I this day received a letter from Colonel Porter, in which he informs me that General Winchester had arrived
at Niagara, with such of his troops as had escaped the tomahawk, and that they were crossing over on parole. He
states that, at .the close of the action, all those who, by wounds or other causes, were unable to march, were indis-
criminately put to death. Such outrageous conduct will require serious attention, especially when British troops
are concerned in the action.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
War Department, February 24, 1813.
Sir: . . :
Before I left New York, and till very recently since my arrival here, I was informed, through various chan-
nels, that a winter or spring attack upon Kingston was not practicable, on account of the snow which generally
lays to the depth of two, and sometimes three feet, over all that Northern region during those seasons. Hence it is,
that, in the plan recently communicated, it was thought safest and best to make the attack by a combination of naval
and military means, and to approach our object, not by directly crossing the St. Lawrence on the ice, but by setting
out from Sackett's Harbor, in concert with, and under convoy of, the fleet. Later information differs from that on
which this plan was founded; and the fortunate issue of Major Forsyth's last expedition shows that small enterprises,
at least, may be successfully executed at the present season. The advice given in your letter of the instant,
has a bearing also on the same point and to the same eff(3ct. If the enemy be really weak at Kingston, and approach-
able by land and ice, Pike (who will be a brigadier in a day or two) may be put into motion from Lake Champlain,
by the Chateauge route, (in sleighs) and, with the two brigades, cross the St. Lawrence where it may be thought
best, destroy tlie armed ships, and seize and hold Kingston, until you can join him with the other corps destined
for the future objects of the expedition; and, if pressed by Prevost, before such junction can be effected, he may
withdraw himself to Sackett's Harbor, or other place of security on our side of the line. This would be much the
shorter road to the object, and perhaps the safer one, as the St. Lawrence is now every where well bridged, and
offers no obstruction to either attack or retreat. Such a movement will, no doubt, be soon known to Prevost, and
cannot but disquiet him. The dilemma it presents will be serious. Either he must give up his western posts, or,
to save them, he must carry himself in force, and promptly, to Upper Canada. In the latter case, he will be embar-
rassed for subsistence. His convoys of provision will be open to our attacks, on aline of nearly one hundred miles,
and his position at Montreal much weakened. Another decided advantage will be, to let us into the secret of his
real strength. If he be able to make heavy detachments to cover, or to recover Kingston, and to protect his sup-
plies, and, after all, maintain himself at Montreal and on Lake Champlain, he is stronger than I imagined, or than
any well authenticated reports make him to be.
With regard to our magazines, my belief is, that we have nothing to fear; because, as stated above, Prevost's
attention must be given to the western posts and to our movements against them. He wijl not dare to advance
southwardly while a heavy corps is operating on his flank and menacing his line of communication. But, on the other
supposition, they (the magazines) may be easily secured— first, by taking them to Willsborough; or, second, to
Burlington; or, third, by a militia call, to protect them where they are. Orders are given for the march of the east-
ern volunteers, excepting Ulmer's regiment and two companies of axe-men, sent to open the route to the Cham-
diere.
The southern detachments will be much stronger than I had supposed. That from Philadelphia will mount up
nearly to 1,000 effectives.
With great respect, dear General, I am yours, faithfully,
'^ ^ JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Gen. Dearborn.
Head Quarters, Albany, February 25, 1813.
I this day received, by express, from Colonel Macomb, the enclosed account from Major Forsyth. His known
zeal for a small partisan warfare has induced me to give him repeated caution against such measures, on his part, as
would probably produce such retaliating strokes as he would be unable to resist; but I feai- my advice has not been
as fully attended to as could have been wished. He is an excellent officer, and, under suitable circumstances,
would be of important service. .....
I have requested the Governor to order General Brown out with three or four hundred ot such militia as he can
soonest assemble to join Forsyth; and I have ordered Colonel Pike, with four hundred of his command, to proceed,
in sleighs, by what is considered the shortest and best route, to the neighborhood of Ogdensburg, or to Sackett's Har-
bor. On his arrival at Pottsdam, or Canton, or Russel, he will be able to communicate with Brown or Forsyth, or
both, and act with them as circumstances may require.
The affair at Ogdensburg will be a fair excuse for moving troops in that direction; and, by this movement, it will be
ascertained whether the same route will be the best in future: the distance by that route from Plattsburg to Sackett's
Harbor is but little more than one-half of what it would be by the route proposed, and I am assured by a gentleman
whom I can confide in, that there will be no difficulty by that route.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 441
Chauncey has not yet returned from New York. I am satisfied that, if he had arrived as soon as I had expected
him, we might have made a stroke at Kingston on the ice; but his presence was necessary for having the aid of the
seamen and marines.
From a letter received this day from Colonel Porter, at Niagara, it appears that the enemy were preparing to
strike at Black Rock. I can give him no assistance.
lam, sir, with respect and esteem, your obedient humble servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
February 22, 1813.
Sir:
I have only time to inform that the enemy, with a very superior force, succeeded in taking Ogdensburg this
morning about nine o'clock. They had about two men to our one, exclusive of Indians. Numbers of the enemy
are dead on the field. Not more than twenty of our men killed and wounded; Lieutenant Beard is among the latter.
I have made a saving retreat of about eight or nine miles. I could not get all the wounded oiF.
We have killed two of the enemy to one of ours killed by them. We want ammunition and some provisions
sent on to us, also sleighs for the wounded.
If you can send me three hundred menaUshallbe retaken,iind Prescott too, or I will lose my life in the attempt.
I shall write you more particularly to-day.
Yours, with due respect,
BENJAMIN FORSYTH, Capt. Rifle Reg. Commanding.
Col. Macomb, SacketCs Harbor.
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of JVar, dated
Albany, February 26, 1813.
•' Having received information that Sir George Prevost was moving towards Upper Canada, with considerable
force, but not such as can be fully relied on, I have, however, ordered four hundred more of Pike's command to
follow the first detachment without delay."
Head Quarters, Sackett's Harbor, March 3, 1813.
Sir:
Having been informed that Sir George Prevost had adjouj;ned the Legislature at Quebec, assigning as the
motive that his Majesty's service 1 ' ' " " -..«..
mat oir lieorge rrevost nau aujourueu uie ijegisiaiuiv ai yueuec, iissiguiiig as tne
ice required his presence in Upper Canada, and liaving received certain information
of his passing Montreal' and having arrived at Kingston, I set out immediately for this place, having ordered the force
at Greenbush, and part of Colonel Pike's command, in sleighs, for this place. I arrived here in fifty-two hours. I
am now satisfied, from such information as is entitled to full credit, that a force has been collected from Quebec,
Montreal, and Upper Canada, of from six to eight thousand men, at Kingston, and that we may expect an attack
within forty-eight hours, and perhaps sooner.
The militia have been called in, and every eflFort will, I trust, be made to defend the post; but I fear neither the
troops from Greenbush nor Plattsburg will arrive in season to aftbrd their aid. I have sent expresses to have them
hurried on.
. Commodore Chauncey has not arrived; he will be here to-morrow. The armed vessels have not been placed in
the positions intended by the Commodore.
Our total force may be estimated at nearly three thousand of all descriptions.
Sir George Prevost is represented to be determined to eflfect his object at all events, and will undoubtedly make
every effort in his power for the purpose.
We shall, I trust, give him a warm reception; but, if his force is such as is expected, and should make an attack
before our troops arrive from Greenbush and Plattsburg at Sackett's Harbor, the result may at least be doubtful .
I have the honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect and consideration, your obedient humble sei-vant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, March 9, 1813.
Sir:
I have not yet had the honor of a visit from Sir G. Prevost. His whole force is concentrated at Kingston,
probably amounting to sis or seven thousand; about three thousand of them regular troops. The ice is good, and
we expect him every day; and every measure for preventing a surprise is in constant activity. The troops from
Greensbush (upwards of 400) have arrived. I have heard nothing from Pike: he should have been here yesterday.
I have sent three expresses to meet him; neither has returned. I have suspicions of the express employed by the
Quartermaster General to convey the orders to Pike; the earliest measures were taken for conveying a duplicate of
his orders. I hope to hear from him to day. His arrival, with eight hundred good troops, would be very important
at this time. The enemy are apprised of his movement-
I begin to entertain some doubts whether Sir George will venture to attack us, but shall not relax in being pre-
pared to give him a decent reception.
I should feel easier if Pike should arrive in season. I am in want of officers of experience. My whole force,
exclusive of seamen and marines, who will be confined to the vessels, and have no share in the' action, until my force
shall be worsted, amounts to neariy 3,000, exclusive of 450 militia at Brownville, and on the road leading from
Kingston, by land. Within two or three days I may have 300 more militia fiom Rome and Utica.
The ice will not probably be passable more than from six to ten days longer; it is not usually passable after the
15th of March. This unexpected movement of the enemy will effectually oppose the movements contemplated on
our part, and I shall not think it advisable to order General Chandler to move at present. As soon as the fall of
this place shall be decided, we shall be able to determine on other measures. If we hold this place, we will com-
mand the lake, and be able to act in concert with the troops at Niagara, while Chandler's brigade, with such other
troops as may assemble in Vermont, may induce a return of a considerable part ot those troops tliat have left Lower
When I ordered Pike to move, I directed General Chandler to have the provision at Plattsburg moved to Bur-
lington. There was but a small proportion of our magazines at Plattsburg; they are principally at Burlington and
White Hall. , . .
Yours, with respect and esteem.
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong.
442 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
March 14, 1813.
" Fora the most recent and probable information I have obtained, I am induced to believe that Sir George Prevost
has concluded that it is too late to attack this place. He undoubtedly meditated a coup-de-main against the shipping
here. All the apprehension is now at Kingston. Sir George has visited York and Niagara, and returned to Mon-
treal. .Several bodies of troops have lately passed up from Montreal; but such precautions have been taken to pre-
vent their number being ascertained, as to render it impossible to form any accurate opinion of their forces, or even
to imagine very nearly what they amount to. From various sources, I am perfectly satisfied that they are not in
sufficient force to venture an attack on this place, knowing, as they do, that we have collected a fine body of troops
from Greenbush and Plattsburg, and that the militia have been called in. We are probably just strong enough on
each side to defend; but not in sufficient force to hazard .m offensive movement. The difterence of attacking and
being attacked, as it regards the contiguous posts of Kingston and Sackett's Harbor, cannot be estimated at less than
three or four thousand men, arising from the circumstance of militia acting merely on the defensive. I have ordered
General Chandler with the 9th, 21st, and 25th regiments, to march for this place; Clark's regiment, and a company
of artillery, to be left at Burlington, for the present, where the regiment will be filled in a few weeks. I have
ordered the recruits for the three regiments that will march for this place to be sent to Greenbush, and Col. Larned
is ordered there to receive them with Backus's dismounted dragoons, and other detachments from Pittsfield."
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
Sackett's Harbor, March 16, 1813.
" It was yesterday unanimously determined, in a council of the principal officers, including Commodore Chaun-
cey, that we ought not, under existing circumstances, to make an attempt on Kingston, before the naval force can
act. The harbors in this lake will not probably be open so as to admit of the vessels being moved until about the
15th of April."
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, without date, proposing to pass by
Kingston, and attack York, ^-c.
" To take or destroy the armed vessels at York will give us the complete command of the Lake. Commodore
Chauncey can take with him ten or twelve hundred troops, to be commanded by Pike; take York, from thence
proceed to Niagara, and attack Fort George by land and water, while the troops at Buffalo cross over and carry Forts
Erie and Chippewa, and join those at Fort George, and then collect our whole force for an attack on Kingston.
After the most mature deliberation, the above was considered by Commodore Chauncey and myself as the most
certain of ultimate success."
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General Dearborn, dated
War Department, March 29, 1813.
" Your despatches of the 11 th and 14th instant, from Sackett's Harbor, and one of the 22d, from Ajbany, have
been received. The correspondence between you and Major Murray, in relation to an exchange of prisoners, has
been referred to the Department of State. The alteration in the plan of campaign, so as to make Kingston the last
object, instead of making it the first, would appear to be necessary, or at least proper; but the force assigned to the
attack of the upper posts, is believed to be too small.
" Accident may prevent a cooperation of the corps at Buffiilo. That sent from Sackett's Harbor should have
in itself the power of reducing Forts George and Erie, and holding in check the militia who may be sent to support
them. The ships can give little aid in the business, except merely in covering the landing. Double the number
you purpose sending would not be too maiiv. Various considerations recommend the employment of a large and
decisive force, and none, that I can think of, dissuade from it. If our first step in the campaign, and in the quarter
from which most is expected, should fail, the disgraceof our armswill be complete. The public will lose all confidence
in us, and we shall even cease to have any in ourselves. The party who first opens a campaign has many advan-
tages over his antagonist, all of which, however, are the result of his being able to carry his whole' force against a part
of his enemies. Washington carried his whole force against the Hessians, in New Jersey, and beating them, re-
covered that moral strength, that self-confidence, which he had lost by many preceding disasters. We are now in
that state of prostration that he was in, after he crossed the Delaware; but, like him, we may soon get on our legs
again, if we are able to give some hard blows at the opening of the campaign. In this we cannot fail, provided the
force we employ against his western posts be sufficiently heavy. They must stand or fall by their own strength.
They are perfectly isolated, and out of the reach of reinforcements; send, therefore, a force that shall overwhelm
them— that shall leave nothing to chance. If I had not another motive, I would carry my whole strength, merely
that their first service should be a successful one. The good effects of this will be felt throughout the campaign.
" 1 have hastened to give you these thoughts, under a full conviction of their usefulness; and shall only add, that
there is no drawback upon this policy. When the fleet and army are gone, we have nothing at Sackett's Harbor to
guard, nor will the place present an object to the enemy.
" How then would it read that we had lost our object on the Niagara, while we had another brigade at Sackett's
Harbor doing nothing?"
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
Albany, ^pril 5, 1813.
" I have this day been honored with your letter of the 29th ultimo. As troops cannot with safety be transported
from Sackett's Harbor to York, or Niagara, in batleaux or flat bottomed boats, I must depend on Commodore
Chauncey's armed vessels, with one or two other sloops, for the transportation of our troopsj and it was considered
doubtful, whether more than twelve hundred men could be so conveyed, which number I considered amply sufficient
for the two first objects contemplated, but as many as can be transported with safety shall be sent. Ihe co-opera-
tion of the troops under General Lewis may be relied on. Boyd and Winder are with him, and nothing but out-
rageous gales of wind can prevent success.
" The troops from Maryland and Pennsylvania arrived last evening. They, with the other detachments at
Greenbush, will proceed towards Lake Ontario within two or three days. As soon as practicable, after sending oflT
the troops, I shall move westward. "
War Department, Jipril 19, 1813.
Taking for granted that General Prevost has not been able or willing to reinforce Maiden, Erie, and George,
and that he has assembled at Kingston a force of six or eight thousand men, (as stated by you) we must conclude that
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 443
he means to hazard his more western posts, shorten his line of tlefence, and place his right flanic on Lake
Ontario.
This arrangement is, no doubt, in consequence of our preparations at Sackett's Harbor. These gave him reason
to fear that we meant to cut his line of communication at that point, which, so long as he has a hope of keeping the
command of the lake, is one of infinite importance to his views.
The danger, however, now is, that, in the event of the success of our present expedition, he may lose this hope,
abandon Kingston, and concentrate his forces at Montreal.
This event is, in my opinion, so probable, as to render necesary a communication of the views of the President,
in relation to the movements on your part, (which shall be subsequent to those now making) on two suppositions:
1st. That the enemy will keep his ground at Kingston; and,
2d. That he will abandon that ground and withdraw from Montreal.
On the first supposition, there is no difficulty in either selecting our object, or the means of pursuing it. We
ought to destroy the communication between Kingston and Montreal, by interposing a competent force between the
two, and assaiUng the former by a joint operation of military and naval means.
Local circumstances favor this project. A few armed boats on Lake St. Francis stops all intercourse by water-
ia which case, cannon, military stores, and articles of subsistence in bulk, cannot be conveyed between Montreal
and Kingston.
From Lake Onbirioto Ogdensburg we command the navigation of the St. Lawrence by our armed vessels, and
under their protection, our army can be passed over and established on the Canada side, at the point deemed' most
proper for attack.
On the other supposition, that the British garrison is withdrawn from Kingston to Montreal, the old question of
approaching him by Lake Champiain, or by the St. Lawrence, recurs, and ought now to be settled, so that there
should be no unnecessary pause in our operations at a later and more momentous period of the campaign.
The circumstances in favor of the St. Lawrence route are these —
1st. Our force is now upon it.
2d. It furnishes a conveyance by water the whole distance.
3d. The enemy is not fortified on the St. Lawrence side, and has on it no strong out-posts, which must be forced
in order to secure our flanks and rear, while engaged in the main attack; and, '
4th. By approaching liis^anA; (as this route enables you to do) instead of h\i front, we compel him to change his
position, in which case he must do one of four things: either he must occupy the north side of the river and "ive
up the south, or he must occupy the south side and give up the north, or he must confine himself to the is'land, and
give up both sides, or lastly, he must occupy both sides, and in this case expose himself to be beaten in detail.'
None of these advantages are to be found in approaching him by the other route. Our troops are not upon it-
we cannot move by water; his out- posts are fortified, and must be carried by assault; his front is the only assailable
point, and that is covered by the St. Lawrence; our attack must be made exactly where he wishes it to be made-
all his arrangements and defences are, of course, in full operation, nor is he compelled to disturb (hem in the
smallest degree. In a word, we must fight him on his previous dispositions and plans, and not on any of our own
These reasons are deemed conclusive for preferring the route of the St. Lawrence, and your measures (subse-
quent to your present expedition) will, therefore, be conformed to this view of the subject.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
„ . ^ , „ " JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Uearborn-
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretai-y of War, dated
Sackett's Harbor, April ^2, 1813.
"The troops embarked yesterday. Every vessel is crowded with as many men as possible; the total number
1600, of the best men. I trust we shall sail within one or two hours. If the sails for a new vessel arrive within a
day or two, and a small sloop from Oswego, which ought to have been here five days since, 150 more men will go in
them. The ice did not move out until the 19th; I arrived on (he 20(h.*'
Head Quarters, York, Upper Canada, April 28, 1813
Sir:
After a detention of some days, by adverse winds, we arrived here yesterday moiniiig, and at eight o'clock
commenced landing our troops about three miles westward of tlie town, and one and a half from the enemy's works.
The wind was high and in an unfavorable direction for our boats, which prevented the troops landing at a clear field
(the ancient site of the French fort Tarento. ) The unfavorable wind prevented as many of the armed vessels from
taking such positions as would as effectually cover our landing as they otherwise would have done; but every thing
that could be done was effected. Our riflemen under Major Forsyth first landed under a heavy fire from Indians
and other troops. General Sheaffe commanded in person. He had collected his whole force in the woods near
where the wind obliged our troops to land, consisting of about 700 regulars and militia, and 100 Indians. Major
Forsyth was supported, as promptly as possible, with other troops; but (he contest was sharp and severe for near
half an hour. The enemy was repulsed by a far less number than their own, and as soon as General Pike landed
with 7 or 800 men, and the remainder of the troops were pushing for the shore, the enemy retreated to their works-
and as soon as the whole of the troops had landed and formed on the clear ground intended for the first landin"'
they advanced through a thick wood to the open ground near the enemy's woiks, and after carrying one battery by
assault, were moving on in columns towards the main works: when the head of the columns was within about sixty
rods of the enemy, a tremendous explosion occurred from a lai-ge magazine prepared for the purpose, which dis-
charged such immense quantities of stone as to produce a most unfortunate effect on our troops. I have not yet been
able to collect the returns of our killed and wounded, but our loss by the explosion must, 1 fear, exceed one hun-
dred; and among them I have to lament the loss of the brave and excellent officer Brigadier General Pike, who re-
ceived such a contusion from a large stone as terminated his valuable life within a few hours. His loss will be se-
verely felt. Previous to the explosion, the enemy had retired into the town, excepting a party of regular troops
which did not retire early enough to avoid the shock; it is said that upwards of forty of them were destroyed. Ge-
neral Sheaffe moved off with the regular troops and left directions with the commanding officer of the militia to make
the best terms he could. In the mean time, all further resistance on the part of the enemy ceased, and the outlines
of a capitulation were agreed on. As soon as I was informed of General Pike's being wounded, I went on shore.
I had been induced to confide the immediate command of the troops in action to General Pike from a conviction
that he fully expected it, and would be much mortified at being deprived of the honor, which he highly appreciated
Every movement was under my view. Our troops behaved with great firmness and deserve much applause'
especially those who were first engaged, under circumstances that would have tried the firmness of veterans. Our
loss in the action in the morning, and in carrying the first battery, was not great, probably about 50 killed and
wounded; among them were a full proportion of officers; and although the enemy had a decided advantage in point
of numbers and position at the commencement, their loss was greater than ours, particularly in officers.
It was with the greatest exertion that the small vessels of the fleet couki work into the harbor against a "ale of
wind directly ahead; but as soon as they got in contact with the batteries a tremendous cannonade commenceS from
24 and 32 pounders, and was kept up without intermission under a heavy fire from two batteries, until the enemy's
batteries were carried or blown up by the explosion, which undoubtedly had a powerful effect on the enemy. I am
444 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
under the greatest obligations to Commodore Chauncey for his able and indefatigable exertions in every possible
manner that could give facility and effect to the expedition. He is equally estimable for deliberate, sound judgment,
bravery, and industry. The Government could not have made a more fortunate selection for the iinportant trust he
holds. Unfortunately, the enemy's armed ship the " Prince Regent," left this place for Kingston four days before
we arrived. A large ship on the stocks, and nearly planked up, with a large store of naval stores, were set on fire
by the enemy soon after the explosion of the magazine. There are no vessels fit for use in the harbor. A con-
siderable quantify of military stores and provisions remained. We shall not possess the means of transporting the
prisoners from this place and must of course leave them on parole. I hope we shall so far complete the necessary
measures at this place in the course of this day as to be able to sail to-morrow for Niagara, by which route I send this
by a small vessel, with notice to General Lewis of our approach.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
H, DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Niagara, May 3, 1813.
Sir:
I arrived at this place last evening with Commodore Chauncey in his fast sailing schooner the Lady of the
Lake: we left the fleet with the troops on board in York road. The wind has been so unfavorable as to render it
impracticable to come to this place with any prospect of eft'ecting a landing.
I have had a conference with Generals Lewis, Boyd, and Winder, at which Commodore Chauncey was present.
I did not find the preparations at this place as complete as could have been expected; but as soon as the wind will
permit, we shall make a descent. Commodore Chauncey has returned to the fleet, and will sail for this place as
soon as he shall judge the wind favorable for crossing and landing the troops. In the mean time we shall be prepar-
ing to act in concert. General Boyd will take command of the brigade lately commanded by General Pike. We
find the weather on this lake at this season of the year such as to render naval operations extremely tedious and
uncertain, especially when we have to debark troops on the shore of the lake, where there are no harbors. Westerly
winds are necessary: we have none but easterly. I have no doubt of ultimate success, unless harassed and dis-
persed by the elements.
I enclose a return of the killed and wounded. You will observe the loss was very small excepting that produced
by the explosion. As nearly as I have been able to ascertain, the loss of the enemy amounted from ninety to one
hundred killed, two hundred wounded, and upwards of three hundred prisoners. I have not been able to ascertain
precisely the number of the militia put on their parole; I presume it could not be less than five hundred. There
was an immense depot of naval and military stores. York was the principal depot for Niagara and Detroit; and,
notwithstanding the immense amount which was destroyed by them, we found more than we could bring off. Ge-
neral Sheatt'e's baggage and papers fell into my hands. These papers are a valuable acquisition: I have not had
time for a full examination of them. A scalp was found in the executive and legislative chamber, suspended near
the speaker's chair, in company with the mace and other emblems of royalty. I intend sending it to you with a cor-
rect account of the facts relative to the place and situation in which it was found.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Niagara, May 13, 1813.
Sir:
Commodore Chauncey, with the fleet and troops, arrived here on the evening of the 8th, and in the course of
the night the troops were debarked in a very sickly and depressed state. A large proportion of the ofiicers and men
were sickly and debilitated. It was deemed expedient to give them time to recruit their health and spirits, and in
the mean time for the fleet to return to Sackett's Harbor, and take on board one thousand additional troops; and
orders were despatched to Utica, Rome, and Oswego, to have the troops at those places forwarded here in boats
from Oswego. ISackus's corps of light dragoons, about four hundred, principally dismounted, and five hundred of
the nth regiment from Burlington, have been ordered to Sackett's Harbor. These, with three hundred volun-
teers, and a full company of artillery, are to form a garrison at that place. Additional cannon will be mounted.
General Brown of the militia has been requested to hold three or four hundred men of the immediate vicinity in
readiness to aid the garrison, in the event of any attack. My intention is to collect the main body of the troops at
this place, and as soon as Commodore Chauncey returns, and the forces from Oswego ariive, to commence opera-
tions in as spirited and effectual a manner as practicable. This change in the proposed system of operations has
been rendered necessary by a long series of the most unfortunate winds and weather that could have occurred at
this season, and such as could not have been contemplated.
Colonel Scott reached this yesterday in boats from Oswego, with three hundred men. He was seven days wind
bound in different places, and narrowly escaped the loss of liis boats and men. I had expected him on the 3d. I
had almost given him up for lost.
General Harrison is invested; and presuming on the uncertainty of events, I shall make calculation of a rein-
forcement to the enemy of British and Indians from Detroit. We shall be prepared for them; and I shall consider
a concentration of their force rather as a fortunate circumstance than otherwise.
I observed in a former letter, that, on my arrival here on the evening of the 2d, the preparations for an immediate
co-operation were not as complete as could have been expected. General Lewis was at 14 miles distance. AVinder,
with his command, was at Black Rock. The boats had not been transported from Schlosser; not one of the scows
completed; the heavy guns and mortars not placed in the batteries; two 18 and two 12 pounders not mounted; but,
with all these defects, we should have made an attack on the 4th or 5th, if the fleet had arrived with the troops in
health, on the ad, as was expected.
I have the honor to be, sir, most respectfully, your obedient and humble servant,
, H. DEARBORN.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Fort George, Upper Canada, May 27, 1813.
Sir: '
The light troops under the command of Colonel Scott and Major Forsyth landed this morning at 9 o'clock.
Major General Lewis's division, with Colonel Porter's command of light artillery, supported them. General Boyd's
brigade landed immediately after the light troops, and Generals Winder and Chandler followed in quick succession.
The landing was warmly and obstinately disputed by the British forces; but the coolnesss and intrepidity of our
troops soon compelled them to give ground in every direction. General Chandler, with the reserve, (composed of his
brigade and Colonel Macomb's artillery) covered the whole. Commodore Chauncey had made the most judicious
arrangements for silencing the enemy's batteries near the point of landing. The army is under the greatest obliga-
tion to that able naval commander for his indefatigable exertions, in co operation in all its important movements,
and especially in its operations this day. Our batteries succeeded in rendering Fort George untenable; and when the
enemy had been beaten from his position, and found it necessary to re-enter it, after firing a few guns, and setting
fire to the magazines, which soon exploded, moved off rapidly by different routes. Our light troops pursued them
several miles. The troops having been under arms from one o'clock in the morning were too much exhausted for
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 445
any further pursuit. We are now in possession of Fort George and its immediate dependencies; to-morrow we shall
proceed further on. The behavior of our troops, both officers and men, entitles them to the highest praise; and the
difference in our loss with that of the enemy, when we consider the advantages his positions afforded him, is aston-
ishing. We had seventeen killed and forty-five wounded. The enemy had ninety killed and one hundred and
sixty wounded, of the regular troops. We have taken one hundred prisoners, exclusive of the wounded. Colonel
Meyers, of the 49tli, was wounded and taken prisoner. Of ours only one commissioned oiRcer was killed, Lieu-
tenant Hobart, of the light artillery. Enclosed is the report of Major General Lewis.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great consideration and respect, your most obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
The Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
On the Field, one o''dock, May 27, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Fort George and its dependencies are ours. The enemy, beaten at all points, has blown up his maga-
zines and retired. It is impossible at this moment to say any thing of individual gallantry. There was no man who
did not perform his duty in a manner which did honor to himself and his country. Scott and Forsyth's com-
mands, supported by Boyd's and Winder's brigades, sustained the brunt of the action. Our loss is trifling; perhaps
not more than twenty killed, and twice that number wounded. The enemy left in the hospital one hundred and
twenty-four, and 1 sent several on board the fleet. We have also made about one hundred prisoners of the regular
forces.
I am, dear sir, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
MORGAN LEWIS.
Major General Dearborn, Commander in Chief of the Northern Jirmy.
Head Quarters, Fort George, May 29, 1813.
Sir:
General Lewis was ordered to march yesterday morning with Chandler's and Winder's brigades, the light ar-
tillery, dragoons, light infantry, and riflemen, in pursuit of the enemy, by the way of Queenstown. I had received
satisfactoiy information that the enemy had made a stand on the mountain, at a place called the Beaver Dams,
where he had a deposite of provisions and stores, and that he had been joined by three hundred regulars from King-
ston, landed from small vessels near the head of the Lake. I had ascertained that he was calling in the militia, and
had presumed that he would confide in the strength of his position, and venture an action, by which an opportunity
would be afforded to cut oft" his retreat.
I have been disappointed. Although the troops from Fort Erie and Chippewa had joined the main body at the Bea-
ver Dams, he broke up yesterday precipitately, continued his route along the mountain, and will reach the head of
the lake by that route. Lieutenant Colonel Preston took possession of Fort Erie and its dependencies last evening.
The fort had been abandoned and the magazines blown up. I have ordered General Lewis to return without delay
to this place, and, if the winds favor us, we may yet cut oft' the enemy's retreat at York; but, unfortunately, we
have plenty of rain but no wind; it may, however, change for the better in a few hours. I shall attbrd Commodore
Chauncey every facility in my power in his preparations for commanding Lake Erie. He is very anxious to return
to Sackett's Harbor: for, until his other ship is fitted, it is not certain that he can continue in the command of Lake
Ontario. I was the last evening honored wiih your despatches of the 15th instant. I have taken measures in rela-
tion to the twenty-three prisoners who are to be put in close confinement.
I have the honor to be, sir, with high consideration and respect, your most obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. General John Armstrong, Secretary of ff-'ar.
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
Newark, Upper Canada, Juneia, 1813.
" Chandler and Winder are in pursuit of the enemy, who has halted about fifty-five miles from here. I am still
very feeble, and gain strength but slowly. "
Head Quarters, Fort George, June 6, 1813.
Sir:
I have received an express from the head of the ' lake this evening, with the intelligence that our troops {were
attacked, at two o'clock this morning, by the whole British force and Indians, and, by some strange fatality, though
our loss in numbers was small, and the enemy was completely routed and driven from the field, both Brigadier Ge-
nerals Chandler and Winder were taken prisoners. They had advanced to ascertain the situation of a company of
artillery \vhen the attack commenced. General Chandler had his horse shot under him arid was bruised by the fall.
General Vincent, their commander, is supposed to have been killed. Colonel Clark was mortally wounded, and fell
into our hands with sixty prisoners of the 49th. The command devolved on Colonel Burn, who has retired to the
Forty Mile creek. If either of the general officers had remained in command, the enemy would have been pursued
and cut up, or if Colonel Burn had been an officer of infantry. The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and pri-
soners, must exceed two hundred and fifty. The enemy sent in a flag next morning, with a request to bury their
dead. Generals Lewis and Boyd set oft" immediately to join the advanceil army. I never so severely felt the want
of health as at present, at a. time when my services might, perhaps, be most useful. I hope General Hampton will
repair here as soon as possible.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hbn. General John Armstrong, iSecretary of War.
June 8, 1813.
There was a mistake in the arrival of the express mail — since wiiting the above, the enemy's fleet has passed,
consisting of two large ships and four heavy schooners. I have consequently deemed it prudent to concentrate the
forces at this point. H. D.
Head Quarters, Fort George, June 8, 1813.
Sir: vc .
I have been honored with your letters of the 26th and 27th ult. and a duplicate of one of the 19th of April.
My ill state of health renders it extremely painful to attend to the current duties; and, unless my health improves
soon, I fear I shall be compelled to retire to some place where my mind may be more at ease, for a sliort lime. Co-
lonel Macomb proceeded with two hundred men, with the Commodore, to Sackett's Harbor. Lieutenant Colonel
Ripley has also gone, by the way of Oswego,5to the harbor with his regiment, where he will be joined by several hun-
dred recruits; he took charge of the provisions to Oswego. The Commodore will not probably venture out until his
57 m
446 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
new ship is tit for sea. The enemy has now the command of the lake, and, as long as that is the case, any offensive
operations below this must be suspended. I had intended placing a small garrison at Fort Erie, and a stronger one
at Fort George, but as you have directed otherwise, I shall select Fort George, as guarding the only harbor on the
southern shore of the lake. Detroit will be the safest harbor on Lake Erie. I have, by the request of Commodore
Chauncey, detached 200 men to aid Captain Perry in removing his armed vessels from Black Rock to Presque Isle.
Commodore Chauncey is unwilling to approach Maiden, unless he can have a reinforcement to General Harrison of
our regulars. As my command does not extend to Maiden, I ask your directions on this subject. The Commodore
is anxious that his fleet on Lake Ei-ie should proceed with troops to Michillimackinack and St. Joseph, as soon as the
busmess shall be decided at Detroit. On taking possession of this place, the inhabitants came in in numbers, and
gave their paroles. I have promised them protection. A large majority are friendly to the United States, and fixed in
theii- hatred against the Government of Great Britain. If they should generally be made prisoners of war, and ta-
ken from their families, it would have a most unfavorable effect on our military operations in the provinces. The
whole country would be driven to a state of desperation, and satisfy them, beyond a doubt, that we had no intention
of holding the provinces. The same effect would be produced on the Indians, who are now principally quiet for fear
of losing their valuable tract of land on Grand river. I had authorized the civil magistrates to combine in the due
exercise of their functions, and cannot, with propriety, revoke this authority, uidess specially directed.
The whole of our troops, officers and men, in the action of the 27th, discovered a degree of ardor and readi-
ness for action, which evinced a determination to do honor to themselves and country. The animating example set
by Colonel Scott and General Boyd in landing, and repulsing the enemy, deserves particular mention. I am greatly
indebted to Colonel Porter, Major Armistead, and Captain Totten, for their judicious arrangements and skilful exe-
cution in demolishing the enemy's forts and batteries, and to the officers of the artillery generally, wlio had the di-
rection of the guns.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your most obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. General John Armstrong, Secretary of JVar.
Exlracl of a lelterfrom Major General Morgan Lewis to the Secretary of War, dated
Niagara, June 14, 1813.
" You will perceive, by the enclosed copy of orders, marked 1, that General Dearborn, from indisposition, has
resigned the command, not only of the Niagara army, but of the district. I have doubts whether he will ever again
be tit for service. He has been repeatedly in a state of convalescence, but relapses on the least agitation of mind.
" In my last, I mentioned the unfortunate circumstance of the capture of our two brigadiers, Chandler and Win-
der. The particulars are detailed in the report of Colonel Burn, marked 2, which he gives from the best informa-
tion he could collect. His corps lay a'considerable distance from the scene of active operation, as you will perceive
by the enclosed diagram. The light corps spoken of, were Captains Hindman's, Nicholas's, and Biddle's companies
of the 2d artillery, serving as infantry. These three gentlemen, and Captains Archer and Towson, of the same regi-
ment, and Leonard of the light artillery, are soldiers who would honor any service. Their gallantry, and that of
their companies, was equally conspicuous on this occasion as in the affair of the 27th ult. A view of General Chand-
ler's encampment will be sufficient to show that his disaster was owing to its arrangement; its centre being its weak-
est point, and, that being discovered by the enemy in the evening, received the combined attack of his whole force,
and his line was completely cut. It is said, though I cannot vouch for its truth, that General Winder saw this, and
remonstrated against it. The gallantry of the 5th, 25th, and part of the 23d, and light troops, saved the army; of
the 5th, it is said, that, when the day broke, not a man was missing; and that a part of the 23d, under Major Arm-
strong, was found sustaining its left fiank. Their fire was irresistible, and the enemy vvas compelled to give way.
Could he have been pressed the next morriing, his destruction was inevitable. He was dispersed in every direction,
and even his commanding general was missing, without his hat or horse. I understand he was found the next even-
ing, almost famished, at a distance of four miles from the scene of action.
" Lieutenant M'Chcsney's gallantry recovered a piece of artillery, and prevented the capture of others. He me-
rits promotion for it. ^ . ,
"• On the evening of the sixth of June, I received the order No. 4, and joined the army at five in the afternoon of
the 7th. I found it at the Forty Mile creek, ten miles in the rear of the ground on which it had been attacked, en-
camped on a plain of about a mile in width, with its right flank on the lake, and its left on the creek, which skirts
the base of a perpendicular mountain of considerable height. On my route, I received Nos. 5 and 6, enclosed.
" At 6k'tn the evening, the hostile fleet hove in sight, though its character could not be ascertained with precision.
We lay oil our arms all night. At dawn of day struck our tents, and descried the hostile squadron abreast of us,
about a mile from the shore. Our boats which transported the principal part.of our baggage and camp equipage, lay
on the beach; it was a dead calm; and, about six, the enemy towed in a large schooner, which opened her fire on
our boats. As soon as she stooil for shore, her object being evident, I ordered down Archer's and Towson's com-
panies, with four pieces of artillery, to resist her attempts. I, at the same time, sent Captain Totten, of the engi-
neers, (a most valuable officer) to construct a temporary furnace for heating shot, which was prepared and in ope-
ration in less than thirty minutes. Her fire was returned with a vivacity and effect (excelled by no artillery in the
universe) which soon compelled her to retire. A party of savages now made their appearance on the brow of the
mountain, (which, being perfectly bald, exhibited them to view) and commenced a fire on our camp. I ordered Co-
lonel Chrystie to dislodge them, who entered on the service with alacrity, but found himself anticipated by Lieute-
nant Eldridge, the Adjufant of the regiment, who, with a promptness and gallantry highly honorable to that young
officer, had already gained the summit of the mountain with a party of volunteers, and routed the barbarian allies
of the Defender of the Christian Faith. This young man merits the notice of Government.
" These little affairs cost us not a man. Sir James L. Yeo, being disappointed of a tragedy, next determined, in
true dramatic style, to amuse us with a farce. An officer with a flag was sent to me from his ship, advising me that,
as I was invested with savages in my rear, a fleet in my front, and a powerful army on my flank, he, and the officers
commanding His Britannic Majesty's land forces, thought it a[duty to demand a surrender of my army. I answered
that the message was too ridiculous to merit a reply. No. 7 was delivered to me at about six this morning. Be-
tween seven and eight o'clock, the few wagons we had being loaded, first with sick, and next with ammunition, &c.
the residue of camp equipage and baggage was put in the boats, and a detachment of two hundred men of the 6tli
regiment detailed to proceed in them. Orders were prepared to be given them to defend th.e bgats, and, if assailed
by any of the enemy's small vessels, to carry them by boarding. By some irregularity which I have not been able
to discover, the boats put off without the detachments, induced probably by the stillness of the morning. When
they had progressed about three miles, a breeze sprung up, and an armed schooner overhauled them. Those who
were enterprising kept on and escaped; others ran to the shore, and deserted their boats. We have lost twelve of
the number, principally containing the baggage of the officers and men.
" At ten, I put the army in motion on our return to this place. The savages and incorporated militia hung on
our flanks and rear throughout the march, and picked up a few stragglers. On our retiring, the British army ad-
vanced, and now occupies the ground we left."
Papers referred to by General Lewis.
Head Quarters, Niagara, June 6, 1813.
Dear General:
You will please to proceed, with as little delay as may be, and take command of the advanced army. Briga-
dier Generals Boyd and Swartwout, and Colonel Scott, will accompany you. I have ordered an additional escort
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 447
of light artillery, to be equipped as cavalry, to attend you. You will attack the enemy as soon as practicable; your
force will ensure success. Every possible effort should be made for preventing the enemy's escape.
May success and glory attend you I
Yours, with esteem,
H. DEARBORN.
Major General Lewis.
Niagara, J^me 6, 1813.
Dear General:
A ship having appeared this morning steering towards the head of the lake, which is undoubtedly one of the
enemy's ships, (others are appearing) you will please to return with the troops to tiiis place as soon as possible.
Yours, with esteem,
H. DEARBORN.
P. S. The object of the enemy's fleet must be intended to cover the retreat of theii- troops, or to bring on a re-
inforcement.
H. D.
Major General Lewis.
June 6, 1813.
It is possible the fleet in sight may be our own; a few hours will probably enable you to determine and act
accordingly.
H. DEARBORN.
General Lewis.
Dear General:
I am induced to suspect that the enemy's fleet have an intention on this place. Two small schooners have
been examining the shore very minutely for three or four hours this afternoon. They have gone on towards the
head of the lake, and their ships appear to have taken the same course. They may take on board additional troops
near the head of the lake, and be here before you reach this place. You will please to send Milton's detachment,
and 500 of Chandler's brigade, and Colonel Burn's light dragoons, with all possible despatch; they ought, if possi-
ble, to be here some time to-morrow forenoon. You will follow with the remainder of the troops as soon as practi-
cable. It will be necessary to take care that your boats are not taken or lost. General Swartwout and Colonel
Scott should return as soon as they can.
Yours, with esteem,
H. DEARBORN.
General Lewis.
Adjutant General's Office, Head Quarters, Fort George, June 10, 1813.
By reason of the temporary indisposition of Major General Dearborn, the command of the troops on this
frontier, and of the ninth military department of the United States, devolves on Major General Lewis. All per-
sons concerned are notified accordingly.
By command. '
W. SCOTT, Mjutant General.
Extract of a letter from Colonel James Bum, 2d light dragoons, to Major General Dearborn.
" In the afternoon of the 5th, our advance guard, consisting of the light infantry, under the command of Cap-
tains Hindman, Biddle, and Nicholas, a part of the rifle corps, under Captain Lytle, and a detachment of the 2d
dragoons, under Captain Selden, commenced a sharp skirmish with the advance of the enemy, said to be a detach-
ment of the 49th regiment, which soon retreated, covered by a thick woods, having, however, several wounded on
both sides, and one dragoon horse killed. In the evening, our advance returned behind Stony creek, where the
army took a position for the night. The light infantry, and part of the rifle corps on the right of the 25th regiment,
formed the right wing. The artillery, under Captains Towson and L. Leonard, the centre. The 5th, 16th, 23d,
and some riflemen, the left wing, and the cavalry in the rear. A strong picket guard was posted some distance in
front, also strong flank and rear guards, in such manner as to suiTound the whole encampment with sentinels; the
troops lay under arms, without any covering. Our numbers in the field did not exceed one thousand — three hun-
dred elFectives of the 13th and 14th regiments having encamped on the borders of the lake, about three miles distant,
for the protection of the boats. The enemy forced our picket, and attacked us, about two o'clock in the morning,
(which was very dark) with their army and Indians, expecting, no doubt, to throw us into confusion. Their views
were, in this instance, however, completely frustrated; and, when the day dawned, none were to be seen, except
their killed and wounded, who covered the field of battle. The attack began on our right, and was gallantly re-
pelled by the fire of the light troops and 25th regiment, commanded by Major Smith. In a i'ew minutes, it became
general along the whole line, and was nobly returned by the artillery of the centre, commanded by Captains Tow-
son and L. Leonard, and again by the troops of the left wing, viz- the 5th, under Lieutenant Colonel Milton, the
23d, commanded by Major Armstrong, and the 16th. The fire continued, with little intermission, for one hour,
dunng which time, the enemy attempted, by frequent charges, to break our line, but without effect, being obliged
to give way by the well directed fire of our brave troops.
"The 13th and 14th regiments (which had been detached the preceding evening) were active in making
prisoners, and advanced with much ardor to the field, in hopes of sharing, with the gallant 5th, and 25th, 23d, and
light troops, the glory of another combat. But the unfortunate capture of Brigadier Generals Chandler and Win-
der, who were taken in the action, unknown to any part of the army, and hurried into the enemy's lines, prevented
the future operations from being carried into effect with the promptitude which would assuredly have taken place
had either of those ofiicers been present to command.
"You vnll be surprised to find our loss so small; that of the enemy exceeds ours much; they lost in killed about
sixty, many wounded, and upwards of seventy prisoners, all regulars, and principally of the 49th regiment. Seve-
ral of their officers were killed, wounded, and missing. A feg was sent by Colonel Hervey, asking permission to
make inquiries for them; also, to be allowed to send a surgeon to attend their own wounded, which I readily grant-
ed. On the return of day-light, I found the command of the army had devolved on me, and, being at a loss what
steps to pursue in the unpleasant dilemma, occasioned by the capture of our Generals, finding the ammunition of
many of the troops nearly expended, I had recourse to a council of the field officers present, of whom a majority
coincided in opinion with me, that we ought to retire to our former position at the Forty Mile creek, where we could
be supplied with ammunition and provisions, and either advance or remain, until further orders.
"Every aid was afforded by the staff". The assistant Adjutant General, Major Johnston, and Brigade M^ors
Jones and Wartenby exerted themselves in rendering all the assistance in their power.
448 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
" The army, on this occasion, has proved its firmness and bravery, by'iveeping its position in a night attack, in
which the yells of the Indians, mingled with the roaring of cannon and musketry, were calculated to intimidate.
The enemy charged repeatedly, and so dark was the night that our army could not distinguish friend from foe; in
one of those, they succeeded in carrying off a six-pounder, a howitzer, and a caisson, to the great mortification of
our brave artillery. 1 presume it was on that occasion, also, that we lost our generals, who were distinctly heard
encouraging our men to light. The squadron of dragoons remained formed, and steady at their post, but could not
act, on account of the darkness of the night, and the thickness of the adjacent woods. Much credit is due to the
troops, generally, but too much praise cannot be said of the conduct of the 5th and 25th regiments."
Montreal, June 18, 1813.
I deem it my duty to improve the earliest opportunity possible to give you a more detailed account of the
affair of the Gth instant, near Stony creek, than I have before had it in my power to do.
()n the morning of the 5th, I arrived at Forty Mile creek. The detachment under General Winder was then
under marcfiing orders for Stony creek. After a short halt, the whole marched for that place, and arrived there
between five and six o'clock P. M., at which place a small picket of the enemy was posted, but retired on our ap-
proach. The advanced guard pursued, and soon fell in with a picket of about one hundred strong, under Colonel
Williams. A skirmish ensued. I hastened the main body. Williams retreated, and our advance pursued. The pursuit
was continued rather longer than I could have wished, but returned to their proper position in the line of march, not
far from sunset. I had ordered the 13th and 14(h, who were in the rear, to take a position for the night near the
mouth of the creek, to cover the boats, (should they arrive) which would be on the route which I intended to pur-
sue the next morning; and, a favorable position presenting itself, I encamped with the residue of the troops (ex-
cept Captain Archer's company of artillery) which accompanied the 13th and 14th on the spot where we had halt-
ed, with an advanced picket from half to three quarters of a mile in front, with express orders for them to keep out
constantly a patrol. A right and left flank guard and a rear guard were also posted. I gave positive orders for
the troops to lay on their arms. Contrary to my orders, fires were kindled; but there are doubts whether this ope-
rated for or against us, as the fires of the 25th, which were in front, and by my orders had been abandoned, ena-
bled us to see asmall part.of the enemy, while the fires on our left enabled the enemy to see our line. On the whole,
I think it operated against us. I did expect the enemy would attack us that night, if he intended to fight; but,
perhaps, this was not expected by all. 1 had my horse confi ned near me, and directed that the harness should not
be taken from the artillery horses. I directed where and how the line should be formed, in case of attack. About
an hour before day light, on the morning of the Gth, the alarm was given. I was instantly up, and the 25th, which
lay near me. was almost as instantly formed, as well as the 5th and 23d, which were on the left, under the immedi-
ate eye of General Winder. Owing to the neglect of the front picket, or some other cause, the British officers say
that they were not hailed, nor an alarm given, until they were within three hundred yards of our line. The ex-
treme darkness prevented us from seeing or knowing at what point they intended to attack us, until an attack was
made on our right. A well diiected fire was opened upon them from the 25th, and from nearly the whole line.
.A.fter a few minutes, I heard several muskets in our rear, in the direction of the rear guard, and then expected
that the enemy had gained our rear by some path unknown to me, and were about to attack us in rear. I instantly
ordered Colonel Milton, with the 5th, to form in our rear near the woods, to meet such circumstances as might take
place, knowing that I could call him to any other point, if necessary, at any moment. I had observed that the ar-
tillery was not covered, and directed General Winder to cause the 23d to be formed so far to the right that their
riHit should cover the artillery. At this moment, I heard a new burst of fire from the enemy's left on our right,
and, not able to see any thing which took place, I set out full speed towards the ri;^ht to take measures to prevent
my right flank from being turned, which I expected was the object of the enemy. I had proceeded but a few yards,
before my horse fell under me. by which fall I received a serious injury. Here was a time when I have no recollec-
tion of what passed, but I presume it was not long. As soon as I recovered, I recollected what my object was, and
made my way to the right, and gave M.ijor Smith such directions as I thought proper to prevent his right from be-
in" turned by surprise, i was then returning toward the centre, and, when near the artillery, heard men, who, by
the noise, appeared to be in confusion, it being the point at which I expected the 23d to be formed. I expected it
was that regiment. I approached them, and, as soon as I was near enough, I saw a body of men, who I thought to
be the 23d, "in rear of the artillery, broken. I hobbled in amongst them, and began to rally them, and directed
them to form; but I soon found my mistake; it was the British 49th, who had pushed forward to the head of their
column, and gained the rear of the artillery. 1 was immediately disarmed, and conveved down the column to its
rear. It was not yet day, and the extreme darkness of the night, to which was added tne smoke of the fire, put it
totally out of our power to see the situation of the enemy. This was all that saved their columns from sure and
total destruction, of which some of their oflncers are aware. After seeing the sit lation of the column as I passed,
I did hope and expect that General Winder, on the first dawn of light, would see their situation, and bring Colonel
Milton with the 5th (who I had still kept in reserve, until I could have day light to discern their situation") to at-
tack this column, which, I am sure, he would have done to advantage; but, to my mortification, I soon learned
that he had fallen into the same mistake with myself; and, by endeavoring to learn what was taking place in the
centre, he was also taken, as well as Major Van De Venter. To the extreme darkness of the night, the enemy's
knowledge of his intended point of attack, and our not knowing at what point to expect him, must be attributed
his partial success, and not to a want of strength or bravery in our troops, who generally behaved remarkably well
under all the circumstances; and, however unfortunate the event, as it relates to myself, I only ask that all the
circumstances may be taken into consideration in making up your opinion upon the conduct of General Winder
and myself in this affair, which I am sure you will do, and I flatter myself you will see no cause of censure. I re-
gret that my decrepit situation, and the rapidity with which we have been brought to this place, has put it out of
my power to give you a detailed account of the affair earlier. I am now able to walk some with the aid of a cane,
and hope I shall continue to recover.
I have the honor to be, &c. &c.
JOHN CHANDLER, Brigadier General.
Major General Dearbokn.
Head Quarters, Fort George, June 12, 1813.
Sir:
As the General is unable to write, I am directed by him to inform you, that, in addition to the debility and
fever he has been afflicted with, he has, within the last twenty-four hours, experienced a violent spasmodic attack
on his breast, which has obliged him to relinquish business altogether, and the command is given over to Major Ge-
neral Lewis, who will, in fu ture, make the necessary communications to the Department of War. The British fleet
still rides triumphant in this section of the lake.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect and consideration, your obedient and humble servant,
SAMUEL S. CONNER,
M. D. C. to Gen. Dearborn.
Hon. Gen. John Armstrong, Secretary qf War.
18U.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY.
449
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Mcijor General Dearborn, dated
War Department, June 19, 1813.
" Your letters of the 6th and 8th instant have been received. There is, indeed, some strange fatality attending
our efforts. I cannot disguise from you the surprise occasioned by the two escapes of a beaten enemy: first, on the
27th ultimo, and again on the 1st iristant. Battles are not gained when an inferior and broken enemy is not destroy-
ed. Nothing is done, while any thing that might have been done is omitted. This maxim is as old as the profession
of arms, and in no walk of life applies with as much force as in that of a soldier.
" Should Proctor have retired from Maiden, and been able to effect a junction with Vincent's corps at the head
of the lake, it has been done for one of two purposes: either to dispute with you the possession of the peninsula, or
more securely to effect their general retreat to Kingston. The latter is the more probable conjecture of the two,
and is strengthened by the appearance of Yeo on the upper part of the lake, and by the position which Vincent has
taken there."
Extract.
Head Quarters, Fort George, Jwie 20, 1813.
Sir:
" I have been so reduced in strength as to be incapable of any command. Brigadier General Boyd is the only
general officer present: and, from resignations, sickness, and other contingencies, the number of regimental officers
present, fit for duty, are far below what the service requires. A considerable proportion of our army being com-
posed of new recruits, and the weather having been extremely unfavorable to health, the sick have become so nu-
merous, in addition to the wounded, as to reduce the effective force far below what could have been contemplated*
but if the weather should become favorable, which ought to be expected, a great part of the sick will probably be fit
for duty in a short time. The enemy have been reinforced at the head of the lake with about 500 men of the 104th
regiment. A vessel carrying ammunition and other munitions of war, bound to the head of the lake, was captured
four days since, by one of Commodore Chauncey's schooners, from which I conclude, that the enemy will endeavor
to keep up such a force at or near the head of the lake, as to prevent any part of our force in this quarter from join-
ing, or proceeding to Sackett's Harbor, for the purpose of attacking Kingston^ and such is the state of the roads in
this flat country, in consequence of continual rains, as to render any operations against the enemy extremely diffi-
cult, without the aid of a fleet for the transportation of provisions, ammunition, and other necessary supplies- The
enemy would probably retreat on our approach, and keep out of our reach, being covered by one or more armed
vessels, which remain on this part of the lake. The whole of these embarrassments have resulted .from a temporary
loss of the command of the lake. The enemy has availed himself of the advantage, and forwarded reinforcements
and supplies."
Extract of a tetter from Hie Secretary of War to Major General Dearborn, dated
War Department, yw/?/ 1, 1813.
" The leisure you now have offers a fine opportunity for the adjutants and inspectors general to attend to their
particular duties. Some of the parties of which you speak, from the enemy, may practise a trick on those who fol-
low them. These last oug-fit to be very circumspect. Chauncey will, I hope, soon re-appear 0)i the lake. A battle
will then decide which of us shall be victor for the campaign. I am afraid that we have all along acted on a belief
very pleasing, but ill founded, viz: that we were a-head o( the enemy as to naval means and naval preparation on
the lakes. Are we sure that our calculations with regard to Lake Erie have been better than those with regard to
Lake Ontario.'' A week or two will decide this question."
Head Quarters, Fort George, June 25, 1813.
Sir:
I have the mortification of informing you of an unfortunate and unaccountable event, which occurred yester-
day. On the 23d, at evening, Lieut. Colonel Boerstler, with 570 men, infantry, artillery, cavalry, and riflemen in
due proportion, was ordered to march, by the way of Queenstown, to a place called the Beaver Dams, on the high
ground, about eight or nine miles from Queenstown, to attack and disperse a body of the enemy collected there
for the purpose of procuring provisions, and harassing those inhabitants who are considered friendly to the
United States. Their force was, from the most direct information, composed of one company of the 104th re-
giment, above 80 strong; from 150 to 200 militia; and from 50 to 60 Indians. At eight o'clock yesterday mornin"
when within about two miles of the Beaver Dams, our detachment was attacked from an ambuscade, but soon drove
the enemy some distance into the woods, and then retired to a clear field, and sent an express for a reinforcement
saying he would maintain his position until reinforced. A reinforcement of 300 men marched immediately, under the
command of Colonel Chrystie; but on arriving at Queenstown, Colonel Chrystie received authentic information
that Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler, with his command, had surrendered to the enemy, and the reinforcement return-
ed to camp. A man who belonged to a small corps of mounted volunteer riflemen came in this morning, who
states, that the enemy surrounded our detachment in the woods, and towards twelve o'clock commenced a general
attack; that our troops fought more than two hours, until the artdlery had expended the whole of its ammunition,
and then surrendered; and at the time of the surrender, the informant made his escape. Why it should have been
deemed proper to remain several hours in a position surrounded with woods, without either risking a decisive action,
or effecting a retreat, remains to be accounted for, as well as the project of waiting for a reinforcement from a dis-
tance of fifteen or sixteen miles.
No information has been received of the killed or wounded. The enemy's fleet has again arrived in our neigh-
borhood.
With respect and esteem, I am, sir, your humble servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Hon. .loHN Armstrong, Secretary of War.
War Department, July 6, 1813.
Sib:
I have the President's orders to express to you his decision that you retire from the command of district No.
9, and of the troops within the same, until your health be re-established, and until farther orders.
I have the honor to be, sir, with very great respect, your most obedient and very humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Henry Dearborn.
450 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND BRIGADIER GENERAL BOYD.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Brigadier General Boyd, dated
Wak Department, Jidy 30, 1813.
" The restriction put upon you with regard to the enemy was but commensurate with their command of the lake.
So long as they had wings, and you had only feet, so long as they could be transported, supplied, and reinforced, by
water, and at will, common sense, as well as military principles, put you on the defensive. These circumstances
changed, the reason of the rule changes with them; and it now becomes your business, in concert with the fleet, to
harass and destroy the enemy, wherever you can find him. Of the competency of your force there can be no doubt,
provided your estimate of his be but tolerably correct."
War Department, Jidy 30, 1813.
Sib:
1 have this moment received information that Fort Meigs is again attacked, and by a considerable regular
force. This must have been drawn from De Rottenberg's corps. His late insolence in pushing his small attacks
to the very outline of your works has been intended to mask the weakness produced by this detachment. If, as
you say, you can beat him, do it without delay; and remember, that, if you beat, you must destroy him. There is
no excuse for a general who permits a beaten enemy to escape and to rally. These remarks grow out of some re-
cent events in your quarter, and require no explanation. It is the President's wish that you should communicate
fully and freely with Brigadier General Williams. It is only by this kind of intercourse that the etForts of all can
be united in promoting the public good.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General Boyd, Fort George.
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General John P. Boyd to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Fort George, July 27, 1813.
"I had the honor to address you last on the 34th instant. On the 22d instant, General Lewis and Commodore
Chauncey were advised by me that, from intelligence received from Major Chapin and deserters, most of the enemy's
captured ordnance, and their principal depot of ammunition, stores, &c. are at the head of the lake. It was suggested
that a small force might surprise, take, destroy, or bring them off, if part of the fleet might be allowed to assist in
moving our troops.
"Yesterday the Lady of the Lake brought me a letter from Commodore Chauncey, stating that he approved of the
enterprise, and would go himself with his fleet to the head of the lake, and requested guides, information, &c. I
have deemed it proper to detail a number of troops, under the command of Colonel Scott, which will embark on
board the Lady of the Lake, with directions to join the squadron, which is believed to be now somewhere near
Little York."
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General Boyd to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort George, July 31, 1813.
" I had the honor to address you on the 37th instant. Agreeably to the plan therein suggested, Commodore
Chauncey arrived here on the 28th instant, and received on board the fleet a body of men under the command of
Colonel Scott. Light and contrary winds retard their progress up the lake, but ere this the attack has probably
been made on the head of the lake. No information has as yet been received.
" The enemy has lately kept his Indians so constantly scouring the woods of our vicinity, that we gain no
deserters nor intelligence of his movements."
Colonel Scott^s Report.
Fort George, .August 3, 1813.
I have the honor to report that, in obedience to your orders, I proceeded on board the fleet with the detach-
ment of troops under my command, destined to act against the enemy's post at the head of Little Lake, or Bur-
lington bay; in sight of which place I arrived late in the evening of the 30th ultimo, the fleet having been greatly
delayed by the almost constant calm which has prevailed since we sailed.
This delay of forty-eight hours, after our destination became obvious to the enemy, enabled him to anticipate our
arrival by a reinforcement of 200 men from the nearest posts on this side of the lake, of which we were early apprized.
Nevertheless, Commodore Chauncey, with my concurrence, thought it advisable to land the detachment from the
army, together with about 250 marines and seamen from the fleet, (making a total force of about 500 men.) The better
to enable us to ascertain the exact force and position of the enemy's camp, the landing was made on the neck of
land which nearly cuts off the Little Lake from Lake Ontario. From this point we could plainly discover the enemy's
position on Burlington heights, surrounded on three sides by a creek, and in front by an entrenchment and a battery
of seven pieces of cannon. The Little Lake or bay is, between those two points, six or seven miles across.
Perceiving the strength of the enemy's position, and learning from the nihabitants that the force on the heights,
independent of the reinforcement above mentioned, was nearly equal to our own, the Commodore determined not
to risk an attack, especially as our boats would have been greatly annoyed in the ascent towards the head of the bay
by a small schooner of the enemy's, having on board one 18 pound carronade. The channel connecting the two
lakes did not aftbrd water for the passage of either of our schooners. In the above opinion I fully concurred with
the Commodore. It may be added, that the enemy received a further reinforcement of 400 men the same evening,
by land, from Kingston.
On our return to this harbor, the fleet put into York, at which place we burnt the barracks and public stores,
and brought off one piece of ordnance, (24 pounder) eleven batteaux, and about 400 barrels of flour and hard bread.
The barracks and stores had been repaired since the 37tli May. Thirty or forty sick and wounded in hospital were
paroled, and four prisoners (regulars) brought off. There had been no garrison at the place for the few days previous.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
W. SCOTT, Colonel commanding detachment.
Brigadier General Boyd, Commanding, SfC- ^c.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 451
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General John P. Boyd to the Secretary of War, dated
He/vd Quarters, Fort George, U. C. August 8, 1813.
" By Tuesday's mail I had the honor to receive your commands of the 30th instant, and yesterday a number of
letters enclosed, which were delivered as directed.
" Conceiving myself at liberty to act oflfensively on the arrival of the fleet, an expedition was immediately con-
certed against the enemy, and acceded to by Commodore Chauncey. One thousand was to embark on board the
fleet, under the command of Brigadier General Williams, to land at (he head of (he lake. The army at this place
■was to move in two columns against the enemy's front, while General Williams assailed his rear and cut off his
retreat. Yesterday morning, the time when the troops were to have embarked, the enemy's fleet was discovered
off this place.
"Commodore Chauncey weighed anchor, approached him, and by every indication thata leeward position would
admit, offered to engage."
Head Quarters, Fort George, August 12, 1813.
Sir:
I had the honor to address you the 8th instant. Unfavorable vi^inds continued to thwart the wishes of Com-
modore Chauncey to bring the enemy to actionj and about the 9th instant he was so unfortunate as to lose, in a
squall, two small schooners, which upset. On the night of the 10(h a severe cannonade was heard on the lake,
wliich we ascertained, in the morning, resulted in the loss of two of our smallest schooners. Undiscouraged by these
slight disasters. Commodore Chauncey is still in pursuit of the enemy, resolved to bring him to a general engage-
ment. These circumstances have necessarily delayed the attack upon the enemy, which was conteinplated in my
last letter. General Porter is assembling a body of volunteers and Indians at Buffalo, with a view to co-operate
in this enterprise. He will probably join us soon. Any thing which can be done without the co-operation of the
fleet, shall be attempted. To attack the enemy, without being able to cut off his retreat, would be only beating without
capturing him.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servant,
JOHN P. BOYD, Brigadier General Commanding.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Fort George, August 15, 1813.
Sir:
I had the honor to address you on the 12th instant; since which time nothing of importance has occurred.
Commodore Chauncey has left this part of the lake, and the enemy have now so far the ascendancy as to render the
proposed enterprise against his land force impracticable. Yesterday General Porter arrived at this place with a
body of volunteers and Indians, which had been previously assembled at Buffalo. In the event of such an attack
as was contemplated, this force would be of infinite service. At present they can only be employed to harass the
enemy.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
JOHN P. BOYD, Brigadier General Commanding.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
LETTERS FROM THE SECRETARY OF WAR TO MAJOR GENERAL LEWIS, COMMANDING AT SACKETT'S
HARBOR.
Extracts of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General Lewis, dated
War Department, July 9, 1813.
"An order was expedited to General Dearborn, yesterday, permitting him to retire from the command of the
army and district. Another was sent to Boyd, forbidding him to engage in any aft'air with the enemy that could
be avoided, and subjecting him to the orders of Major General Hampton and of yourself. This last (for Hampton
is now the oldest officer m the district) was intended to meet the contingency sug°;ested in my last letter, viz:
that if we regained the command of the lake, and Yeo retired under the guns of Kingston, that this moment
of superiority must not be lost, and that, bringing down Boyd's division, a blow might be struck at that place. To
favor this enterprise, orders will be sent to General Hampton to push his head quarters to the position held by our
army the last campaign on Lake Champlain; and a requisition for ten thousand militia from the States of New York
and Vermont, in reinforcement of this part of the plan, will be superadded.
" The moment Chauncey goes out, our stores along the south shore of the lake should be brought down to the
harbor, and, in that case, your small posts (consisting of regular troops) drawn into your main body. "
War Department, July 3, 1813.
Sir:
It is not merely possible, but probable, that the British fleet in Lake Ontario may, upon the fitting out of the Gen-
eral Pike, refuse a battle, and take shelter under the guns of Kingston until their new brig shall restore to them the supe-
riority. A question of much importance arises on this supposed state of things. What will be the best possible
employment of our force during the period we may be able to command the lake.'' Shall we reinforce the troops at
Fort George from Sackett's Harbor, and cut off Vincent, or shall we bring from Fort George the mass of the division
there, and uniting them to your present command, attack the enemy at Kingston.'' If the latter part of the alterna-
tive be adopted, two things must be done. A heavy body of militia should be assembled at Ogdensburgh to draw
to that point the enemy's attention, and General Hampton should move rapidly and in force against Montreal. Our
assembled force at Sackett's Harbor would amount to seven thousand men. independently of tne naval means. The
enemy's land force at Kingston is about four thousand. Could a successful attack be made here, the fate of the cam-
paign is decided — perhaps that of the war. The object is great; but in proportion as it is so, the means of effecting
it ought to be well considered. From the sketches I have been able to procure of Kingston and its vicinity, I have
no doubt but that the attack should be made on the works which cover the battery on Navy Point- These
gained, town, battery, and harbor, are all at your discretion. Beware of dividing your attack. Confine it to a single
point, but let that point be a commanding one.
Believe me. General, very respectfully and faithfully, yours,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major Gen. Lewis. Sackett's Harbor.
452 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND MAJOR GENERAL HARRISON.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to General William H. Harrison, dated
War Department, March 5, 1813.
"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your despatclies ofthe 11th and 20th ultimo.
" The suspension of your movement in advance appears to have been necessary; but though this may be the case,
your demonstrations against Maiden should not cease. These you will make in such^.vay as shall be best calculated
to keep up the enemy's alarm for the safety of that post, and of the ships of war wintering there. You will be more
able to appreciate the value of this policy when I state, that we shall very soon be in motion on the Niagara and St.
Lawrence.
" You did well in stopping the march of the two regiments from Ohio. To have added to your force so long as
your object is restricted to the maintenance of your present position, would have been a very useless expenditure of
both public spirit and public money.
" As your campaign is now at an end, and yet nearly approached to that which is coming, it may be proper to
communicate to you the President's views in relation to your subsequent movements.
"It would appear that Maiden can only be successfully approached by the route you are now upon, at two sea-
sons of the year— mid-winter and mid- summer. The former is gone, and to wait for the latter would be hardly less
disastrous than defeat itself. What remains for us to do is, to keep our present ground till the lake opens, and then
to approach our object by water, and under convoy of the vessels of war building at Presque Isle. These will be
afloat and ready to operate by the middle of May. By the same time boats for the transportation of the troops, a train
of artillery, baggage, &c. may be constructed. Cleveland is believed to be the place best fitted for this purpose. It
will also be made the depot for the troops to be employed on the expedition, which will be the 24th regiment now
at Massac; and three of the twenty new regiments provided by an act of the session of Congress which closed yes-
terday. Two of these will be raised in the State of Ohio, and the third in that of Kentucky.
" Whatever these troops may fall short of the number and strength contemplated by the laws under which they
shall be raised, must necessarily be made up from militia and volunteers; whence will arise the necessity of strictly
attending to the progress of enlistments, so that, in the event of their failure, which may be readily foreseen, time
may be left for resorting to the other expedient."
War Department, March 7, 1813.
Sir:
Your letter of the 18th of February, was, from some cause, delayed much beyond the usual course of the mail,
and even some days after the receipt of your despatch of the 20th.
You will find by my letter of the 5th instant, the plan prescribed for your part of the ensuing campaign; and to
prevent any ill effect arising from its miscarriage, a second copy is herewith enclosed. It is probable that Colonels
M'Arthur and Cass will both be promoted to the rank of Brigadier, and will be assigned to the command of the two
brigades intended to form your division of the army. In the enumeration of corps making parts of this divisicm, I
did not mention the two regiments of the line, the 17th and 19th, parts of which are already with you. The filling
up of these would be an important service, and you are requested to promote it. If you are at case with regard to
the safety of your present post, against the attacks of the enemy, and nave secured to yourself the means of subsist-
ing it, there can be no motive for either reinforcingit by new draughts from the militia, or retiring from it. If, on the
other hand, your force should be so reduced as to make your stay perilous, without a further reinforcement, you may
employ the two regiments raised in Ohio, or so many of them as maybe necessary to your object. If, again, the
policy of adding to your force be forbidden, by the difficulty of subsisting it, and there arises a combination of both
facts, viz: a want of force to maintain your present position, and a want of means to subsist a larger one, in that
case, and in that alone, you will retire to the frontier settlements, and interpose the wilderness between you and the
enemy.
These directions have not grown out of any suggestions to be found in your letters, but have been produced by
a circumspection which it is always proper to extend beyond the mere limits of existing circumstances.
I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General William H. Harrison, Franklinton, Ohio.
War Department, March 9, 1813.
Sir:
The Government have the intention of building a number of boats on Lake Erie, for the purpose of transport-
ing troops on that lake. Cleveland is the point farthest west, where any portion of these can be made with sufficient
expedition. If the whole could be made there the better. These boats will be of the kind known by the name of
Schenectady boats, narrow, and sharp ahead, and flat- bottomed. They will carry from forty to fifty men each,
with their baggage, arms, and accoutrements, and provision for the voyage. It is proposed to commit the superin-
tendence of this service to you, and to bestow upon you, pro hac vice, the staff appointment of Depuly Quartermas-
ter General. If workmen cannot be found at Cleveland and other places on the lake, you will take them from Pitts-
burg. Such materials as you may want, other than those produced by the country itself, you will provide at Pitts-
burg, and have senton without delay. Funds for this purpose will be put underyour control, and you will be care-
ful to make reports, weekly, of your progress.
Very respecti'ully, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Captain Jesup, Washhigton.
Extract of a letter from Major General William H. Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Chillicothe, March 17, 1813.
" The known candor of your character is a sufficient security for my receiving your pardon for the liberty I take
in making objections to the plan of operations communicated in your letter of the 5th instant. If there is a positive
certainly of our getting the command of Lake Erie, and having a regular force of three thousand five hundred, or
even three thousand, well disciplined men, the proposed plan of setting out from Cleveland, and landing on the north-
ern shore, below Maiden, would perhaps be the one by which that place and its dependencies could be most easily
reduced. I am unacquainted with the extent of the preparations that are making to obtain the naval superiority upon
Lake Erie; but should they fail, and the troops be assembled at Cleveland, it would be difficult to get again upon
the proper track for making the attack round the head of the lake. The attempt to cross the lake from Cleveland
should not be made with any other than well diciplined troops. A comparatively smaller number of men of this
description could effect the object, and for those, the means of conveyance might be obtained; but the means of
transporting such an army as would be required, of militia, or undisciplined regulars, could not be procured. I can
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 453
see no reason why Cleveland should be preferred as the point of embarkation for the troops, or the deposite of provi-
sions and stores. These are already accumulated at the rapids of Miami, or in situations to be easily sent thither,
to an amount nearly equal to the consumption of a protracted campaign. Although the expense and difficulty of
transporting the provisions, artillery, and stores, for an army, round the head of the lake, would be very considerable,
the lake being possessed by our ships, and the heavy baggage taken in boats along its margin, the troops would find
no difficulty in the land route. The force contemplated in your letter is, in my opinion, not sufficient to secure suc-
cess. Admitting that the whole should be raised by the time pointed out, they would be very little superior to
militia; the officers having, with scarcely an exception, to learn their duty before they could instruct their men; we
have, therefore, no alternative but to make up by numbers the deficiency in discipline.
'• I asn well aware of the intolerable expense which attends the employment of a large militia force. We are
now, however, in a situation to avoid those errors which made that of the last campaign so peculiarly heavy. Our
supplies are procured, and so deposited that the period for the march of the army from the advanced posts can be
ascertained to an hour, and of course the troops need not be called out until the moment they are to act. Expe-
rience has convinced me that militia are more efficient in the early than in the latter part of their service. Upon
the whole, it is my decided opinion that the rapids of Miami should be the point of rendezvous for the troops, as
well as the principal depot. Indeed it must necessarily be the first deposite — the provisions for the army being so
placed that they can be taken to the lake in no other way. The artillery and a considerable supply of ammunition
are already there. Boats and pirouges have been built in considerable numbers on the Auglaize and St. Mary's
rivers, and every exertion is now making to increase them, intended for the double purpose of taking down the
provisions to the rapids, and for coasting the lake with the baggage of the army in its advance. I had calculated
upon being able partially to use this mode of transportation, even if the enemy should continue their naval superio-
rity on the lake; but, with this advantage on our side, the whole baggage of the army could be safely and expedi-
tiously carried along the coast in the boats and pirouges, which could be taken into the strait to transport the army
to the Canada shore.
"As I have before observed, the army, unencumbered with heavy baggage, would find no difficulty in marching
round the lake at any season, but what the enemy would create, and we have the means of subsisting a force that
would be irresistible.
" The objections to proceeding this way, stated in my letter to Colonel Monroe, arose from the time that would
be necessary to construct boats alter we should have arrived at the strait; but this objection is entirely obviated by
our obtaining the command of the lake, as the boats and pirouges built upon the Miami will answer the purpose.
With regard to the quantuiu of force, my opinion is, that not only the regular troops, designated in your letter, but
a large auxiliary corps of militia should be employed. The only objection arises from the expensiveness of troops
of that description. This, however, could not be an object, considering the very short time that it would be neces-
sary to employ them. Let the moment for the commencement of the march from the rapids be fixed, and the mili-
tia might be taken to that point, proceed and accomplish the object, and return home in two months.
" Amongst the reasons which makes it necessary to employ a large force, I am sorry to mention the dismay and
disinclination to the service which appears to prevail in the Western country; numbers must give that confidence
which ought to be produced by consciuus valor and intrepidity, which never existed in any army in a superior degree,
than amongst the greater part of the militia which were with me through the winter. The new draughts from this
State are entirely of another character, and are not to be depended upon. I have no doubt, however, but a suffi-
cient number of gcjod men can be procured, and should they be allowed to serve onhorseback, Kentucky would fur-
nish some regiments that would be not inferior to those that fought at the river Raisin, and they were, in my opin-
ion, superior to any militia that ever took the field in modern times. Eight troops of cavalry have been formed in
Kentucky to ofier me their service; and several of them were intended for twelve months' volunteers. Governor
Shelby has some thoughts of taking the field in person — a number of good men will follow him. He thinks that an
address from me to the people of the State would produce a good effect; I have strong objections to those addresses,
but willl nevertheless, have recourse to one, should other means fail of bringing forward a sufficient force.
" Every exertion shall, in the mean time, be used, to forward the recruiting service: for a lew weeks I think that
my services would be more useful in that than any ether employment."
\
War Department, ^pril 4, 1813.
Sir:
Your despatch of the 17th ultimo, from Chillicothe, has been received, and I hasten to repeat to you the views
of the President, in relation to the next campaign, and the injunctions growing out of these, with regard to the em-
ployment of militia, &c.
Our first object is to get a command of the lakes. Means to accomplish this object have been taken, and we have
the fullest assurance that, by the 1st day of June, it will be accomplished.
This fact assumed, there can be no longer a doubt by what means, or by what route, the division of the army
assigned to you, ought to approach Maiden. A passage by ivmer will carry you directly to the fortress you would
attack, without impairing your strength by fatigue, or diminishing it by battle. A passage hy land v/il\, on the other
hand, call for great eftbrts, and expose you to great losses, which, if they do not destroy, will at least cripple you.
The former will be easy, safe, and economical; the latter difficult, dangerous, and enormously expensive.
On the other supposition, that we fail to obtain the command of the lake, a new question will arise: whether the
campaign shall take an offensive or defensive character.'' Be tliis question determined as it may, the utmost extent
which can be given to the force employed, will be seven thousand effectives.
Various reasons determine this point. The enemy have never had in the field, for the defence of Maiden, more
than two thousand men. Their number has, no doubt, been hitherto limited by their means of subsistence, and
this cause is not likely to suffer any very material change in their favor during the ensuing campaign. More than
seven thousand men, therefore, would be unnecessary on our part. Again: to maintain a greater number, would be
impracticable, in the present state of the treasury.
It now remains only to signify to you, clearly and distinctly, the kind of force the Government mean hereafter
to employ, in offensive operations, if it can be obtained.
When the Legislature, at their last session, adopted the measure of augmenting the army to fifty-two regiments
of the line, it was expressly in the view of superseding, hereafter, the necessity of employing militia, excepting in
moments of actual invasion. In obedience to this policy, the President assigned to the 8th military district oi the
United States four of these new regiments, which, if tilled, and superadded to the two regiments of the line now
in that district, and ihe 24th, in march for it, will give a total of seven regiments, or seven thousand men. This
number forbids the belief that any employment of militia draughts will be necessary, when it shall have been collected.
Till, however, this be done, or, at least, till time be given for the experiment, so many militia only are to be called
out, as shall be necessary for the defence of your posts on the Miami, and of your depots of provision on the lake.
And, should the recruiting service go on less fortunately in the patriotic States of Kentucky and Ohio, than in other
parts of the Union, you are, in that case, and in that case only, authorized to call out so many militia draughts as
will make good the deficiency, and, organizing these, under the rules already prescribed, await the farther orders
of the President, in your camp at the Rapids.
To these orders I have to add, that you will regard it as your duty to keep this Department regularly and fre-
quently informed of the actual condition of the troops under your command; as well in regard to equipment and
supplies of provision and ammunition, as to number, discipline, and health; and that your weekly and monthly re-
ports shall mclude, also, the state of the ordnance and quartermaster's departments, noting particularly the num-
ber of horses and oxen employed by both. You will readily perceive the necessity for giving this order, when I
state, that no return, of any description, from your division of the army, has ever been received at the Adjutant
58 m
454 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
General's office. Your proportion of the new staff" has been given to you. Captain Adams has been appointed Assist-
ant Adjutant General, and Mr. Bartlett, Deputy Quartermaster General of your division. The Brigadier Gene-
rals M'Artliur and Cass are employed in superintending the recruiting service. A letter from the latter gives
reason to believe that this will go on well in the State of Ohio.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Harrison,
Commanding the. 8th Military District United States.
Extracts of a letter from Major General Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Camp Meigs, Mpril%\, 1813.
" The plan for future operations, as laid down in your letter of the 4th, is, no doubt, the best that could have
been devised, in the event of the promised naval success, and a prosperous issue to the recruiting business. My
measures will, therefore, be entirely directed to the prosecution of the campaign in that way.
" There is nothing to be feared as to the ulterior operations of the campaign.
" I shall cause the movements of the enemy to be narrowly watched; but, in the event of their landing at Lower
Sandusky, that post cannot be saved. I will direct it, in such an event, to be evacuated. The stores there are not
of much consequence, excepting about 500 stands of arms, which I will cause to be removed as soon as the roads are
practicable; at present it is impossible. "
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General William H. Harrison, dated
War Department, May 8, 1813.
" Your letters of the 21st and 25th ultimo have been received. I never meant that you, or your artillery, or
stores for the campaign, now collected at Fort Meigs, should be brought back to Cleveland for embarkation. My
intention was, that the boats built there should move along the coast, in the wake of the fleet, to Sandusky, or to
the very foot of the rapids, if that were practicable and expedient, taking in, on the route, what was wanted. The
boats building and built by Major Jesup are not decked, but strong and high sided, and very competent to the
navigation of the lake, particularly between the chain of islands and the west shore." .
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General William H. Harrison, dated
War Department, May 21, 1813.
" Your future requisitions for ordnance stores will be governed by the quantity on hand at Fort Meigs and
Franklinton, and by the number and calibers of the pieces you propose to take with you against Maiden. Your
whole train, if I am well informed, amounts to thirty -five pieces, of which nine are eighteen pounders.
" The 24th regiment was, on the 10th instant, at Lexington, (Kentucky) on their way to Cleveland. You will
give it any other point of rendezvous you may think proper, and adopt such means to assemble the other parts of
your division as will be most advisable. On this head, I would but suggest, that the arrangement which shall best
mask your real design, and most impress the enemy with a belief that your march to Maiden will be by land, will
be the best.
" Clothing for the 26th, 27th, and 28th regiments, has been forwarded from Philadelphia.
" The last accounts of the boats preparing by Major Jesup, were favorable. That officer will, necessarily, re-
port to you, and take your orders."
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General Harrison, dated
War Department, July 14, 1813.
" Orders have been sent to Captain Perry to communicate to you the. naval movements, and to concert with you
the necessary co-operations.
" Of the militia, you are authorized to take what, in your judgment, will be necessary. Such of the Kentucky
militia as are in service would be better than a new draught. There is (of the Pennsylvania militia) one regiment at
Erie, armed, equipped, &c. These are subjected to your command."
War Department, August 5, 1813.
Sir:
The best interpretation of the late movements of the enemy in your quarter, is, that De Rottenberg has de-
tached to the aid of Proctor between four and five hundred men, and that, with these, he is attempting to save
Maiden, by attacking Fort Meigs. If this conjecture be well founded, it suggests the true policy on our part, pro-
vided the flotilla was over the bar. Go directly to Maiden, and leave Mr. Proctor to amuse himself with Fort
Meigs. There is no objection to your appointing the sergeants to other offices, pro tempore. Captain Butler has
been appointed Major of the 32d regiment, and Lieutenant M'Gee, captain in the 42d.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Harrison.
Extract of a letter from Mqjor General William H. Harrison, to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Seneca Town, August 22, 1813.
" I am exerting every nerve to complete my preparations for crossing the lake, as soon as I am reinforced by two
thousand of the Kentucky militia. That number is indispensable, from the sickly state of the regular troops, of
whom I shall think myself fortunate to take with me two-fifths of the aggregate amount."
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 455
Extract of a letter from Mqjor General Harrison to the Secretary qf War, doled
Head Quarters, Seneca Town, Jlitgust'29, 1813.
•• 1 shall be able to embark, some day between the 10th and 15th proximo, with upwards of 2,000 regular troops,
and 3,000 militia. Every exertion has been, and is continued to be made, to prepare for the contemplated offensive
operations; but, as we could not navigate the lake until our flotilla came up, nor accumulate at any point on its mar-
gin, the stores that were at Upper Sandusky and Fort Winchester, during Proctor's late invasion, it will take the
time I have inentioned before the embarkation can be etlected. It might be facilitated by moving the troops that are
here, immediately to the lake, and then waitingfor the Kentucky militia. But so extremely unhealthy is the whole
of the Southern shore, from Huron to the river Raisin, that the most fatal effects would follow the keeping the troops
upon it, even for a few days. You can form a correct estimate of the dreadful effects of the immense body of stag-
nant water, with which the vicinity of the lake abounds, from the state of the troops at Lower Sandusky. Upwards
of ninety are this morning reportecl on the sick list, out of about two hundred and twenty. Those at Fort Meigs are
not much better."
Extract of a letter from Major General William H. Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Bass Island, September ^id, 1813.
" The greater part of the troops are here with me, and the whole will, I believe, be upby twelve o'clock. I shall
proceed as far as the Middle Sister, in the course of to-night and to-morrow, and, in the following night get so near
the enemy's coast as to land two or three miles below Maiden, by eight o'clock in the morning. These prospects
may, however, be retarded by adverse winds- Commodore Perry gives me every assistance in his power, but his
crews were so much cut up in the late action, that he cannot navigate his vessels without the aid of my men."
War Department, Sackett's Harbor, September 22, 1813.
Sir:
Information has reached me, through various but unofficial channels, that Commodore Perry had captured the
whole of the British fleet on Lake Erie. If this be true, it is matter of much personal and public congratulation. It
enables you to make sure of Maiden, and, as a subsequent measure, to carry your main body down the lake, and
by throwing yourself into De Rottenberg's rear, to compel him to quit his new positions before Fort George. After
General Wilkinson shall have left that place, there will be found on the two sides of the Niagara a force amount-
ing to three thousand men, who will be subjected to your orders. By giving this new direction to your operations,
you will readily perceive of how much more importance it is, in the opinion of the Executive, to be able to expel the
enemy from the country lying between the two lakes, Erie and Ontario, than to pursue the Indians into their woody
and distant recesses. A few days will put us in motion from this point-
Accept my best wishes, &c.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
General Harrison.
Head Quarters, Amherstburgh, September 27, 1813.
Sir:
I have the honor to inform you, that I landed the army under my command about three miles below this
place, at three o'clock this evening, without opposition, and took possession of the town in an hour after. General
Proctor has retreated to Sandwicn, with his regular troops and Indians, having previously burned the fort, navy
yard, barracks, and public storehouses. The two latter were very extensive, covering several acres of ground. I
will pursue the enemy to-morrow, although there is no probability of overtaking him, as he has upwards of 1,000
horses, and we have not one in the army. I shall think myself fortunate to be able to collect a sufiiciency to mount
the general officers. It is supposed here that General Proctor intends to establish himself upon the river French,
forty miles from Maiden.
I have the honor to be, with great respect,your most obedient humble servant,
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
John Armstrong, Esq. Secretary of War.
Extract of a letter from Major General William H. Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, near Moravian town, on the river Thames, eighty miles from Detroit,
October 5, 1813.
" I have the honor to inform you that, by the blessing of Providence, the army under my command has, this
evening, obtained a complete victory over the combined Indian and British forces, under the command of General
Proctor. I believe that nearly the whole of the enemy's regulars are taken or killed; amongst the former are all the
superior officers, except General Proctor. My mounted men are now in pursuit of him. Our loss is very trifling."
Extracts of a letter from Major General Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Detroit, October 16, 1813.
" A detachment of the army, under the command of Brigadier General M'Arthui-, has been for some days wait-
. ing at this place for the necessary provisions to proceed to Lake Michigan. I am sorry to inform you, however,
that, from the effects of a violent storm, there is now no prospect of accomplishing that desirable object, the reduc-
tion of Michilimackinack, this season. It is with the greatest regret 1 inform you, that it is almost reduced to a cer-
tainty, that two of our schooners have been lost on Lake Erie, the Chippewa and Ohio; the former loaded with the
baggage of the troops from Bass Island, the latter with flour and salt provisions from Cleveland.''
•' Upon a consultation with the two Brigadiers, and Commodore Perry and Captain Elliot, it was unanimously
determined that the season is too far advanced to attempt an expedition to Mackinack, if it were not commenced in
two or three days, and there was no hopes of supplies being obtained in that time.
" It is generally believed here, that GeneralProctor despatched an order to the commanding officer at Mackinack,
to destroy the post, and retreat by the way of Grand River. At any rate, it is not a matter of much importance to
have that place in our possessioii during the winter, cut off as it is from a communication with the rest of the
world. "
456 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Saokbtt's Harbor, October 20, 1813.
Sir :
The enemy's corps before Fort George broke up their cantonments on the 9th, and marched rapidly for
Burlington Bay, which he reached on the llth. By taking this route he may intend to reinforce Proctor on the
river French, or Kingston, at the head of the St. Lawrence. He was apprised of the abandonment of Maiden on
the fifth. n , , , ...
We are, perhaps, too remote to profit by each others suggestions; but it does not appear to me that Sandwich is
the point at which Proctor will stop, if you pursue him. From Point aux Pins, on Lake Erie, there is a good road,
to Chatham, on the Thames; the distance is not more than twenty-four miles. Were this gained, and travelled
back to Sandwich, the enemy's means of subsistence might be destroyed, and himself compelled to surrender. But,
of the practicability of this, you are the best judge. My opinion is suggested by the map.
The first division of this army sailed two days ago. The second and the reserve follow to-day.
Yours, with great respect,
J. ARMSTRONG.
Major General Harrison.
Extract of a letter from Major General Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Erie, Pennsylvania,
October '21, \QIZ.
" Soon after my letter to you of the 16th instant was written, I was informed that a special messenger, with de-
spatches from you, had left Bass Island in the schooner Chippewa, which had been driven from the mouth of the
Detroit river in a violent storm; and from the circumstance of a quantity of baggage, belonging to the officers, which
■was known to be on board, being found on the lake shore, she was believed to have been lost. As I had nearly com-
pleted the arrangement for a suspension of hostilities with the Indians, although I had no information as to the
movement of the army on Lake Ontario, I determined to embark General M'Arthur's brigade, and the battalion of
the United States' riflemen, and proceed with tliem down the lake, until I could receive some certain information
of the movements of the army under General Wilkinson, and what was expected from me. I arrived here this
morning, with Commodore Perry, in the Ariel, having left the remainder of the fleet at Bass Island. It is probable
they will be here this evening, when we shall immediately proceed to Buffalo."
Extract of a letter from Major General Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Buffalo, New Fork, October 24, 1813.
" I have this moment landed at this place, from on board the schooner Ariel, which is one of the seven vessels
with which I left Detroit, having on board the greater part of M'Arthur's brigade, and the detachment of United
States' rifle regiment, under Colonel Smith. The other vessels are all, I believe, in sight, and will be up in a short
time. The aggregate number of troops with me is about thirteen hundred, but not more than one thousand fit for
duty. Before this reaches you, you will no doubt be informed of the loss of your messenger. Captain Brown, with
the despatches that were entrusted with him. Not having received your directions, and being entirely ignorant of
the state of our military operations in this quarter, I was much at a loss to know how to proceed; but believing that
General Cass with his brigade would be able to secure Detroit, and our adjacent conquests, after having concluded
an armistice with a greater part of the hostile tribes, I concluded that I could not do better than to move down the
lake with the remaining part of the troops- A part of M'Arthur's brigade is still at Bass Island, \vhere they were
left for the want of means of conveyance ; and a considerable portion of their baggage was also left from the same
cause. Means, however, have been taken to collect, and bring them on.
'• I shall move down the troops immediately to Fort George, where I shall await your orders, unless an opportu-
nity should previously occur of striking at the enemy. The information I have received here of the situation and
movements of the enemy, on the head of Lake Ontario, is vague and contradictory."
War Department, Wilna, October 30, 1813.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of yoiir letters of the fifth and of the twenty-fourth instant.
The despatch by Captain Brown, and which'with him was lost in Lake Erie, suggested, as an ulterior movement,
the coming down to the Niagara river, and putting yourself on the right and rear of De Rottenberg's position before
Fort George; while General M'Clure, with his brigade of militia, volunteers, and Indians, should approach them
in front. The enemy seems to have been aware of this, or of some similar movement, as he began his retreat on the
ninth, and did not stop until he had gained the head of Burlington Bay, where I understand, by report, he yet is.
This is his last strong hold in the peninsula. Routed from this, he must surrender, or make his way down Lake
Ontario to Kingston. His force is estimated at twelve or fifteen hundred effectives. The capture or destruction of
this corps would a be glorious Jitmle to your campaign. Our operations in this quarter are but beginning; at a time
when they ought to have ended.
I shall go on slowly towards Utica, where I may have the pleasure of seeing Adjutant General Gaines.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Harrison.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to General Harrison, dated
Boonsville, November 3, 1813.
" I have fortunately met Colonel Gaines on the way to his regiment. The deputy paymaster shall have orders
to attend to the brigade you have brought with you. Captain ButTer will act as your assistant adjutant general, and
shall receive an appointment as such. The officers of the several corps composing your division, (as well those
at Fort George as of General Cass's brigade) not indispensable to the command of the troops now in the field, should
be immediately despatched on the recruiting service. I need not invoke your attention to a subject so important to
the early and successful opening of the next campaign, and to the extent and character of your particular cnmmand.
Will the whole of Cass's brigade be wanted to the westward? In the event of a peace with the savages, a less force
will be suflicient; and to hasten and secure this event, the present moment and present impressions must be seized.
Of the warriors, suing for peace, one or more should be sent by the nearest route, and by the most expeditious
mode, to the Creek Nation. The story of their defeat bj; you, and subsequent abandonment by the British, commu-
nicated by themselves, would probably have a decided effect on their red brethren of the South, and save us the trou-
ble and expense of beating them into a sense of their own interest. When I wrote to you from Wilna, it was doubt-
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 457
ful whether our attack would be made directly upon Kingston or upon Montreal. Reasons exist for our preferring
the latter course, and have probably determined General Wilkinson to go down the St. Lawrence. In this case,
the enemy will have, at Kingston, besides his fleet, a garrison of twelve or fourteen hundred men. Had we not a
corps in the neighborhood, these might do mischief, and even render insecure the winter station of our fleet. To
prevent this it is deemed advisable to draw together, at Sackctt's Harbor, a considerable military force. There are
now at that post between four and five hundred men of all descriptions — sick, convalescent, and effective. Colonel
Scott's detachment (about seven hundred) are on their march thither; and it is barely possible that Col. Randolph's
(not arriving in time to move with the army) may be there also. This does not exceed three hundred and fifty.
M'Arthur's brigade added to these, will make a force entirely competent to our object. To bring this brigade down
the lake you must have the aid of the fleet, which will be readily given by Commodore Chauncey. On this point I
shall write to him, and suggest a communication with you in relation to it.
"This new disposition will render necessary the employment of so many of the militia and volunteers, now in
service under General M'Clure, as you may deem competent to the safekeeping of Forts George and Niagara,
and their dependencies."
Head Quarters, Newark, November 16, 1813.
Sir:
Commodore Chauncey, with the fleet, arrived here yesterday morning, and informed me that he was ready to
receive the troops to convey them down the lake; and that the season was so far advanced, rendering the navigation
dangerous to the smaller vessels, that it was desirable they should be embarked as expeditiously as possible. As
a very small part of the militia and volunteers had arrived, and the situation of Sackett's Harbor appearing to me
to require immediate reinforcement, I did not think proper to take upon myself the responsibility of postponing
the departure of the troops for the lower part of the lake, conformably to the directions contained in your letter of
the third instant.
The information I received yesterday, from two respectable citizens, that were taken near Fort Meigs, in June
last, and who made their escape in an open boat from Burlington, confirms me in the propriety of sending them off.
These men state, the troops were hurrying to Kingston from York as fast as possible. The regulars going down
in boats, and the m,ilitia bringing the latter back-
The troops are now all embarked, and under the command of Colonel Smith, who is an oflicer in whose capacity
and bravery the greatest reliance may be placed.
I shall set out this evening for the seat of Government.
I have the honor to be, with the highest consideration.
Sir, your humble servant,
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Hon. John Armstrong, Esqr. Secretary of War.
CORRESPONDENCE WITH GOVERNOR SHELBY, IN RELATION TO THE NORTHWESTERN CAMPAIGN.
Frankfort, August 1, 1813.
Sir:
A few days ago I was honored with a letter from General Harrison, under date of the 20th ultimo, by his
Aid-de-camp, Major Trimble. In it he says, that " he had just received a letter from the Secretary of War, au-
thorizing him to call from the neighboring States such numbers of militia as he might deem requisite for the ensuing
operations against Upper Canada." In pursuance of that power, he has made aipqu.sition on the Government of
Kentucky for reinforcements, and has referred me to Major Trimble for information, &c. &c. and has, in warm
terms, solicited my taking the field in person. Much delay would have been the inevitable consequence of ordering
out the militia as infantry, in the ordinary mode, by draught. As mounted rolunteers, a competent force can, 1 feel
confident, be easily raised. I have therelore appointed the 31st of this month, at Newport, in this State, for a ge-
neral rendezvous of mounted volunteers.
I have the honor of enclosing, for the information of the President, a copy of my address to the militia of this
State on the occasion.
The prospect of acting efficiently against Upper Canada will, I have no doubt, call forth a large force to our
standard, and they will be immediately marched to the head quarters of the Northwestern army, in such bodies as
will best facilitate their movements; when there they can act as foot or mounted, as circumstances may require.
I shall take great pleasure to hear from the Piesident on this subject, previous to my departure from this place,
and I request the favor of yoii to lay this letter immediately before him lor his consideration, and that you will be
pleased to apprise me of the result by the earliest conveyance.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
ISAAC SHELBY.
The Hon. the Secretary of War.
Red Hook, North River, .August 21, 1813.
Sir: •
I had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letter of the 1st of August, by the Southern mail of yesterday,
and of learning fr()m the War Ortice that a copy of it had been foiuarded to the President lor his consideration and
orders. These will be communicated to your Excellency as promptly as possible.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN ARiM STRONG.
His Excellency the Governor of Kentucky.
Note. — It is imderstood that it was not till the receipt of the above at the War Office, for transmission to Kentucky, that Go-
vernor Shelby's letter was sent to the President.
War Office, September 27, 1813.
Sir:
In the absence of the Secretary of War, I have the honor to inform your Excellency that the President has
been pleased to approve your arrangements, in substituting volunteers lor the detached nnbiia required by General
Harrison.
The term of service for the detachment under your Excellency must depend on the arrangements of the com-
manding general, to whom you are referred for the necessary information relative to their duly, and the points where
your troops will be expected to operate.
It will be proper for your Excellency to keep up a correspondence with General Harrison. This is rendered tlie
more necessary, as the several requisitions which have been ma le by him for volunteers and militia have not been
accurately reported to the IVar Office; and it is possible he may find it advisable to discharge a part of your force
before they reach the frontier.
458 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
In the present critical, period of the campaign, it seems advisable to submit all further arrangements to General
Harrison, under the instructions he has received from the President through the Secretary of War.
With perfect respect, I have the honor to be, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
DANL. PARKER, C. C. War Department.
His Excellency Isaac Shelby, Governor of Kentucky.
CORKESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND MAJOR GENERAL HAMPTON.
September I, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Prevost has gone up to the head of the lake; Yeo has followed him. The object is either to attack Boyd, or io
draw Wilkinson to the west, and spin out the campaign, without either giving or receiving blows of decided char-
acter. In either case, his [Prevost's] rear is manifestly neglected, and we must not lose the advantage he presents
for attacking it. Wilkinson has gone on to Fort George to baffle Prevost, (if the former be his object) and to
bring off the army, should the other be manifestly his intention. If Chauncey beat Yeo, Sir George's case will be des-
perate. This is the pivot on which the issue of the campaign turns.
I am, dear sir, yours, &c.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Camp, near Burlington, September 7, 1813.
Sir:
Your letter of the 1st instant came to hand by express the last evening. My dispositions for a movement had
been shaped to meet the arrangement communicated in my letter of the 31st ultimo; but I called together the heads
of departments this morning to know how far it would be practicable to anticipate that which you had indicated in
your despatch of the 29th, and it was found impracticable.
Learned's regiment has not arrived. The ordnance and fixed ammunition belonging to the artillery were only
to leave Albany on the 5th, and the latter for the infantry is not yet on its way, notwithstanding my order to Major
Bomford, as early as the 12th or 15th of August; and without it I shall be fifty rounds a man short, having now less
than fifty, including those in the cartridge boxes. But what is worse than all, the Quartermaster General's arrange-
ments for the land transportation is shaped to the 20th, and cannot be met at an earlier day.
A descent by water, and direct attack on the Isle aux Noix, is out of the question. It is a place of immense
strength, and cannot be approached but by a decided superiority of naval strength. This Commodore M'Donougli
does not pretend to assume in the narrow waters. He has this morning been explicitly consulted upon that point.
Our approach must be by the Plains of Acadia. I have directed a monthly return to be enclosed. Our strengtn will
be less than 4,000 effectives. Lane and Leonard's regiments have come on, with mumps and measles upon them,
and totally destitute of the least instruction. Too much must not be expected from us. _ All accounts concur in re-
presenting the force of the enemy at more than 5,000, exclusive of three battalions of incorporated militia (twelve
months men) stationed at the Cedars and Cascades, some distance up the St. Lawrence. If any have gone to Kings-
ton, they have been detached from these points. These battalions consist of 400 men each.
1 shall expect information from you respecting the state of things above, but shall not wait a moment for it after
I am ready.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, September 13, 1813.
Sir:
Your letter of the 7th instant has been received. Chauncey probably fought a battle on the 1 1th instant. A heavy
cannonade was distinctly heard at this place for several hours, and a boat from Great Sodus states, that an engage-
ment between the fleets took place oft'Presque Isle, on the northern shore of the lake. (Presque Isle is nearly oppo-
site to Great Sodus.) We are anxiously looking for the result. Had Chauncey been beaten, or so crippled as to
make it neces.sary for him to go into port, we should have seen him here before to-day. His absence and his
silence give us, therefore, an assurance that whatever may have been the issue of the battle, it has not disabled him
from covering the intended movement of the troops.
Our information differs widely from yours as to the strength of the enemy at Montreal and its dependencies. A
deserter from a British detachment of 300 men, moving from Montreal to Kingston, and who left them near the
head of the rapids, came to this post the day before yesterday. He states that the whole regular force near Mon-
treal does not exceed one thousand effectives, and that but three hundred invalids have been left at Quebec. This
agrees with information received through other channels less direct, and perhaps less correct than yours.
From General Wilkinson I have not heard a syllable since his arrival at Fort George, which was on the 4th in-
stant. He must now be on the point of moving.
The 10th and 32d regiments are in march for Plattsburg. The latter was destined for this place, but learning
that it could not leave Philadelphia before the 12th, I have given to it the shorter march and nearer scene of action.
It is much to be regretted that our naval means on Lake Champlain should have fallen so far short of their ob-
ject. To our operations an ascendancy in the narrow parts of the lake is of infinite moment. A well chosen posi-
tion on the plains is the alternative of most promise. It may keep the different corps of the enemy in a state of
separation.
With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Hampton.
Head Quarters, Cumberland Head, September 15, 1813.
Sir:
I have got my forces nearly concentrated at this point; and, with M'Donough's aid, have put a stopper
on the lake, which ensures tranquillity while my preparations are going on. All now depends on the Qurtermaster
General, and I believe he will surmount every obstacle. I shall soon be ready.
I am, &c.
WADE HAMPTON.
Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, September 19, 1813.
Dear General:
Chauncey has chased Yeo round the lake and obliged him to take shelter in Kingston. The Commodore has
now gone up to Fort George to bring down the troops. We are ready at this point to embark. It may, perhaps, be
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 459
the 30tli before our forces will be assembled and in motion. Your movements may of course be sqmewhat delayed;
say to the 25th or 26th.
It is believed in Kingston that Sir George Prevost is about going to Quebec. Will he not stop at Montreal ?
Yours, faithfully,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
General Hampton.
Head Quarters, at Little Chazey, September 22, 1813.
Sir:
At 6 o'clock, P. M. on the 19th, I dropped down with the army from Cumberland Head for the shore nea:'
this place, and landed at 12 o'clock at night, and an hour after had the light corps of the army in motion against the
advanced posts of the enemy — Snelling's command against a post a little over the line, on the lake shore, and Ham-
ilton's against Odletown. The blow was to have been struck at the dawn, and the corps were to unite at the latter
place, twelve miles distant. Both corps were misled by their guides. Snelling finding himself out of his way for
the first point, pushed for the second, and as Hamilton had taken a circuit to get below it, Snelling arrived first and
fell upon the picket in a house, which he killed or took, except two or three, and the main body escaped.
Hamilton ai-rived soon after; the army joined them a little after nine. A ievi desperable Indians continued to
lurk about the distant bushes, and frequently crawled up and fired upon our sentries during the day and the succeed-
ing night.
One was killed on his post in the dark, and two or three others wounded. They were frequently drove oft' and
the thickets scoured, but they continued to hover around as long as we staid. The army had on their backs five
days provisions, and my intention was to push through the wood, remove all obstructions, and repair the roads for
our supplies, artillery, baggage, &c. which was to follow; but an insurmountable difiiculty occurred, which at once
defied all human exertion. Trie drought had been uncommon, and I had some doubts of the practicability of procur-
ing water for the troops, horses, and teams; but the points of Odletown, La Cole, and the river La Cadia were re-
presented to me as a sure resource.
The troops, however, soon dried up the wells and springs of Odletown, and the beds of La Cole and La Cadia
are represented, from an authority not to be questioned, to be dry. The troops began to suffer extremely, and the
few cavalry and artillery horses tnat arrived, were obliged to be sent back to Champlain, a distance of four miles,
for water. The difficulty began to produce efl'ects the most to be dreaded.
It was not a time to hesitate: the general staft' and commanding officers of the corps were called together, and
there was but one voice.
The Chataugay route was adopted. It was circuitous, but afforded water, and was practicable in less time,all
obstructions in the other considered.
The army fell back in the afternoon of the 21st, and encamped at Champlain. The Chataugay road takes ofl' near
this place, and the army will advance on it seven miles this afternoon. The baggage is now advancing on it. I hope
to arrive at Chataugay on the evening of the twenty-fourth. I can from thence join you at any point you may advise
on the St. Lawrence. My object is Cognawaga, opposite to La Chine, about forty miles from Chataugay, and ten
from Montreal. I have my guides, and information I can rely upon. This position will present three points. If I
do not hear from you I can take either, or hold fast, as circumstances shall indicate.
My first movement was unexpected to the enemy; must draw him into some confusion; and will pass as a feint
so soon as he hears of iny route to Chataugay. My force is less numerous than I expected. It is raw, and of a de-
scription that will be forever falling oft'. AH 1 can say is, it shall have all the capacity I can give it.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
P. S. Since writing 1 find that all the corps cannot leave this ground before morning, and that it will be the
25th before we reach Chataugay.
W. H.
The Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, September 25, 1813.
Sir :
Your letter of the 22d instant was delivered to me last night. Commodore Chauncey left this place on the
18th, in the intention of running up to Fort George, and covering the transportation of the troops from that point to
this. On the twenty-first he had not arrived there; the eft'ect, I suppose, of adverse winds. This circumstance will
necessarily bring after it a delay in the execution of our joint operations, and will indicate the propriety of your not
advancing beyond Malone, or the Four Corners, until you have advice of our movement. The distance from this
place to Malone is about one hundred and thirty miles. An express can reach you in thirty hours, and will, of
course, enable you to gain the village of Cognawaga as early as may be proper. You will give such direction to the
militia corps assembling or assembled at Plattsburg as you may think most advisable.
I am, sir, very I'espectfully, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major Gen. Hampton.
Head Quarters, Pomeroy's,
Thirteen miles from Chataugay, Sept. 25, 1813.
Sir: _ _
I had this morning, at three o'clock, the honor to receive your letter of the 19th, and finding so much time
on my hands, the idea has occurred, that a great advantage may arise from a closer view of our means, and the
clearest possible concert and understanding in their application. Of every matter and thing, relating to mine.
Col. Atkinson will give you as full an idea as if you had been with me for the last five days- When you shall have
reflected fully upon them, my arrangements and ideas, your indications can be made with more precision and con-
fidence.
The perfect rawness of the troops, with the exception of not a single platoon, has been a source of much solici-
tude to the best informed among us. This solicitude has not been removed by the first experiment. Every thing
was done, to be sure, that ought to have been done; but not in that style which the example of a Snelling, a Hamil-
ton, &c. ought to have inspired in the movements of even the light corps. We want a little more mercury, in the
ranks, at least. Can you not let me have the first dragoons, and one more veteran battalion? At all events let me
have Hane and Haig, that I may have their local as well as their constitutional ardor.
But the great object of this letter is, a full and distinct view and understanding on both sides. All I need sa.y
is, that whatever part shall be assigned to me, in the general plan, shall be executed to the utmost extent of my abi-
lity and power.
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,
W. HAMPTON.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
460 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Extract of a letter Jrotn the Secretary of War to Major General Hampton, dated
War Department, September 28, 1813.
" The position you iiave taken is better calculated to keep up the enemy's doubts, with regard to your real poiot
of attack, than any other. Hold it fast till we approach you. Tn the present state of the campaign we ought to run
no risks by separate attacks, when combined ones are practicable and sure. Had you been able to have broken down
the head of their defences, and seized the bank of the St. Johns, at the Rapids, you would have bothered his knight-
ship considerably; but, on the whole, the western movement is to be preferred; because in it there is safety and
concert, and, in the mean time, enough to render his attention to different points necessary, and of course to keep his
forces in a state of division.
" The moment the enemy left the upper parts of the Chesapeake, I ordered Pickens, with his battalion of the
tenth, to join you. A battalion of the thirty-second has similar orders."
Head Quarters, Chataugay, October 4, 1813.
Dear Sir:
No change of importance in iny affairs has occurred since my last, by Colonel Atkinson; but, as there are seve-
ral of minor consideration, I have judged that a detailed view of them might be of some use, at the moment of your
arranging, with our commanding general, the main case of the proposed operations.
The road to Plattsburg will be completed to-day, and is a perfect turnpike. The artillery, consisting of eight
six-pounders, one twelve, and one howitzer, tolerably appointed* and found, is arrived. I have but a small stock of
provisions on hand, but have the most pointed assurance from Colonel Thomas, the Quartermaster General, that a
supply of sixty days of bread and flour will arrive, at once, in the course of three or four days. I have only from
forty to fifty rounds of musket cartridges with me, but this convoy will make the supply an hundred, and give to
the artillery all it requires in reserve. The supply of salted provisions will not exceed one-fourth of the proportion
of flour; but we have, and can have, an unlimited supply of good beef cattle. Brigadier General Parker is at Platts-
burg, hastening my supplies, and presiding over some arrangements that were thought necessary. I have directed
the commencement of a petty ivar, or invasion of the lines, at and near Lake Champlain, by Colonel Clark, who has
some volunteers, and Brigadier General Fasset, (our colonel) who has, at my instance, called out his brigade of mi-
litia. The latter, I understand, turn out but badly; but they will make, together, I suppose, from six hundred to a
thousand men. There has been inculcated by the artifices of the British, a shameful and corrupt neutrality on the
lines, for the purpose of gain. I have directed these officers to break the truce. And, should other means fail, to
act the part of the mischievous urchin, who, to get two peaceable tabbies at ''^making- the fur fly," held them up to-
gether by the tail. To be serious, it is really time each individual shall take his side, and that traitors to either
should meet their due reward. What I am aiming at, however, is tranquillity on the road, by kicking up a dust on
the lines. It will also create a division at a proper point. Of Hopkins's militia, but about two hundred and fifty have
arrived, and not more than fifty or sixty of them have consented to pass the line. Such as refused. General Par-
ker was authorized to keep on the lines below, and to excite all the alarm he could, with them and the Vermonters.
The change of habit has produced more sickness among my raw soldiers than I expected. I believe the number
has accumulated at this place to three hundred, and I am afraid will increase. The enemy is in considerable
force, about twelve or fourteen miles distant. He made an attack on one of my out-posts, with three or four hun-
dred regulars, and as many Indians, on the afternoon of the first instant, but he fell into bad hands. He found
Snelling well posted with his own and Wool's corps. The attack was made with the Indians, and the regulars lay
in ambush. But Snelling dashed upon them with such rapidity upon their flanks, that they all scampered away to-
gether. Lieutenant Nash, of the thirty-tliird regiment, and one man, were killed, and one wounded. If the Indians
lost any, they carried them off.
The Indians still hover about us, and shoot at our sentries. The St. Regis people are poor d — Is.
I have written in much haste, and have neither time for correction nor copying. You must take it for better or for
worse. I will only entreat you to regard it in any other light rather that of an official communication. You may,
however, no less rely upon all the information it conveys.
I am, sir, very respectfully and truly, your most obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
■ The Hon. John Armstrong.
Head Quarters, Chataugay, October 12, 1813.
Dear Sir:
My solicitude to know your progress, and the real state of the grand army, is extreme. It is, perhaps, not
less necessary for both, that I should be constantly informed. Implicit faith, cordiality, and concert, ought to unite
our efforts. These have formed the basis of our exertions so far, and promises, more than our numbers, the result
so much desired. I have no reference to individuals; but to the heart of every man. The point and movement of
our junction is all important: and that, and not the moment of my departure from hence, ought to be indicated; be-
cause I ought to be the best judge of the tiine necessary to surmount the obstacles in the way. Between this and
Cognawaga, much work on the road is necessary, and I ought to advance upon it two or three days earlier than
might be judged necessary on a smooth and solid road. By seizing and holding strong positions in my front, the
work could progress in my rear, without incurring risk, until I arrived within a striking distance. You have said
"hold fast," and it might be considered precipitate to advance before I hear, at least, that the Rubicon is passed
above. These are points for your consideration, and those with you who guide the general movement. You have
not sent me the two hundred mounted dragoons. Their presence, on ground the possession of which I do not de-
spair of gaining, added to a force of four thousand effective infantry, and a well appointed train, ought to inspire you
with some reliance upon our army, new as it is. High pretensions have been avoided; but the moment has arrived
when it is, perhaps, necessary for us to be estimated at as much as we are worth.
The tenth is at hand, and is included in the estimate. It is believed the militia may serve for escorts to what'
must follow us.
Colonel Clark is carrying on his small war, on the lines, with all the effect contemplated. The enemy's motley
force have every where nearly disappeared. He is concentrating, no doubt, on points in my way, or on the river.
I nave the honor to be, sir, very respectfully and truly, your obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
The Hon. General Armstrong, Secretary of War.
We had an intelligent deserter of the regiment of Canadian fencibles. He states the enemy's force near us, at
three thousand men; but, when put to the detail, gave it as follows:
Thirteenth regiment — two flank companies and part of a battalion, - - - 300 men.
Muron's French regiment, two flank companies, ----- 200
Canadian fencibles. Colonel Robinson, ------ 150
Colonel Shaburry's command, voltigeurs, and Indians, and some fencibles, - - 700
Two battalions of incorporated militia, ------ 750
The whole commanded by Colonel Williams, - - - - 2,100
Sir George had gone along to Montreal. He brought down thirty-six boats and about six hundred troops, includ-
ed in the above.
]814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 4Qi
Sackett's Harbor, October 16, 1813.
Dear General:
Your favor of the twelfth ultimo has beeu handed to me by Major Parker. The Niagara division has been
slow in its movements. It has at length reached Henderson's harbor, and moves this day to Grenadier Island, whi
ther the division here ismovin" also. From this point (Grenadier Island) we take our departure either for Kingston, or
for Montreal. The enemy broke up his positions before Fort George on the ninth, burned his surplus stores, arms,
&c. and moved rapidly for Burlington Bay, which he reached on the eleventh instant. Advices from the Bay of
Canti state that he is coming down to Kingston, and that his sick and convalescent, to the number of one thousand
two hundred, had already arrived there. He will bring with him about one thousand five hundred etfectives, and,
thanks to the storm and our snail-like movements down the lake, they will be there before we can reach it. The
manceuvre intended is lost, so far as regards Kingston. What we now do against that place must be done by
hard blows, and at some risk. The importatice of the object may, however, justify the means. In the other case,
(an immediate descent of the St. Lawrence) the army will make its way to the Isle Perrot, whence we shall imme-
diately open a communication with you. Under these circumstances you will approach the mouth of the Chateaugay,
or other point which shall better favor our junction, and hold the enemy in check. Your known vigilance and skill
make it unnecessary to suggest any measures of precaution against the enterprises of the enemy, while you remain
within stroke of him. The dragoons will pass the St. Lawrence near the Coteau de lac.
Yours, &c.
Major General Hampton. JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Head Quarters, Four Corners, November 1, 1813.
Sir:
On the morning of the 21st ultimo the army commenced its movement down the Chateaugay, for the purpose
of placing itself in a situation which would enable it to fulfil its part of the proposed combined operations on the
St Lawrence.
An extensive wood of eleven or twelve miles in front, blocked up with felled timber, and covered by the Indians
and light troops of the enemy, was a serious impediment to the arduous task of opening a road for the artillery and
stores. Brigadier General Izard, with the light troops and one regiment of the line, was detached early in the morn-
ing to turn these impediments in flank, and to seize on the more open country below, while the army, preceded by
a strong working party, advanced on a more circuitous but practicable route for a road. The measure, as will be
seen by the report of Brigadier General Izard, which I have the honor to enclose, completely succeeded, and the
main body of the army reached the advanced position on the evening of the 22d. The 23d and 24:th were employed
in completing the road and getting up the artillery and stores.
I had arranged, at my departure, under the direction of Major Parker, a line of communication as far up the Sf-
Lawrence as Ogdensburg, for the purpose of hastening to me the earliest notice of the progress of our army down.
I had surmounted twenty-four miles of the most difficult part of the route, and had in advance of me seven miles of
open country, but, at the end of that distance, commenced a wood of some miles in extent, which had been formed
into an entire abbatis,and tilled by a succession of wooden breastworks, the rearmost of which were supplied with
ordnance. In front of these defences vvere placed the Indian force and light corps of the enemy, and in the rear all
his disposable force. As the extent of this force depended upon his sense of danger on the St Lawrence, it was a
cause of regret that all communication from yourself or Major Parker seemed to be at an end. As it was, however,
believed that the enemy was hourly adding to his strength in this position, if free from apprehension of danger from
above, an effiirt was judged necessary to dislodge him, and, if it succeeded, we should be in possession of a position
which we could hold as long as any doubts remained of what was passing above, and of the real part to be assign-
ed us.
Our guides assured us of a shoal and practicable fording place, opposite the lower flank of the enemy's defences,
and that the wood on the opposite side of the river, a distance of seven or eight miles, was practicable for the pas-
sage of the troops. Colonel Purdy, with the light corps, and a strong body of infantry of the line, was detached at
an early hour of the night of the 25th, to gain this ford by the morning, and to commence his attack in rear, and that
was to be the signal for the army to fall on in front, and it was believed the pass might be carried, before the enemy's
distant troops could be brought forward to its support.
I had returned to my quarters from Purdy's column, about 9 o'clock at night, when I found a Mr. Baldwin, of
the Quartermaster General's department, who put into my hands an open paper, containinginstructions to him from
the Quartermaster General, respecting the building of huts for the army in the Chateaugay, below the line. This
paper sunk my hopes, and raised serious doubts of receiving that efficacious support which had been anticipated. I
would have recalled the column, but it was in motion, and the darkness of the night rendered it impracticable. 1
could only go forward. The army was put in motion on the morning of the 26th, leaving its baggage, &c. on the
ground of encampment.
On advancing near the enemy, it was found that the column on the opposite side was not so far advanced as had
been anticipated. The guides had misled it, and finally failed in finding the ford. We could not communicate with
it, but only waited the attack below. About two o'clock the firing commenced, and our troops advanced rapidly to
the attack. The enemy's light troops commenced a sharp fire, but Brigadier General Izard advanced with his bri-
gade, drove him every where behind his defences, and silenced the fire in his front. This brigade would have pushed
forward as far as courage, skill, and perseverance, could have carried it; but, on advancing, it was found that the
firing had commenced on the opposite side, and the ford had not been gained.
Ihe enemy retired behind his defences, but a renewal of his attack was expected, and the troops remained some
time in their position to meet it. The troops on the opposite side were excessively fatigued. The enterprise had
failed in its main point, and Colonel Purdy was ordered to withdraw his column to a shoal four or five miles above,
and cross over. The day was spent, and General Izard was ordered to withdraw his brigade to a position three
miles in the rear, to which place the baggage had been ordered forward.
The slowness and order with which General Izard retired with his brigade, could but have inspired the enemy
with respect. They presumed not to venture a shot at him during his movement; but the unguardedness of some
part of Purdy's command exposed him to a rear attack from the Indians, which was repeated after dark, and exposed
him to some loss. These attacks were always repelled, and must have cost the enemy as many lives as we lost.
Our entire loss of killed, wounded, and missing, does not exceed fifty. In its new position, within three miles of
the enemy's post, the army encamped on the night of the 26th, and remained until 12 o'clock of the 28lh. All the
deserters, of whom there were four, having concurred in the information that Sir George Prevost, with three other
general officers, had arrived with the whole of his disposable force, and lay in the rear of these defences, and a letter
from Major Parker (by express received on the evening of the 26th) having informed me that no movements of our
army down the St. Lawrence had been heard of at Ogdensburg, and for some distance above, the following questions
were submitted to the commanding ofiicers of brigades, regiments, and corps, and the heads of the general staff, in
a council convened for [the purpose: "Is it advisable, under existing circumstances, to renew the attack on the
enemy's position, and, if not, what position is it advisable for the arm;^ to take, until it can receive advices of the
advance of the grand [army down the St. Lawrence?" The opinion of the council was expressed in the following
words:
" It is the unanimous opinion of this council, that it is necessary, for the preservation of this army and the fulfil-
ment of the ostensible views of the Government, that we immediately return by orderly marches to such a position
(Chateaugay) as will secure our communications with the United States, either to retire into winter quarters, or
be ready to strike below." In pursuance ot this opinion, the army has returned by slow marches to this place, and
59 m
462 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1851.
now awaits the orders of the Government. Its condition will be stated by the bearer, Colonel King, who can give
you upon every point, more full and perfect information than could be contained in a written detail.
1 have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Head Quarters of the Army, District No. 9,
Seven miles above Ogdensburgh, November 6, 1813, in the evening.
I address you at the special instance of the Secretary of War, who, by bad roads, worse %veather, and ill
health, was diverted from meeting me near this place, and determined to tread back his steps to Washington from
Antwerp, on the 29th ultimo.
I am destined to, and determined on, the attack oHMontreal, if not prevented by some act of God; and, to give
security to the enterprise, the division under your command must co-operate vvith the corps under my immediate
orders. The point of rendezvous is the circumstance of greatest interest to the issue of this operation, and the dis-
tance which separates us, and my ignorance of the practicability of the direct or devious roads or routes on which
you must march, make it necessary that your own judgment sliould determine that point. To assist you in forming
the soundest determination, and to take the most prompt and effectual measures, I can only inform you of my inten-
tions and'situation in one or two respects of first importance. I shall pass Prescott to night, because the stage of the
season will not allow me three days to take it; I shall cross the cavalry at Hambledon, which will not require a day,
and shall then press forward and break down every obstruction to the confluence of this river with Grand river, there
to cross to the isle Perrot, and with my scows to bridge the narrow inner channel, and thus obtain foothold on Mon-
treal island, at about twenty miles from the city; after which, our artillery, bayonets, and swords, must secure our
triumph, or provide us honorable graves. Enclosed you have a memorandum of my field and battering train, pretty
well found in fixed ammunition, which may enable you to dismiss your own, but we are deficient in loose powder
and musket cartridges, and therefore hope you may be abundantly found. On the subject of provisions, I wish
I could give as favorable information; our whole stock of bread may be computed at about fifteen days, and our
meat at twenty. In speaking on this subject to the Secretary of War, he informed me that ample magazines were
laid up on Lake Champlain, and, therefore, I must request you to order forward two or three months' supply, by the
safest route, in a direction to the proposed scene of action. I have submitted the state of our provisions to my ge-
neral officers, who unanimously agree that it should not prevent the progress of the expedition, and they also agree
in opinion that, if you are not in force to face the enemy, you should meet us at St. Regis or its vicinity.
1 shall expect to hear from, if not to see you, at that place, on the 9th or 10th instant,
And have the honor to be, respectfully, &c.
JAMES WILKINSON.
To Major General W. Hampton, 4'C-
P. S. I was preparing an express, which I should have despatched to-morrow, but for the fortunate call of
Colonel King.
A copy-
JOHN HOOMES, Aid-de-camp.
Head Quarters, Four Corners, November 8, 1813.
I had the honor to receive, at a late hour last evening, by Colonel King, your communication of the 6th, and
was deeply impressed with the sense of responsibility it imposed, of deciding upon the means of our co-operation.
The idea, suggested as the opinion of your oflicers, of effecting the junction at St. Regis, was most pleasing, as
being the most inunediate, until I came to the disclosure of the amount of your supplies of provision. Colonel At-
kinson will explain the reasons that would have rendered it impossible for me to have brought more than each man
could have carried upon his back; and, when I reflected that, in throwing myself upon your scanty means, I should
be weakening you in your most vulnerable point, 1 did not hesitate to adopt the opinion, after consulting the general
and principal ofticers, that, by throwing myself back on my main depot, where all the means of transportation had
gone, and falling upon the enemy's flank, and straining every eftbrt to open a communication from Plattsburgh to
Cognawaga, or any other point you may indicate on the St. Lawrence, I should more effectually contribute to your
success than by the junction at St. Regis.
f The way is, in many places, blockaded and abbatised, and the road impracticable for wheels during wmter; but,
by the employment of pack horses, if I am not overpowered, I hope to be able to prevent your starving.
I have ascertained, and witnessed, the plan of the enemy is to burn and consume every thing in our advance.
My troops and other means will be described to you by Colonel Atkinson. Besides their rawness and sickliness,
they have endured fatigues, equal to a winter campaign, in the late snows and bad weather, and are sadly dispirited,
and fallen off; but, upon this subject, I must refer you to Colonel Atkinson.
With these means, what can be accomplished by human exertion I will attempt, with a mmd devoted to the ge-
neral objects of the campaign. ^ HAMPTON.
To Major General Wilkinson-
A copy.
JOHN HOOMES, Aid-de-camp.
Head Quarters, Plattsburg, November 12, 1813.
Sir:
I have the honor to enclose the copy of a letter I have received fiom General Wilkinson, and of my reply.
The forage at Chateaugay had been neariy consumed before the expedition down the river; and, in the return of
the army, enough only could be found to subsist the horses and teams two or three days- All accounts concurred
in the report, that General Wilkinson had not commenced his operations against Kingston, and that no descent
down the river was intended. Hence, the necessity for sending off the cavalry, artillery, and provision teams, to
Plattsburg, for subsistence; and hence also, the impossibility of a junction at St. Regis with no more proyismns than
must have been consumed on the march to that place. General Wilkinson had no spare transportation tor us; and
the junction would have reduced the stock of provisions to eight or ten days for the whole. The alternative was
a.donted umiev the impiession oi' absohite necessity.
The army has approached on this route to the road leading to Chazy, a few miles from the lines, where 1 shall
join it to-night. I can only repeat what I said in my letter to General Wilkinson, "that what can be accomplished
by human exertion shall be attempted, to meet the objects of the campaign." But I should be uncandid not to own
that many circumstances are unpropitious. The force is dropping oft' by latigue and sickness to a most alarming ex-
tent. My returns yesterday report the eftectives at little more than half their original state at Chateaugay; and, what
is more discouraging, the officers, with a few honorable exceptions, are sunk as low as the soldiers, and endure hard-
ship and privation as badly. In a word, since the show, produced by clothing, movements, &c. has worn off, all have
assumed their native rawness. Fatigue and suffering from the weather have deprived them of that spirit wliich coii-
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 453
stituted my best hopes. What confidence can the best officer (and I have a few surpassed by none) feel, under such
circumstances? It is painful to hold up to you this picture, but it is but too faithfully drawn.
The Quartermaster General has been ordered to procure, on hire, 400 wagons, and I shall attempt to open a com-
munication on the direct route from the town of Chaniplain. Success, under the circumstances I have mentioned,
must depend upon the efforts and force opposed to me. The demonstration, however, can but produce a partial
good.
On the route I took, the enemy burnt and consumed every thing before him, and this I understand to be his ge-
neral plan. If the same course precede the advance of General Wilkinson, and my feeble force should be foiled,
the consequences are much to be dreaded. But the Rubicon is now passed, and all that remains is to push for the
Capitol.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
W. HAMPTON.
General John Armstrong, Secretary of TVar.
Extract of a letter from Major General Hampton to the Secretary of War, dated
Chazey, November 15, 1813.
" I have the honor to enclose you the copy of a letter I received the last evening from General Wilkinson, by
Colonel Atkinson, whom I had sent to him for the purpose of settling the plan of our proposed joint operations.
Of the consistency of this letter with that of the 6th instant, and my answer, or of the insinuation it contains, I shall
say nothing. Upon so plain a case, and an attempt so unworthy the occasion, common sense will afford every ex-
planation I could wish. I shall make the necessary arrangements for placing the troops in winter quarters, and com-
mence my journey to the southward."
Head Quarters, near Cornwall, U, C. November 18, 1813.
Sir:
I this day had the honor to receive your letter of the 8th instant, by Colonel Atkinson, and want language to
express my sorrow for your determination not to join the division under your command with the troops under my
immediate orders.
As such resolution defeats the grand objects of the campaign in this quarter, which, before the receipt of yout let-
ter, were thought to be completely within our power, no suspicion being entertained that you would decline the junc.
tion directed, it will oblige us to take post at the French Mills, on Salmon river, or in their vicinity, for the winter^
I have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,
J. WILKINSON.
Major General Hampton.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND MAJOR GENERAL WILKINSON.
[Submitted to the President by the Secretary of War, on the 23d JiJy, and comniunicated to General Wilkinson on the 5tli of Au.
gust, 1813.]
The time at which we have reason to expect an ascendancy on Lake Ontario has arrived. If our hopes on that
head be fulfilled, though but for a short period, we must avail ourselves of the circumstance, to give to the campaign
a new and increased activity.
For this purpose our forces on the Ontario should be concentrated, because neither section of them, as they are
now divided, is competent to any great object.
The point of concentration is more doubtful:
1st. If at Fort George, our utmost success can but give us the command of the peninsula, which, if General Har-
rison succeeds against Maiden, will be of diminished interest, both to us and to the enemj': to us, because Maiden
vnW more completely cover our western frontier, and control the savages, than Forts George and Erie : to the enemy,
because. Maiden lost, our inroad upon the peninsula" will but \\a.\Bt\\e. (S&ctoi shortening, not oi dividing, the.
enemy's line of operations; in a word, success at this point will not give to the campaign a character oi decisive ad-
vantage.
2d. If, on the other hand, we make Sackett's Harbor the point of concentration, Kingston may become the ob-
ject of our attack, which, by the way, will but be returning to the original plan of campaign prescribed to General
Dearborn. This place is of much importance to the enemy, and will no doubt be defended by him with great ob-
stinacy, and with all the resources which can be safely drawn from other points. That it may be taken by a joint
application of our naval and military means is not, however, to be questioned. The enclosed diagram will show the
number and character of the enemy's defences. His batteries on No. 1 cannot be sustained but by his fleet. These
carried, he is open to a descent at No. 2 and 3. If he divides his force between both, we oppose one half of his
strength with the whole of ours. If he concentrates at No. 2, we seize No. 3, and command both the town and
the shipping. If he concentrates at No. 3, we occupy No. 2, and with nearly the same results.
Cotemporary witli this movement, another may be made on the side of Lake Champlain, indicating an intention
of attacking Montreal and its dependencies, and really attacking them, if, to save Kingston, these posts have been
materially weakened.
3d. Another and different operation, to which our means are competent, would be a movement from Sackett's
Harbor to Madrid, on the St. Lawrence. At this place the river may be most easily crossed. The ground opposite
to it is a narrow bluff, skirted by the river on one side, and a swamp of great extent and of difficult passage on the
other. This gained and/ortified, our fleet continuing to command the water line from the head of the river to Ogdens-
burgh, and Lake St. Francis occupied with a few gun boats and barges, the army may march against Montreal, in
concert with General Hampton. The only natural difficulty to the execution of this plan would be presented by a
branch of the Grand river, which must be crossed; but at this season, though deep, it is believed to be fordable.
Under the preceding supposition, it is respectfully submitted, whether it will not be most advisable to make
Sackett's Harbor the point of concentration, and leave to the commanding general an election (to be determined
by circumstances) between the two plans suggested under the second and third heads.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Approved and adopted, 23d July, 1813.
Washington, August 6, 1813.
I have examined the projects of the campaign, intended for the past and ensuing stages of it, on the side of
Canada, which you put into my hands yesterday. The novelty of the subject to me, and the pressure of time, will
prevent the deliberate consideration of it which its importance merits; and therefore I shall confine myself to a few
brief obsei-vations touching the project of the 23d ult.
1st. If we command Lake Ontario (without which the project is impracticable) and our force be competent to
carry Kingston, the incorporation of our troops should take place at Sackett's Harbor, and the attack be made as
promptly as possible.
464 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
2d. On the contrary, should our combined disposable force be deemed incompetent to the certain and speedy re-
duction of Kingston, then it may be preferable to strengthen our force at Fort George, cut up the British force in
that quarter, destroy the Indian establishments, and (should General Harrison fail in his objects) march a detach-
ment to capture Maiden.
While these operations are pending, a bold feint or provisional attack on Montreal, by Major General Hampton,
will certainly call Sir George Pievost to that place; and it is presumable that, seeing our movements directed to-
wards Erie, he may carry his best troops with him from Kingston.-
These suggestions spring from my desire to hazard as little as possible in the outset, and to secure infallibly
whatever may be attempted, with the intention to increase our own confidence, to diminish that of the enemy, and
to popularise the war.
After our operations on the peninsula have been closed, we may raze the works there under your provision, leave
our settlements on the strait in tranquillity, and like lightning must direct our whole force against Kingston; and
having reduced that place, and captured the shipping, we may descend the stream, and form a junction with the
column of General Hampton in the neighborhood of Montreal, should the lateness of the season permit, by which all
our movements, after the conquest of Upper Canada, must be governed.
To give General Hampton's movements a menacing aspect, and to enable him to profit by events, he should take
with him a heavy train of battering cannon and mortar pieces, which will be found indispensable in the attack of
Montreal; and to weaken that place, and to favor a protracted season, I would advise that a heavy column of mili-
tia or volunteers, if engaged for three months only, should be put in motion from the vicinity of Lake Memphra-
magog, to descend the river St. Francis, and take post on the right bank of Lake St. Petre, with a battering train of
travelling carriages, organized and equipped either to keep post or retire when the season or other circumstances
should render expedient.;
Before I close this letter, I will beg leave to call your attention to several specific points, on which I require in-
formation and authority, vvhich I deem essential to the salutary discharge of the high and solemn trust about to de-
volve upon me.
1st. A copy of the instructions to Major General Hampton, for my government in the correspondence to ensue
between us.
2d. Shall I be allowed a private secretary, which is necessary, and of right belongs to the command on which I
am about to enter?
3d. I require permission to take for my aids-de-camp such officers as are best fitted to discharge the important
duties of the station.
4th. 1 ask authority (or is it understood that I possess it) to supply every defect of the munitions of war and
transport, by land or water, by means of the authorized agents.
5tri. 1 entreat that ample funds may be deposited in proper hands, to give eifect to the department of intelligence,
without which the chief will find himself hoodwinked.
6th. I trust no order, of whatever nature, will be passed to any officerunder my command, but through my hands.
This is not only necessary to the regular conduct of the public service, but it is vitally essential to the preservation
of sound subordination, and is conformable to the rules of the service in all armies, inasmuch as he who is responsi-
ble for all should have the control of all.
7th. I hope I may be expressly authorized to detach from my command all persons who may manifest a temper
or disposition to excite discontents, to generate factions, or embitter the service. This is indispensable to put down
seditious spirits, and to harmonize the corps.
8th. Should we move against Kingston in the first instance, the withdrawal of our force from Fort George will
enable the enemy to re-occupy that point, and for a brief period to harass our frontier on that strait. May not the
militia or a body of volunteers be called forth to relieve the regular troops at that place, and prevent discontents and
complaints?
9th. For the maintenance of the necessary authoiity of the chief, it is hoped the Secretary of War will decline
and Ibrbid all correspondence with his subordinate officers, except in cases of personal grievance.
JOth. I beg to be advised of the means of communication between our military positions, and particularly from
Sackett's Harbor to Burlington, which should be rapid and infallible.
11th. I ask authority to equip the whole of our horse artillery, and to mount the whole of our dragoons, because
these arms will be found all important in every combat vvhich may ensue.
A serious impression of the dread responsibility which awaits me, and a correct sense of the public expecta-
tion which accompanies me, must be my apology for giving you so much trouble.
With perfect respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
JA. WILKINSON.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
War Department, August 8th, 1813.
Sib:
I have given to your observations of the 6th instant all the consideration they so justly merit.
The main objection to any plan which shall carry our operations wide of Kingston and westv^ard of it, is, that, in
the event of its success, it leaves the strength of the enemy unbroken; it but wounds the tail of the lion, and of
course is not calculated to hasten the termination of the war, either by increasing our own yigor, or by diminishing that
of the enemy. Kingston is the great depot of his resources; and so long as he retains this, and keeps open his com-
munication with the sea, he will not want the means of multiplying his naval and other defences, and of reinforcing
or renewing the war in the west. Kingston, therefore, as well on grounds of policy as of military principle, pre-
sents the /trs< and great object of the campaign.
There are two ways of approaching this; by dii'ect or by indirect attack: by breaking down the enemy's bat-
talions and forcing his works, or by seizing and obstructing' the line of his communication, and thus drying up the
sources by which he is nourished and maintained. Circumstances must govern in choosing between these different
modes. Were our assembled land and naval forces competent to the object, a direct attack would, no doubt, be the
shorter and better way; but if, on the contrary, our strength be inferior, or hardly equal to that of the enemy, the
indirect attack must be preferred. These considerations have suggested the third plan, to be found in my note of
the 23d ultimo. To give execution to this, I would collect my force at the head of the St. Lawrence, make every
demonstration of attacking Kingston, proceed rapidly down the river, seize the northern bank at the village of
Hamilton, leave a corps to fortify and to hold it, march upon Montreal with the main body, effect there a junction
with Hampton, and take a position which shall enable you to secure what you gain. On this plan, the navy would
perform its part by occupying the mouth of the river, and preventing a pursuit by water; by clearing the river of the
armed boats of the enemy; by holding with its own the passage of Hamilton, and by giving support to that position.
If the enemy pursues, it must be by land, without subsistence, (excepting what he carries on his back) and without
artillery. If lie remains stationary, his situation must soon become even more serious, as the country in which he is
cannot long subsist him. It will then but remain for him to fight his way to Quebec, to perish in the attempt, or to
lay down his arms. After this exposition, it is unnecessary to add, that, in conducting the present campaign, you
will make Kingston your primary object, and that you will choose (as circumstances may warrant) between a direct
and indirect attack upon that post. '
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson, Commanding Jnstrict No. 9.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 465
War Department, August 9, 1813.
Sir:
In answer to that part of your letter of the 6th instant which calls lor intormation, &c. on certain enumerat-
ed points, I have the honor to state:
1st. That General Hampton's instructions go only to assemble and organize his division at Burlington. It is in-
tended that he shall operate cotemporarily with you, and under your orders, in the prosecution of the plan of
campaign which has been given to you.
2d. The senior Major General, commanding the principal army, is entitled to the services of a private secretary.
3d. The ordnance and other departments of supply, within the district (No. 9) are subject of course to your orders.
4th. The Quartermaster General of the army will supply the funds for secret service.
5th. All orders to subordinate ofiicers pass from the War Department to the Adjutant General, to be communicat-
ed by him to the General commanding the district in which such subordinate officer may serve.
6th. No specific permission is necessary for removing factious or disorderly men. All such will probably become
subjects of the confidential reports to be made by Inspectors. To detach such men from one district to another
is only shifting the evil; the better way is to report them for dismission.
7th. If the corps at Fort George be recalled, the works should be razed, or occupied by a force competent to hold
it against an assault. There is a corps of militia and volunteers (to whom the Six Nation Indians have asso-
ciated themselves) at Black Rock, which may be kept in service. They are commanded by General Porter and
Mr. Parrish. [See the confidential letter of General Porter, enclosed.]
8th. The Secretary of War will decline and forbid all improper communications, and particularly such as may bear
any color of insubordination.
9th. Besides the ordinary mode of communication, by mail, expresses may be employed in extraordinary cases.
10th. The dragoon and light artillery corps shall be made efiicient. Horses may be bought for both. An officer
from each corps should be directed to superintend the purchases. Price (average) not to exceed one hundred
and twenty dollars.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson, Commanding the Northern Army.
Sackett's Harbor, August 21, 1813.
Sir:
I arrived here yesterday: my machinery is in motion, and I have strong hopes of giving the change to Sir
George, which will lead directly to the object of first importance.
Commodore Chauncey is in port here, and his antagonist. Sir James Yeo, at Kingston. In the late interviews
between these naval commanders, the first has zealously sought a combat, which the latter has cautiously avoided;
the superiority on the lake, therefore, remains still to be settled; but I have Cliauncey's assurance for it, and place
much confidence in his word. It is obviously Sir James's plan to decline a conflict, but on what ground I cannot
determine.
Our schooner here will be equipped and manned by Wednesday, and I shall sail with the squadron for Fort George
probably the day after; I am endeavoring to draw Sir George alter me; but whether I succeed in this attempt or
not, should our men and means answer report, and Heaven favor me, I will be in possession of Kingston, or below
that place, on the 26th proximo.
Major General Hampton must not budge until eveiy thing is matured in this quarter, and we have either got
possession of Kingston, or have cut its communication with Montreal, of which I siiall give him seasonable advice,
via Plattsburg, where I shall calculate on his arrival, the 20th of the ensuing month, completely equipped for a
forward movement. If he changes his position, and shows his column west of the lake sooner, it may carry Sir
George to Montreal, and produce precautions which might otherwise be neglected until too late for any salutary eft'ect.
The militia called forth by Governor Tompkins, of which, by the by, you gave me no information, should not be
arrayed before he hears from me, at Fort George, because the assembly of such a body would increase the alarm,
and put all Canada in counter motion, while incidents, beyond the control of man, may intervene to procrastinate
my movements, and thus baffle the effects of the proposed co-operation, on the side of Vermont: should a corps of
militia be drawn from thence, no movement should be made by them until General Hampton has crossed Cham-
plain.
It would be highly interesting to the public service, and extremely acceptable to me, to see you at Niagara, from
whence, should I find it practicable, it is my intention to commence my movement down the lake, about die 15th of
the next month; the best possible disposition for the safety of that frontier, and for the security of the vast mass of
ordnance and stores, which I must leave there, may renJer your advice and authority indispensably necessary, to
avert clamors, and prevent any obstruction to my prompt movement.
With high consideration and respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
JA. WILKINSON.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, August 26, 1813.
Sir:
Chauncey will go out, he says, to-morrow or next day, to seek Sir James. I see the necessity of settling the
point of naval superiority before we commit ourselves, and, therefore, the decision cannot be had too soon. In the
mean time the essential arrangements progress, and if the means can be mustered, they will ensure the end.
I fear Yeo \\\\\ avoid a contest, to spin out the campaign, and gain time for reinforcements, and the organization
of militia; but if he will not come out, we must blockade him- I go foi- Niagara the moment our arrangements
are matured here. Sir George has actually gone for the head of the lake \vith a reinforcement. To prevent his
playing tricks with Boyd, I have sent him (Boyd) the note of which you have a copy.
On Saturday, the 21st, one hundred and sixty regular troops ascended by Ogdensburgh to Kingston, and on the
23d and 24th, they were followed by five hundred Highlanders in their kelts; who conducted up one hundred boats:
thus we see that this quarter attracts chief attention. All my efforts will be made to induce Sir George to draw
after him a chief part of the garrison of Kingston, which must now be near five thousand strong. The situation of
Proctor and the irruption of our Indians have gone far to excite these dispositions. Meet me at Niagara, if possible,
and for God's sake press on the recruits from Albany and the southward, and send me Wadsworth, Swift, Fen-
wick, and Izard. All things go vvell here, and, thank God, the men are recovering rapidly. I hear not a word from
Hampton. I hope he does not mean to take the stud ; but if so, we can do without him, and he should be sent
home.
Truly yours,
JA. WILKINSON.
General Armstrong, Secretary of yvar.
466 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War.
Sackett's Harbor, «?M^MS< 30, 1813.
With every exertion he could make, it was not until the last evening Chauncey got under way, and the
weather being calm, he must be now off this harbor.
Agreeably to my information, Sir James Yeo sailed for the head of the lake, the 22d instant, with the two cap-
tured schooners in addition to his squadron, no doubt to co-operate with Sir George, but did not get clear of the
Ducks before the 25th. ...
Brigadier General Boyd is warned of this movement, and being placed on his guard, he ought to baffle every
enterprise of the enemy; what an awful crisis have I reached! If Sir George beats Boyd, and Sir James, Chaun-
cey, my prospects are blasted; and the campaign will, I fear, be lost. If isir George beats Boyd, and Chauncey
beats Sir James, Kingston yet may be ours; but should both the knights be beaten, and our Quartermaster can
find transports in season, (of which I have fears, as I found next to none here) then we shall certainly winter in
Montreal, if not discomfited by some act of God. If I could have mustered three thousand combatants on this
ground, with transport to bear them, I would now have been before Kingston, where Sir. George has left only one
thousand five hundred regular troops, and about five hundred militia; but our utmost force is short of two thousand
five hundred, as you will perceive from the enclosed return; and we could not have found boats to transport one
thousand.
The enemy having determined to change his system of operations, from defence to offence, is assembling his
whole disposable force at the head of the lake, to attack Fort George; thus placing himself at too great a distance
from Montreal to give seasonable succor to that city: he certainly presumes on our imbecility, and we as certainly
should take advantage of his presumption.
The militia called for should, therefore, be immediately arrayed, and marched to this frontier, and Major Gen-
eral Hampton should, without delay, cross the Champlain, and commence his movement towards St. Johns, taking
the Isle aux Noix in his route, or not, as circumstances may justify.
Four thousand of the best appointed yeomanry should be ordered to rendezvous at Hamilton, on the St Law-
rence, for eventual operations with this division; and the residue may accompany or follow Hampton, to draw the
militia of Montreal, and the disposable force of the lower country, to the east of the St. Lawrence, and thereby make
the island an easy conquest from this quarter.
Sir George Prevost, it would seem, has taken his part, and, deluded by the hope of re-conquest, has abandoned his
rear to our enterprise, and we might now, without the co-operation of our squadron, safely occupy Madrid, and cut
the communication of the two provinces with this division only, if we had transport; but of this we are totally des-
titute, every boat we command here being at this time absent, with a detachment of eight hundred men, ordered
to 7nake a feint to the westward, under pretence of reinforcing Niagara, before I was apprised of Sir George's move-
ments.
Sackett's Harbob, .August 30, 1813, 5 o\.lock, P. M.
Sir:
I have commenced, barely, the arrangement of the department of intelligence; an intelligencer left Kingston,
or its vicinity, last evening, to tell me that Sir George Prevost had commenced his operations against Boyd, and
had driven in his pickets, and taken sixty or seventy prisoners, but had been repulsed from his line of encampment.
The militia of Montreal are at Kingston, and reinforcements, by single hundreds, are arriving frequently; four hun-
dred men are expected in the course of the week.
The force at Kingston is two thousand men (regulars fifteen hundred, militia five hundred.) Major General
Darrach commands, and they are assiduously strengthening their works. Sir James Yeo sailed with six weeks' pro-
visions, expressly to co-operate with Sir George at the head of the lake; a double battle and a double victory offer a
strong temptation; but I will not be diverted from my course.
I have written Governor Tompkins on the.subject of a draught of militia, for the strait of Niagara, to supply
the absence of our troops of the line, and prevent clamor, but have not been so happy as to receive an acknowledg-
ment of my letter.
With perfect respect, your obedient servant,
JA. WILKINSON.
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
War Department, Sackett's Harbor, Sept. 6, 1813.
Dear General:
I arrived here yesterday. Nothing new, except that Prevost has returned to Kingston. General Hampton
will go through the campaign cordially and vigorously, but will resign at the end of it. He will'be ready to move by
the 20th, with an effective regular force of four thousand, and a militia detachment of one thousand five hundred. On
the supposition that Sir George had decidedly taken his part, and had chosen the peninsula as his champ de bataille,
I had ordered Hampton to move immediately against the Isle aux Noix. Two thousand militia will be promptly as-
sembled at Champion, twenty-four miles from this place, and on the route to the St. Lawrence. The place was se-
lected as offering two objects, and of course leaving his knightship to guess. To have pushed them directly to
Ogdensburgh would not have had that advantage. A larger draught would have been difficult. Another view of
the subject is, that this part of the plan cannot be confidedfto militia exclusively; they must be propped by a regular
corps, otherwise the back door may not be sufficiently closed and barred.
The battle on the lake ! Shall we have one? If Yeo fights and is beaten, all will be well. If he does not fight,
the result may also be favorable.
' Yours, cordially,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
General Wilkinson.
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort George, September 11, 1813,
" I have indulged the hope, for several days past, that I should have been enabled to address you in propria per-
sonae, but in this I have been baffled by a severe and unremitting malady, which obliges me to resort to the pen of
a common friend.
" I reached this place the evening of the fourth. Commodore Chauncey at that time occupied the harbor; and
Sir James Yeo, with the British squadron, was vaporing in front of it. This state of things continued, without any
material change, until the eveningof the 7th, when a light land breeze gave to the Coniraodore an opportunity of
standing out to meet the enemy. The two squadrons were about two leagues asunder, of consequence an action ap-
peared inevitable: yet so it has happened, that, since that period, until about five o'clock, yesterday, P. M. these
two naval armaments have kept from four to eight miles distant, without having exchanged a single shot, or done to
each other the smallest visible damage— the British uniformly on the retreat, and the American in pursuit.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 437
" General Peter B. Porter left me to day, properly authorized and instructed to bring into operation a corps of
the Six Nation Indians, which he proposes to increase to one thousand men, by volunteers from the militia, and is
disposed to be busy and active wherever he may be directed.
" I hear nothing of Brigadier General M'Clure, and the New York militia. I shall mature my plans for em-
barkation as rapidly as the difficulties which may oppose me can be matured; but we are greatly deficient in trans-
port, and have not received a single boat from Oswego or any other place. Strong shallops and slip-keels are neces-
sary to the transport of the heavy cannon, ordnance stores, ammunition, clothing, &c. &c.
''I am writing to Bomford for many things, which I was assured I should find here, and I pray you to put him
on the .alert, or I may be caught in the snow. I dictate this under much depression of head and stomach; andanv,
"With great respect and esteem, your most obedient servant,
"JAMES WILKINSON."
Extract of a letter from General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
FoKT George, September 16, 1813.
"I have escaped from my pallet, and with a giddy head and trembling hand, will endeavor to scrawl you a few
lines, the first I have written since my arrival here.
" With respect to the advance squadrons, we are still without one word of authentic information, but we are en-
tertained by daily rumors, as wild and extravagant as they are inconsistent and contradictory. I hope we may soon
have an end of this state of uncertainty, which damps our exertions, and retards our measures.
" The removal of the main body of the troops from this position is an operation of great delicacy and interest;
and it was therefore your presence here would have been more important than elsewhere.
" I am not authorized to abandon this useless occupancy, and therefore it must be maintained against the united
British force in its vicinity. To secure the end, and nothing must be hazarded, will require a serious drain from our
best troops, which enfeebles our too feeble force for the main attack. The head of the militia under M'Clure has
not yet shown itself: when it does (if in any reasonable time) and we have conferred, I shall be better enabled to
develop the intricate path before me. But, in the mean time, alas! sir, the season will, I fear, be lost.
" The Indians enter into our views with great zeal, and I look for a corps of at least five hundred men in eight
days; whether to relieve De Rottenberg of five or six hundred of his effective men, before I turn my back on him,
will be determined by considerations of policy in relation to our red allies and the militia, and the fate of our squa-
dron. The enemy profess to day a total ignorance of the occurrence of an action between the squadrons.
" In the course of sixteen days, the enemy have lost sixty-five men by desertion, we barely six. We count 4,600
on paper, and could show about 3,400 combatants. The enemy, from the best information we have, have about 3,000
men on paper, of whom 1,400 are sick. Shall I make a sweep of them or not, at the hazard of our main object? Not
unless that main object is jeoparded by the fate of our squadrons — it would require an operation of three weeks;
but my views are forward, and I shall not abandon the prospect while a ray of hope remains.
" I have received your letters to the 6th, from Sackett's Harbor, and thank you for them. For your comfort, the
men here are gaining' health, and, with their officers, breathe an ardent spirit for combat."
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort George, September 18, 1813.
Dear General:
Accident detained the express last evening, and gives me an opportunity to drop you another line.
Not a word more of Chauncey; what has become of him.'' I pray you to decide whether I am to move with or
without any further knowledge of the squadron.
From the enclosed. No. 2, it would appear that the enemy expect tranquil winter quarters in this neighborhood:
for the number of barracks proposed to be built will not receive more than 1,400 or 1,600 men, including guards,
ordinary and extraordinary, stow them as you can; but, shall I have the enemy within four miles of this place, mak-
ing a wide investiture of it from Queeustown to Four Mile creek; or shall I break him up? With our prospects the
decision is embarrassing; change them, to the abandonment of the chief design, and our course is direct, viz: to take
possession at Burlington Bay, and cut up or capture tlie whole division in this quarter, which m«y be estimated at
3,000 regular troops. I pray you to deliberate on these points, and give me your advice without delay.
I have despatched an express to , for General M'CIUre, of whom 1 have heard nothing since my last; but
to supply the defect of his silence, the enclosed copy of a communication from a committee, of which P. B. Porter
is chief, will fully suffice. I have responded in the most courteous terms, making i-eference to you for your deter-
mination on the momentous occasion, as you will perceive from my answer. Now let me entreat you to weigh these
propositions, to take into consideration the possible failuie of the militia, and the substitution in such case of these
volunteers: for, in the present crisis, we should, if possible, render "assurance doubly sure." The letter of David
Rodman (a str.-inger) is also transmitted lor consideration. Let me have your answer, and tell me how to act as
speedily as possible, I beseech. The boats from Oswego have not yet arrived.
I am feeble to childhood, but shall look at the troops in battalion on Tuesday.
Truly yours,
JAMES WILKINSON.
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Fort George, September 18, 1813.
Sir:
I am ordered by General Wilkinson to forward the enclosed papers. One, a letter from a committee of three,
of which P. B. Porter is the first; and the other a letter from Daniel Rodman, the organ of an association of resi-
dents in and near Canandaigua.
1 have the honor to be, your most obedient servant,
H. LEE, jr.
Major of infantry, and jlid-de-camp to Major General iVilkinson.
The Honorable J. Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Black Rock, September 17, 1813.
Sir:
In consequence of encouragements from General Boyd, that a general and decisive movement was about to
made by the army, and that an additional force was desirable, we repaired to Fort George, about five weeks ago,
with five hundred men, consisting of volunteers, militia, and Indians. Most of us remained there for twelve or
fourteen days, but our hopes not being realized, the men continually dispersed and went home, not, however, with-
out expectations, again encouraged by Generals Boyd and Williams, that we should be shortly called on again.to
aid in operations which the people in this part of the country, so long harassed by the calamities of war, leel so
strong an interest in forwarding. Under similar expectations, many of our friends in the interior have intimated
to us their readiness to join with respectable reinforcements on the shortest notice: and we are informed that one
company, about seventy strong, is actually on its march, and will arrive here to day or to-morrow.
468 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
We are atthismoment muchat alosshow to act, and our difficulty is increased by the various rumors and conjec-
tures circulated by the difterent officers daily arriving from head quarters, some of whom represent that no offen-
sive operations are to be undertaken on this frontier, but, that the regular army is immediately to be marched,
either to the East to attack Kingston, or to the West to join General Harrison. Others state, that an attack is to
be made on the British forces in the vicinity of this place.
Under these circumstances, we are induced to inquire of you, whether such a force as we have it in our power
to raise is desired by you to eifectuate your plans, and if so, in what numbers, and at what time? If your object be
to sally out upon the enemy at Fort George, we could bring you a respectable force. But, on the contrary, if you
meditate an attack at some other point, and the withdrawal of the regular troops from Fort George, and placing this
frontier on the defensive only, by means of militia, we would observe that our prepared force is of such a character
as could not be engaged in this service.
Upon the supposition that you intend to withdraw the regular troops from this frontier, we beg leave to submit a
proposition for your consideration.
We believe we aie not incorrect in saying tliat it would require nearly quite as great a force to defend this line
of frontier against a given force of the enemy, as it would to attack and subdue that enemy. Sir George Prevost has
ordered the militia of the upper province to be called out en masse. They are to assemble on Saturday next. And
if, after your departure, the enemy Qpposite here should take it in his head to retain all his regular force, and play
off his skill against the inexperience pt our militia, we might have occasion to fear a repetition of former scenes in
the present war.
Our proposition (in case of your leaving this place) is, that we be permitted to raise, between this and the first of
October, a volunteer force of from 1,000 to 1,200 men, exclusive of Indians. That we add to it as many of the
militia stationed on the lines as may be willing to join us. That we be furnished with a small train (say four pie-
ces) of field artillery, with experienced officers, and men to fight them; and that with this force we be authorized to
invade the enemy's country.
Should you think proper to confer such an authority on us, and direct that the volunteers shall be furnished with
arms, ammunition, provisions, &c. and receive pay while in actual service, we pledge our lives, that, before the close
of the season, we will occupy the whole of the valuable and populous peninsula, opposite this river, and either cap-
ture, destroy, or disperse, all the enemy's force in this quarter-
You may perhaps make it convenient to send an answer by the bearer, Captain Hall.
We are, sir, most respectfully, your obedient servants,
PETER B. PORTER,
tlYRENIUS CHAPIN,
Major General Wilkinson. JOSEPH M'CLURE.
Canandaigua, September 14, 1813.
Sir:
A large number of patriotic citizens of this and the adjacent towns, anxious to do their duty in a crisis so in-
teresting to the nation in general, and to this part of the country in particular, have associated themselves to volun-
teer their services to the United States for the resif/we of the campaign a? /ea«i.
In order to effectuate their intentions, however, it will be necessary that their movements should receive your ap-
probation and sanction, and that they should be assured that the corps, whether a company, battalion, or (as is
possible) a regiment, should be received, organized, and countenanced, by your order and authority. The lateness
of the season, and the anxiety of the members, induce us to request an early and authoritative reply, that the associa-
tion may be equipped according to law, and be useful to their country this season. It may not be hardly decorous
tor us to say it, but we must observe that the subscribers will prove to be obedient and brave soldiers.
In their behalf, I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,
DANIEL RODMAN.
Major General Wilkinson,
or officer commanding- Fort George.
Gentlemen: Fort George, September 18, 1813.
Your letter of yesterday, which reached me last evening, gives you a claitn to my acknowledgments and to
those of your country. But, as 1 am altogether unauthorized, by law or instruction, to sanction your plan for the
levy of a body of volunteers, and as your anticipations, propositions, and suggestions, embrace a range and a charac-
ter upon which I have neither right nor authority to deliberate, 1 have considered it my duty to transmit a copy of
your letter to the Secretary of War, now at Sackett's Harbor, by express, for his deliberation and decision.
I hope he may find it convenient and proper to meet your views, and have only to add, that you shall be advised
of his answer, without a moment's delay, after it may reach my hands.
VVith high consideration and respect, I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your most obedient servant,
JAMES WILKINSON.
To Peter B. Porter, Major Cyrenius Chapin,
and Joseph M'Clure.
Dear General: Sackett's Harbor, Septeinber 18, 1813.
Our information from the other side of the lake amounts to this: Prevost goes to Montreal; the whole regu-
lar force in Kingston consists often companies of De Waterville's regiment; that at Prescott, of two companies of
the same corps, and about forty artillerists.
De Waterville's regiment was made up in Spain, is composed of Poles, Germans, Spaniards, and Portuguese, and
completely disaffected. What a precious moment, my friend, is this!
The Commodore was brought back to us yesterday by adverse winds. He goes this morning; let not the great
objects of the campaign be hazarded by running after Yeo: these accomplished, his race is run. Kingston, or the
point below, seized, all above perishes, because the tree is then girdled.
In speaking of your artillery, you do not include the guns taken at Fort George, and which will be necessary
for its defence. A small garrison will be sufficient against assault: siege we need not dread. It is already too
late to live in trenches. Porter (of the artillery) would do well to command the place. Tell him from me he is a
Brigadier by brevet.
The means of transportation are now with you; hasten your march, and may God bless you in all your enter-
prises.
Yours, truly and always,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
General Wilkinson.
Extracts of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
" September 20, 1813.
" I am well again, and that's a good thing: for I have been, during my sickness, somewhat of a SmeJfungus.
"Now, indeed, would be a fine time to slip into the St. Lawrence, if Chauncey could keep Sir James blockaded
above Kingston, and command the river below at the same time, and our preparations were completely matured;
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 4(J9
but it is an herculean task to extract order from chaos. No time has, or shall be, lost on my part; but we cannot,
when prepared at all points, control the winds. It was last night, only, the transports from Oswego arrived; and,
if I am not hardly opposed by weather, I hope I shall have 1000 men afloat by the 26th, and complete my embark-
ation on the 30th, after which, until we reach Grenadier Island, I must look to our squadron and the heavens for
safety.
" Chauncey tells me he is liable to be blown off from his station, and, in such case. Sir James may slip out by
him, but promises to follow him. It is material, to prevent the enemy from following and cutting our rear, that
some competent force should take post on the St. Lawrence, below Kingston; and 1 pray ot you to make this ar-
rangement with Chauncey. Before 1 left Sackett's Harbor, I ordered a dozen slip-keeled boats, to carry 50 men
each, and to row 30 oars, to be armed with a light cannon in their bow. This armament is to sweep the St. Law-
rence of the enemy's gun boats, and to take post in advance, when and wherever it may be advisable. I beg you,
if necessary on your part, to give effect to this order.
" We have just received advice confirmatory of a naval combat on Lake Erie, in which it is said Perry has taken
the whole British squadron, on the 10th instant, and brought the vessels into ' Putney harbor, at the islands,' his
own vessel, the Lawrence, barely capable of being floated. The action lasted six hours. This will cancel your
news from our Commodore. The enclosed letter from General M'Clure brtathesa good spirit, but he will not be
up for several days. In the mean time, I shall prepare his orders, to be ready to give him the command.
" A body of horse, a small one, at that point where the fate of the island is to be decided by combat (for believe
not that we shall get possession of Montreal without a battle) will be invaluable. Burn has been ordered hence,
some time before my arrival, to recruit his cavalry, and prepare them for action, and I shall order him by express
to-morrow to incline by indirect dilatory marches towards Hamilton, there to look for further orders, somewhere
about Antwerp, or that quarter. From Denmark or Champion he is to advise the commanding officer at Sackett's
Harbor of his movements.
" De Rottenberg is under the full belief that I mean to attack him, and I shall keep up the delusion as long as
possible.
" The snail's pace of the reinforcements approaching this division, and, pardon me, their direction and route, oc-
casion me surprise. Of what avail will be the detachments under Colonels Randolph and Coles,* which are, I
learn, from Washington, on their march to this place, where they cannot, or will not, arrive before the 15th proxi-
mo? If these detachments had been ordered on by all the available water communications from Annapolis (o Al-
bany, they could have reached Sackett's Harbor in season, and a column of eight hundred men would have been
found an important desideratum in our impending operations. Where, also, are the one thousand men reported to
me by Colonel Duane as bein^ ready for march, before I reached Philadelphia.' I must hope, near Sackett's Harbor.
I put these questions to you that I may apprise you of facts, that you, with whom it rests, may apply the remedy,
for I find we possess little military subordination or respect, and that a chief of an army is obeyed more from cour-
tesy than principle or professional obligations.
" 1 send this by the privateer Fox to Commodore Chauncey, with a request that he accelerate its progress to
you. ms place neither stops a gap, extends our possessions, nur covers or protects a country; t7 is good for
naught, but to command the ground it occupies, and, therefore, I shall dismantle and abandon it."
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General Wilkinson, dated
" Sackett's Harbor, September '2-2 , 1813.
" Dear General:
" Your letters of the 16th, 17th, and 18th instants, have been this moment received; I hasten to answer them.
The main object must be prosecuted. Chauncey is not broken down; he can and will command the lake, and, while he
does so, our position at Kort George may be maintained. If the enemy's sick list amounts to one thousand four
hundred out of three thousand, the enemy can undertake nothing with effect. In this view of tlie subject, close
with P. B. Porter'' s proposition, made in the following words, viz. ' Our propositi(m (in case of your leaving this
place) is, that we be permitted to raise, between this and the 1st of October, a volunteer force of from one thousand
to one thousand two hundred men, exclusive of Indians; that we add to it as many of the militia stationed on the
lines as may be willing to join us; that we be furnished with a STnltll train, (say four pieces of field artillery, with
experienced officers and men to fight them) and that with this force we be authorized to invade the enemy's
country.'
" Rodman's corps may join Porter. Any volunteers you may have with the army, whose times are near e.tpiring,
and who are desirous of continuing in service, may do so, also. We will cover the whole by a requisition upon
Governor Tompkins for additional militia.
" The enemy's fleet have left the Chesapeake, I believe, for Halifax, whence the land troops are to be sent into
Canada — another motive for quick movements.
" My last letters by Chauncey, of the 18th or 19th, gave you all we yet know. Prevost has left Kingston, it is
said for Quebec, more probably for Montreal.
" Yours, faithfully and ever,
" JOHN ARMSTRONG. "
Niagara, September 21, 1813, 6 o'clock, A. M.
Dear Sir:
I received, at eight o'clock last evening, your interesting letter of the 22d, and shall employ its authoriza-
tions to the best possible effect.
Fifteen hundred men were embarked, with orders to sail the day before yesterday, but a strong easterly wind
has made it impossible to move.
The whole force (say three thousand combatants, after deducting the garrisons of Forts George and Niagara)
-were ready for embarkation yesterday, and, as the weather is serene at this moment, I hope the whole may be able
to move at dusk this day: I say at dusk, because I am desirous to keep my neighbors under a delusion as long as
possible; they are perplexed as to my intentions, and will not be able to penetrate them before they have discovered
the course of my flotilla.
I have authentic information from York the evening' of the 34th instant. The brigade of militia in the vicinity
were required to assemble the 25ih, and six hundred men of tlie 41st and 49th regiments, seccmd battalion, were
daily expected there on their route to this neighborhood. This is good; and still better, three spacious block houses
are ordered by Sir George to be erected at York-
But, sir, here is one drawback: the tantalizing Sir James Yeo was in shore with his fleet, on the evening of the
24th, (Friday) about twenty eight miles east of York. Where he is now we know not, for he has not since been
heard of, and Chauncey is just sending out the Lady of ihe Lake and the Neptune to reconnoitre York, and the
coast in that quarter. What may be the views of the Knighi? To gasconade, to retard my movement, or to enable
De Rottenberg to follow me, I am unable to divine; but will not be longer delayed, and, therefore, shall be twenty
miles to the eastward before to-morrow morning, should the weather permit. If Sir James can be discovered,
Chauncey will seek him; otherwise, he will sail with me to cover my left flank.
As we have not a moment to lose, I shall proceed directly toGrenadierf Island, writing you, and sending orders
to the commanding officer, by a despatch boat, en passant.
' These corps arrived in time.
fl had determined on this point of rendezvous before I hesird from General Brown.
60 m
470 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
After all we are so straitened for transport that we shall not find room for more than fifteen days' provisions;
indeed we have little more to spare from this position, and, therel'oie, our sole dependence must be on the maga-
zines a't Sackett's Harbor, of which the contractor should be personally advised. Heaven protect you!
Truly yours,
JA. WILKINSON.
Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Fort George, October 2, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Since my last, of the 17th instant, I have had difficulties, perplexities, and anxieties, sufficient to discompose
a saint.
Commodore Chauncey having ascertained that the British squadron was on the opposite coast, agreeably to the
information I had given him, left port on the evening of the 27th to look for it; on the morning of the 28th we dis-
covered our squadron off this place about mid-channel, and standing for the York shore; about 12 o'clock, though
very distant, we discovered it was warmly engaged — the enemy to leeward, and scarcely discernible; we could,
with our glasses, distinguish the Pike firing both her batteries, and frequently enveloped in smoke. The enemy
were forced towards the head of the lake, and about 3 o'clock we lost sight of our sternraost vessel, the action still
continuing. From that period, until yesterday morning, I was kept in suspense as to the issue of the action; the
wind blowing a gale from the southeast, and producing such a swell as made it impossible for our privateers to keep
the lake; and of course my flotilla was confined to port with the troops, either on board, or encamped on the beach.
The evening before the last, our whole fleet (alone) were discovered beating down the lake. In the course of the
night they came to, off Four Mile creek, and yesterday morning the Commodore presented himself. Our observa-
tions on the action were in the main correct, except that the battle was fought by the Pike alone, (or next to it) who,
having carried away Sir James's mizzen and main top masts, liis squadron bore up to protect him, and Chauncey
was engaged with the whole. Unlucky fellow! he could have taken a schooner and a brig, but his eyes being fixed
on the Commodore, he would not look at smaller game. Finally, Sir James, as usual, ran away; was chased to the
head of the lake; came to anchor close in shore; and the gale and tremendous sea threatening, in case of a con-
tinued action, to put both squadrons on shore— Sir James, with the British force, assembled there, and Chauncey
into the hands of the enemy — he clawed off and came down to confer with me. He has my opinions in writing, and
I expect his answer this morning.
Early yesterday, before I had heard from the Commodore, the wind, for the first time, becoming favorable, I
despatched all my batteaux; and, as soon as I had ascertained Sir James Yeo's situation, our sail boats followed;
but, alas! before 1 o'clock the wind again came round to the southeast, and several of our schooners returned,
though a majority of them, and the whole of the batteaux, proceeded, and I hope reached Eighteen Mile creek.
I have been detained by the arrival of about three hundred and fifty Indians, to whom I was obliged to give aa
audience and a talk, and I lodged in this place to see whether the enemy might look at it, and what would be the
conduct of the garrison of six hundred and ninety militia, and eight hundred regular troops, under the command of
Colonel Scott. We have just had an alarm, and being myself among the first on parade, 1 have witnessed a scene
by which I shall profit Scott, before I leave him, which" will be in a couple of hours, as, thank Almighty God, the
wind again breezes, though it has rained all right, and still continues to rain- Oh! if it may please God to favor
us with this breeze, we shall soon be near you; but it is in his power, by adverse winds, to delay, and, by tempests,
to destroy us. I move with about three thousand five hundred men. Farewell, and God preserve you!
JAMES WILKINSON.
The Honorable John Armstrong.
Extract from the Journal of the Secretary of War.
'■'Mh of October, 1813.— General Wilkinson arrived at Sackett's Harbor on this day from Fort George. He
immediately visited the Secretary of War, in company with Generals Lewis and Brown, and in the presence of
these officers remonstrated freely and warmly against making an attack on Kingston, urging the propriety of passing
that post and of going directly to Montreal.
" The Secretary of War differed from General Wilkinson in opinion, but thought his objectmns worthy of con-
sideration, and proposed a meeting on the day foUowin" for that purpose.
" The meeting took place accordingly, when General Wilkinson presented the paper marked No. 1. That marked
No. 2 was presented by the Secretary, and the opinion with which it closes was adopted as that which should re-
gulate the movements of the army."
No. 1.
Reasons for attacking Kingston anterior to a descent upon Montreal.
1st. We shall capture a garrison of eight hundred or one thousand, and demolish a strong hold of the enemy.
2d. We shall destroy his naval depot and magazines of every species.
3d. We shall, by this operation, diminish his force, destroy his resources, and place the division at the head of
the lake, under De Rottenberg, in great difficulty and distress; and
4th. We shall destroy every naval resource, and of consequence prevent the building, equipping, and even re-
pairing, a single vessel.
Against this attack it may be urged—
1st. That the reduction of the place may cost more time than we calculate on.
2d. It may encumber us with wounded and sick; and
3d. It is possible the British squadron may, as heretofore, elude Commodore Chauncey, and find us before
Kingston, or overtake us on the St. Lawrence.
In the first place, from the lateness of the season, the loss of a few days may expose us to the autumnal rains,
and jeopard the chief object of the campaign. In the second place, our own force will be diminished and our
movements retarded; and in the third place, the chief object of the campaign, the capture of Montreal, will be
utterly defeated, and our own army subjected to great difficulties, losses, and perils.
Submitted to the Honorable the Secretary of War.
JAMES WILKINSON.
No. 2.
1st. The Niagara division will probably arrive here in a day or two.
2d. The weather is yet good, and the lake navigable by scows and boats.
3d. The enemy's main force is in the neighborhood of Fort George, and his fleet at the head of the lake.
4th. The garrison of Kingston does not. exceed eight hundred or one thousand men.
6th. If we effect a landing at M'Pherson's farm, on the eastern side of Kingston, a point may be seized which
will command the town, the forts, and the harbor; and, within seven hours after the landing is effected, a sufficient
battery may be erected and in operation.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 47X
6th. Nine and twelve pounders will be sufficient for burning block houses, &c. and may be dragged by the men.
7th. The time necessary to reduce the place will not exceed a single day, and of course will not materially in-
terfere, on that account, with our object below.
8th. The loss we may sustain can only be conjectured. Judging from that at Fort George, where the enemy
were more numerous, it will be inconsiderable.
9th. The advantages of taking Kingston are two: you sever the enemy's line of communication, and you expel
him from his only secure harbor.
The premises assumed under the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th heads, may change, and our conclusions with them.
The only safe decision therefore is, that, if the British ileet shall not escape Commodore Cliauncey, and get into
Kingston harbor; if the garrison of that place be not largely reinforced; and if the weather be such as will allow
us to navigate the lake securely, Kingston shall be our first object, otherwise we shall go directly to Montreal.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Sackett's Harbor, October 5, 1813.
War Department, October 9, 1813.
Dear General:
Does there exist between you and the Commodore a clear and distinct understanding on the subject of our
plan of operations, and the kind and degree of assistance he will be able to give to its execution .►■ Can he take a
position which shall have the effect of shutting in Yeo, and of covering our descent upon Kingston, and our subsequent
movement down the St. Lawrence? Is it not probable that a part of the enemy's fleet will, immediately on our
appearance at Grenadier Island, occupy the passage of the river? If we can be covered in going to our first ob-
ject, and should attain that, we may be able to dispense with further naval assistance; but, should we fail, (a con-
tingency which, being possible, ought to be regarded) naval aid will be necessary to the prosecution of the second
part of the plan. As the fleet is wind-bound, and the Commodore here, explanations on these points may be readily
and conveniently given. Let me know the result, and believe me
Truly yours,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson.
Head Qoarters, Sackett's Harbor, October 9, 1813.
Dear Sir:
The Commodore and myself have hitherto understood each other perfectly, and I think we shall harmonize
to the end. He is ready to sail the moment the wind serves; and you may rest assured that nothing essential to
give effect to the operations of the array under my command, and to accomplish the views of the Government, has
been or shall be omitted.
Respectfully and truly yours,
JAMES WILKINSON.
Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Extract of a letter from General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Sackett's Harbor, October 18, 1813.
"The diminution of our force, by disease and various casualties, and more especially the uncertainty of the
period of our movement against Montreal, render it necessary, in my judgment, that you should revoke the order
of march you have given to Major General Hampton, and that he should be directed to march for Morrisville, as
rapidly as may be consistent with the health of his troops. This proposition is founded on the presumption that we
make the reduction of Kingston and the conquests of the upper provinces the first objects of our operations."
War Department, October 19, 1813.
Sir:
I received your letter of yesterday, and should have answered it more promptly, but that business of the
south and west required my immediate attention.
When, on the 4th instant, you returned from Fort George, we had the prospect of a speedy concentration of
our forces at this point. The Niagara division had sailed on the 30th ultimo; the enemy's principal force occupied
a cantonment between lakes Erie and Ontario; his fleet was at the head of the lake, and his garrison at Kingston,
reduced to seven or eight hundred men. Under these circumstances it was no doubt wise to decide as we did, that
our first attack should be carried against that place; but do these circumstances any longer exist? The expected
concentration is but now elfected, (18th of October. ) A reinforcement of one thousand five hundred men has been
thrown into Kingston; the British fleet has got into port there, and our force, from disease and other casualties, is,
according to your statement, diminished and diminishing. To reinstate and augment this, it is now proposed to
order General Hampton from his present position at Chatauge, to Morrisville, on the St. Lawrence. These places
are distant upwards of one hundred miles. A march of such length, at this season of the year, and in the present
condition of the roads, loaded as he is with a train of artillery, with means of subsistence, and with tents and bag-
gage, cannot be performed under fifteen days, to which must be added the time necessary for giving the order for
making the arrangements preliminary to such a movement, and for making also the subsequent one from Morrisville
to the mouth of the Gaunanoqui river; all of which would probably protract the moment of junction till the 15th of
November.
Admonished, as we are, by the storms which have assailed us for ten days past, and which have not yet ceased,
I cannot but think that a period so late would of itself be fatal to the project.
Other circumstances lead to the same conclusion. Beginning our operations from the mouth of the Gaunanoqui
river, we shall have a march of twenty -four miles to Kingston, and through a country covered with woods, destitute
of inhabitants, and pervious only by two roads, which, without any interruption from the enemy, are represented
as nearly impassable at present. This movement (unlike that originally projected*) cannot be made without the
aid of horses; and a less number of these than six hundred, j- including the 2d regiment of dragoons, is. I under-
stand, deemed insufficient. Now these must be fed, and their provender drawn from this place, as the country be-
tween Gravelly Point and Putneyville aftbrds none, and interposes a swampy desert, which shuts us out fram the
supplies of Rossie and Rayville, &c. An important question arises here— can the necessary forage be obtained from
this neighborhood? The Quartermaster General says "it cannot, that it must be carted from Lowville, (forty
miles distant) and transported hence by water." These facts, on your plan, menace our operations against Kings-
ton, with a delay which would probably surround us with all the embarrassments of a Canadian winter, and ex-
tinguish every hope of grasping the other, the safer and the greater object below. I call it the safer and greater ob-
ject, because,
* A descent at McPherson's farm, two miles and a half below Kingston.
f Forage for this number was required by tlie General.
472 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
At Montreal, jrou find the weaker place, and the smaller force to encounter: at Montreal, you meet a fresh,
unexhausted, efficient reinforcement of four thousand men: at Montreal, you approach your own resources, and
establish between you and them an easy and an expeditious intercourse: at Montreal, you occupy a point which must
be gained in carrying your attacks home to the purposes of the war, and which, if seized now, will save one campaign:
at Montreal, you hold a position which completely severs the enemy's line of operations; which shuts up the Ottawa
as well as the St. Lawrence against him; and which, while it restrains all below, withers and perishes all above itself-
These, General, are the thoughts which present themselves on your proposition, and which I understand as
abandoning, for this campaign, the proposed attack, on Montreal. I am entirely disposed to listen to all that can be
said on the other side of the question, but, at present, the reasons assigned leave me no doubt of the policy of pur-
suing, promptly and firmly,* the plan already indicated, and which, besides the approbation of the President, has
received the sanction of a council of war. f
I am, very respectfully, sir. your most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson.
Head Quarters, Sackett's Harbor, October 19, 1813.
Dear Sir:
I was about to embark for Grenadier Island, when I received your letter of this morning, which I will endeavor
to answer; my very feeble condition, and the want of time for reflection, disqualify me from doing full justice to
my opinions.
You will recollect that, in my letter of the 6th of August, I proposed to take Kingston, as preliminary to an
attack on Montreal; you offered a different opinion in your letter of the 8th, and on my arrival here, I submitted the
alternative to a council of war, which decided in favor of your plan to leave Kingston untouched, and proceed
directly against Montreal; but ulterior considerations aniiL informationX have induced me to adhere to my original
plan.
Permit me, previous to the discussion of the grounds of my opinion, to submit a few incidental remarks.
It is extremely doubtful what may be the present force of the enemy at Kingston, and very uncertain how much
our own force may have been diminished by disease, and the casualties attending our movements.
From the retreat of Proctor before General Harrison, and the information received from Colonel Scott, I think
it probable that De Rottenberg, with the effectives of his division, has gone to reinforce Proctor, and that the troops
which have descended to Kingston consisted only of the sick of that division.
My idea of recalling General Hampton to reinforce us, was produced by an alarm with respect to the insufficiency
of our force, which I found spreading; and the direction which I suggested was founded on your own propositions
of the 13th instant, at which time I understood you to offer the opinion, that the march from Hampton's encamp-
ment to Morrisville mi^ht be accomplished in six days, and my own opinion is, that, by disembarrassing himself of his
artillery and its attirail, perhaps he might be able to make the march in that time, or a few days more.
My reasons for preferring the attack of Kingston to that of Montreal, are these:
By the reduction of that place, we conquer a province, not onl v of great importance to the enemy, but a valuable
acquisition to ourselves; we capture or destroy four thousand of nis best troops; we put an end to the Indian war;
and, by the destruction of his naval force, establish our command of the lake, and permit a respectable part of our
naval force to be employed elsewhere.
On the contrary, leave Kingston, its garrison, and the British squadron in our rear, and proceed to Montreal,
none of those important objects will be gained. The enemy will remain in undisturbed possession of the province,
at liberty to exercise his enterprise against this frontier at discretion: for it is a fact, however opinions may vary, the
resources of the province are adequate to the subsistence of his army. His naval superiority on the lake will be
re-established by the opening of the spring; the Indian depredations may be encouraged and continued; or, should
he prefer it, he may, on the opening of the campaign, leaving Sir James Yeo triumphant on the lake, with a suitable
garrison for the protection of Kingston, descend the St. Lawrence with his main force, and fall upon our rear, while
we shall be engaged in front, admitting we succeed in establishing ourselves at Montreal.
Having passed Kingston, the fortifications at Prescott may present such an obstacle to our further progress, as
to compel us to land and reduce it by force — an operation which may consume more time than can be spared at this
advanced season. I speak conjecturally; but, should we surmount every obstacle in descending the river, we shall
advance upon Montreal ignorant of the force arrayed against us, and in case of misfortune, having no retreat, the
army must surrender at discretion.
I will barely add, that, as the winter commences at Montreal by the 20th of November, should we be delayed on
the route by any untoward incidents, our embarrassments and perils will be greatly multiplied.
I offer these results of my frail judgment with a conscientious regard to the public good. I am bigoted to no
project, and therefore am willing to yield my own judgment to that of others.
Personal considerations would make me prefer a visit to Montreal to the attack of Kingston; but before I abandon
this attack, which by my instructions I am ordered to make, it is necessary to my justification that you should, by
the authority of the President, direct the operations of the army under my command particularly against Montreal.
"With my earnest wishes for the successful issue of whatever may be undertaken, I am, dear sir, with much respect
and esteem, truly yours.
JA. WILKINSON.
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
N. B. All the objections which apply to the landing below Kingston may be obviated by landing above it. My
sole motive for suggesting the idea of landing below, was to prevent the garrison'' s escape. If there be a deficiency
of forage on our part, it is the fault of the Quartermaster General, who was instructed as early as August to lay in a
supply of twelve thousand bushels for the subsistence of the cavalry.
JA. WILKINSON.
Honorable J. Armstrong, Secretary of War.
* This refers to the preceding plan, approved by the President on the 23d July, and communicated to General Wilkinson on
the 5th of August.
I This council consisted of Generals Wilkinson, Lewis, Brown, .ind Swartwout, and Commodore Chauncey. The opinion
was unanimous.
Note. — Before the Secretary of War left Sackett's Harbor, and wliile it was deemed practicable, and was intended to carry
our attacks against botli Kingston and Montreal, he had one or more conversations with Commodore Chauncey, on the general sub-
ject of naval co-operation. These had particular reference to two points, the place of landing [in case Kingston was tlie object of
attack] and tlie degree of protection wliich the fleet could be able to render to the debarkation of the army. The places of descent
indicated by the Secretary were three:
1st. M'Pherson's fai-m, two miles and a half below Kingston.
2d. The mouth of the Little Cataraqui, four or five miles above Kingston; and
3d. The mouth of the Gaunanoqui river, twenty-four miles Wow Kingston.
The Commodore's answer was substantially as follows: that he would not take upon himself the responsibility of covering the
landing of tlie army at the Jirst of these points, but that he woiUd cover its landing at either of the other two.
i This ulterior information was not communicated to the Secretary of War.
§ What is here called a proposition was but a question, whether the march could be performed in six days? General W. answered
in the negative, and advised that General Hampton should be ordered to go on to Cognawaga.
1814.] CAUSES OF THK FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 473
Endorsement on the preceding letter by the Secretary of War.
Note. — If we look at the plan of campaign of the 23d of July, we find that it pioposed an attack on Kingston,
and even indicated the mode of that attack. If we examine General Wilkinson's letter of the 6th of August, we
find that he provisionally adopted that opinion: and if we refer to the letter of the Secretary of War of the 8th, so
far from expressing a different opinion, we discover that it instructed the General to choose between a direct and an
indirect attack on that post. It was not, therefore, any difference of opinion btween the Secretary and the General
that was submitted to the council of war, as stated in the preceding letter, but the mere alternative presented by
the instructions of the letter— the simple choice between the two modes of attack.
War Department, October 20, 1813.
Sir:.
I received your letter of yesterday by Major Lee. You appear to have written it under an impression that
your instructions of August last made a direct attack upon Kingston unavoidable. A copy of these instructions is
before me, and in the last paragraph of them we find a summary of their substance. It is as follows: " After this
exposition, it is unnecessary toada, that, in conducting the present campaign, you will make -ffm^-s/on your principal
object, and that you will c/ioose, as circumstances may indicate, between a rfired and an mrfiVcc< attack on that post."
Both modes of attack are slightly detailed in these orders, and a preference given to the latter, but without at all
infringing your right of choice, or in any degree lessening your responsibility. Nor am I now at liberty to change
the ground of these instructions, since the only effect of this would be to substitute my opinion for yours. The
former has not, however, been withheld; it has been given freely and fully, and is yet unshaken by any considera-
tion presented to my mind.
As we are now about to part, it may be proper that I should subjoin to what I have said in favor of a movement
on Montreal, a short statement of my objections to a direct attack on Kingston.
1st. If its garrison consists of four thousand of the best troops of the enemy, (as you suggest) your attack will fail.
Sd. If your attack fails, your retreat is impracticable.
3d. Your descent must necessarily be made above or below the town, on the water's edge, and within a short
distance of your object. If made below the town, your fleet cannot cover it:* if made above the town, it must be
done in presence of the enemy, and within stroke of his fleet, and that he will think the object sufiicient to justify
the risk cannot be doubted. Besides, an approach on this side, however successful, leaves to the enemy the means
of escaping.
4th. The experiment already made of the lake navigation is not encouraging. Though pressed by no enemy
other than the weather, the army has not jjeen able to reach Grenadier Island but in broken order, and with con-
siderable loss. On your plan, they have eighteen other miles to go on the open lake, and much ot this distance under
the eye of the British fleet. Is it probable that our scows will be able to navigate this remaining distance (at a season
and under circumstances so unfavorable) in better order, or with less loss?
These are the best thoughts I can offer, and it only remains to add to them my best wishes for your army and for
yourself.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson.
Lady of the Lake, off Sackett's Harbor, October 24, 1813.
Sir:
I was at Grenadier Island the day before yesterday, and found the troops dropping in so slowly that I deter-
mined to return, hunt them up, and quicken their movement. My presence at tlie harbor was also necessary to
have clothing selected to cover numbers of our naked men.
I will say nothing of the horrid condition in which that place was left. Colonel Coles has arrived with upwards
of two hundred good men, and expects about eighty more to-day. Randolph and Scott are expected at Oswego,
nine hundred strong. I have contrived to rig and send off vessels to bring up six hundred of them in season for my
movement from Grenadier Island, which will not be delayed one instant unnecessarily. The people at Kingston
appear to be much affrighted, firing their alarm guns on the slightest appearance. J. N. has returned, and if he
may be credited, De Rottenberg has not arrived, and all the force they can spare is sent down the river to take
possession of, and fortify, some critical passes. My health continues, unfortunately, bad.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JA. WILKINSON.
, Exract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Grenadier Island, October 28, 1813.
" I send you this by an extra Aid-de-camp, Captain Nourse, to relieve the anxiety to which you must be subject, in
the impending eventful moment.
" The extent of the injuries to our craft, tne clothing and arms of the men, and to our provisions, on the passage
from Sackett's Harbor to this place, greatly exceeded our apprehensions, and has subjected us to the necessity of
furnishing a supply of clothing, and of making repairs and equipments to our flotilla generally. In fact, all our hopes
have been very nearly blasted; but thanks to the same Providence which placed us in jeopardy, we are surmounting
our diflSculties, and, God willing, I shall pass Prescott on the night of tne 1st or 2d proximo, if some unforeseen
obstacle does not present to forbid me. I shall expect to hear from you at Morrisville, where Colonel Swift is to
meet me, and to guard against chance shots, I wish wagons would be held in readiness to receive our powder and
field ammunition, at a suitable distance above Prescott.
"I keep up the delusion here; and the enemy, about sixteen hundred strong, exclusive of five hundred militia,
are in daily expectation of a visit at Kingston, yet they have taken post, I understand, at Cornwall and the Coteau
de Lac. No matter: once past Prescott, and our bayonets and sabres shall remove all impediments.
" The inexorable winds and rains continue to oppose and embarrass our movements; but I am seizing on every
moment's interval, to slip into the St. Lawrence, corps and detachments, as they can be got ready. Our rendez-
vous will be in Bush creek, about twenty miles below, and nearly opposite to Gaunanoqui, which position menaces a
descent on the opposite shore. I shall sail from that position at four o'clock of the morning, and will pass Prescott
about the same time the ensuing morning.
" We have had such a fluctuation of sick and well between this place and Sackett's Harbor, that it is impossible
to say in what force we shall move; but I calculate on G,000 combatants, exclusive of Scott and Randolph, neither
of whom will. Hear, be up in season, notwithstanding all my arrangements and exertions to accelerate their march:
they are both under provisional orders for Ogdensburgh. "
* Commodore Chauncey declared he would not take the responsibility of covering the descent of the army if made at M'Pher-
son's farm, helotv the town.
[
474 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814,
War Department, Denmark, October 30, 9 o'clock, P. M.
Dear General:
I this moment received your despatch by Captain Nourse. I rejoice that your difficulties are so far sur-
mounted as to enable you to say with assurance when you will pass Prescott. I should have met you there; but
bad roads, worse weather, and a considerable degree of illness, admonish me against receding further from a point
where my engagements call :ne about the 1st proximo. The resolution of treading back my steps was taken at Ant-
werp, and communicated in a letter from that place by Major Lush. I wrote a single line to you to-day, giving
the fortunate issue of Harrison's business, and his arrival at Fort George with M'Arthur's brigade. If Vincent be
within the peninsula, Harrison will root him out. It remains with you to sweep the rest of the line before you.
Montreal taken, what are Prescott and Kingston.^ Give Hampton timely notice of your approach, and of the place
and hour of junction.
Yours, sincerely,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson.
Extracts of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Grenadier Island, November 1, 1813.
" You will perceive from the duplicate under cover (letter of the 28th of October) what were my calculations
four days since; but the winds and waves and rains and snow still prevail, and we have made several fruitless
attempts to turn Stony Point, one of them at great peril to tinee thousand men, whom I seasonably remanded to
the harbor without the loss of a life. Our sick, one hundred and ninety-six in number, have not fared as well: they
were embarked in stout comfortable vessels, and sailed the day before yesterday morning for Sackett's Harbor, but
they were driven on shore by a storm, which continued with unremitting violence all night; and as no exertion
could relieve them, I anticipated the loss of the whole; but the tempest having abated, and the wind shifted from
S. W. to N. E. boats were sent out yesterday morning, and Dr. Bull reports the loss of three men only. Other
means ot transport will be provided to-morrow, and these unfortunate men will be sent to the hospital at Sackett's
Harbor. , . , , -r,
" Brigadier Brown with his brigade, the light artdlery, the riflemen, the volunteers, the gunboats, Bissell's
regiment, and a part of Macomb's, are, I expect, safe at French creek, with the artillery and ordnance stores.
These corps have made the traverse of the arm of the lake under circumstances of great danger, though fortunately
without the loss of a life, but at the expense of some boats.
" I shall wait one day longer, and if the passage should still continue impracticable to the troops, I will land
them on the opposite shore, march them across the country to the St. Lawrence, and send the empty boats round
to a given rendezvous.
" As Major General Hampton is under your orders, permit me to suggest to you what is worthy of reflection —
whether he should take a position and wait the arrival of my command near the confluence of the St. Lawrence and
Grand river, or whether he should move down the St. Lawrence and menace Chambly.' If he is strong enough to
meet Sir George, the latter will be the preferable plan, because it will have the effect to divide the enemy's force:
otherwise he should adopt the first idea, hazard nothing, and strengthen my hands.
"The enclosed copy of a memorandum from Colonel Swift will show you what he is about, I flatter myself, to
your satisfaction. The sole unpleasant circumstance befoie me, is our total ignorance of the preparations of Sir
George, and what we may expect to meet on the island. I fear no consequences; but it must be painful to lead
more than six thousand men to battle hoodwinked^ and yet all my ettbrts to procure intelligence from Montreal
have proved fruitless."
Extract of a letter from, the Secretary of War to General Wilkinson, dated
War Department, \st November, 1813.
" Prevost will perhaps be found between the Coteau de Lac and the Isle Perrot. If wise, he will attempt to
fight you before your junction with Hampton. Avoid this, and leave nothing to chance that you can settle on your
own terms. A junction with Hampton enables you to give the-law."
Extract of a letter from General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Grenadier Island, November 3, 1813, 7 o'' clock, A. M.
" The troops and squadron are at last in the river, excepting Macomb's regiment, with which I shall join them
by 10 o'clock, as the weather is propitious. Extreme illness, and the arrival of Colonel Randolph with two hun-
dred and thirty men, kept me here last evening. We shall be encamped at French creek to-night; will take to-
morrow for final organization and arrangement, and the next day pass or prepare to take Prescott; by preference
I shall not disturb the place, because 1 have not time to spare."
Albany, \Mh November, 1813.
Dear General:
My accounts from and of you are of the same date. Neither come down lower than the 3d instant. These
left you with the reserve at Grenadier Island. . • , ,
General Hampton has made a movement towards the St. Lawrence. After feeling and skirmishing with the
enemy, he retired again to the Four Corners, until he had notice of your approach. I hastened to inform him by
express (who would reach him in forty-eight hours) that you were in motion; that on the 5th you would pass or take
Prescott, and that on the 8th you would be at Hamilton, whence he might expect to hear irom you; that he must
put himself again in motion, and take a position which would enable him to join you, or which should detain the
enemy on the south side of the river. If Prevost, on learning your approach, quits his present position, and re-
occupies the north bank of the St. Lawrence, Hampton goes on and joins you. If he remains on the south bank, he
abandons Montreal and even the road to his capital. In the fulness of my faith that you are in Montreal, and that
you have both seen and seized on all the advantages that the errors of an enemy may have given you,
I am, dear General, cordially yours, „
J. ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson. ,
3814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 475
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
French Mills, November 15, 1813.
"It is a fact, for which I am authorized to pledge myself on the most confidential authority, that, on the 4th of
the present month, the British garrison of Montreal consisted solely of four hundred marines and two hundred
sailors, which had been sent up from Quebec. What a golden, glorious opportunity has been lost by the caprice of
Major General Hampton."
Head Quarters, French Mills, ~)
.Adjoining the Province of Lower Canada, November 16, 1813. $
Sir:
1 beg leave to refer you to the journal which accompanies this letter, for the particulars of the movement of
the corps under my command down the St. Lawrence, and will endeavor to exert my enfeebled mind to detail to
you the more striking and important incidents which have ensued my departure from Grenadier Island, at the foot
of Lake Ontario, on the 3d instant.
The corps of the enemy from Kingston, which followed me, hung on my rear; and, in concert with a heavy
galley and a few gun boats, seemed determined to retard my progress. I was strongly tempted to halt, turn about,
and put an end to his teasings; but alas I 1 was confined to my bed. Major General Lewis was too ill for any active
exertion; and, above all, I did not dare sufli^r myself to be diverted a single day from the prosecution of the views
of the Government. I had written Major General Hampton on the 6th instant, by his Adjutant General, Colonel
King, and had ordered him to form a junction with me on the St. Lawrence, which I expected would take place
on the 9th or 1 0th. It would have been unpardonable had I lost sight of this object a moment, as I deemed it of
vital importance to the issue of the campaign.
The enemy deserve credit for their zeal and intelligence, which the active universal hostility of the male inhabi-
tants of the country enable them to employ to the greatest advantage. Thus, while menaced by a respectable force
in rear, the coast was lined by musquetry in front at every critical pass of the river, which obliged me to march a
detachment, and this impeded my progress.
On the evening of the 9th instant, the army halted a few miles from the head of the Longue Saut. In the morn-
ing of the 10th, the enclosed order was issued. General Brown marched agreeably to order, and about noon we
were apprised, by the report of his artillery, that he was engaged some distance below us. At the same time the
enemy were observed in our rear, and their galley and gunboats approached our flotilla and opened a fire on usj
which obliged me to order a battery of eighteen pounders to be planted, and a shot from it compelled the vessels of
the enemy to retire, together with their troops, after some firing between the advanced parties. But, by this time,
in consequence of disembarking and re-embarking the heavy guns, the day was so far spent, that our pilots did not
dare enter the Saut, (eight miles a continued rapid) and, therefore, we fell down about two miles, and came to for
the night. Early the next morning every thing was in readiness for motion; but having received no intelligence
from General Brown, I was still delayed, as sound caution prescribed I should learn the result of his aftair before
I committed the flotilla to the Saut. At half past ten o'clock. A.. M. an ofiicer of dragoons arrived with a letter, in
which the General informed me he had forced the enemy, and would reach the foot of the Saut early in the day.
Orders were immediately given for the flotilla to sail, at which instant the enemy's gun-boats appeared, and began
to throw shot among us. Information was brought me at the same time, from Brigadier General Boyd, that the
enemy's troops were advancing in column. I immediately sent orders to him to attack them. This report was
soon contradicted. Their gunboats, however, continued to watch us, and a variety of reports of their movements
and counter-movements were brought to me in succession, which convinced me of their determination to hazard
an attack when it could be done to the greatest advantage, and, therefore, I determined to anticipate them. Direc-
tions were accordingly sent by that distinguished ofticer. Colonel Swift, of the engineers, to Brigadier General
Boyd, to throwthe detachment of his command, assigned to him in the order of the preceding day, and composed of
men from his own, Covington's and Swartwout's brigades, into three columns, to march upon the enemy, out flank
them if possible, and take their artillery. The action soon after commenced with the advanced body of the enemy,
and became extremely sharp and galling; and, with occasional pauses, was sustained with great vivacity, in open
space and fair combat, for upwards of two and a half hours, the adverse lines alternately yielding and advancing.
It is impossible to say with accuracy what was our number on the field, because it consisted of indefinite detachments
taken from the boats to render safer the passage of the Saut. Brigadier Generals Covington and Swartwout volun-
tarily took part in the action at the head of the detachments from their lespective brigades, and exhibited the same
courage that was displayed by Brigadier General Boyd, who happened to be the senior ofticer on the ground. Our
force engaged might have reached sixteen or seventeen hundred men, but certainly did not exceed eighteen hun-
dred. That of the enemy was estimated at from twelve hundred to two tiiousand, but probably did not amount to
more than fifteen or sixteen hundred, consisting, as 1 am informed, of detachments from the 49th, 84th, and 104th
regiments of the line, with three companies of the voltigeur and Glengary corps, and the militia of the country, who
are not included in the estimate.
It would be presumptuous in me to attempt to give you a detailed account of this affair, which certainly reflects
high honor on the valor of the American soldier, as no example can be produced of undisciplined men, with inexpe-
rienced ofticers, braving a fire of two hours and a half, without quitting the field, or yielding to their antagonists.
But, sir, tlie information! now give you is derived from officers of my confidence, who took active parts in this con-
flict: for, though I was enabled to order the attack, it was my hard fortune not to be able to lead the troops 1 com-
manded— the disease with which I was assailed on the 2d of September, on my journey to Fort George, having,
with a few short intervals of convalescence, preyed on me ever since; and, at the moment of this action, I was con-
fined to my bed, and emaciated almost to a skeleton, unable to set my horse, or to move ten paces without assistance.
I must, however, be pardoned for trespassing on your time a kw remarks in relation totne affair. The objects of
the British and American commanders were precisely opposed; the last being bound by the instructions of his Go-
vernment, and the most solemn obligations of duty, to precipitate his descent of the St. Lawrence by every practi-
cable means; because, this being effected, one of the greatest difficulties opposed to the American army would be
surmounted: and the first, by duties equally imperious, to retard, and, if possible, prevent such descent — he is to be
accounted victorious who effected his purpose. The British commander, having failed to gain either of his objects,
can lay no claim to the honors of the day. The battle fluctuated, and triumph seemed, at different times, inclined
to the contending corps. The front of the enemy was at fiist forced back more than a mile, and, though they never
regained the ground thus lost, their stand was permanent, and their charges resolute. Amidst these charges, and
near the close of the contest, we lost a field piece by the fall of the officer, who was serving it, with the same coolness
as if he had been at a parade or review; this was Lieutenant Smith of the light artillery, who, in point of merit,
stood at the head of his grade.
The enemy having halted, and our troops being again formed in battalia, front to front, and the firing ceased on
both sides, we resumed our position on the bank of the river, and the infantry being much fatigued, the whole were
re-embarked, and proceeded down the river, without further annoyance from the enemy or their gunboats, while
the dragoons, with five pieces of light artillery, marched down the Canada shore without molestation.
It is due to his rank, to his worth, and to his services, that I should make particular mention of Brigadier Gene-
ral Covington, who received a mortal wound directly through the body, while animating his men, and leading them
to the charge. He fell where he fought, at the head of his men, and survived but two days.
The next morning the flotilla passed through the Saut, and joined that excellent ofiicer. Brigadier General Brown,
at Barnharts, near Cornwall, where he had been instructed to take post and wait my arrival; and where I confident-
ly expected to hear of Major General Hampton's arrival on the opposite shore. But, immediately after I halted.
Colonel Atkinson, the Inspector General of the division under Major General Hampton, waited on me with a letter
476
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1814.
from that officer, in which, to my unspeakable mortification and surprise, he declined the junction ordered, and in-
formed me he was marching towards Lake Champlain, by way of co-operating in the proposed attack on Montreal.
This letter, together with a copy of that to which it is an answer, were immediately submitted to a council of
war, composed of my general officers, and the Colonel commanding the elite, the Chief Engineer, and the Adjutant
General, who unanimously gave it as their opinion, that "the attack on Montreal should be abandoned for the pre-
sent season, and the army, then near CorTiwall, should be immediately crossed to the American shore for taking up
winter quarters, and that this place aiforded an eligible position for such quarters."
I acquiesced in these opinions, not from the shortness of the stock of provisions, (which had been reduced by the
acts of God) because that of our meat had been increased five days, and our bread had been reduced only two days,
and because we could, in case of extremity, have lived on the enemy; but because the loss of the division under
Major General Hampton weakened my force too sensibly to justify the attempt. In all my measures and move-
ments of moment, 1 have taken the opinions of my general officers, which have been in accord with my own.
I remained qn the Canada shore until the next day, without seeing or hearing from the " powerful force" of the
enemy in our neighborhood, and the same day reached this position with the artillery and infantry. The dragoons
have been ordered to Utica, and its vicinity, and I expect are fifty or sixty miles on the march.
You have, under cover, a summary abstract of the killed and wounded in the affiiir of the 11th instant, which
shall soon be followed by a particular return, in which a just regard will be paid to individual merits. The dead
rest in honor, and the wounded bled for their country and deserve its gratitude.
With perfect respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
JAMES WILKINSON.
Return of the Killed and Wounded of a Detachment of the Jirmy of the United States, descending the St. Law-
rence, under the command of Major General James Wilkinson, in an action fought at Williamsburgh, in Up-
per Canada, on the iVth of November, 1813.
KILLED.
WOUNDED.
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Names of the Commissioned Officers killed and wounded.
KILLED.
Lieutenant William W. Smith, of the light artillery; Lieutenant David Hunter, ot the 12th regiment infantry;
Lieutenant Edward Olmstead, of the 16th regiment inlantry.
WOUNDED.
Brigadier General Leonard Covington, mortally, (since dead;) Major Talbot Chambers, Assistant Adjutant Gene-
ral, slightly; Major Darby Noon, Aid-de-camp to Brigadier General Swartwout, slightly; Colonel James P. Pres-
ton, of the 23d regiment infantry, severely, his right thigh fractured; Major William Cummings, of the 8th regiment
infantry, severely; Captain Edmund Foster, ot the 9th regiment infantry, slightly; .Captain David S. Townsend,
of the 9th regiment infantry, severely — taken prisoner; Captain Mordecai Myers, of the 13th regiment infantry, se-
verely; Captain John Campbell, of the 13th regiment infantry, slightly; Captain John B. Murdoch, of the 25th re-
^ment infantry; Lieutenant William S. Heaton, of the 11th regiment infantry, severely; Lieutenant John Wil-
liams, of the 13th regiment infantry, slightly; Lieutenant John Lynch, of the Hth regiment infantry, severely — ta-
ken prisoner; Lieutenant Peter Peiham, ot the 21st regiment infantiy, severely — taken prisoner; Lieutenant James
D. Brown, of the 25th regiment infantry, slightly; Lieutenant Archibald C. Crary, of the 25th regnnent infantry,
severely, in the skirmish the day before the action.
Adjutant General's Office,
Head Quarters, Military District No. 9, French Mills, November, 1813.
J. B. WALBACH, Mjutant General.
N. B. — Colonel Preston commanded the 13th regiment of infantry during the action; and Major Cummings did
,mty with the 16tli regiment of infantry in the action.
Journal referred to in the foregoing letter of Major General Wilkinson.
October '21st. Boisterous weather; left Sackett's Harbor; at night arrived off Grenadier Island.
October 2iid. Called for a return of the troops on the island; found a large body to be still in the rear, wrecked
or stranded; returned in quest of them, and to order from the harbor a supply of winter clothing and shoes for the
troops on the island, who were nearly destitute; observed at night, on our way up, many fires on different points of
the coast; wind so high could not call at them; reached the haibor at midnight.
October 23(/. Orders given for the shipment of the clothing; many stragglers picked up and embarked for
Grenadier Island;' Colonel Coles arrived with two hundred men of the 12th regiment, and sailed for the same place;
the Growler equipped, manned, furnished with a skipper, and sent to Oswego for Colonels Randolph and Scott (who
were expected at that place) and as many men as she could carry. We sailed for Grenadier Island; arrived about
8 o'clock at night off the island; weather blustering, with frequent rain. All this time the General's illness con-
tinued without abatement.
October 2ith. Hard rains with heavy gales. Still at anchor off the island.
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 477
October ibth. The General landed, and measures were immediately taken to seize every pause of the prevail-
ing storms to slip the flotilla into the St. Lawrence by small detachments. In these deceitful momentary calms we
found it impossible to traverse in safety the arm of the lake to Gravelly point, though distant only nine miles. In
the several attempts made, many boats driven ashore, and much provision and clothing lost. French creek, nearly
opposite the point where the enemy expected we should land to attack Kingston, was niaile the general rendezvous
of the troops, and Brigadier General Brown ordered on to take the chief command. The expedition of the Grow-
ler was so far successful, that, on the 3Ist, Colonel Randolph, after a perilous voyage, reached Grenadier Island
with two hundred and thirty men of the 20th regiment. On the 2d November, Commodore Cliauncey, by concert,
entered the St. Lawrence, fell down nearly to brench creek, and took a position to command the novth and south
channels. In the evening of the 1st November our vigilant enemy having observed, even amid the storms, our
movement and position at French creek, attacked the detachment at that place, under General Brown, about sun-
set, with a squadron of two brigs and two schooners, with many boats loaded yinh infantry for landing, should their
cannonade make a sufficient impression. Very soon Captain M'Pherson of the light artillery erected a battery of
three 18 pounders, and returned their fire with such spirit and effect that they fell down to a harbor below, iaeyond
its range. Next morning the attack was renewed and repelled, and one of the brigs was, with great difficulty,
towed oft" by the squadron, which put into Kingston channel, behind Grand Island. We lost two killed and four
wounded. The enemy were supposed to have suffered severely from the evident disabled state of their brig, and
the deliberate and well directed fire of the gallant Captain M'Pherson.
November 3d. The rear of the army, with the General more and more sick, sailed for the general rendezvous,
where the chief part arrived in the evening. The General was carried on shore, and lodged in a tent, his malady
increasing in violence.
November ith. This day was devoted to final arrangements forthe sailing of the flotilla. Weather moderating.
November 5th. Charming day. The flotilla got under way, and, witliout accident, fell down and landed eaily
in the night below Morrisville. The General suspecting he would be followed by the enemy, as in the morning his
course had been discovered by three of their look-out gun boats and a gig, and knowing that two of their armed
schooners could jeopard his movement, gave orders for the flotilla to pass Prescott, then seven miles below him,
in the course of the night. But some confusion occurred, arising from the novelty of the movement, and the order
was countermanded.
November 6th. This morning the health of the General appeared better; he ordered the flotilla to descend to a
point within three miles of Prescott; and the day being fine, got into his gig, and proceeded to reconnoitre the place.
In the mean time, the powder and fixed ammunition were debarked and placed in carts, to be transported by land,
under cover of the night, beyond the enemy's batteries. As soon as the General returned, orders weie issued for
the debarkation of every man (except so many as were necessary to navigate the boats) who were directed to march,
under cover of the night, to save useless exposure to the enemy's cannon, to a bay two miles below Prescott; and
arrangements were made, at the same time, for the passage of the flotilla by th:vt place, the superintendency of
which devolved on Brigadier General Brown, the general officer of the day. About eight o'clock, P. M., we had
so heavy a fog, that it was believed we could pass the British fortress unobserved, and orders were accordingly
given for the army to march and the flotilla to get under way. The General, in his gig, proceeded ahead, followed
by his passage-boat and family; but a sudden change of the atmosphere exposed his passage-boat to the garrison of
the enemy, and near fifty twenty-four pound shot were fired at her without ett'ect, while the column on land, disco-
vered by the gleam of their arms, were assailed with shot and shells, without injury. General Brown, on hearing
the firing, judiciously halted the flotilla until the moon had set, when it got in motion, but was perceived by the
enemy, who opened upon it, and continued their fire, from front to rear, for the space of three hours; and yet, out
of more than three hundred boats, not one was touched, and only one man was killed, and two were wounded; and
before ten next morning the whole of the flotilla (except two vessels) reached the place of rendezvous. About
noon, this day. Colonel King, Adjutant General of the army of General Hampton, arrived, and waited on the Com-
mander-in-chief, whom he informed that he had been to Sackett's Harbor with a despatch from General Hampton
to the Secretary of War; that he had no communication, written or verbal, from Major General Hampton to him
(the Commander-in-chief) but that, not finding the Secretary of War at Sackett's Harbor, he had thought proper,
on his return, to call for any communication he (General Wilkinson) might have to make to General Hampton.
The General had intended, in the course of this day, to send an express to General Hampton, with an order to him
to form a junction of his division with the corps descending the St. Lawrence, and availed himself of the opportu-
nity, presented by Colonel King, to send the order.
November 1th. The General having been exposed to the open air all last night, in consequence found himself
ill. In passing Prescott, two of our largest vessels, loaded with provisions, artdlery, and ordnance stores, either
through cowardice or treachery, had been run into the river near Ogdensburgh, and opposite Prescott. The enemy
kept up so constant a cannonade on them, that we found it difficult, and lost half a day, to get them out. We per-
ceived the militia in arms at Johnson, directly opposite us, and several pieces of field artillery in motion. Under-
standing that the coast below was lined with posts of musketry and artillery at every narrow pass of the river,
Colonel Macomb was detached, about one o'clock, with the elite corps, of about 1200 men, to remove these obstruc-
tions, and the General got under way about half past three o'clock. Four or five miles below we entered the first
rapids of the river, and, soon after passing them, two pieces of light artillery, which had not been observed by Col.
Macomb, opened a sharp fire upon the General's passage-boat, but without any further effect than .cutting away
some of the rigging. Lieutenant Colonel Eustis, with a part of our light gun barges, came within shot of the pieces
of the enemy, and a cannonade ensued, without injury on either side. In the mean time Major Forsythe, who was
in the rear of the elite of Colonel Macomb, landed his riflemen, advanced upon the enemy's guns, and had his fire
drawn by a couple of videttes, posted in his route, on which their pieces were precipitately carried off. The Gene-
ral came too at dusk, about six miles below the town of Hamilton, where he received a report from Colonel Macomb,
who had routed a party at a block-house, about two miles below, and captured an officer.
November 8th. This morning the flotilla fell down to a contraction of the river, at a point called the " White
House," where the dragoons vvere assembled to be crossed. Brigadier General Brown was ordered this morning to
reinforce Colonel Macomb with his brigade, and to take the command; and the whole day and following night were
devoted to transporting the dragoons. About noon this day we received advice that two armed schooneis, and a
body of the enemy in bateaux, estimated at one thousand or fifteen hundred men, had descended the river from
Kingston, and landed at Prescott; that they had immediately sent a flag across the river to Ogdensburgh, and de-
manded the delivery of all public property there, under the penalty of burning the town. Not long after, informa-
tion was received that the enemy had re-embarked at Prescott in their bateaux, and were following us with seven
gun boats.
November 9th. This morning, very early, the enemy menaced our rear, and a s'ight skirmish took place between
our riflemen and a party of their militia and Indians, in which we had one man killed, and the enemy were driven
back. The cavalry, with four pieces of light artillery, under the command of Captain M'Pherson, were attached to
the command of Brigadier General Brown, and he was ordered to march to clear the coast below us as far as a point
near the head of the Longue Saut. The rapidity of the current obliged us to halt the flotilla several hours, to
enable General Brown to make good his march in time to cover our movement. During this period the enemy fre-
quently threatened our rear, but never indicated an intention to make a serious attack. About three o'clock, P. M.
the flotilla got under way, and came to, about five o'clock, at the Yellow house, having floated nearly eleven miles
in two hours, where we encamped for the night.
November 10th. This morning the following order was issued:
61
478 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
"MORNING GENERAL ORDERS.
" Head Quarters, Tuttle's Bay, November 10, 1813.
" General Browu will prosecute his march with the troops yesterday under his command, excepting two pieces
of artillery and the second dragoons, who, with all the well men of the other brigades, except a sufficient number to
navigate the boats, are to march under the orders of Brigadier General Boyd. This precaution is enjoined by re-
gard to the safety of the men in passing the Longue Saut; and as this rapid is long and dangerous, the General ear-
nestly requests the commanding officers of regiments and corps to examine the boats, and see them properly fitted,
in order to avoid accidents as much as possible. Brigadier General Boyd will take the necessary precaution to pre-
vent the enemy, who hangs on our rear, from making an advantageous attack, and if attacked, is to turn about and
beat (hem. The boats are to resume the station assigned them in the original order respecting the flotilla, and for
this the commanding officers of regiments and brigades will be held responsible. The movement of yesterday was a
reproach to the service. The flotilla will come to to-day at Barnliart's, near Crab Island, and two guns from the
front will be the signal for landing. In case of an attack in force beyond all expectation, the corps under Brigadier
Generals Boyd and Brown are to co- operate with each other, promptly and with decision. The general officer of
the day will strictly attend and see that the flotilla puts otf and moves in the prescribed order, and will arrest any
officer who presumes to deviate therefrom."
Brigadier General Brown marched, and about noon was engaged by a party of the enemy near a block house on
the Saut, erected to harass our flotilla in its descent. About the same time the enemy were observed to be ad-
vancing on our rear, and their galley and gunboats hove in sight, approached our flotilla, then at shore, and began
to cannonade it. The slender structure ot our gun barges made it impossible for them to resist the long twenty-four
pounder of the enemy's galley; this obi ige<l the General to order two eighteen pounders to be run on shore and
formed in battery, a single shot iiom which gave such an alarm to the enemy's vessels, that they retired up the river,
accompanied by their troops. But these slight operations so far wasted the day, that our pilots were afraid to enter
the Saut (a continued rapid of eight miles) with the flotilla; we therefore fell down within two or three miles of the
head of it, and came to for the night. By this time the General had become so extremely ill as to be unable to sit
up, and was confined to his bed in a small berth under the quarter deck of his passage boat.
November 1 Ith. Having heard the firing of the cannon yesterday between General Brown and the enemy, being
still unapprised of the result, it became necessary that we should hear from him before we committed ourselves
to the Saut, which allows no retreat, no landing, no turning to the right or left, but where the impetuosity
of the current impels. About ten or eleven o'clock, A. M. the Commander-in-chief received advice from General
Brown that he had forced the enemy to retire before him, and had arrived near the foot of the Saut- Orders
were immediately given for the flotilla to prepare to sail, and for General Boyd and his command to commence
their march, when some firing took place fiom the gun boats, and a report was brought to the Commander-in-chief
that the enemy was advancing in column; on this he ordered General Boyd to attack them, and ihe flotilla was di-
rected not to leave the shore. But the report was soon after contradicted. A variety of reports respecting their
movements and counter movements were, after this, successively brought to the General, which impressed him with
the conviction that the enemy had determined to attack his rear, as soon as the flotilla should put off and the troops
commence their march. He resolved to anticipate them; he therefore sent Colonel Swift, of the engineers, with in-
structions to Brigadier General Boyd, who had been directed by the order of the preceding day to take command
of the detachment on shore, to form that detachment into three columns, to advance upon the enemy, to endeavor
to outflank them, and to tak-j their artillery. Soon after this the action commenced, and for the numbers engaged
was extremely warm and bloody for upwards of two hours, during which time, in open space and fair combat, the
raw undisciplined troops of the United States braved, and frequently drove, the best troops of the British army.
Descriptions of battles have become too subservient to the gratification of personal vanity, and the acquisition of
popular applause; yet every man who has taken part in a great action must know that there is nothing more difficult
ihan to do justice to the merits of a battle in all its parts, where it is hard to find two officers, unless fighting side by
side, who agree in opinion as to the propriety of measures and the C(mduct of men. The fortunes of this day were
various; sometimes one line, sometimes the other, giving way. Unfortunately, during the shiftings of the action,
by the death of Lieutenant Smith, a young officer of the highest promise, the enemy got possession of a field-piece,
the only trophy they obtained. It is difticult to speak of the precise numbers engaged on either side, because the
detachment under General Boyd consisted of an indefinite number of his own, Covington's, and Swartwout's bri-
gades, ordered from on board the boats to lighten them, and save the hazard of the men's lives in descending the
Saut. Neither Covington nor Swartwout were obliged to take part in the action with this detachment; yet they
both entered the field, taking command of that part of it which belonged to their respective brigades, where they
exhibited the same courageous conduct which distinguished General Boyd on the field; and, to the great loss of the
service. Brigadier General Covington received a mortal wound when encouraging and leading on his detachment.
The numbers engaged on our side could not have exceeded sixteen or seventeen hundred men, while those of the
enemy are reckoned, by spectators, at from (me to two thousand; but 'tis probable did not exceed fifteen hundred,
consisting, as we are Informed, of detachments of the 49th, 84th, and 104th, the voltigeurs, and Glengarian regiment.
With respect to the courage displayed by our officers, it would be useless to enter into details, since they all
manifesied m their respective stations equal intrepidity. The names of the meritorious dead and wounded will be
recorded in another place. The firing ceased, by common consent, about four o'clock, P. M.; our troops were
formed in battalia in front of the enemy, who were also in line, and they separated, the enemy to their camp, and
we to our boats. The troops being much exhausted, it was considered most convenient that they should embark,
and that the dragoons, with the artillery, should proceed by land. The embarkation took place without thesmallest
molestation from the enemy, and the flotilla made a harbor near the head of the Saut, on the opposite shore. The
views of the American and British commanders were, on this occasion, precisely opposed. The first being bound
by the instructions of his Government, and the most solemn obligations of duty, to precipitate his descent of the St.
Lawrence by every practicable means, and the last by duties equally imperious to retard, and, if possible, to pre-
vent such descent. If, then, he found himself victorious on this day, it was certainly in his power to have eflTected
the one or the other object; and as he made no attempt to eftect either, it follows, incontestably, that he had no fair
ground on which to claim a victory.
November I2lh. The flotilla sailed early this morning, and passed down the Saut without discovering either
the boats or troops of the enemy, and arrived, in the course of the forenoon, at Barnhart's, where the commanding
General received a letter from Major General Hampton, by the hands of Colonel Atkinson, his Inspector General,
which blasted all his hopes, and destroyed every prospect of the campaigr;. A council of war was called upon the
receipt of this communication, which was submitted to their consideration, whereupon the council determined that
the conduct of Major General Hampton, in refusing to join his division to tlie troops descending the St. Lawrence
to carry an attack against Montreal, rendered it expedient to leave the left bank of the St. Lawrence, and to re-
move the troops to French Mills, on Salmon river; and on the thirteenth of November this- recommendation was
accordingly carried into effect, ample time having been given to the enemy to have tried a second action, if they
had dared to run the hazard.
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
French Mills, November 17, 1813.
" After what has passed between us, you can perhaps conceive my amazement and chagrin at the conduct of
Major General Hampton. The game was in view, and, had he performed the junction directed, would have been
ours in eight or ten days. But he chose to recede, in order to co-operate, and my dawning hopes, and the hopes
and honor of the army, were blasted."
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY- 479
Extract from the General Order of General TVilkinson, of November 13.
" The troops are to embark without loss of time, yet are not to be hurried in leaving the Canadian shore, from
whence the Commander-in-chief is compelled to retire by the extraordinary, unexampled, and it appears unwar-
rantable conduct ot Major General Hampton, in refusing to join this army with a division of four thousand men,
under his command, agreeably to positive orders from the Commander-in-chief, and, as he has been assured by the
Secretary of Wai', of explicit instructions from the War Department.
" Thus deprived of a large portion of his promised force, the Commander-in-chief feels himself bound, by a sense
of regard to this meritorious corps, and of sacred duty to the United States, to spare the lives of brave men, and
not to hazard the character or interest of the nation by an unequal conflict. He, with lively regret, and the deepest
mortification, suspends the attack on Montreal; but he assures the army that it is not abandoned."
Colonel Purdy''s report to Major General Wilkinson^ of tke action at Chaleaug-ay, <|-c. transmitted by the General
to the Secretary of fVur.
I arrived at Cumberland-head September 16th, 1813, and on the 18lh took command of the 4lh regiment of in-
fiintry, stationed at that place. The army, consisting of about four thousand nien, was composed principally of re-
cruits who had been but a short time in service, and had not been exercised with that rigid discipline so essentially
necessary to constitute the soldier. They had, indeed, been taught various evolutions, but a spirit of subordination
was foreign to their views. On the 19th, orders were issued for tlie whole army, except a squadron of horse and the
artillery, to embark in bateaux. The army got under way, preceded by the light corps, and flanked on the right
by the navy, and arrived at Chazy at 12 o'clock at night, lay on their arms, embarked again soon after sunrise the
next morning, proceeded down the lake as far as Champlaiii, and up Champlain river the distance of four miles,
where we landed, and immediately marched to Odietown. The light corps, who preceded the other troops some
hours, surprised and defeated a guard of the enemy at that place. We remained at Odietown until the middle of the
next day, during which time a want of system in the management of the army was readily discovered by every mil-
itary man, that led to apprehensions for the safety of the troops, should the enemy oppose with any considerable
force. The army lelurned to Champlain the 21st, the 22d to Chazy, and the day following commenced the route
to Chateaugay. The whole of this march, a distance of more than seventy miles, was very disagreeable; the cfficers
were not permitted to take with them the necessaries, much less the conveniences of life, and were compelled to
abandon clothing and other things essentially necessary to preserve the body in health. We forebore complaint, en-
dured every privation, presuming the commanding officer had sufficient reasons for his conduct, and concluding it
was pro bono publico. The scene has past, and time sufficient has elapsed to have discovered those reasons, had
they existed; none have been found; on the contrary, circumstances have demonstrated that it was a useless and
unnecessary sacrifice of both public and private property. The army remained at Chateaugay twenty-six days, and
on the 21st October commenced an excursion into the enemy's country. The first brigade followed the course ot
the Chateaugay river to Spear's, the distance of eighteen miles and upwards, and there met the second brigade, which
had taken a nearer and more convenient route. The march was very fatiguing, equalled only by another that soon
followed. Credit is due to both the officers and soldiers for their ordeily conduct, patience, and perseverance, in
surmounting the incredible obstacles the enemy threw in their way. On the 25ih, a difficult and very fatiguing ex-
pedition was planned, and the execution of it assigned to the first brigade, which had been for some time previous,
and still remained, under my command. The design was to cut off the retreat of a body of the enemy, supposed to
be encamped on the banks of the Chateaugay, six miles distant. With this intention the first brigade was ordered
to cross the river at night, march silently down, and recruss at a ford two miles below the enemy, and attack them
in rear, giving a preconcerted signal, while the second brigade moved down the road in front. Wecommenced the
march at sun-down, and by sun-rise the next morning had gained only six miles. Here we were discovered by the
enemy, and fired on from the opposite side of the river. During that night we were repeatedly misled by the guides,
who knew nothing of the country, having never been that way, and at the time we were attacked, they had led us
into a thick cedar growth or swamp on the banks of the river, and immediately opposite the enemy's position, and
knew not hov/ to extricate us. Incredible as it may appear. General Hampton entrusted nearly one half of his army,
and those his best troops, to the guidance of men, each of whom repeatedly assured him that they were not ac-
quainted with the country, and were not competent to direct such an expedition. At the same time General Hamp-
ton told me he had a man by the name of Smith, who had a perfect knowledgeof the country, and whom he promised
to send me, but which he neglected to do. 'J'he defeat of the expedition was the consequence of this neglect of the
Major General. About two o'clock, while receiving an order from Colonel King. Adjutant General, upon the op-
posite side of the river, to march back four mdes, and then ford the river and join the 2d bi igade, the enemy made
a furious attack on the column by a great discharge of musketry, accompanied by the yells ot the savages. Unfor-
tunately, the word " retreat'' was heard, which, for a short time, spread confusion among the several corps. A
sufficient number, however, remained firm, and the enemy was soon compelled to retue. Towards sundown I
sent General Hampton a request that a regiment might be ordered down to cover my landing on the opposite side
of the river; but judge my surprise, on receiving intelligence that he had retreated with the second brigade nearly
three miles. Thus was 1 deseited, without the smallest guard to cover my landing. To what cause shall it be at-
tributed, that the General ordered a retreat, and that too at the moment when the presence of the second brigade
was required, or could be useful, as soon afterwards he declared "he should be willing to compound with the first
brigade for five hundred men." The wounded had previously been conveyed across on raits, which made a removal of
my biigade absolutely necessary for their protection. An attempt was accordingly made, and a floating bridge soon
constructed of old logs, found on the margin of the river. The enemy discovering our disposition, commenced a
tiring from the opposite side, and killed several while crossing. Major Snelling, with aboita hundred men, effect-
ed a landing, and joined the main body. The remainder of my force, exhausted by the excessive exertions of the
preceding night, and weary with the latigues of the day, not having had a moment either for rest or refreshment,
were compelled to endure the privation of sleep another night. We retired two or three miles and took a position.
At about twelve o'clock the enemy came up and made an attack upon us, but were soon routed. The men at this
time were formed, and lying on the ground they were to occupy in case of an attack, and were ordered to, and
did immediately rise, seize their arms, and remain under them the residue of the night. An excessively heavy rain
prevented the tiring both of the enemy and ourselves, except occasionally a single gun from the former. Our troops
were ordered not to fire, but, in case of a repetition of attack, to charge bayonets; this was accordingly done. The
enemy charged several times, and as often were put to flight. It is observable in this place, that, so greatly were
the men overpowered by fatigue, though in a situation every v.ay dangerous, and in which they had every reason
to believe they should be sallied upon by the enemy every moment, many were unable to conquer their disposition
to sleep, and it was not in the power of the officers to keep them awake- It was on the morning of this last attack
that the General expressed his apprehensions for the first brigade, and made the declaration above quoted. The
next morning we crossed the river, and joined General Hampton; on the 28th the army retreated four miles, and on
the 30th and 31st marched back to Chateaugay. The troops, at the times of the attack, were not in a situation to en-
dure further fatigue; and it is an indubitable fact, that many of them were so debilitated they were unable to proceed
with the brigade on its march from the place of its last attack, and actually did not reach the main body until the
day after the brigade had joined it, and some not even until the army had reached the Four Corners of Chateaugay.
Never, to my knowledge, during our march into Canada, and while we remained at the Four Corners, a term of
twenty-six days, did General Hampton ever send off a scouting or reconnoitering party, (except in one or two cases
at Spear's, in Canada, when he detached a few dragoons for this duty) nor did he, from the time we commenced our
march from Cumberland head, to our arrival at Plattsburg, ever order a front, flank, or rear guard to be kept up,
though a great part of the time we were in situations which evidently required it. True it is, these guards were oc-
casionally sent out, not, however, by his order, but by the orders of the officers commanding brigades.
480 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
By a general order, dated Cliateaugay, November 5, the General says he has paid the first attention to the sick,
and has granted them indulgences, which created murmurings on the part of some officers at their posts. It is only
neccessary here to observe, that every officer of the army can testily that the sick were very much neglected as far
as regards comfortable quarters and transportation, and that they were strewed along the roads through which we
marched without care or attendance; and it is presumable that many have died in consequence of this who might
have been saved to themselves if not to the service. The General, indeed, at the time this order was issued, which
was after our return to the Four Corners, did order transportation for the sick to Burlington, but this is the only
instance to my knowledge. . .
The Commissary's Department is worthy of notice. My order for provision was not suflicient; nor could I
obtain any but by special licence of General Hampton. The commissary of issues has been constantly in the habit
of selling the livers, &c. of the beeves to officers; and though I represented this to General Hampton as unusual
and improper, he refused to take any other notice of it than saying, " the Commissary is accountable for all parts of
the beef, even to a pound or ounce of tallow:" nor did betake any notice of another piece of misconduct of the Com
missary, that of acting in the capacity of sutler, but sanctioned it by purchasing of him.
The common practices with General Hampton, of arresting officers and releasing them without their consent;
of releasing arrested officers without the knowledge or consent of the officers by whom they were arrested (the case
of Lieutenant Morris of the 33d regiment, who was arrested by me on the charge of cowardice and misconduct be-
fore the enemy on the 26th October, 1813, the time of the skirmish with the enemy at Ormstown, orChateaugay river,
being an instance;) of refusing to arrest officers whom I reported to him as having deserted their posts in time of
action; of daily issuing orders and countermanding them, and of interfering in an improper manner with the sub-
ordinate commands of the army, as a reference to the orders issued by him will show, mark very strongly die ca-
priciousness of his conduct and the total want of steadiness in his intentions.
Such has been the General's conduct on some occasions, that I have, in common with other officers, been induc-
ed to believe that he was under the influence of a too free use of spirituous liquors.
I must, injustice to General Hampton, say, that the expedition he planned, and which I have called "difficult
and fatiguing," did, at tlie time it was suggested to me by him, meet my full approbation, and that I have since seen
no reason for changing my opinion of its practicability or usefulness; but I must also say that it required competent
guides; and these (as I said before) he promised to furnish me, but did not.
I am of opinion no officer that has served under Major General Hampton, on the late campaign, can, or will con-
tradict this statement. ^ ^^ „. . . ,
ROBERT PURDY, Colonelith Infantry.
A true copy. R. H. M'PHERSON, Captain and Secretary.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General Wilkimon.
Albany, November 18, 1813.
"My last advices from you are of the 3d inst. Report says that the garrisons of Kingston and Prescott have
found means to overtake your rear, to bring it to action, to handle it roughly, and to compel it to retreat to the
main body. To this I give no credit: . . , , .
"1st. Because, moving with the celerity necessary to your objects, it is highly improbable that they could by any
exertion have been able to overtake you; and
"2d. Because it is quite incredible that, finding in your rear a heavy corps capableof disturbing the main action
of the campaign, you should not have taken eftectual measures to beat and destroy it. If 1,600 men were not suffi-
cient for this purpose, 6,000 were so; and the garrisons of Kingston and Prescott destroyed (though we failed of
getting to Montreal) the upper province was won."
Extract of a letter from Major General JVilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
French Mills. November 24, 1813.
" I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 15th instant from Albany, and hope my despatches have
reached you which left this on the 17th.
" With respect to the unfortunate issue of the campaign, I disclaim the shadow of blame, because I know I have
done my duty, and more than my duty, and so do those with whom I have acted. To General Hampton''s outrage
of every principle of sttbordinaiion and discipline may be ascribed the failure of the expedition; and that I have
not yet arrested him must be attributed to my respect for you, and my desire that the arrest should proceed from
the highest authority: for if this act be sutFered to pass unnoticed and unpunished, it will establish a precedent to
justify disobedience and subvert those obligations of blind obedience on which the efficiency of military institutions
cxcIusivgI V cispGnd .
" After our losses by deaths, desertions, and discharges, since we left Sackett's Harbor, I think we shall not be
able to show you more than six thousand men at this point, exclusive of the dragoons, who have been ordered to
Greenbush and Pittslield, for convenience and economy."
War Department, November 25, 1813.
It is recommended to you to consolidate your infantry and artillery into complete regiments, or as nearly so
as possible, for the winter, retaining a full complement of your most efficient officers to command them, and de-
taching all surplus officers immedia'tely on the recruiting service, and to the several districts indicated by the rules
ami regulations. This regulation should extend to General Hampton's division.
An immediate inquiry into the terms of enlistment of the men composing your army should be instituted, and
endeavors should be made to re-enlist all those whose terms of service are about expiring.
The most severe attention to discipline must be begun, and the slightest departures from it, whether in officer or
soldier, noticed and punished. Clerks to the several companies must be appointed, and company books kept, show-
ing every thing received by the soldier, and charging him therewith. If, on the next, or any future inspection, it
be found that any article of his clothing, or of his arms, has been lost or sold, the article is to be supplied, and the
price deducted from his wages. With regard to clothing and arms, there have been the most shocking abuses.
Confidential reports are provided by the rules, and must be made agreeably thereto. The inspector who negrlects
or refuses to perform this duty shall be dismissed the service.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
' "^ -^ -^ JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Major General Wilkinson.
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Malone, Military District No. 9, December 6, 1813.
"Your three letters of the 25th ultimo came to hand on the 30th; and I am happy to find that I had anticipated
the views communicated in those letters, as far as respects the security of our flanks and centre. When I ordered
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 481
Major General Hampton to reinforce the post of the Four Corners, it was under the impression that Cumberland
Head was guarded; but the moment I was undeceived, and apprised of the exposed situation of our depot at Platts-
burg, the order was countermanded, as you have seen from the documents which I have transmitted you. You must
also have perceived, from those documents, that 1 was not insensible of the importance of condensing our force, and
that I had made a proposition respecting quarters preparatory to such event"
Mstractfrom the Report of the Mjutant General of General Wilkinson's army, showing the whole number of non-
commissioned officers, musicians, and artijicers, of the several regiments and corps, on December I, 1813.
Light Artillery, -
2d Regiment Artillery,
3d Ditto,
5th Regiment Infantry,
6th Ditto,
nth Ditto,
12th Ditto,
13th' Ditto,
14th Ditto,
15th Ditto,
20th Ditto,
2l8t Ditto,
22d Ditto,
25th Ditto,
Riflemen,
472
117
675
495
549
454
500
591
295
648
336
841
455
578
263
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, January 27, 1814.
A. Y. NICOLL, Inspector General.
Note. — Ttie two re^ments of light dragoons, which had made part of General Wilkinson's force in descending the St. Law-
rence, are not included in this return; these corps having been detached to Utica.
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Malone, December 8, 1813.
" The unavoidable delay of the express (as no reliance can be placed in the mail from this place) enables me to
send you the copy of a letter from General Izard, dated the 6Lh instant, which exhibits additional expositions of the
pernicious and unwarrantable conduct of Major General Hampton. I will not charge this man with traitorous de-
signs, but I apprehend, in any other government, a military officer who first defeated the object of a campaign by
disobedience of orders, and then, without authority, furloughed all the efficient officers of the division he command-
ed on a national frontier, in the vicinity of an enemy, would incur heavy penalties."
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General Izard to Major General Wilkinson, dated
Plattsburg, December 6, 1813.
"There is an unavoidable delay in the returns of the regiments of this division, proceeding from the extreme
inexperience of the officers of all grades, now with them; almost every efficient officer is eitlier sick, or was fur-
loughed by Major General Hampton, at the moment of his own departure; those that remain, are barely enough to
perform the routine of duty in this cantonment."
Extract of a letter from Major General Wilkinson to the Secretary of War, dated
Malone, December 24, 1813.
"I believe I have not hitherto transmitted you a copy of a communication which took place between Commo-
dore Chauncey and myself, the day before I sailed from French Creek, and I do it now, to show you what were my
anticipations of the movements of the enemy left behind me, and how delusive were all the promises made to me
that my rear should be protected."
French Cheek, November 4, 1813.
Dear Sir:
I was was so ill yesterday I could not call to see you, and I now send up to say that I shall sail this evening;
and if I am not obstructed by the enemy's armed vessels, which may have slipped down the other channel, I shall
pass Prescott to-morrow night, or land the next morning to take the place, if I cannot pass it without too great ha-
zard. As this operation may require three or four days, it is not improbable the enemy's squadron may make some
attempts to destroy my boats; and therefore I must entreat you to watch his every motion, and to give my flotilla
every protection in your power.
We are a match for the gun boats of the enemy, but inferior to armed schooners; and, therefore, could you con-
sistently spare us the Pert, or some armed vessel, to run down to the vicinity of Ogdensburgh, and immediately re-
turn, it would add security to our movements.
Major Johnson will have the honor to deliver you this; and I will thank you for any information you can give me
respecting the movements of the enemy.
1 wish very much to say farewell to ynu, but I am sensible of the delicacy of your situation; and my disease
having changed into a violent inflammation of the breast, I dare not get wet. If, then, it is destined that we are not
to meet again, I will leave with you my prayers for long life and laurels in this world, and everlasting happiness in
that which is to coine.
Farewell, my friend, and may your country understand your skill and valor as well as does
JA. WILKINSON.
Commodore Chauncey.
482 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
United States' Ship General Pike,
At anchor off East end of Long Island, River St. Lawrence, November i, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Your favor of this day's date has this moment been handed to me by Major Johnson.
From the best information that I can get, the enemy's fleet is at or in the vicinity of Kingston; and I think that
you have nothing to apprehend from them, as 1 am in a situation to watch both channels.
I should deem it unsafe to separate any part of my squadron as long as the enemy remains above me: in fact, I
am in hourly expectation of being attacked by Sir James, down the south channel; in that case, I shall require all
my force, as he has added a number of gunboats to his neet. If, however. Sir James should detach any part of his
fleet down the north channel, I will send a sufficient force down to oppose him.
I will remain in my present station until you pass Prescott, but am anxious for that event to take place at as early
a day as possible, as the fleet cannot move out of this river except with a fair wind. It is to be apprehended
that, after a few days, a spell of westwardly winds will set in, which may detain us until the ice makes, v. hich
would endanger the safety of the fleet, and probably lead to its final destruction. If it is possible for you to com-
municate to me, in any way, when you pass Prescott, I should esteem it as a particular favor.
May your present enterprise be crowned with all the success that you yourself can wish; and that your eminent
services may be duly appreciated by your country is the prayer of.
Dear sn-, your friend and humble servant,
ISAAC CHAUNCEY.
Major General James Wilkinson,
Commander-in-chief of the American forces in and upon the St. Lawrence, &c.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF WAR AND COLONEL PORTER AND GENERAL
M'CLURE, &c.
War Department, February 23, 1813.
Sir:
As the enemy's force and defences on the Canada side of the Niagara river are understood to be weak; as
your I'orce is respectable, and supposed to be competent to a successful attack of these; and as the season has now
furnished you with a bridge, as well for retreat as for advance, it is thought advisable that you do not permit circum-
stances so favorable to escape, without making a stroke on such points of the enemy's line as may be most within your
reach. If, after feeling the enemy at Fort Erie, you should find yourself able to extend your attack to Fort George,
it will be desirable; but of this you can judge best alter your first experiment. To an old soldier, like yourself, it is
unnecessary to go more into detail. You know what you ought to do, and you will do it. Communicate this letter
to Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler, and accept the assurances of my respect and good wishes.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Colonel Porter, Light Artillery,
Commanding the troops of the United Stales on the Niagara river.
Extract of a letter from Major General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
Albany, March 25, 1813.
" Colonel Porter informs me that he had commenced the necessary preparations for an attack on Foit Erie, but
the desertion of a sergeant prevented his carrying his intended attack into operation. Two officers, with six men,
pursued the sergeant so far as to be surrounded on the ice, and were made prisoners. Fort Erie was immediately rein-
forced, and he had given over any immediate movement."
Letter from Colonel Scott (third Artillery Regiment) to Major General Wilkinson.
FoHT George, Monday, 7 o^ clock, p. m. October 11, 1813.
Sir:
Within the last five n\inutes I have had the honor to receive your despatch by the Lady of the Lake.
The enemy has treated me with neglect. He continued in his old positions until Saturday last, (the 9th) when
he took up his retreat on Burlington heights, and has abandoned this ivhole peninsula. Two causes are assigned for
this precipitate movement; the succor ot Proctor, who is reported to have been entirely defeated, if not taken; the
oilier, the safety of Kingston, endangered by your movement.
_We have had from the enemy many deserters, most of whom concur in the latter supposition.
The British burnt evefy thing in store in this neighborhood; three thousand blankets, many hundred stand of
arms; also the blankets in the men's packs, and every article of clothing not in actual use.
They aie supposed to have reached Burlington heights last evening, from the rate of their march the night before.
1 have information of their having passed " the 40," by several inhabitants who have come down. They add to what
was stated by the deserters, that two officers of the forty -first had joined General Vincent from Proctor's army, with
the information that Proctor was defeated eighteen miles this side of Maiden. I cannot get particulars.
From the same sources of intelligence, it appears that the 49th, a part .of the 100th, and the voltigeurs, moved
from this neighborhood the day after our flotilla left this, the 3d instant, but with what destination is not certainly
known.
It was first reported (I mean in the British camp) that these regiments had marched to support Proctor, who, it is
said, wrote that he would be compelled to surrender if not supported.
I am pretty sure, however, that they are gone below. The movement of our army below seems to have been
known in the British lines as early as the 3d instant, together with the immediate objects in view; hence 1 have no
difficulty in concluding that all the movements of the enemy will concentrate at Kingston.
Chapin, who has been commissioned lieutenant colonel, marched late last evening up the lake, with about one
hundred volunteers under his command, and was followed this morning by Generals McClure and Porter, with
about one thousand men, Indians and militia included. There is no danger of their coming up with the enemy, or
they would be in great danger of a total annihilation.
Vincent took hence with him about a thousand or eleven hundred regulars. Many of the militia left this with
the avowed design of plunder; but I fear, from reports, that the British have left the miserable inhabitants without
any thing to be ravished. I expect General McClure back to-morrow evening, as he only took with him supplies
for two days. He will probably go as far as " the 20."
On the 8th, Chapin went out with a small party and attacked one of the enemy's pickets, which brought on a
skirmish, in which many of Colonel Swift's regiment participated. After a great waste of ammunition, the parties
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 433
retii-ed to their respective camps with little loss 011 either side. We made and lost a prisoner, had two Indians
killed, and two other men wounded. We hear the enemy had five men wounded.
I had this morning made an arrangement, on application of General McClure, to be relieved in the command of
this post on the morning of the 13th instant, with an intention of taking up my line of march for Sackett's Harbor,
according to the discretion allowed me in the instructions I had the honor to receive from you at this place. My
situationlias become truly insupportable, without the possibility of an attack at this post, and without the possibility
of reaching you time enough to share in the glory of impending operations below. I am, nevertheless, flattered
with the assurance that transport will be forwarded for my removal; and, to favor that intention, I propose taking
up my line of march on the morning of the 13th, for the mouth of Genesee river, and there await the arrival ot
the vessels you are good enough to promise me. By this movement. Captain Mix thinks with me that I shall hasten
my arrival at Sackett's Harbor five, possibly ten days. Captain Camp has a sufficient number of wagons to take
me thither. I can easily make that place by the evening of the 15th. I hope I shall have your approbation, and
every thing is arranged with Brigadier McClure.
Knowing your wishes respecting the invalids or subjects for discharge, and fearing that water transport might
not be had till the season was too far advanced for their removal, I have ventured to send Lieutenant Archer (pay-
master of the 20th, who was left here without orders) on command to Greenbush, with one hundred men of this
description. It was a measure approved of by Doctor Mann, and I hope not contrary to your wishes and inten-
tions. Doctor Hugo, Surgeon's Mate of the 14th, (also left here without orders) accompanied the detachment.
The Quartermaster's department furnished eight wagons, on my requisition.
The sick list of the garrison is much reduced since your departure, (I have the honor to enclose my report of this
morning) and Doctor Mann has discharged many patients from his hospital; I also enclose you his last report. Those
marked " subjects for discharge," are part of the number sent off to Greenbush.
Doctor Mann and Capain Camp have concluded to remove the general hospital to " the Eleven Mile Creek,"
near Buifalo, the barracks at which place will be sufficient for the reception of the whole of the sick, with some
trifling repairs.
From the morning report, enclosed, you will find seven hutidred and ninety-four the "total," &c. present of the
regulars of this garrison, including officers, &c. Transport will be necessary for about eight hundred and fifty per-
sons. I wish also to take with me four iron G's, one 5k inch howitzer, and two caissons, the whole on field car-
riages. This train will form no impediment in my march to the mouth of Genesee river, as I have horses belonging
to the regiment sufficient to draw it. If it meet your approbation, I can send the horses thence to Sackett's
Harbor by land.
I have, by working almost night and day, greatly improved the defences of this post, and nearly filled up the
idea of the engineer. I flatter myself that 1 have also improved the garrison in discipline.
I must apologise for the haste in which this is written, but Captain Mix proposes to sail immediately, and I fear
to detain him a moment. I think I shall certainly be at the mouth of the Genesee by the 15th Instant.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest respect, your most obedient servant,
W. SCOTT, Colonel commanding.
Maj. Gen. Wilkinson, Commanding, ^-c.
Extract of a letter from Colonel Winfield Scott to the Secretary of War, dated
Georgetown, (Col.) December 31, 1813.
" At your desire, I have the honor to make the following report:
" I left Fort George on the 13th of October last, by order of Major General Wilkinson, with the whole of the
regular troops of that garrison, and was relieved by Brigadier General McClure, with a body of the New York
detached militia.
" Fort George, as a field work, might be considered as complete at that period. It was garnished with ten
pieces of artillery, (which number might easily have been increased from the spare ordnance of the opposite fort)
with an ample supply of fixed ammunition, &c. as the enclosed receipt for these articles will exhibit.
" Fort Niagara, on the 14th October, was under the immediate command ol Captain Leonard, first artillery,
who, besides his own company, had Captain Read's, of the same regiment, together with such of Brigadier General
McClure's brigade as had refused to cross the river. Lieutenant Colonels Flemming, Bloom, and Dobbins, of the
militia, had successively been in the command of this fort, by order of the brigadier general, but I think neither of
them was present at the above period. Major General Wilkinson, in his order to me for the removal of the regular
troops on that frontier, excepted the two companies of the first artillery then at Fort Niagara. And, under the
supposition that I should meet water transport for my detachment at the mouth of the Genesee river, I had his
orders to take with me the whole of the convalescents left in the different hospitals by the reg:iments which had
accompanied him. This order I complied with. "
Note. — By the arrang-emetits of the War Department. Brigadier General Porter, of the United States' army, was designated
for command on the Niagara frontier, and particularly for that of Fort George. In the latter trust, General Wilkinson substi-
tuted for him Colonel Scott, of the thii-d regiment of artillery, with provisional ordei-sto join the army at Sackett's Harbor.
War Office, February 8, 1813.
Ordered, That Captain Leonard, (first regiment of artillery) be arrested, and that his place be supplied by Cap-
tain Armistead, of the same regiment.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Adj. Gen. Cushing.
Extract of a letter from Adjutant General Thomas H. Cushing to Captain George K. Armistead, dated at this
office, February 8, 1813.
" You will please to proceed to Niagara, in the State of New York, and relieve Captain Nathaniel Leonard in
the command of the company of artillerists now at that post; which company is to be returned and mustered in
your name, from and after the day on which you receive the command of it; and Captain Leonard wUl be Instructed
10 deliver the said company to you, with books, papers, clothing, and every thing appertaining to it.
"' You will call on Major General Dearborn at Albany, and receive his orders."
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, Washington, Jan. 22, 1814.
The above is a true copy from the original as recorded in this office.
J. B. WALBACH, Adjutant General.
484 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Extract of a letter from Mjutant General Thomas H. Cnshing to Major General Henry Dearborn, dated at this
office, February 8, 1813.
" The conduct of Captain Leonard at Niagara has been represented in a very unfavorable light to the Secretary
of War, who has instructed me to send Captain George Armistead to relieve him in the command of the company
at that post; and I have instructed Captain Armistead to proceed on his journey immediately, and to wait on you
for any instructions you may tliink proper to give. Captain Leonard must not exercise command until his conduct
has been inquired into."
Adjutant and Inspector General''s Office, Washington, Jan. 22, 1814.
The above is a true copy from the original as recorded in this office.
^ 3. B.WAl,BACH, Mjutant General.
Extract of a letter to the Secretary of War from Major George Armistead.
Fort M'Henry, January 19, 1814.
" Captain Leonard was not arrested or brought to trial during my stay on tiie frontier; nor was he ever instruct-
ed, to my knowledge, to give me the command of his company."
War Department, October 4, 1813.
Understanding that the defence of the post committed to your charge may render it proper to destroy the town
of Newark, you are hereby directed to apprise its inhabitants of this circumstance, and to invite them to remove
themselves and their effects to some place of greater safety.
I am, &c. JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brig. Gen. McClure, or officer commanding at Fort George, U. Canada.
General Harrison^ s orders to General McClure.
Head Quarters, Newark, November 15, 1813.
Being ordered to return to the westward, you will be pleased to resume the command which you received
previous to my arrival at this place. , -,, , , ,
The orders which you heretofore have received will govern you. It will be necessary that you keep a vigilant
eye over the disaffected part of the inhabitants; and I recommend that you make use of the zeal, activity, and local
knowledge, which Colonel Willcocks certainly possesses, to counteract the machinations of our enemy, and ensure
the confidence of our friends amongst the inhabitants. It will, however, I am persuaded, be your wish, as it is your
duty, to guard the latter as mueh as possible from oppression.
The volunteers which were lately called out, will be retained as long as you consider their services necessary;
the draughted militia, until further orders are received from the Secretary of War.
There can be little doubt of its being the intention of the enemy to send the greater part of the troops which they
have at Burlington and York to Kingston, and to make York the right of their line. They may, however, have a
small command at Burlington, and those may be so securely posted as to render them safe from any desultory expe-
dition you may set on foot; but it is desirable to have any supplies which they may have collected in the neighborhood
destroyed; and should the success below be not such as to promise possession of tiie whole of the upper province,
may be destroyed.
Captains Leonard and Reed, or either of them, are appointed to muster your troops when and where you think
In closing this communication, I should not do justice to my feelings, if I were not to acknowledge the zeal and
talents with which you have managed your command. Your conduct appears to me to have been extremely judi-
cious and proper throughout, and your troops exhibit a state of improvement and subordination which is at once
honorable to your officers and themselves.
I am, very sincerely, your friend and obedient servant,
' ^ "'^ WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Brig. Gen. George McClure.
Fort George, November 17, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Major General Harrison embarked with his troops yesterday, on board the fleet destined for Sackett's Har-
bor, leaving the command once more in my hands. Owing to continued opposing winds, the fleet has not yet
gotten out of sight. . ^ ,. , , . , , -n
A correspondence which took place between the General and myself, copies of which are herewith sent, will
at once explain to you my views and feelings relative to the operations proposed to have been effected on this fron-
tier. I am confident that the expressions ol regret made by General Harrison are equally sincere with mine, though
we both acquiesce in the necessity which dictated his abandonment of the projected expedition against Burlington.
About 400 volunteers have repaired to this post under my late call, made in conformity with General Harrison s
wishes and request. A few are still coming in. I shall take care that they shall not be unemployed. I am this
moment sending out a detachment of 200 mounted volunteers, with directions to penetrate the enemy's lines as tar
as practicable with safety. In the mean time, I am making preparations for moving in force against them, unless
the intelligence expected from this excursion should be such as to make it improper. , • , , .
Accounts of the enemy's force still vary much. A deserter came in to-day, who represents their force to be
1,500 regulars, and 800 Indians, at Burlington and Stony creek. The former I think is magnified.
It is impossible to form a correct opinion of their intended movements. At one time they appear to tie sending
down their stores and detachments of troops to York. At this time, it is said they are reinforcing, fortifying, and
building barracks. ^ , ,, i x j lu i. -n
The term of service of my troops will expire on the 9th December. It can hardly be expected that many will
willingly continue in service a longer time. Your Excellency will at once see the necessity of prompt arrangements
being made to supply their place, if it be contemplated to retain this garrison.
I enclose herein my late address, made under the sanction of General Harrison.
I have the honor to be, your Excellency's obedient humble servant,
GEO. M'CLURE, Brigadier General.
His Excellency John Armstrong, Secretary qf War.
t
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 435
Fort George, November 15, 1813.
Dear Sir:
The subject of our conversation this morning has occupied my most serious reflections- The deadly blow
heretofore given to the patriotism of our citizens on this frontier has prepared them for murmurs and complaints;
those wlio are not on their march have left their homes and their business under great sacrifices, with (he moral
certainty of being brought into action.
The last address which I issued under your directions, and which, I am happy to find, has met your approba-
tion, gives them reason for indulging the expectation of service, and they are anxious to drive the enemy from their
borders forever. The high character of General Harrison, combined with these circumstances, has excited strong
interest in tlie public mind relative to our operations.
In this peculiar situation of affairs, I feel it to be due to the gallant volunteers and militia, who are assembled
and collecting, and to my own reputation, most respectfully to solicit, that, if it is not incompatible with your in-
structions and your better judgment, you will not abandon our projected expedition against Burlington heights;
such is the anxious wish of the militia, and I have no doubt the soldiers under your command are equally, if not
more, desirous of the employment.
My anxiety on the subject I trust will excuse the appearance of any disrespect, in making this communica-
tion, which is certainly far from my feelings. My confidence in the valor, ability, and prudence, of General Har-
rison, will dispose me most cheerfully to submit to any arrangements he may be bound to make, however great
may be my disappointment in their result.
1 have the honor to be, with the utmost respect, your obedient servant,
GEO. M'CLURE.
Major General Harrison.
Head Quarters, Newark, November 15, 1813.
Dear Sir:
Your letter to me of this morning has been received. I feel most severely the weightof the reasons which you
urge for the prosecution of the intended expedition to Burlington. The disappointment, however, to the brave and
patriotic men, who have turned out under the expectation ot serving their country effectually in the field, at this
inclement season, is the most painful circumstance attending it, us I am well convinced, from the mformation re-
ceived this morning and last evening, that the enemy are removing as fast as possible from the head of the lake to
Kingston, which has been left with a very small part of the force that was lately there, and it is more than proba-
ble that, should we advance in force, the enemy having now none but effective men at Burlington, would destroy
the stores which they have remaining there, and retreat too rapidly to be overtaken. There are considerations, how-
ever, which would make it extremely desirable to make an expedition of force in that quarter, but the orders I have
received from the Secretary of War leave me no alternative.
Commodore Chauncey is extremely pressing that Ike troops shmdd immediately embark, declaring that the navi-
gation, at this season, to small vessels, is very dangerous. The force at Sackett's Harbor is . The troops at
York are all hastening down to Kingston.
Sacketfs Harbor may be endangered by even a delay of afew days; and should the troops that are here not get
down before the lake is frozen, our fleet may be destroyed for the want of their aid. I cannot, therefore, take upon
myself the responsibility of delaying their going down, even a day. Will you be so good, at a proper time, as to
explain the above circumstances to the patriots who left their homes with the intention of assisting me to drive the
enemy far from our borders, and assure them that I shall ever recollect, with the warmest gratitude, the partiality
they have been pleased to express for me, and their preference of serving under ray command.
1 will direct payment to be made to the volunteers for rations and forage in coming out.
Accept my best wishes for your health and happiness, and believe me, sincerely, your friend,
WM. HENRY HARRISON.
General M'Clure.
E.rtract of a letter from Brigadier General M^Clure, to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort George, Aou.21, 1813.
" My mounted men have returned from the head of the lake, having progressed within sight of the enemy's
pickets at Stony creek. Colonef Wilcocks, who commanded, reports that, from the best information he could
collect, the enemy's force consists of from twelve to fifteen hundred regulars, and nine hundred Indian warriors.
They have discharged their teams, and, apparently, intend wintering there and at Burlington.
•' It would be very desirable to dislodge them from their position, but I fear my force is insufficient for that ob-
ject. At this inclement season it might be attended with serious consequences to attempt any thing more than
desultory excursions. The volunteers who have lately come in must, however, be actively employed, or they will
return to their homes. The draughted militia on this side the Niagara are, perhaps, equal to any troops in the United
States. I regret that their term of service will expire so soon. Permit me to suggest the propriety of offering a
small bounty to such of them as will volunteer to serve a longer time after their present term of service expires; say
for one or two months, or until other troops can be sent on to supply their places.
" Should I move with my troops towards the head of the lake, the greatest advantage I can promise myself
will be to destroy some contiguous mills, and to bring off a quantity of flour, which is becoming scarce with us."
Albany, -ibth November, 1813.
Sir:
Your letter of the 17th instant has been received, and I hasten to inform you that a requisition for one thou-
sand militia, to take the places of those now with you, has been made, and will be complied with as promptly as
possible by the Governor.
You say nothing of the volunteer corps which General Porter engaged to raise, and which was long since autho-
rized by me. If, in this effort, he has failed, what are you to expect from militia draughts, with their constitutional
scruples } On the other hand, should he have succeeded, and should General Harrison's opinion of the intentions
and movements of the enemy be well founded, your force will be competent to somewhat more than defence.
The General was not under orders to quit the Niagara frontier at any particular time. His movement, in this
respect, was matter of arrangement with Commodore Chauncey, and this was necessarily subject to considerations
arising from weather and season.
In the application of your present force, and in the means you take to enlarge and continue it throughout the
winter, you will be guided by the orders received from the commanding General, at the time he left you, and by
such others as he may give to you hereafter.
I am, sir. very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General M'Clure.
62 m
486 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Extract of a letter from Mr. Parker, Chief Clerk of the War Department, to General M'Clure, dated
War Office, November 27, 1813.
" In the absence of the Secretary of War, I have had the honor to lay before the President your letters of the
19th and 21st instant, with their enclosures. The measures which you have adopted to increase your command on
the Niagara frontier are approved by the President.
" Should the men, whose term of service expires in December, withdravif from the frontier, there can be no im-
propriety in continuing the officers who compose the court martial , until they discharge that duty.
" Although there is no law authorizing tne President to give a bounty to such militia as will remain in service
after their tiine expires, still, as it would render your force more efficient than a new draught, (even if the men could
be obtained) I have no hesitation in recommending that you adopt such further measures as will ensure the protec-
tion of Fort George and the Niagara frontier, until other means of defence can be provided.
" For this purpose the Paymasters, serving with your troops, may be required to make such payments or advan-
ces as you shall think proper to order."
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General MWlure, (New York militia) to the Secretary of War, dated
Niagara, December 10, 181.3.
" This day found Fort George left to be defended by only sixty effective regular troops, under Captains Rodgers
and Hampton, of the 94th regiment of United States' infantry, and probably forty volunteers. Within the last three
days the term of service of the militia has been expiring, and they have re-crossed the river almost to a man. Fore-
seeing the defenceless situation in which the fort was left, I had authorized some of my most active subalterns to
raise volunteer companies for two months, and offered a bounty, in addition to the month's pay. It is with regret I
have to say that this expedient failed of producing the desired effect. A very inconsiderable number indeed were
willing to engage for a further term of service, on any conditions.
" From the most indubitable information, I learn that the enemy are advancing in force. This day a scouting
party of Colonel Wilcocks' volunteers came in contact with their advance at Twelve Mile creek, lost four prisoners
and one killed; one of the former they gave up to the savages. This movement determined me in calling a coun-
cil of the principal regular and militia officers left at Fort George this morning. They all accorded in opinion that
the fort was not tenable with the remnant of force left in it. I, in consequence, gave orders for evacuating the fort
since dusk, and, with but three boats, have brought over all the light artillery, and most of the arms, equipage, am-
munition, &c. and shall doubtless have time to dispose of the heavy cannon before the enemy makes his appearance.
The village of Newark is now in flames; the few remaining inhabitants in it, having been notified of our intention,
were enabled to remove their property. The houses were, generally, vacant long before. This step has not been
taken without counsel, and is in conformity with the views of your Excellency, disclosed to me in a former commu-
nication.
" The enemy are now completely shut out from any hopes or means of wintering in the vicinity of Fort George.
It is truly mortifying to me that a part of the militia at least could not have been prevailed on to continue in service
for a longer term; but the circumstance of their having to live in tents at this inclement season, added to that of the
Paymaster's coining on only prepared to furnish them with one, out of three months' pay, has had all the bad effects
that can be imagined. The best and most subordinate militia that have yet been on this frontier, finding that their
wages were not ready for them, became, with some meritorious exceptions, a disaffected and ungovernable mul-
titude.
" December 11. — I have this moment received a communication from the Governor of this vState, covering a re-
quisition on Major General Hall for one thousand men. It is probable that not more than six or seven hundred
will rendezvous on this frontier, which will, in my humble opinion, be not more than competent to its proper pro-
tection, as some will have to be stationed at Black Rock, Schlosser, and Lewistown.
" I have written to General P. B. Porter, desiring him to employ the Indians for the protection of Buffalo, until
the detachment arrives. Our shipping is in danger. No exertion will be wanting, within the pale of our limited
means, to afford the protection contemplated. "
Letter from the Secretary of War to Major Lee, of the W.h regiment of Infantry, Deputy Paymaster of the Army
at Utica.
Shelden's, November 4, 1813.
Sir:
You will immediately take measures to pay off" the brigade of M'Arthur (1,300 men) at Fort George, and the
militia, volunteers, and Indians, under General M'Clure. Send an assistant, without loss of time, on this business.
I am, &c.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General George APClure to the Secretary of War, dated
Head Quarters, Niagara, December 13, 1813.
" Since I last had the honor of writing you the enemy has appeared in considerable force on the opposite shore;
but having deprived them of a shelter, they are marching up to Queenstown, and appear to be fortifying on the
heights. Several hundred Indians have appeared. I have prevailed on Lieutenant Colonel Greaves, and about one
hundred of his regiment of artillerists, to remain in the service one month longer, until the detachment of militia
which I have ordered arrives here. I have directed the Colonel, with two pieces of artillery, to Lewistown, to open
a hot shot on Queenstown, and deprive them of quarters there also. You will observe from my despatch of yes-
terday that every building in Newark is reduced to ashes. The enemy is much exasperated, and will make a
descent on this frontier, if possible; but I shall watch them close with my handful of men, until a reinforcement ot
militia and volunteers arrive, when I shall endeavor to repossess myself of Fort George, and drive them back to
Burlington. I am not a little apprehensive that the enemy will take advantage of the exposed situation of Buffalo,
and our shipping there. My whole effective force on this extensive frontier, including the garrison at Fort Niagara,
does not exceed two hundred and fifty men. I have sent an express to Mr. Granger, the iiidian Agent, to call out
the Indians; an exhibition of two or three hundred of them will strike more terror in the British than one thousand
militia. Permit me to observe to you, sir, that it is all important that payment should be made punctually to the
Indians every month, or at the expiration of the term they may volunteer for. They are a people that cannot be
made to understand the difficulty of having funds here at all times for that purpose. I would beg leave to mention
that Mr. Granger has interested himself warmly in support of the Government, by his endeavors to have the Indians
join us on every occasion, and accompanied me himself on my late expedition to the twenty .
" This day I start to Buffalo, which place I shall make my head quarters. I will reinforce this garrison as soon
as possible. In the mean time, nothing shall be wanted on my part to promote the views of the Government, and
protect the defenceless inhabitants of this frontier."
1814.] CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE NORTHERN ARMY. 437
Head Quarters, Buffalo, December 2-2, 1813.
Sir:
I regret to be under the necessity of announcing to you the mortifying intelligence of the loss of Fort Niagara.
On the morning of the 19th instant, about four o'clock, the enemy crossed the nver at the Five Mile Meadows,
in great force, consisting of legiilars and Indians, who made their way undiscovered to the garrison, which, from the
most correct information I can collect, was completely surprised'. Our men were nearly all asleep in their tents;
the enemy rushed in and commenced a most horrid slaughter. Such as escaped the fury of the first onset, retired
to the old mess-house, where they kept up a destructive fire on the enemy, until a want of ammunition compelled
them to surrender.
Although our force was very inferior, and comparatively small indeed, I am induced to think that the disaster
is not attributable to any want of troops, but to gross neglect in t\\e: commanding officer of the fort, (Captain
Leonard) in not preparing, being ready, and looking out for the expected attack.
I have not been able to ascertain correctly tlie number of killed and wounded. About twenty regulars have
e^aped out of the fort; some badly wounded. Lieutenant Peck, 24th regiment, is killed, and it is said three others.
You will perceive, sir, by the enclosed general orders, that I apprehended an attack, and made the necessary
arrangements to meet it, but have reason to believe, from infoimation received by those who have made their escape,
that the commandant did not in any respect comply with those orders.
On the same morning, a detachment of militia, under Major Bennet, stationed atLewistown heights, was attacked
by a party of savages; but the Major and his little corps, by making a desperate charge, effected their retreat after
being surrounded by several hundred, with the loss of six or eight, who doubtless were killed, among whom were
two sons of Captain Jones, Indian interpreter. The villages of Youngstown, Lewistown, Manchester, and the
Indian Tuscarora village, were reduced to ashes, and the inoiFensive inhabitants who could not escape, were, with-
out regard to age or sex, inhumanly butchered by savages, headed by British officers painted. A British officer, who
is taken prisoner, avows that many small children were murdered by the Indians. Major Mallory, who was' sta-
tioned at Schlosser, with about forty Canadian volunteers, advanced to Lewistown heights, and compelled the
advanced guard of the enemy to fall back to the foot of the mountain. The Major is a meritoriouy officer. He
fought the enemy two days, and contended every inch of ground to the Tantawanty creek. In these actions Lieu-
tenant Lowe, 23d regiment United States' army, and eight of the Canadian volunteerSj were killed. I had myself,
three days previous to the attack on Niagara, left it with a view of providing for the defence of this place. Black
Rock, and the other villages on this frontier. I came here without troops, and have called out the militia of Gene-
see, Niagara, and Chateaugay counties, en masse.
This place was then thought to be in most imminent danger, as well as the shipping, but 1 have no doubt is now
perfectly secure. Volunteers are coming in in great numbers- They are, however, a species of troops that cannot
be expected to continue in service for a Fong time. In a few days, one thousand detached militia, lately draughted,
will be on.
I have the honor to be, your obedient humble servant,
GEO. M'CLURE,
Brigadier General, commanding.
The Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
December 15, 1813.
Abstract of the morning report qf the garrison of Fort Niagara, commanded by Captain Leonard.
Captain Leonard's company, total present.
Captain Hampton's do. do.
Lieutenant Peck's do. do.
Lieutenant Frederick's do. do.
-
74
88
- 118
44
Absent,
do.
do.
19
17
9
Total present,
- 324
Absent,
45
Aggregate,
- 369
LOOMIS,
Lieutenant, and Acting Adjutant.
JOHN WILSON,
Brigade Major.
Extract of a letter from General George MClure to the Secretary of War, dated
Batavia, '25th December, 1813.
" It is a notorious fact that, on the night on which Fort Niagara was captured. Captain Leonard was much intoxi-
cated, and left the fort about 1 1 o'clock. P. M. I am assured that he has since given himself up; that he and family
are now on the Canadian side of the strait. It was not without some reluctance that I left him in immediate com-
mand of the fort; but there was no alternative, as he outranked every other officer. His uniform attachment to
British men and measures, added to the circumstance of his not effecting his escape when in his power, strengthens
me in a suspicion that there was a secret understanding with regard to this disgraceful transaction.
"Permit me to suggest to you, sir, that, unless regular troops are sent to this frontier immediately, the enemy will
penetrate into the interior of our country, and lay waste all before them. The militia will do to act with regulars,
but not without them- In spite of all my exertions to ensure subordination, my late detachment ultimately proved
to be very little better than an infiiriated mob. It was not, however, the fault of the privates, but of such officers
as were seeking popularity, and who, on that account, were afraid of enforcing subordination and introducing strict
discipline.
" I have collected from the different recruiting rendezvous, about one hundred and twenty soldiers, and put them
under the command of Lieutenant Riddle, of the 15th United States' infantry, an excellent and deserving officer.
" I cannot conclude this communication without reporting the conduct of Doctor Cyrenius Chapiu, (late Lieu-
tenant Colonel of volunteers.) To him, in a great measure, ought all our disasters to be imputed. His publications
in the Buffalo Gazette, that the enemy had abandoned Burlington, I fear had the desired effect I have found him
an unprincipled disorganizer. Since dismissing him and his marauding corps, he has been guilty of the most out-
rageous acts of mutiny, if not of /?-e««on. When I came to Buffalo, accompanied only by my suite, he headed a
mob for the purpose of doing violence to my feelings and person; and, when marching to the Rock, at the time of an
alarm, five or six guns were dischai'ged at me by his men I"
Extracts of a letter frotn General I^ewis Cass to the Secretary of War, dated Williamsville, eleven miles east of
Buffalo, January 12, 1814.
"I passed this day the ruins of Buffalo. It exhibits a scene of distress and destruction such as I have never
before witnessed.
488 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
" The events which have recently transpired in this quarter have been so astonisliins and unexpected, that I
have been induced to malte some inquiry into their causes and progress; and doubting whetiier you have received
any correct information upon the subject, I now trouble you with tlie detail.
" The fkll of Niagara lias been owing to the most criminalnegligence. T\\n force in it was fully competent to its
defence. The commanding officer. Captain Leonard, it is confidently said, was at his own house, three miles from
the fort, and all the officers appear to have rested in as much security as though no enemy was near them. Captain
Rodgers and Captain Hampton, both of the 24th, had companies in the fort. Both of them were absent from it.
Their conduct ought to be strictly investigated. I am also told that Major Wallace of the 5th was in the fort. He
escaped, and is now at Erie.
" The circumstances attending the destruction of Buffalo you will have learned before this reaches you. But
iheforce of the enemy has been greatly magnified. From the most careful examination, I am satisfied that not more
than six hundred and fifty men, of regulars, militia, and Indians, landed at Black Rock. To oppose these we had
from two thousand five hundred to three thousand militia. All, except very few of them, behaved in the most
cowardly manner. They fled without discharging a musket. The enemy continued on this side of the river till
Saturday. All their movements betrayed symptoms of apprehension. A vast quantity of property was left in the
town uninjured, and the Ariel, which lies four miles above upon the beach, is safe. Since the 1st instant they have
made no movement. They continue in the possession of Niagara, and will probably retain it, until a force compe-
tent to its reduction arrives in its vicinity."
Robert Lee, late of Lewistown, in the county of Niagara, and State of New York, gentleman, of the age of forty-
two years, being sworn on the Hnly Evangelists, deposeth and saith, that, some seven weeks immediately preceding
the 19th of December last, he, this deponent, resided in Fort Niagara, for the purpose of attending to private busi-
ness; that, about four o'clock in the morning of the 19th, the said fort was attacked or entered by the British. The
garrison was not alarmed wlien the enemy entered the gates of the fort. Some tiring too k place after they entered
the works, particularly between the guard at the southeast block house, and the sick in the hospital at the red bar-
racks, on the part of the Americans, with the enemy. This deponent is positive that there were about four hundred
men of all descriptions in the fort, immediately before taken, and that three hundred and fifty of that number were ca-
pable and willing to bear arms in that way, viz.: firing on the enemy from the block houses, &c. The principal resist-
ance the enemy met with was from the sick in the red barracks, and the guard at the southeast block house before
mentioned. The sick in the red barracks, as this deponent is infornied, and from what he sa\v, he believes were
nearly all slaughtered. The British force that took possession of the fort were in number about four hundred, com-
manded by Colonel Murray, who was wounded in the arm in entering the gate, and was succeeded in command by
Colonel Hamilton. From the British order of congratulation, that issued on the same morning, it appeared that the
Americans had lost sixty-five killed and fifteen wounded, which wounds were principally by the bayonet, as
expressed in the order; but the above order issued very soon after they took possession of the fort, and did not
include a number that were afterwards found bayoneted in the cellars of the houses. This deponent thinks that
our loss in killed in the whole amounted at least to eighty. It was a matter of IVequent conversation and exultation '
among the British non-commissioned officers and soldiers, while this deponent was under guard, that they bayo-
neted the Americans, notwithstanding their crying out for quarter. A subaltern officer and about twenty pri-"
vates made their escape from -the fort by scaling the pickets. Captain Leonard, the American commander, was, at
the time the fort was taken, at his farm, about two miles distant, and, hearing the attack, made towards the fort,
and, at no great distance from it, was made prisoner by the enemy, and was kept in close confinement for two days
ami a half, and how much longer this deponent does not know. The American soldiers were kept two days in
close and miserable confinement, without the use of provisions, and with a very scanty supply of wood and water;
at the expiration of which the citizens and soldiers were crossed over the river, and lodged in a part of what had
been the British magazine at Fort George, the residue in open plank and board huts; in both situations it was
impossible to lay down. The magazine was so filthy that many of the prisoners became infested with vermin, and
in that situation remained seven days. The citizens were then removed to a brick building up near Queenstown,
where they were so much crowded that no kind of comfort was to be taken either by day or night. The supply of
provisions was not only scanty, but of the very worst kind; beef of the most inferior and repulsive quality, and
bread, the quality of which cannot be described. The water that they used, both there and at the magazine, they
had to purchase. This deponent believes that through the influence of an individual in Upper Canada, himseK,
together with ten other American citizens, were permitted, on the 13th instant, to cross to the United States. The
residue of the citizens, to the amount of about seventy, were marched, on the 12th, under a strong guard, to Bur-
lington heiglits; and tliis deponent was informed that from thence they would be sent to Kingston. The women
and children taken at and near Lewistown were stripped of their clothing, and taken across the river. And further
this deponent saith not.
'^ ROBERT LEE.
Sworn to and subscribed this 18th day of January, 18U, before me,
J. HARRISON, Master in Chancery.
13th Congress.] No. 128. [ad Session.
FLAGS, STANDARDS, AND COLORS, TAKEN FROM THE ENEMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 4, 1814.
War Department, January 13, 1814.
Of the standards an<l colors taken by the army of the United States, during the war of the Revolution, six
remain in this office; others, it is understood, were deposited in Philadelphia, while Congress .sat in that city.
Whether they were, or were not, brought to this place widi the public offices, cannot be ascertained.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your most obedient servant,
Hon. W. Seybeht, Chairman, ^c.
Mr. Sevbeut, from the committee to whom was referred the resolution directing them "to inquire into the present
condition and disposition of the flags, standards, and colors, which have been taken by the lorces of the United
States from their enemies, and whether it would be expedient to make any provision in relation to them, with
leave to report by bill or otherwise," reported:
That the collection, preservation, and exhibition, of such flags, standards, and colors, as have been take nby
the land and naval forces of the United States, from their enemies, is sanctioned by the practice of the European
1814.] FLAGS, STANDARDS, AND COLORS, TAKEN FROM THE ENEMY. 489
nations, and more especially by the proceedings of the Congress of our Revolution. It is believed there cannot be
a difference of opinion on this subject; it is natural to rejoice at the victories and the glory of our country. In
Europe, the trophies which have been gained in war are preserved with uncommon care. As monuments of national
power, they have ever been cherished by all civilized nations. In England they are highly prized. Not content
that they should constitute the ornaments of their military institutions, such standards are deemed proper subjects
for the decorations of the temples which they have consecrated to the purposes of religious worship. The sacred
chapels, in common with the royal palaces, are the places in which are displayed, to every subject and traveller,
the banners which the British forces have won from their enemies! It must be recollected, that the standard of our
4th regiment of infantry, which the enemy received at the lamentable surrender of Detroit, was, in haste, conveyed
to Europe. Immediately after its arrival in London the public prints informed us that it was triumphantly dis-
played in the council chamber at Whitehall. Such is the British practice.
In France, the galleries of Noire Dame are blazoned with these splendid trophies; the chapel of the Holel of the
Invalids is richly embellished, and exhibits to the numerous visiters the many standards which that gigantic Power
has, at different times, taken from its enemies.* It affords no common satisfaction to the disabled tar, or the super-
annuated soldier, when he informs the inquisitive stranger that he gloriously fought in the battle which may have
gained some of them: for the time, he forgets his former sufferings and his present disabled condition; his consola-
tion rests upon the power and the glory of his country, so fully demonstrated by the sight of the numerous ensigns
which have been taken from other nations. Other instances in favor of the practice could have been furnished, but
your committee are persuaded, that the order of the illustrious Congress of our Revolution, alone, will justify the
propositions which they intend to submit for legislative consideration. As early as the 23d of June, 1778, it was
" Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to collect the standards and colors taken from the enemy by the
army of the United States, since the commencement of the war." Had this order been strictly observed, and some-
what extended, the present proceedings would be unnecessary. Far from any regulations having been adopted in
pursuance of the recited resolution, your committee lament the peculiar negligence which ensued. The Secretary
of War now tells us, that, of the standards and colors which were taken by the army of the United States, during
the war of the Revolution, only six remain in his office; he cannot give any information concerning others; even
their place ofdeposite is unknown to the Depurlment! The Navy Department possesses no knowledge of any flags
which were taken " anterior to the declaration of the present war;" such as have been captured with tlie public arm-
ed ships of the enemy, subsequent to the 18th of June, 181-3, "have been carefully preserved;" thirteen of them
have been already received, as will more fully appear by the annexed statement;! of these, three belonged to the
heavy frigates of the enemy, viz: the Guerriere, Macedonian, and Java. The Navy Department is also in posses-
sion of a roj/a/ standard of Great Britain, which was taken at York, and a union jack and flag, which were captured
at Fort Geuige; the flags oi five small vessels, which were captured, have not been received, Your committee
uegret that tiie journals of Congress do not exhibit statements of all the standards and colors which were taken dur-
ing our Revolution, by the army and navy of the United States; the early attention of the Legislature to this subject
inclines them to believe they were very numerous. The capture of Earl Cornwallis, alone, furnished twenty-four
of them! In all probability as many were taken with General Burgoyne-
By some, the exhibitions which are contemplated may be considered as too trivial for legislative provision. Your
committee would coincide with them in this opinion, did the practice only afford a momentary gratification to the
curious. Experience must have taught European governments that national benefits were derived from the course
which they have adopted, or it would long since have been discontinued. It is presumed that essential consequences
proceed from the practice, more especially when a nation shall be engaged in war; such trophies excite the spirit of
a nation — the result is national character. The arrival of an enemy's flag is sufficient to rouse the population of Lon-
don or Paris! On such occasions the finest national feelings are developed; and, to the honor of our fellow-citizens
be it said, they have not been found to want this species of national sensibility, when the flags of the Guerriere, Ma-
cedonian, and Java, &c, &c. were exhibited to them. It was indifferent whether they considered themselves of the
war or of the peace party; each was ambitious to rank the victor with himself! The national taste and propensity is
strongly marked by the eagerness with which all view representations of our late unparalleled naval victories! If,
then, the art and genius of the painter can thus excite our natures, may we not look for much more when we have
the physical fads placed before us instead of fancy? These flags, the trophies won by our gallant tars, demonstrate
tons and the world, that the invincibility of the British naval power has been very much exaggerated. In battle
will the recollection of them sustain our sailors and our soldiers, and impart additional skill and valor in support of
the cause of our country ! The value of standards dues not depend upon the gaudy colors which they exhibit, no
more than upon the nature of the stuff of which they may be fabricated. They have been at all times regarded as
the insignia of fame and power; their surrender is the act of submission. The last wish of the proud bearer is the
preservation of his eagle; too often is the loss of it sealed with the loss of life. In Europe, where military operations
are on a large scale, though the result of a battle should prove destructive to thousands of those who were engaged,
the capture of a single standard constitutes a prominent feature in the details of the action, and adds much to the
brilliancy of the achievement. Colors taken from the enemy were considered a present, worthy the nation, to Gen.
Washington, for his signal services in the capture of Earl Cornwallis! The records of the proceedings of Congress,
during the whole of our Revolution, mention but two instances where this highly honorable and distinguished mark
of approbation was voted! In fine, we have declared the flag shall guaranty the safety of our citizens. Can a higher
value be set upon it.*" Can we attach more honor to it?
It may be asked, what will be the effects of a public display of the flags which have been taken from our enemies?
This view is considered to be important. No one can doubt that the Government and the people of England would
rather we should have taken millions of their merchandise, than that we should have it in our power to exhibit the
flag of a single sloop of war, which was gained by equal force. If the enemy will expose to the view of the British
nation, and every traveller who may visit them, the one or two which they have captured from us, shall we c;inceal
the many we have taken from them, and thus leid others to doubt our possessing any? Shall we permit the numer-
ous trophies of our Revolution to mi)ulder into dust by a voluntary concealment, without an effort for their pre-
servation? If this shall have happened to the proud monuments of our independence, shall the fate of those which
are now perfect, and which have been so lately won on our own coast, on that of South America, oft" the Azores, on
the Lakes, in short, in all latitudes where our tars have come in contact with the enemy, be the same? Is not the
preservation of these flags a duty which we owe to the people of the United States? Are the achievements of that
gallant little navy, which, a few months ago, was the object of derision with the statesmen and the people of England,
but now the cause of their fears, to be buried in oblivion? Shall we put at rest the inquiiy which the gloriousdeeds
of our sailors have excited in the Parliament of Great Britain? Shall we, at our expense, approve the labored cal-
culations of the enemy? with her, confound reason and common serhse, and attribute simple truths to fallacious causes?
or, shall we give in to a practice so generally cherished by other nation^? Our successes on the ocean constitute the
pride of our country? they have secured to us the respect of foreign nations. In Europe we again hold that rank
which our ancestors had obtained by their many hard fought conflicts, which we had nearly forfeited. Have we not
accomplished more than did Spain with her " invincible armadas;" than did Holland with her De Witts, Van
. Tromps, and De Ruyters; than France could achieve, whei. she was in the zenith of her naval power; than did Great
Britain with her Nelsons, Rodneys, Howes, and St. Vincents? The naval annals of England furnish no instance
in which every vessel belonging to a hostile fleet was captured.
Some may doubt our possessing a number of standards sufficient to warrant their public exhibition. Had we but
few of them, we should nut deny our sanction to the principle. Your committee regret that special order had not
been taken by Congress immediately after the receipt of the first present of this kind: we allude to the colors which
were taken by General Montgomery, from the 7th British regiment, atChamblee, on the 18th of October, 1775.
• The ti-ophies of war ornament the places of worship in Prussia. Bohemia, and Austria,
t See Naval Affairs, No. 108.
490 '" MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
The French pride themselves on their ability to exhibit the two which they have taken from our present enemy: for,
so lately as the year 1800, they had only two of the naval flags of Great Britain] Though the War and Navy De-
partments can immediately furnish but twenty or twenty-five of tiiese flags, it is probable the place of deposite will
be ascertained so as to put within our power many of those which were gained during our Revolution. Where are
those which were won during our dispute with France in 1798.' The same may be asked of those which the defeats
of Derne and Tripoli should furnish.
The only object which remains for consideration is, the place most proper for the exhibition. This should be
public, and easy of access, at the same time that it should be perfectly secure from villanous attempts. > These flags
should be placed so as to be seen by every citizen who might wish to observe them. It will be of advantage that
they should be noticed by every foreigner who may visit the United States. Can any objection be made to the
spacious national apartments which are devoted to legislative purposes.' What ornaments can be more suitable?
Go abroad, and you may see the walls of the British House of Lords decorated with representations of some of
the celebrated battles which were fought by the troops of Great Britain. At home we find the principle already
established by one branch of the Legislature of the United States — in the Senate Chamber we observe engravings
of some of the battles of our Revolution; and had time allowed the execution of the original design of the architect,
the precedent would have had existence in the Chamber of the Representatives of the United States. It was con-
templated that the frieze, over the capitals of the Corinthian columns which sustain the dome, should present, in
relievo, a regular series of the battles which secured our Independence. Such decorations might gratify the artist,
and aftbrd an opportunity to display his talents; but, in a national view, little or no eftect would be produced. It
must be conceded that much more will be communicated to the spectator by the display of the captured standards.
No one can pretend that any difference exists between the representations which v/e have noticed, and the stan-
dards which have been taken from the enemy, as will warrant the public exhibition of the one, and preclude that of
the other: these subjects are most intimately connected, and their tendency must be the same. The public exhibi-
tion of these trophies is a tribute due to the very superior skill and valor which achieved them. The sight of them
will bring to recollection every circumstance of cause and effect. They will constitute valuable records of illus-
trious portions of our history; they will form a collection of the proudest monuments to commemorate the brilliant
deeds of a rising nation.
13th Congress.] No. 129. [2d Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUNIOATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 15, 1814.
Mr. Taylor, from the committee for revising the militia laws, which was instructed to inquire and report what pro-
vision ought to be made for payment of the militia called out under the authority of any of the State or Terri-
torial Governments, for the defence of the country against the incursions of the enemy, reported:
That no legislative provision is thought necessary for paying militia detachments called out under the authority
of State or Territorial Governments, provided the call has been sanctioned by the President of the United States.
The committee are not advised of the existence of any case in which such sanction has been refused: if there be
any, it is believed that the public interest will be better promoted by requiring special application in each case to be
made to Congress, than by vesting in the States and territories an uncontrolled power of charging the United States
with the expenses of militia detachments, ordered into service, perhaps, without necessity, and possibly for objects
inconsistent with the public welfare.
13thCoNGREss.] No. 130. [ad Session.
ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 21, 1814.
Wythe, Virginia, February 8, 1814.
Sir:
For the information of the House of Representatives, or any committee of that House who may have undfer
consideration either the manner in which the war has been conducted, or my conduct as an officer of the army of
the United States, I enclose to you some documents, mostly originals, numbered from 1 to 61 inclusive.
Should those papers be necessary to me, for any purpose, at any time, no doubt they will be safe among the
archives of the House of Representatives, and delivered on application to me or my order.
I have the honor to be, with all possible respect and esteem, sir, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH.
Hon. L. Cheves, Speaker House of Representatives.
No. 1.
GENERAL ORDERS.
Head Quarters, Green Bush, September 13, 1812.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth will proceed to Niagara and take the command of the brigade composed
of the fitth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and twentieth regiments of infantry, as they arrive at, or near, Niagara,
and he will be respected and obeyed accordingly. On his arrival at Niagara, or in the vicinity of Major General
Van Rensselaer's Head Quarters, he will report himself to that officer.
By order of Major General Dearborn.
E. BEEBE, .Acting Deputy .Adjutant General.
1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 491
No. 2.
Head Quarters, Greenbush, October 4, 1812.
Sir:
Your letter of the 27th, by Captain Dox, has been received. Before this reaches you, I trust the reinforcements
will generally have arrived. I have made every effort injny power to have sufficient quantities of ammunition, cloth-
ing, medicine, arms, &c. forwarded, but not with all the success I could have wished. I shall continue to send on
until I am satisfied there will be an ample supply. It rests with you to determine the proper time for acting offen-
sively. You will, however, perceive the expediency of consulting the principal officers.
I am apprehensive that the enemy might attempt a stroke at the naval armament preparing at Sackett's Harbiu-.
and it being of the first importance that no interruption should retard the progress of those operations, I doubt the
expediency of withdrawing any part of the force from that place at present. When the troops destined for your
post shall have arrived, your total force must exceed 7,000 men, which, I presume, will be sufficient for all contem-
plated purposes.
I confidently calculate on a co-operation by the way of Detroit, and on important aid from the naval department.
It will be advisable to strike at Kingston from Sackett's Harbor, or its vicinity, or at least to attract the attention of
the enemy in that direction, by such movement as will threaten a blow. If we should be so fortunate as to obtain
the command of the lake, Kingston and the country about it maybe taken possession of, and all supplies in that di-
rection may be cut off". You should have as many flat bottomed boats, (and scows, if possible) as will be sufficient
to transport 5,000 men, with field pieces and artillery horses, at once, with the aid of such other vessels as can be
readily procured.
The contractor should be reminded of the necessity of having a sufficient stock of provisions on hand for two
months, exclusive of the current issues.
It will be proper that a correspondence be kept up by expresses, between you and General Harrison, which will
enable you to ascertain his movements; but if we should be fortunate enough to command Lake Ontario, we ought
to possess ourselves of that part of Canada bordering on the lake, including the vicinity of Niagara, whether Har-
rison succeeds or not.
I enclose to you a copy of General Amherst's order at Fort Edward, on the 12th of July, 1759. The authority
must be respected by every British ofliicer. It will be expedient for you to have such an order published, with such
alteiations only as the change in circumstances, in a national view, has rendered necessary; and it might be well to
quote the authority referred to.
I have considered it fortunate to find such an order from so respectable a source. It is contained in the " His-
torical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, in the years 1757, '58, '59, and '60, by Captain John Knox,"
published in England in 1769.
With high consideration, I am sir, your obedient servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Major General Van Rensselaer.
P. S. I am just informed that General Harrison will be at Detroit by the 15th of this month at the farthest.
Forts Harrison and Wayne have been relieved, and the Indians dispersed.
No. 3.
Inspector' K Report on the state of the Twelfth Regiment of Infantry, comjnancled by Colonel Thomas Parker.
Officers, non-commissioned Officers, and Privates.
The character of Colonel Parker is too well known at the War Office to require comment. Major Campbell
will doubtless make a most valuable officer. The company officers are yet very ignorant of their duty; but they
generally appear to be intelligent young men, and gentlemen. The non-commissioned officers and privates are,
with scarcely an exception, excellent recruits.
Arms, Accoutrements, and Ammunition.
The muskets are good, but some few of them out of repair. No gun slings have been furnished; neither has
there been a sufficiency of screw-drivers, worms, picks, or brushes, supplied. The knapsacks are very bad, as are
likewise the canteens. The regiment has only about twenty-three rounds of ball cartridge, and not two flints per
man; and there is no ammunition in store at this place. The cartridges are many of them very bad.
Clothing and Pay.
Though the month of October is partly gone, yet, strange to tell, this regiment has not received a single article
of woollen clothing. All the men are without coats, and have been obliged to mount guard, during the cold and
stormy weather which we have had for a week past, in their linen jackets and overalls. Unless immediate steps are
taken to furnish proper clothing, the men must all fall victims to the neglect. Paid up to the 31st of August.
Camp Equipage, Stationary, Hospital Stores, &c.
The tents are very bad. Camp kettles and tin pans, good and complete. Axes and spades, bad and incomplete.
No stationary.
The surgeon complains that he is without medicine, hospital stores, or surgical instruments.
Provisions.
Colonel Parker states that he receives good provisions for his regiment.
Discipline.
Captains Sangster's and Page's companies are very raw, and ignorant of their duty. Taking into consideration
that the men are recruits, and have just come off a long and fatigumg march, the state of Captain Morgan's company
does him honor, but its discipline is still very imperfect.
Camp near Buffalo, New York, October 5, 1812.
WILL. KING,
Capt. and Assistant Inspector U. S. Army.
No. 4.
Inspector's Report on the state of the Fourteenth Regiment of Infantry, commanded by Colonel TVilliani H. Winder.
Officers, non-commissioned Officers, and Privates.
The Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel appear to have taken great pains to acquire a knowledge of the duties of
their stations. The company officers are almost as ignorant of their duty as when they entered service. The non-
commissioned officers and privates are generally only tolerably good recruits.
492 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Jlrms, Accoutrements, and Ammimition.
The arms of this regiment are in infamously bad order. They appear to be old muskets that have probably been
bought up at reduced prices by the contractors or other public agents, and are now placed in the hands of men who
are almost within gunshot of the enemy- The Inspector has no hesitation in giving it as his opinion, that at least
one-fifth of them are unfit for service; and he believes, were they to undergo a critical inspection, a much larger
proportion of them would be condemned. The cartridge boxes, bayonet scabbards, and belts, are good; the knap-
sacks are very bad. Neither gun slings, picks, nor brushes, have been furnished; nor has a sufficient number of
screw-drivers and worms been supplied. This regiment has a large supply of ball cartridges, powder, and lead, but
a considerable proportion of it is very bad; some of the cartridges are said to have been made up in 1794. There is
a scarcity of flints.
Camp Equipage, Hospital Stores, &c.
The tents never were good; and have been so much abused on the march to this place, that they afford little pro-
tection from the weather. Camp kettles and tin pans, good and complete; axes and spades, very bad. No supply
of stationary. The surgeon states that he is without medicine, hospital stores, and surgical instruments.
Clothing and Pay.
Though the month of October is partly gone, yet, strange to tell, this regiment has not received a single article
of woollen clothing. All the men are without coats, and many without shoes or stockings; and have been obliged
to mount guard, during the cold and stormy weather which we have had for a week past, barefooted, and in their
linen jackets and overalls. Unless immediate steps are taken to supply proper clothing, the men must all fall victims
to the neglect. Paid up to the 31st of July.
Provisions.
The Lieutenant Colonel states that the regiment is supplied with very bad provisions.
The regiment is composed entirely of recruits; they appear to be almost as ignorant of their duty as if they had
never seen a camp, and scarcely know on which shoulder to carry the musket. They are mere militia, and, if pos-
sible, even worse; and if taken into action in their present state, will prove more dangerous to themselves than to
their enemy.
Camp near Buffalo, New York, October 5, 1812.
WILL. KING,
Captain and Assistant Inspector General U. S. Army.
No. 5.
Colonel P. P. Schuyler to General Smyth, dated
October 9, 1812, 11 o'clock, P. M.
The brig Adams has been on fire about twenty minutes, and will soon be consumed. We have saved some
property that was on board, and taken three prisoners. Milton is now crossing to our shore. Brock has arrived
opposite, with a very superior foixe. I wait your orders.
Respectfully, P. P. SCHUYLER, Colonel.
No. 6,
Major General Hall to Brigadier General Smyth.
Buffalo, October 12, 1812.
Sir:
Will you have the goodness to inform me at what time you will meet General Van Rensselaer, agreeably to
his request, at Niagara?
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
A. HALL.
N. B. I was at the Rock this morning, and there was a good deal of firing from the British shore. It was said
that some troops were marching up on the other side of the river. Lieutenant Elliot was apprehensive they might
get artillery on the island, and destroy his vessels, unless men were placed on the island to prevent a landing.
You will be able to judge the necessary force.
Yours, A. HALL.
Brigadier General Smyth.
No. 7. '
Brigadier General Smyth to Major General Van Rensselaer.
Camp, near Buffalo, October 12, 1812-
Sir:
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter at 10 o'clock, P. M. The badness of the weather
and roads harassed the troops yesterday more than can well be conceived; to-morrow, I expect their clothing, and
they will wash. Next day, they might march, to the number of twelve hundred eftective men, but imperfectly
disciplined. , o' ,
It is said the enemy are in considerable force opposite to Black Rock; and as Lieutenant Colonels Scott and
Chrystie have arrived with you, the time for your attack is favorable; and may you conquer is my prayer.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your most obedient,
! ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General.
Major General Van Rensselaer.
No.'s.
Extract qf a letter from General Smyth to General Sheaf e, dated
October 18, 1812,
" As I am averse to taking a single life, or occasioning a single calamity, without an object, I propose a further
continuance of the armistice, indefinitely, each party to have a right to terminate it, giving thirty hours, notice to the
other party; the armistice to extend along the frontier from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario."
1814] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 493
Camp on the Mountain, 6 o'clock, A.M., October 19,'l812
Sir: ^ > . . , .
I shall immediately proceed to Sclilosscr, to await your further orders. It would be pleasing to me to be
ordered to proceed to our ultimate destination before the weather becomes more inclement.
I will thank you to give an order on the Quartermaster for eighty blankets, and thread to make match coats for
my regiment. Indeed, if in your opinion it could be justified, I could wish that every man could be furnished with
one. Those I now ask for are intended for the use of the guards.
With the highest regard and respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
THOMAS PARKER, Colonel I2tli Infantry.
No. 9.
Brigadier General Smyth to the Secretary of fVar.
Near Buffalo, October 20, 1812.
Sir:
On the 16th instant, General Van Rensselaer, by ageneral order, invested me with the command of the troops
between the lakes Erie and Ontario, with power to order general courts martial, and exercise the authority of com-
mander of a great military district.
On the 18th instant, I ordered Colonel Winder (an admirable oflScer) to Fort Niagara; on the 19th I broke up
the camp at Lewistown, ordered the militia, such as had not deserted, and excepting the artillery, to Schlosser; the
artillery were put under Colonel Winder's command, and would most of them take post on the mountain opposite
Queenstown. Colonel Parker, with the detachments of the 12th and 20th, will take post on a small creek near
Black Rock, and collect the beats. Colonel Schuyler, with the detachments of the 5th and 13th, will take a position
near him. The volunteers will encamp near Buffalo.
In the small creek I mention, I wish to have one hundred boats that will carry across at once four thousand men,
and twenty or thirty scows or flats, to take over artillery or cavalry. And if you will increase my force to eight thou-
sand men, with twenty pieces of light and field artillery, and some troops of cavalry, I will enter Canada, and
leave the rest to Heaven.
Place no confidence in detached militia. They have disgraced the nation. Do not rely on the contractor for
provisions. He has no salt meat, and only damaged floui-. If you have any compassion on the service, send money
either to Lieutenant Allison, my brigade quartermaster, or to some public agent under my orders. Without it we
cannot supply the contractor's deficiencies; we cannot get tiansportation by land, build boats, procure forage, or
any thing else, wanted by the army.
Give me here a clear stage, men, and money, and I will retrieve your affairs or perish.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your most obedient,
' . . . ALEXANDER SMYTH.
'"/-■ - •'. .■ No. 10.
> '. ■ .,. ■_ - ■'■■•' '■' ' The Secretary of War to Brigadier General Smyth.
W^AR Department, iVbuemfier 4, 1812.
Sir:
Your letter of October 20th has been received. On the 21st of October Major General Dearborn reported to
this Department that he had granted General Van Rensselaer's request to retire from his command; that he had
directed him to give over his command to you; and that he had written you " in a particular and explicit manner."
You are too well acquainted with service to require to be informed that all communications respecting your com-
mand should be directed to that officer. A copy of your letter has been enclosed to General Dearborn.
Such ordnance as he may assign to Niagara must be sent from Albany. Transportation, whether by boats or
wagons, is furnished by the Quartermaster's department; and in case of failure or deficiency in rations, purchases
should be made according to the provisions of the contract, for which purpose bills may be drawn on this Depart-
ment, properly advised, that the contractor may be made accountable.
Very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
W. EUSTIS.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth, fiw^afo, 7Vet« Fori.
No. U.
Colonel Parker's Report lo Brigadier General Smyth.
Colonel Parker has the honor to report to General Smyth that, agreeably to his orders, he has caused to be col-
lected all the boats that could be found last evening, and had them carried up the creek to an old field about a mile
above the bridge, where they are left under a small guard.
He has also obtained a promise from Lieutenant Ang'us. of the navy, to send out a party of sailors to collect all
the boats he can find on the coast, and convey them to the same place.
Colonel Parker would beg leave to suggest to the General, the propriety of placing these boats under the charge
of a careful officer; and, as many of them are leaky and scarce of oars, have them carefully prepared for service.
From report, Colonel Parker is of opinion that the Secretary of War will probably urge a descent on Canada
this fall; but he supposes that a discretionary power will certainly be given to the commanding officer on the lines.
From the present state of the Quartermaster's and Commissary's departments; from the almost total want of disci-
pline in the regular troops; and from the little confidence that can be placed in the militia force; it would appear that
a successful issue could hardly be expected, and defeat might prove highly injurious to our country. If the General's
attention should be entirely turned to the discipline of the troops, even to the 10th of next month, it is feared that,
after that period, it would be too late to put the troops under a comfortable cover before the winter sets in, which
might be attended with the most fatal consequences. Would it not, therefore, be better to detail six or eight men,
best qualified for the service, from each company, to commence the building the huts whilst the residue are employed
on drill?
Whilst Colonel Parker has taken the liberty of making the foregoing observations, he begs leave to assure the
General of his entire submission to his better judgment, and of his determination to promote his views by every
exertion that his feeble health and abilities will permit.
22d October, 1812.
No. 12.
Major General Dearborn to Brigadier General Smyth.
Head Quarters, Greenbush, October 21, 1812.
Sir:
Major General Vau Rensselaer having communicated a wish to retire from his command, I have acquiesced
in his request, and have desired him to give over the command which he held to you, and to give you copies of my
63 m
494 MILITARY AFFAIRS. L1814.
last two er three letters to him, and such information in relation to the enemy, his means of obtaining information,
and the slate of the troops, stores, &c. as he may possess. The unfortunate affair at Queenstown, on the 13th, is
most seriously to be lamented; but we must endeavor, by redoubled efforts, to retrieve the state of our affairs. I have
ordered Colonel Porter of the artillery to Niagara, to take command of the whole of the light and heavy artilleiy at
that post. You will find in him all the requisite practical information and industry in his line. A fine company of
light artillery, all mounted, will proceed as rapidly as possible to replace such as have been lost. On their arrival.
it will I presume, be expedient to send the greatest number of horses back to some place where forage may be con-
veniently obtained. I shall order Colonel M'Clure, with his battalion of uniform volunteers, to march fromOnon-
da<'a to Niagara; and I yet hope that, when the troops shall have been concentrated, and put into a state of organi-
zafion, that you will be able to pass into Canada, and secure good winter quarters. I had directed General Van
Rensselaer to call on the contractor for a deposite of provisions for at least two months, exclusive of the current
issues. It will be expedient for you to repeat the requisition on the contractor. Captain Thomas, the Deputy
Quartermaster General, will join you with stores and funds for that department; and I trust you will find in him
an active and attentive officer. It will be propei' to give Colonel Parker the command of a brigade. In all impor-
tant moveinenis yim will, I presume, consider it advisable to consult some of your principal officers. Every means
in your power should be e.Kerfed to procure a sufficient number of boats and scows for transporting the troops. You
should, if possible, be prepared for crossing with three thousand men, with artillery, at once. Faithful and expe-
rienced boatmen should be selected for managing the whole of the boats, and there should be a surplus in each boat
as a provision to meet accidents. The greatest precaution should be observed in the arrangement for embarkation
and debarkation. You will pardon me for being thus particular. The most important consideration will be that of
ascertaining and agreeing <m the best atjd surest points for crossing: much will depend on a judicious selection of
the principal landing places. Your information-will enable you, tcith the advice of your principal officers, to decide
on these subjects in the most judicious manner. That you may be so fortunate as to succeed in retrieving and
meliorating the state of our affairs, is my most ardent wish. You will by all practicable means endeavor to corre-
spond with General Harrison, who, I presume, is now at Detroit, with a very respectable force. I need not impress
you with tlis necessity of cultivating a spirit of hiirmony and good understanding among all the corps under your
command— on which the success ofyour operations will niaterially depend. I have been establishing a line of ex-
presses between this place and Niagara, by which despatches may pass in about»forty-four hours. You will direct
where the non-commissioned officers of the express will be stationed near your quarters. The line vrill, I trust, be
completed witiiin two or three days after this reaches you. • •
With teitcem an;l consideration, your obedient and liumble servant.
■ H. DEARBORN.
Brigadier General Smvth.
■ No. 13.
Brigaditr Grneral .Alexander Smyth to Major General Dearborn.
Camp near Buffalo, October 2ith, 1812.
Sir:
I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 21st instant, and shall fail in nothing in my power to retrieve
the state of our affairs. . ir i- • >
The affair of Queenstown probably diminished our force 2,000 men; one half of which were killed, wounded, and
prisoners, and the other half deserted, or were discharged in consequence of some battalions being greatly reduced.
General Van Rensselaer transferred to me the command on the isth, and on the 16th I broke up the camp at
Lewistown; sent the 14th infantry, under Colonel Winder, to Niagara; the militia artillery to a battery opposite
the heights of Queenstown; the militia infantry and riflemen to Schlosser; and I returned with the 5th, 13th, 13th,
and 20lh, to my camp near Buffalo; the troops of the light and 2d .artillery are at Black Rock.
In a creek at Black Rock I am collecting boats; and there I propose to cross. The Canadian shore is easy of
access from Erie to Chippewa. There are some batteries opposite Black Rock that I can have carried when I please.
Boats are wanting. 1 have sent to have those which Chrystie brought to Niagara carried to Schlosser; this
will be a difficult work. Scows are wanting and essential. As yet I have no funds.
The reinforcement you mention I hope will encourage those under my command. It is said 500 soldiers have
arrived at Fort George since the battle; that the Indians liave gone home to gather their corn; and that three-fourths
of the militia are called into service. As the enemy's regular troops and flankers amount to 3,000 men, their militia,
if called out, as said, may swell their force to 10,000 men.
It has seemed to me, sir, that the three armies should strike on the same day.. If not, the command of the lakes
will enable the enemy to beat us in detail. ■ t ,„,(,■..' \r \r r- ,. ,
The sailors here will furnish me with excellent boatmen. . 1 shall take the opinions ol a lew of my most enlightened
officers at times, but 1 will decide;
There is some difficulty in giving Colonel Parker a brigade, as Schuyler contests his right to iank.. Winder is
an officer of the first class. ,. , , , , , , ,
In consequence of the loss of five companies ot the 13th, I consolidated the 5th and 13th. as was done by the
Adjutant General in the case of the 12th and 20th. In consequence, Milton asked and obtained a furlough. . His
regiment was badly governed, and I found I had nothing to expect from him.
I do not expect the contractor to supply us with provisions. I received a number of returns at Lewistown,
" unfit for duty for want of provisions." , , , ' . - r,, ■ x^ >
We much want some cannon of large caliber for the tort ot Niagara, and the batteries ot Black Rock. A pow-
erful battery at the latter place would protect our landing at noon day.
The ship carpenters have gone off, which I much regret.
Colonel Porter will doubtless be of great service to us; but I should have preferred his coming to Black Rock.
1 shall keep vou advised of our progress.
I have the honor to be, with the highest respect and esteem, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General.
Major General Dearborn.
No. 14.
Camp near Bdffaio, October 25th, 1813.
A hospital will be immediately established at Buffalo. Houses shall be rented, and Doctor Hays will take
charge of, and regulate it. ,. . . . .,, , , ^ ■ . tt hi
To that hospital the sick and wounded in camp and its vicinity will be removed. Doctor Hays will make requi-
sitions for such articles as are necessary for their comfort, and matrons and nurses will be employed.
By order: H. SMYTH, Lieut. 3fZ Jirtillery, and Md-de-camp.
No. 15.
Head Quarters, near Buffalo, October ^Ith, 1812.
Capvaiii Allison will to-day vacate the court house, to be used as a hospital. He will take possession of (he bar-
r-icks in which Captain Harris's company of militia has been stationed.
' ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General commanding.
1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 495
No. 16.
Major General Dearborn to Brigadier General Smyth.
Head Quarters, Gree.vbush, October 28tfi, 1812.
Sir:
Your letters of the 22d and 24tli were received at 5 o'clock P. M. yesterday. This will leave here to-morrow
morning at 7 o'clock. I have this day received int'ormation from General Bloomfield that about 800 men, with
several field pieces, left Montreal for your neighborhood on the 14th instant; of course the sooner you are prepared
to strike the better. From the accounts I have received from Fort George, I am induced to believe that, exclusive
exclusive of Fort Erie and its immediate dependencies, the whole force on the British side of the river does not
amount to more than twelve or fourteen hundred, including the militia which were in service at the time of the
unfortunate partial attack: and the derangement the death of General Brock must have occasioned in relation to
the militia and Indians must have a considerable effect on their measures of defence, if they are not allowed too
long a time for procuring reinforcements, and forming a new organization. I expect that General Bloomheld will
move immediately towards Montreal, and I calculate on his being able to beat up the several posts between his camp
and the river St. Lawrence. You should be explicit and positive in your orders to the contractor for having at least
two months' deposite of provisions on hand, exclusive of the current issues. If you should determine on crossing
from the vicinity of Black Rock with your main force, will not the enemy have it 111 his power to destroy the bridge
over Chippewa creek, and render your passage difficult? You will, I presume, think it advisable to make one or
more feints at other points, while your main body crosses at the place decided on.
I am induced to suspect that the actual benefit of heavy ordnance, in facilitating a landing, has been overrated.
Some twelve pounders in scows would, in my opinion, be of more service in covering a landing than the fire of
heavy pieces at long shots. And when a footing is secured on the Canada shore, the ordnance in their batteries
must undoubtedlj^ fall into your hands. Neither General Van Rensselaer nor yourself have said any thing in
relation to the arrival of the Pennsylvania militia. I presume they must have arrived, or that you will have sent in
quest of them, with orders to hurry on as quick as possible. An additional supply of powder, balls, paper, &c. has
been ordered to your post. Colonel Porter left this place on the 24th with 100 light artillerists, all mounted, and
well appointed in every respect. He will proceed in the stage to Canandaigua, and from thence to your quarters
as rapidly as possible. You will perceive the propriety and necessity of a return being made of all the troops under
your command, which has been too long delayed.
With esteem and consideration, I am, sir, your obedient sei vant,
H. DEARBORN
Brigadier General Smyth.
No. 17.
Extract of a letter from James Selden, Jun. of Troy, to General Smyth, dated
November 27, 1812.
" I am informed, from an undoubted source, that the British have received a reinforcement of 800 regulars at
Fort George; that is, they are not exactly at Fort George, but have encamped about one and a half miles up Chip-
pewa creek, where the enemy have been building barracks. A cousin of mine brought me this information, who
was in the British militia service, and deserted."
The new barracks erected in the vicinity of Fort George and Chippewa have, from the precipitancy of the enemy's
flight, escaped being burnt.
E. BAYNES, Mjutant General N. Ji.
No. 18.
Colonel Thomas Parker to General Smyth.
Camp, October 30, 1812.
Sir:
You did me the honor last evening to consult me about the propriety ot forming a brigade, to be composed of
the regular troops expected in camp, and some of the volunteers and militia now on. the lines.
I have been made acquainted, from ditlerent sources, with the disposition of the troops at BulTalo and Colonel
Swift's regiment, and I think there is only one company amongst them that would not corrupt any regular troops
that they might be associated with. And even that company would not be willing to be subjected to regular disci-
pline. What may be the disposition of the volunteer Irish Greens I do not know; but, upon the whole, I should
think it best to keep the regular troops entirely distinct from them.
I would beg leave to recommend that the militia and volunteers be formed into a distinct brigade, and put under
strict drill. If they will not bear this, they had better be at home.
I must beg leave, sir, to call your attention to the requisition made for flannel, as it will be ot infinite service to
our men.
1 have the honor to be, with much respect and esteem, sir, your obedient servant,
THOMAS PARKER, Colonel I2th Infantry.
No. 19.
Brigadier General Mexaader Smyth to Major General Dearborn.
Camp, near Buffalo, October 30, 1812.
1 have had the honor to receive, to day, at four o'clock P. M., your letter of the 28th instant-
We may, in a few days, have together seventy boats, that would carryover three thousand five hundred men;
but we have no scows. I have set all the carpenters, and some citizens, to building of scows. We want tools and
materials. The Deputy Quartermaster gives it as his opinion that we can have ten scows in twenty days.
I would cross in three days, if I had the means; without them, it would be injustice to the nation and myself to
attempt it. I must not be defeated. .... , _ ,
The New York Greens, and a troop of volunteer cavalry have arrived. The twenty-third regiment, the Pennsyl-
vania volunteers, and those from Baltimore, have not arrived.
The Deputy Quartermaster has brought on checks instead of money; and he is unable to make payments. His let-
ter to the Quartermaster General is enclosed; and I request that money may be sent to h'.m immediately.
If I can beat the enemy on the plains of Erie, and take that place, 1 will find means to get to Fort George, what-
ever may become of the bridge of Chippewa.
I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, your most obedient servant,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General.
496 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
No. 20.
Colonel William H. Winder to Brigadier General Smyth.
FoKT Niagara, Oct. 30, 1812.
Captain Archer, of the 2d artillery, arrived at this post this morning; he has with him about sixty meii and
two six pounders. His instructions were to report himself to Lieutenant Colonel Scott, at this place.
Under the circumstances, I have deemed it advisable to recommend his waiting your orders here; which he will
do. I send this by an express.
In a letter, which I addressed you by Mr. Suchet, I suggested the propriety of retaining ten or twelve boats
on this end of the line; a knowledge of your wishes on this subject might prevent the labor and trouble of bringing
thein back from Schlosser.
The movement of troops and boats from this end of the line has occasioned a considerable movement of
men, from the other side of the river, towards Erie. They have been principally, if not altogether, militia. The
number expected, by (he cavalry stationed between this and Lewis, as passing up, are from four to five hundred.
This morning the armed ship Earl Moira has arrived, accompanied by a small unarmed schooner, having a num-
ber of men on her deck; but how many there are cannoc yet be ascertained, as they have not landed.
I shall gather all the force I can, and parade them near here to-morrow; my object will be to prevent the accu-
mulation of force against your end of the line, by making a display here; should your movements render it neces-
sary, I can send them on to that end of the line by a fleet.
Should not Captain Archer be necessary to you, he will be of important service here.
I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER, Colonel Commanding.
Brig. Gen. Alexander Smyth. Commanding Centre Army.
No. 21.
Colonel William, H. Winder to Brigadier General Alexander Smyth.
Fort Niagara, November 3, 1812.
Sir:
I avail myself of the opportunity, by Lieutenant Totten, of the engineers, to write you. You will find him a
useful and valuable officer in his professional line, and 'an estimable private man.
I shall send the clothing for the fifth, which is one barrel only, and a quantity of stockings, by Quartermaster Al-
lison. I also enclose you a return of clothing at this place, made to me by Captain Leonard. This list is exclusive
of twenty -three tierces, sent on to the fourteenth, which contain coats, pantaloons, and vests, only of winter clothing.
Another vessel arrived at Fort George yesterday evening. It was near dark, and no accurate observations could
he made from here. Captain Archer was at the Salt batterj', directly opposite Fort George, and will be able to in-
form you more particularly; I have not seen him. It is said that a body of Indians landed from her, say one hun-
dred. Every one of their brethren that we can raise should cross to meet them. I suspect the enemy relies very
much upon his savage ally. As many militia riflemen as can in any sort be relied on, and can be got to cross, would
be important. ' \
Should your plans permit a notice of twenty-four hours to be given to me before I move from here, I might
make some movements to draw them toward this end of the line. By selecting the twilight, of morning or evening,
I might give my force the appearance of a thousand men, and make some indications of crossing.
My whole force is applied to the requisite labor of the garrison and batteries. I shall turn to drilling at every
possible movement.
I am, with very great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER, Colonel.
Brig. Gen. Alexander SiMYTH, Commanding Centre Army.
No. 22.
Lieutenant Colonel Livingston to General Alexander Smyth.
Buffalo, November 4, 1813.
Sir:
I have the honor to report the result of my inspection, as far as was in my power, of General Miller's brigade
of militia, and the organization of the same, as contemplated by your order of the 29th ultimo. I regret I am not
enabled to make a favorable report, but the state of the brigade is such as to be little better than an undisciplined
rabble, and it may be a question whether they are not of more disservice than of use; the total want of order no
doubt proceeds from the ignorance of the officers, and the great familiarity that exists between them and their men;
that this can be remedied, perhaps is impossible, while such materials are employed for officers. I have endeavored
to select and retain in service the best, and such as I am told will not shrink from duty-
After waiting two days for the different returns, I found it impossible to obtain them, although I applied fo the
General and his Brigade Major, whose duty I presume it was to furnish them. This circumstance prevents my
giving a statement of the exact number of men, arms, ammunition, &c. The arms in use are good, although not
kept (with a few exceptions) in such order as they ought to be. I am informed there are about seven hundred and
fifty men, of which four hundred and twenty were under arms on the day of inspection. On Saturday evening
one hundred deserted, and no measures taken to bring them back; a spirit of mutiny seems to pervade the camp.
I shall leave this to-morrow for Geneva, and will take charge of any communication for his Excellency the Go-
vernor, or any other you may ^^'ish to forward.
With great respect, your obedient servant,
J. W. LIVINGSTON.
General Alexander Smyth, Commanding the Army of U. S. on the N. Frontier.
No. 23.
Captain Benjamin Wallace to Brigadier General Alexander Smyth.
Camp, near the Navy Yard, below Black Rock, November 5, 1812.
Sir:
If Captain Thomas intends that the boats and scows should be built in any reasonable time, he ought to fur-
nish a sufficient quantity of tools for the men under my command to work with; at present, more than one half of
them have not proper tools to work; narrow axes are much wanted; the augers, chisels, saws, &c. were all to be
1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 497
put ill order, and will be of little use for some days. I have selected three men to build a scow, agreeably to my
own directions, and to see what time it takes to make one.
I am, sir, with respect,
BENJAMIN WALLACE,
Captain 5t/i United States^ Infantry.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth.
No. 34.
Major General Dearborn to Brigadier General Smyth.
Head Quarters, Greenbush, November 8, 1812.
Sir:
Your letter of the 30th was duly received. I have sent on an additional supply of cartridges and stockings.
I trust the Pennsylvania militia have joined you. I have sent Colonel Macomb, with upwards of four hundred
men, to co-operate with Commodore Chauncey, who has informed me that he shall be ready on the 15th instant to
look for, and attack, the British force on Lake Ontario, and probably attack Kingston, if I should send him a body
of troops, that he could rely on, to aid him. If he should succeed, I have requested him to send a part of his force
to Niagara as soon as practicable. I hope you will be ready to strike as soon as he will. A movement will proba-
bly be made by that time towards Montreal; and, at the same time, I trust General Harrison will be in operation at
Detroit. The campaign may still be closed with success. I shall set oft" this day for Lake Champlain. If you
succeed at Niagara, York and Kingston will demand your early attention. That you may succeed, and cover your-
self, and the troops under your command, with glory, is the ardent wish of your friend, and humble servant,
H. DEARBORN.
Brigadier General Smyth.
No. 25.
Brigadier General Smyth to Major General Dearborn.
Camp, near Buffalo, November 9, 1813.
Siu: ,
Colonel McFeely arrived on the 1st instant with about one hundred and eighty men of the 22d. Captain
Archer's company of artillery arrived on the 4th instant; and, to-day. Colonel Brown, with one hundred and ninety
infantry; and also the light artillery arrived.
I have sent an otlicer to meet the Pennsylvanians. He had gone as far as Erie, when 1 last heard of him, with-
out meeting them. They are volunteers to supply that State's quota of militia. Can they be forced to cross the
line.'' I am told they will refuse. •
One of the aids of the Governor of New York has been at Schlosser in the capacity of Deputy Adjutant Gene-
ral, making a new organization of the militia there. I caused them to encamp by themselves, not a soldier within
ten miles of them. One hundred of them deserted the ne-x^t night after the Governor's Aid left them.
What most disturbs me is the ill health of the troops. The measles has affected many; and the want of salt
meat, of ovens, and exposure to cold, until lately without winter clothing, has produced dysenteries and other
diseases. Our hospitals are filled with sick and wounded, and new cases of disease are occurring daily.
Colonel Winder, with the 14th, is coming to this place from Niagara. I shall trust the defence of it to two com-
panies of artillery, and Lieutenant Colonel McFeely 's corps of infantry, which will march to-morrow.
The contractors have failed to supply, and I have ordered purchases of provisions for Fort Niagara.
Between the 20th and 30th instant I shall be ready to cross the river with about thirteen hundred regular in-
fantry, three hundred artillery, six hundred volunteers, and seventy cavalry, (if you will allow me Captain Mor-
gan's troop.) In this estimate is not included the Pennsylvania and New York militia.
Two regiments will proceed on to-morrow to commence building huts. If we cannot stay on the other side, we
shall have a shelter ready for the sick and wounded.
I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest esteem, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brig. General.
Major General Dearborn.
P. S. A district paymaster, with money, is necessary. The volunteers cannot be retained in service unless paid.
Lieutenant Gansevooit, of the artillery, who states that he was appointed District Paymaster, was ordered to
Albany more than three weeks since to procure funds. I have heard that he is sick. Colonel Brown's regiment
mutinied at Manlius on account of their pay.
A. S.
No. 2G.
General Smyth conceives the following facts should be known and considered by the Secretary of War:
1. That the 5th regiment, at Utica, on its march, did mutiny for want of their pay.
2. That the 23d regiment, at Manlius, did mutiny on account of their pay, which is still due.
3. That a company of volunteers, at BufRilo, did mutiny on account of their pay and clothing.*
1. That the captain of another volunteer company, the best in service, has stated that he believes his men will
not cross into Canadawithout their pay and allowance for clothing. f
5. That the Deputy Quartermaster states himself to be without money.
6. That there is no district Paymaster at Niagara supplied with money.'
• 7. That Colonel Winder, commanding at Fort Niagara, reports, " We are literally starving on this end of the
line for bread." In consequence of which the Deputy Quartermaster has been ordered to purchase provisions,
8. That eighteen hundred Pennsylvania volunteers will arrive next week.
9. That General Smyth will be ready in fifteen days to cross into Canada.
No. 27.
Speech to Indians.
Brothers:
I thank you for the tender of your services in the defence of the United States, which you have made, and iu
their name accept them, in case the troops and the Indians of the British King should invade the United .States;
which I expect they will not dare to attempt.
It is the- desire of your Great Father the President, that you should lake no part in the war between the United
States and Great Britain, but remain at peace and take care of your wives and children.
• Phillips's. , f Allison's.
498 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
The British nation is not able to maintain tlie contest against the United States on this great Island, without
help. They ask the Indians for help, who have given it, and will be ruined by doing so. We are able to beat the
British without help. And, although we understand that you are willing to help us if we ask it, yet we do not ask
it. The quarrel is ours, and not yours; and we will fight our own battles.
Brothers: Hold fast the chain of friendship between you and the United States, who are great, powerful, just,
and good, and will vanquish all their enemies, and protect all their friends.
No. 28.
Colonel TVinder to Brigadier General Smyth.
Camp, near Navy Yard, November 20th, 1812.
Sih:
I am informed that blankets have been supplied to the brigade for the purpose of making great coats. They
are certainly necessary, or some substitute. I presume it would be impossible to make them up now, before a move-
ment across the river will take place. I am informed that a quantity of great coats came up from Niagara, and I
believe they will never be better disposed of than by distributing them to the soldiers now. The enclosed return,
handed you by the Quartermaster of the 14th, will supply my regiment, with what I have already had made. /
pray you, therefore, if you deem it not absolutely inadmissible, to order the issue agreeably to the return.
Should you not feel at liberty to order the pea coats to be issued, we must be satisfied with blankets, and do the
best we can under existing circumstances; at all events, as many great coats as are necessary for guard duly may
issue as a matter of course. I have drawn returns for either alternative, which the Quartermaster will present you.-
I am, very respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER, Col. Uth Inf. U. S. .flrmy.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth, Commanding.
No. 29.
Brigadier General Smyth to General Tannehill.
Head Quarters, Camp, near Buffalo, November 2lst, 1812.
Sir:
Will you be pleased to ascertain whether there are any companies ot your brigade who will retuse to serve
the United States in Canada.
I deem it essential that we should know on whom we may rely with confidence.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH. Brig. Gen. Com'g.
No. 30.
Brigadier General Tannehill to General Smyth.
Camp at Granger's Farm, 23rf November, 1812.
Sir;
To enable me to answer your note of yesterday, I convened my field officers in camp. The prevailing opi-
nion appears to be that, if an efficient force can be had to cross into Canada, a very general embarkation of my bri-
gade may be expected; if on the contrary, it is difficult for me to say what number may be calculated on.
I am, with sentiments of respect, your obedient servant,
• A. TANNEHILL,
Brig. Gen. 1st Brigade, Pennsylvania Volunteers.
1814.]
MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEiEN CONDUCTED.
499
No. 31.
Return of the Officers and Privates o/ llie First Brigade of Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the comrnund of Bri-
gadier General j1 dam son Tannehill, who have volunteered to cross the boundary line into the province of Upper
Canada, to assist in establishing the Jlmerican standard in that province.
Regiments.
Companies, and. parts
of Companies.
Officers.
Number of
Men.
Remarks.
First regiment Rifle-
men, commanded
by Lieutenant Col.
Irwin.
Capt. Blue's, . -
Dean's,
AUer's,
M'Guire's, -
Long's,
Hays'.
O'Kes's, -
Captain, lieutenant,
and ensign, - .
Captain, -
Lieut'nt and ensign, j
Lieutenant, - :
Captain, -
Lieutenant.
37
1
0
8
10
22
1
Unconditional.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Recapilulatioru
1 lieutenant colonel.
79
2 majors,
3 captains,
4 lieutenants.
2 ensigns,
1 surgeon,
79 privates.
9?
Second regm't Rifle-
men, commanded
by Lieutenant Col.
Piper.
Capt Patterson's,
Thompson's,
Sparks',
Vance's,
M'Guire's, -
Gibson's,
Road's.
Captain,
Do.
Do. -
Do.
Do.
Do. -
Do.
45
39
15
■25
1
1
Provided they are oflicered, fur-
nished in clothing, arms, &c.
as their commander may think
necessary.
Recapitulation.
7 captains,
133 privates,
1 lieutenant colonel.
133
First regm't Infan-
try, commanded by
Lieutenant Col.
Snyder.
Capt. Regis's
Cannon's, -
Hunter's, -
Harper's,
M'Clintock's,
Alexander's,
Capt. Cooper's, -
Lithgow's, -
Turbitt's, -
Withrow's. -
Do.
Heron's,
Steuart's, -
Brinker's, -
Jordan's,
Story's,
Captain, lieutenant,
and ensign.
Do.
Do. -
Captain, -
Captain and lieut'nt
Rev- Mr. Jones.
5
15
8
2
3
2
Unconditional.
Provided they go under their own
oflicers.
Provided they are commanded by
their present officers.
Unconditional.
Do.
Do.
Unconditional.
Do.
Do.
Under their own officers.
To choose his own company.
Unconditional.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Recapitulation.
1 lieutenant colonel.
141
•
35
35
Second regiment In-
fantry, command-
ed by Lieutenant
Colonel Purviance.
29
35
25
9
1
4
4
2
7
13
129
2 majors,
5 captains,
4 lieutenants.
3 ensigns,
1 chaplain,
129 privates.
145
'
Total,
413
500 MILITARY AFFAIRS. . [1814.
No. 33.
Paymaster Merchant to Brigadier General Smyth.
Albany, November 23, 1813..
Sir:
Yesterday I received your letter ot the 10th instant. I am not now, but daily expect to be, in. possession of
funds. I have written, about a week since, to Mr. Brent, the paymaster at Washington, for funds. Since the re-
ception of your letter, I have written again, stating the condition of the volunteers, and also recommending that pay-
masters bti appointed to those regiments that are without them, and that a proportionate number of assistant pay-
masters be appointed. By this means the regiments and detachments can be regularly paid. I do not know which
ot the regiments along the frontiers have paymasters. To those regiments that have not, they will, without doubt,
be appointed, provided proper persons are selected and named to the paymaster at Washington, by the Colonels of
the respective regiments. In a letter to Lieutenant Gansevoort, Assistant Paymaster, 1 requested him to notify
to the regimental paymasters, to transmit me estimates of such sums as would be wanted to pay oft' their respective
regiments, and that he would himself make an estimate of money that would be required to pay those regiments and
detachments that are without paymasters. I trust, sir, that some speedy and efficient provision will be made for the
regular payment of the troops along the frontiers.
I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedient servant.
GEORGE MERCHANT,
J)islrict Paymaster, United States'' ^rmy.
Brigadier General A. Smyth,
No. 33.
Banks of Niagara, 8 o'clock at night, November 35, 1812.
Colonel Winder will pass over to the Canada shore, with the troops who are marched from camp this evening,
and superintend the attack of the enemy's batteries and parties, distributing his force in the following manner:
Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler, with the detachment of the 14th regiment, will attack the guard at the bridge op-
posite the upper point of Stanberry Island. Lieutenant Colonel Coles, with the companies of Captains Sangster,
Taylor, Myers, and the company late Branche's, will take the party at the Red House. Major Campbell, witli the
companies of Captains Buckner, Morgan, Stannard, and Page, will attack the guard house, opposite the lower
point of Squaw Island. Captain King, and Lieutenant Angus, of the navy, (who is so good as to ofter his services,
and those of the seamen under his command) will, with the companies of Captains Wool, Sproul, and Martin, at-
tack the batteries opposite to Black Rock. Captain Barkhead, with the companies of Captains Brooks, Wharterby,
Chambers, and Dorman, will attack the enemy's batteries opposite to Fort Gibson.
The parties will support each other, as circumstances may require, and as Colonel Winder may order.
The enemy's guns arc to be spiked and dismounted; the bridge rendered impassable, all boats brought oft", and
as many prisoners as possible taken.
Colonel Winder will bring off" his detachment from the Canada shore by daylight to-morrow.
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
No. 34.
Colonel Winder to Brigadier General Smyth.
November 35, 1813.
Sir:
The indisposition of the officers to cross, is such, and the real difficulties, for the want of a little preparatory
arrangement, that I fear the issue will be disgraceful and fatal. I would venture to recommend a delay of the ex-
pedition. «
Yours,
WM. H. WINDER, Colonel Commanding.
No. 35.
Major Campbell, field officer of the day, to Brigadier General Alexander Smyth.
Camp, nigh Buffalo, New York, November 37, 1812.
Major Campbell, field officer of the day, reports to Brigadier General Alexander Smyth, commanding the
United States' arniy of the centre, that he has received no guard report from Captain Mdis, commanding the guard.
Although it may not be strictly* within the province of the officer of the day, yet he iias been so forcibly struck
with the melancholy and despondnig state of the troops, that he feels it a duty which he owes to the friendship of the
commanding General to make to him the following statement: •
He has received from several Captains, reports or statements of the present state of their companies.
Captain Stannard states, that, when he marched to Lewistown, he had - - - - 92
Since that time, he has lost by death, - - - - - - - 10
Desertion, - - - - - - - - - -2.
Sick. - - - - - - - - - - 30
— 42
50
Leaving a company of fifty strong. He further states, that many who are not reported sick, are unfit for duty,
and that he is sure he will not be able to bring into the field moie than thirty men.
Captain Taylor reports, that he had ninety-five men. They were the best looking men in the regiment, except
Morgan's. - - - - ■■ - - - - -95 men.
He has sick, --------- 47
Deserted, - - - - • - - - - 2
Absent without leave, - - - - - '.. - i
Unfit for service, -------- 3
Dead, - - - . - - - - - - 3
Waiters sick, .— -----_ 4
— 59
36 men.
Five of whom are waiters, and two of the five are sick, leaving thirty-four men.
Lieutenant Payton states that, when they arrived at the present encampment. Captain Branch had eighty-seven
able bodied eft"ective men; now they have only thirty-eight, and six waiters, making forty four. Forty-three, there
fore, are either sick or dead-
1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 5()l
Captain Morgan arrived here with ninety-nine healthy, strong men, well calculated for fatigue. Since which
have died, --.--..... ^
Sick, - - - - - - - - - - 28
Leaving sixty-seven for duty. But such is the situation of those reported for duty, that he does not calculate on
marching more than fifty men.
Captain Sangster's company is the most healthy. He will probably march seventy or eighty men. Captain Page
about thirty. Our regiment will, then, when in the field, be about two hundred and sixty-four strong. From the
information of the Surgeon, I am well persuaded none of those reported sick will be able to march.
The Surgeon has now in the hospital tents at camp, about forty men, mostofwhoui he is apprehensive will
not survive. The balance of the sick he is obliged to permit to remain in their tents, having no room for them.
Some have the measles, others a fever, which is becoming every day more alarming.
The field officer of the day has also taken a view of the hospital tent of the 13th regiment. Five men were lying
there dead. He was told they had been dead for twenty-four hours, and were not buried for want of coffins. The
sides of the tent had been forced open by the wind, and the sick men were exposed to the weather. He made in-
quiries as to the state of the companies, and found them more distressing than those of the 12th regiment.
The field officer of the day begs leave to assure the General that he has no view of paralyzing the operation's of
the army, by making this report at this important 'period. He will only say, that, on this and every other occasion.
he will perform his duty.
DAVID CAMPBELL,
Major \-2th Infantry, Field Officer of the day.
No. 36.
Head Quarters, Camp near Buffalo, November 27, 1812.
The men for service in this camp, and tiiose in the vicinity, will cook to-day two days' provision, and have it in
their haversacks at retreat.
At reveillee to-morrow, every soldier will put on his knapsack, shoulder his musket, and, prepared for battle,
with flints and cartridges, will march to the navy yard, on his way to Canada.
The boats will be ready for the embarkation.
The tents and sick will be left under the care of guards of invalids, until a convenient time.
Friends of your country! Ye who have " the will to do, the heart to dare," the moment ye have wished for has
arrived. Think on your country's honors torn; her rights trampled on; her sons enslaved; her infants perishing by
the hatchet. Be strong! Be brave! And let the ruffian power of the British King cease on this continent.
ALEXANDER SMYTH,
Brigadier General, commanding.
No. 37.
Brigadier General Smyth to Colonel Winder.
November 27, 1812.
Sir:
Captain King will communicate the order for to-morrow. Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler, vrith the men fit for
service of^your regiment, will attack the guard at the bridge, take it, demolish the bridge, bring oft" or dismount any
light artillery found, kill the horses, take the boats, and return to our shore.
The Lieutenant Colonel, with his party, having done what is directed at the bridge, may proceed up the coast,
his boats ascending the river, to the Red House, to support Captain King and Lieutenant Angus, or act according to
circumstances.
It is not intended to keep possession. That is not to be attempted.
You will remain on the bank, and give directions.
Let the wounded be hid from the public eye tn-morrow.
Let a bright look-out be kept to-day, and allow no one to pass the bridge of Conajoquaty, towards Tonawanta,
except an officer of the army.
Very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH,
■ ■ Brigadier General, commanding. "
Copy of an order from Brigadier General .Alexander Smyth to Captain King and Lieutenant .Angus.
Head Quarters, November 27, 1812.
The detachment under Captain King and Lieutenant Angus will go against the enemy's batteries to-night, and
render them useless.
It is not intended they should keep possession; but they will return immediately, bringing oft' some prisoners,
and taking or destroying some light artillery, and killing the horses, if possible.
It is desirable the movement of the detachment, and that under Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler, should be so
timed that they might arrive at the same instant.
ALEXANDER SMYTH,
Brigadier General, commanding.
No. 38.
Captain William King to Brigadier General Alexander Smyth.
Fort George, November 28, 1812.
Dear General:
At the very moment that the boats (probably coming to my relief) made then- appearance yesterday morning.
Major Ormsby, at the head of the British army, arrived, and halted in front of the house into which I had thrown
myself, with an intention to defend it against any force not greatly superior; but, against the troops under his com-
mand, it would have been folly to resist, and I surrendered myself and thirty men prisoners.
To Captains Morgan and Sproul, and Lieutenant Houston, (the only three officers ^vho remained with me) I refer
you for an account of my conduct in the attempt on the batteries, as also of the partial success of the enterprise,
which, when you receive, and take into consideration that the boats had carried oft" the implements for spiking the
cannon and destroying the gun carriages, I flatter myself you will be convinced I did my duty as far as circumstances
rendered it possible.
May I flatter myself you will exchange the prisoners of the forty-ninth I sent over, and which exceeds in num-
ber those taken with me, for the men now here, the names of which I enclose you. For myself, I am less interested;
but could I be exchanged for the surgeon I sent over, it would be highly gratifying.
64 m
502 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
By releasing my prisoners, I could have made my escape with all my men; but I deemed the measure I pursued
more honorable, and therefore adopted it, and flatter myself it meets your approbation.
I received a shot in the foot at the Red House. The wound itself is trifling, but having been obliged to march the
greater part of the way from where I was taken to Chippewa, it caused considerable swelling, and to-day is painful.
I also received a scratch on the cheek, but fear it is not even deep enough to leave a scar.
A trip to Quebec, at this season of the year, under any circumstances, would be extremely disagreeable, but par-
ticularly as a prisoner of war; therefore, if possible, negotiate my exchange; but whatever you may do, my deai- sir,
let the men taken with me be released.
Should any letters come for me, under cover to you, please keep them until you know what is to be my fate.
I am treated with a degree of politeness that entitles the officers of this garrison to my warmest gratitude.
With high esteem, I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant,
WM. KING, Captain I5th Infantry.
General Smyth, Commanding the Army of the Centre.
No. 39.
Will Colonel Parker be so obliging as to state the number of the force shown by the enemy on Saturday.''
It is impossible for Colonel Parker to state the force of the enemy opposite the troops on Saturday; but he sup-
poses there were not less than five or six hundred.
No. 40.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth to the Commanding Officer at Fort Erie.
November 28, 1812.
You have seen a part of the hourly increasing force under my command. I propose to you the surrender of
Fort Erie, to spare the effusion of blood.
I take this opportunity to assure you that the devastations you have witnessed have been committed by some
sailors, not under my authority, and much against my will.
Very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General.
P. S. I request that Captain King may be sent over on his parole, according to treaty.
The Commanding Officer at Fort Erie.
No. 41.
Brigadier General Tannehill to Brigadier General Smyth.
Buffalo, 30/A November, 1813.
I am just informed by Major Mowry that you were told that I did not communicate your orders of yesterday
to my brigade. Immediately after receiving them I had directed my Brigade Major to take them to camp, for the
information of the brigade, but, in a iew minutes after I gave this order, several of the field ofiicers who had been
ordered to command the men who had volunteered to cross into Canada, came into my quarters, who each, indi-
vidually, read the orders. I ordered one of the field officers to the navy yard, to cany that part of your orders
respecting the boats, into effect. I beg leave to refer you to Major Douglass for a more minute detail.
I am, with due respect, your obedient servant,
A. TANNEHILL, Brigadier General.
Brigadier General Smyth.
No. 42.
Head Quarters, Black Rock, November 30, 1812.
The Deputy Quartennaster will have four days' provisions for 2,500 men at the navy yard, this evening, by four
o'clock. The liquor is not to be omitted.
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
Monday, 30th November, 10| A. M.
The Contractor shall be called on. Transportation is in readiness: no delay.
JAMES THOMAS, Deputy Quartermaster.
No. 43.
Head Quarters, Black Rock, November 30, 1812.
The camp at the plains near Mr. Granger's will be broken. The sick and the camp equipage will be removed
The Deputy Quartermaster is charged with the execution of this order, and to provide quarters for the sick,
whatever may be the expense. „ . ^ ^
' ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brig. Gen. Com.
No. 44.
Colonel Schuyler to General Smyth.
Camp near Buffalo, December 1st, 1812.
Sir:
In conformity with your desire, communicated to me by the Brigade Major, I have the honor to state that I
was not able yesterday morning to parade more than two hundred and fifty men, exclusive of twenty -one men de-
tailed the preceding night for guard. The number marched to the river was two hundred and seventy-one.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient,
P. P. SCHUYLER, Colonel 13th Irfantry.
General Smyth.
1814.]
MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED.
503
No. 45.
Camp near Buffalo, 2rf December, 1813.
There were marched from this encampment, on the morning of the 30th November, 1812, to the river Niagara,
the folh)wing force, belonging to the consolidated 12th and 20th of United States' infantry, viz:
1 Colonel, 1 Lieutenant Colonel, 1 Major, 1 Adjutant, 1 Surgeon, 4 Captains, 3 First Lieutenants, 6 Second
Lieutenants, 3 Ensigns, 12 Sergeants, 21 Corporals, and 181 privates.
THOMAS PARKER, Colonel I2th U- S. Infantry.
Robert G. Hite,
Adjutant \2th and Wth Consolidated Infantry.
No. 46.
Return of Troops of Fourteenth Regiment, embarked on 29th November, 1812.
c
'a
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Fourteenth Regiment. — November 29.
Captain Montgomery's Company, . - . -
" Kent's ditto, - . - -
" Sullivan's ditto, - - - -
" Lane's ditto, _ - . .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
5
2
2
4
58
98
42
60
4
3
2
2
9
13
188
221
Twenty-third Regiment.
Captain Armstrong's Company, . - - -
" Mills' ditto, - . - -
" Van Vechten's ditto, . . - -
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
3
2
6
24
21
10
3
2
-
1
7
11
55
79
Fourteenth Regiment. — December 1.
Captain Montgomeiy's Company. - - - -
" Kent's ditto, .... -
" Sullivan's ditto, . . - .
" Lane's ditto, . - . .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
5
2
1
2
46
20
24
32
2
2
2
1
6
10
122
145
Twenty THIRD Regiment.
Captain Armstrong's Company, . - - -
" Mills' ditto, ....
" Van Vechten's ditto, ....
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
3
2
2
2
3
18
23
22
3
2
1 6
7
63
82
RECAPITULATION.
November 29. 1812. — Fourteenth Regiment. -
Twenty -third Regiment,
Total officers and men.
December 1, 1812. — Fourteenth Regiment,
Twenty -third Regiment,
Total officers and men,
221
79
145
82
CHAS. G. BOERSTLER,
Lieut. Col. nth Infantry.
504
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1814.
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1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 595
No. 49.
S. Return of Men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel McClure, who were embarked on Tuesday, 1st
December, 1812.
Captain Mison. — One lieutenant, thirty-nine non-commissioned officers and privates. Total, 40.
Captain Moore. — One captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one ensign, ninety-three non-com-
missioned officers and privates. Total, 97. •
Captain Mahar. — One captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one ensign, forty non-commissioned
officers and privates. Total, 44.
Captain Richardson. — Absent, and all his men.
Captain Tate. — One captain, one lieutenant, six non-commissioned officers and privates. Total, 8.
Captain Walker. — One lieutenant, two privates. Total, 3.
Captain Powers. — Not embarked; he in a short time after returned for the purpose of embarking.
Captain Dillan. — -Not embarked.
Captain Collins. — One captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, forty-seven non-commissioned officers and privates.
Total, 50.
Captain Philips. — One captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, thirty-seven non-commissioned officers and privates.
Total, ?40.
Captain MarshalL — One captain, one lieutenant, twelve non-commissioned officers and privates. Total, 14.
Total, 20 commissioned officers,
276 non-commissioned officers and privates.
There are now a great number of men sick and unfit for duty.
FRANCIS McCLURE,
Lieutenant Colonel United States^ Volunteers.
506
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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J814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 507
No. 51.
Lieutenant Colonel APFeely to General Smyth.
Fort Niagara, December 1st, 1812.
Sir-
I beg leave to inform you, by Ensign Culverson of my regiment, (who takes charge of six deserters, arrived
here this morning from the Canada side, near the Thirty Mile creek) of the situation of the force here.
By the diiiijrent reports of this morning, compared with those of several mornings back, I find that there has
crept into this garrison a dreadful contagion, which upon an average carries offbetween three and five each day.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great esteem, your obedient servant,
GEO. M'FEELY, Lieutenant Colonel of the 22d Infantry.
No. 52.
Colonel Winder to General Smyth.
Camp Canajoquaty Creek, December 2rf, 1812.
.Sir:
I have understood that the 12th and 20th regiments have obtained permission to retire to the interior, for the
purpose of taking up their quarters for the winter. If a permission of that kind can be granted to any of the corps,
I pray you to extend that indulgence to the 14th. They have encountered a series of fatigue and hardship, so greatly
beyond that of any other corps, that they not only have a claim to be relieved, but the last eight or ten days Tiave so
shattered the regiment, both officers and men, that repose and comfort are absolutely necessary to them.
With respect to myself, if you should deem my services of importance, any where, I shall most cheerfully yield
them; but I beseech you to permit the balance of the regiment to retire to the interioi-, where vegetables and
other food suited to recruit them can be procured.
I was extremely anxious to visit home this winter, to have completed the adjustment of my private aflfairs, upon
which, in the event of my death, a family will depend for a very slender pittance. But if objects of public service
can belmore effectually accomplished by my remaining here, in your judgment, I shall with the utmost cheerfulness
devote myself to the accomplishment of your wishes.
What order will be taken with the 23d.' I have only understood that they were connected with my command in
the field.
I called at General Tannehill's quarters after I saw you, but he was sick in bed, and no meeting had or was to
take place so far as I could hear.
I am, with very sincere respect, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM H. WINDER, Colonel Uth Infantry.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth, Commanding Centre Army.
No. 53.
Brigadier General Tannehill to Brigadier General Smyth.
At Mr. Watson's, Buffalo, December 1th, 1812.
Sir:
I feel happy to inform you that my health is greatly restored, although not sufficiently so as to venture much
out of my quarters. Major Douglass waits on you with an inspection return of my late brigade; respectable a few
days since, but now reduced, by some unaccountable fatality, to less than a single regiment. You will discover from
the return, that the officers, as well as the privates, are infected with the same dishonorable contagion — desertion.
I am at a loss how to express my feelings on the present state of our little army.
I am at a loss to know what can, or ought to be done with the biigade staff, field and regimental staff, and company
officers, who have.become supernumerary. I await your special orders how lam toacton the occasion generally. The
expenses have been too great already, without any public benefits arising, and to hold them longer would only be an
accumulation of the same evil.
I am, with due respect, your obedient servant,
A. TANNEHILL, Bigadier General.
No. 54.
Head Quarters, Cantonment, William sville, December 8th, 1812.
By a return of the brigade of General Tannehill, of Pennsylvania volunteers, it appears that five captains, four .
lieutenants, eleven ensigns, eighty-three sergeants, eighty- nine corporals, twenty-five musicians, and nine hundred
and thirty privates, had revolted and deserted, leaving for duty only two hundred and sixty seven privates.
In consequence thereof. General Tannehill will be pleased to organize the remaining non-commissioned officers,
musicians, and privates, into a battalion, under the command of Major Harriett.
A furlough for the residue of the time for which he has been called into service is granted to Brigadier General
Tannehill and his brigade staff.
A furlough for the residue of this month is granted to the field officers of General Tannehill's brigade, except
Major Harriett; from the expiration of which furlough they shall be considered as discharged the service of the
United States-
By order:
HAROLD SMYTH,
Lieutenant 3d Artillery and Aid-de-camp.
No. 55.
Probable situation of troops during the winter 1812, on the Niagara frontier, liable to vai-y by discharges, arrivals,
and movements.
Buffalo, about .-----..-. eoo
Black Rock, about ---..-----. 400
Williamsville, about ---...... 1^300
Fort Niagara, about .--...... 300
Fort Grey, unknown.
Total, 2,600
508 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
No. 56.
Brigadier General .Alexander Smyth to the Secretary of War.
Wythe Court House, February 3, 1813.
I received from General Dearborn leave of absence from the army for seventy-five days, and an order to re-
port myself at the expiration of that time to the Secretary of War. I left the army on the 17th December, and the
term will expire on the 1st of March. I have thought proper to inform you, that an order directed to this place will
find me, and will be obeyed at any time.
Although I have devoted myself to the service of the United States, and all my official acts have proceeded from
an ardent wish to serve them effectually, yet, not having hitherto succeeded, I would prefer not to appear at Wash-
ington until I can deserve the applause of my superiors.
I earnestly request that I may have the same command, during the ensuing campaign, I had last autumn.
If you deem necessary an inquiry into the charges made against me, of misconduct on the 28th November and
1st December last, I pray that it may be made, and tiie facts reported.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General.
The Hon. Gen. Armstrong.
No. 57.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth to the Secretary of War.
Wythe, itfai/ 11, 1813.
Sir:
I hope I shall not be considered as troublesome in requesting that you will cause an answer to be given to the
inquiry, whether I am now considered as an officer of the army of the United States or not?
There may, I conceive, be several constructions of the law of the last session, relative to the general staff" of the
army, as it may affect myself. 1. That I continue a Brigadier General of the line. 2. That I am an Inspector General
with reduced rank. 3. That my appointment was a mere staff appointment, the rank only brevet rank, and, conse-
quently, my commission as a colonel of the army, unaffected, i. That my appointment, although a mere staff'
appointment, vacated my commission as a Colonel in the line, and that, by the late act, I have been legislated out of
Rank in the army, I conceive, is either 1. Rank in the line- 2. Brevet rank, or rank in the staff. All rank
that confers command is rank in the line. A promotion in the staff does not take away rank in the line. A pro-
motion that takes away rank in the line must confer rank in the line. An officer commissioned with the rank of a
Brigadier General, is an officer in the line. General Green, Quartermaster General, commanded as an officer of the
line. General Steuben, Inspector General, did also. General Hamilton, Inspector General, commanded the
whole army.
The late act relative to the army staff' expressly provides that the Quartermaster General shall have only brevet
rank. It has the expression " as heretofore:" but this can have no retrospective operation. It cannot make the
rank held by General Hamilton mere brevet rank. I have commanded, and been fully recognized by my superiors
as an officer of the line. (See sixty-second article Rules and Articles of War.)
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
No. 58.
Extract of a letter from Mr. Robert Smith, printer, of Pittsburg, to General Smyth, dated Jipril 3, 1813.
" There is a number of cases combined against you; I am satisfied that prevented you from acting. 1st. The
season was gone to, in the winter. Had you have gone over you must have been defeated. They had collected all
their force at this point; was stronger than you could have calculated. You have done better by acting the part,
saving the forces for the summer campaign. One thing, they and officers will be better trained; will act better
with raw troops, who come forward the present summer."
No. 59.
Certificate of Lieutenant John G. Camp.
I do certify that, for several days together, I was unable to procure either flour or whiskey from the contractor,
and from the 25th October till 15th December, I was unable to procure salt meat more than once or twice, notwith-
standing a general order requiring salt provisions three days in a week. Soap, the contractor has been very deficient,
insomuch that there has been upwards of three hundred pounds due to the twelfth and twentieth infantry at a time,
not being able to get it. The kidney and suet has almost invariably been taken out before the beef was issued, and
in no one instance have I been able to procure any vinegar in kind. In a word, the contractor has never issued a
complete ration to the twelfth or twentieth regiment since the 25th October, from which time I have been acting a
quartermaster.
Given under my hand, at Williamsville, this 1st February, 1813.
JOHN G. CAMP,
First Lieutenant I2th infantry, and Quartermaster XWi and 20th regiments infantry.
No. 60.
Copies, extracts, and memorandums, relative to the purchase of provisions.
October 2ith. — Required of the contractor a deposite of two months' provisions (besides the current issues) for
three thousand men, at or within a mile of the encampment at Mr. Granger's; and of two months' provisions for five
hundred men (besides the current issues) at Fort Niagara. To be done without the delay of a moment.
Colonel Winder to General Smyth, 7th November, 1812.
" We are literally starving on this end of the line for bread, and unless the supply is more abundant, the con-
tractors will be answerable for consequences more fatal to their country than treason. "
November 8fA.— Notified General P. B. Porter of the above, and ordered the Deputy Quartermaster to purchase
two months' provisions for Fort Niagara, in ten days, for five hundred men.
November 22rf. — The requisition of October 24th not being complied with, ordered the Deputy Quartermaster to
purchase flour for five thousand troops, for two months, and deposite it at or near Buff'alo.
1814.] MANNER IN WHICH THE WAR HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. 509
Major ^miis lead to General Smyth, dated 'i%d November, 1812.
" But my greatest concern is the want of provisions, which, if not supplied, we will inevitably have to evacuate
the post." (Meaning Fort Niagara.)
November 2ith. Required rations for two thousand five hundred men, for four days, at the navy yard.
Captain Thomas, Deputy Quartermaster, to General Smyth, dated 30th November, 1813, 10 o'clock, P. M.
" Immediately on the receipt of your order of this morning, for tlie furnishing of provisions at the navy yard this
evening, I called on the contractor, who furnished me the pork and whiskey required; thirty- five barrels of flour
were all I could obtain, which is deposited at the navy yard."
N. B. Quantity required: ten barrels whiskey; thirty -eight ditto pork; sixty ditto flour.
General Tannehill to General Smyth, \st December, 1812.
" There is a complaint by the regimental quartermasters, that there is no flour to be drawn."
No. 61 a.
Brigadier General Smyth to General Peter B. Porter.
Head Quarters of the army of the Centre, near Buffalo, October 24, 1812
Sir:
Having the command of the army of the United States on this frontier, it becomes my duty to require of you
a deposite of provision for three thousand men for two months, (beside the current issues) to be made within a mile
of my present encampment; and a deposite of provisions for five hundred men, for two months (beside the current
issues) to be made at Fort Niagara.
This is required to be done without the delay of a moment.
I am, sir, respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
The Contractor or his Agent.
A true copy. JAS. BANKHEAD, Captain and Brigade Major.
No. 61 b.
Colonel W. H. Winder to Brigadier General Smyth.
Fort Niagara, November 7th, 1812.
Sir:
I wrote you yesterday at considerable length by Quartermaster Allison. Major Armistead deems it necessary
to go to Black Rock, to present to you his ideas of this place in a military point of view.
The Major apprehends that there is risk of enterprise against this place from the other side, and that there is
danger of its succeeding, if attempted wiieie the intantiy are withdrawn; my opinion, you will recollect, has been
that the enemy would not attempt any thing against this end of the line; I am still of the same opinion. How fai-
lle might succeed, if he attempted it, would depend upon the force he employed, and the courage and firmness of the
resistance here. My practical knowledge of the defence of fortified places does not enable me to form an opinion
upon the subject which would be entitled to much weight. Major Armistead is informed of my views of this place
as detailed in my letter of the 17th October; but his views are derived more probably from his professional know-
ledge and skill, than from general considerations.
My own opinion is, that a successful effort on any part of the line will be a protection to this place equal to that
of any force which might be thrown in here; because I believe the enemy, so far from thinking of attacking us is
exerting every nerve to evade a blow which they dread liom us. ° '
Three vessels are just arriving, one was here before; it is not yet perceived that they bring any force.
We are literally starving on this end of the line foi- bread; and, unless the supply is more abundant the contrac-
tors will be answerable for consequences more fatal to their country than treason.
I am, with very great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
„ . _,. ^ , , c. ^ ,- ^ . ^- "• WINDER, Colo?iel Commanding.
Brigadier ueneral Alexander Smyth, Commanding Centre Jlrmy.
No. 61 c.
Brigadier General Alexander Smyth to Captain Thomas, Deputy Quartermaster.
Head Quarters, Camp near Buffalo, November 8th, 1812.
k:
You will proceed, on the day on which you receive this order, to purchase provisions for Fort Niagara- info
ich, within ten days, you will deliver rations (or five hundred men for two months. " '
Be pleased to consider this order as one of the most peremptory kind. Fort Niagara, if invested a week must
surrender from hunger. '
Very respectfully, your most obedient,
^ , . „ n , « - ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
Captain Thomas, Deputy Quartermaster. °
A true copy. JAS. BANKHEAD, Captain and Brigade Major.
No. 61 d.
Brigadier General Smyth to General Peter B. Porter.
Camp near Buffalo, November 8th, 1812
Sir: '
I have just received, from the commanding officer of Fort Niagara, a letter, in which he says " we are litei ilK-
starving on this end ol the line for bread; and, unless the supply is more abundant, the contractors will be answe ■
able for consequences more ratal to tlieir country than treason."
Very respectfully, your most obedient.
General P. B. Porter. ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
g^ A ti^ue copy. JAS. BANKHEAD, Captain and Brigade Major.
Sir
which
510 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
No. 61. e.
Brigadier General Smylh to Captain Thomas, Deputy Quartermaster.
Head Quarters, Camp near Buffalo, November 22, 1812.
Sir:
You will proceed to purchase_ immediately, and deposite at or near Buffalo, flour for five thousand troops
for two months, besides the current issues.
Respectfully, your most obedient,
ALEXANDER SMYTH, Brigadier General Commanding.
P. S. You are not to hesitate about price.
A. S.
Captain Thomas, Deputy Quartermaster.
True copy. HAROLD SMYTH, Lieutenant 3d Jirtillery.
No. 61. /.
Major Jirm,isiead to Brigadier General Smyth.
Lewistown, November 22, 1812.
Sir:
I left Niagara with the intention of seeing you, but finding my horse not able to proceed, I have declined
going. My business was to get, if possible, some ammunition for the garrison, as we nearly expended all we had
yesterday, and which did the enemy great damage — destroyed one of their best buildings, and did the town con-
siderable damage; sunk a schooner that was sent out of Genesee river, and dismounted several of their guns.
It gives me extreme pleasure to inform you, that the officers behaved themselves with the greatest degree of bra-
very. Captain Leonard was as conspicuous as to coolness and attention as I have ever seen. We, on oiir part, lost
five men — three from the bursting of a gun, and two from the enemy's fire; several wounded from careless loading.
If possible, dear sir, send on ammunition for eighteen and six pounders, and fours; but my greatest concern is, the
want of provisions, which, if not supplied, we will inevitably have to evacuate the post.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
W. K. ARMISTEAD.
General Alex. Smyth.
No. 61. g.
Deputy Quartermaster James Thomas to Bngadier General Smyth.
Camp at Black Rook, half past 10 o'clock, (Evening,) November 30, 1812.
Sir:
Immediately on the receipt of your order of this morning, for the furnishing " of provisions at the navy yard,
this evening," I called on the contractor, who furnished me the pork and whiskey required. Thirty-five barrels of
flour was all I could obtain, which is deposited at the navy yard.
Yours, respectfully,
JAMES THOMAS, D. Q. M.
General Alex. Smyth.
N. B. Quantity required : 10 barrels whiskey; 38 barrels pork; 60 barrels flour.
No. 61. h. -
Brigadier General A. Tannehill to Brigadier General Smylh.
Buffalo, December 1, 1812.
Sir:
Agreeably to your note of yesterday, I have convened the commanding officers of my brigade, and consulted
them on the posts you denominated for my command, either Buffalo, Schlosser, or Niagara^ the result has been the
choice of cantonment near Buffalo. I have directed the Quartermaster of the brigade, with the assistance of five
officers, to examine for situation, &c. which I expect will be near our present encampment. Your approbation to
this choice will relieve my men from much fatigue of marchihg to a more distant place, as also from an inclement
season. i ■ ■ n i i
There is a complaint by the regimental Quartermasters that there is no flour to be drawn.
I am, sir, with much respect, your humble servant,
A. TANNEHILL,
Brig. Gen. \st Brigade Pennsylvania Volunteers.
General Alex. Smyth.
13th Congress.] No. 131. [2d Session.
SUBSISTENCE TO THE INHABITANTS OF MICHIGAN TERRITORY.
communicated to congress, FEBRUARY 28, 1814.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
It has appeared, that, at the recovery of the Michigan Territory from the temporary possession of the enemy,
the inhabitants thereof were left in so destitute and distressed a condition as to require from the public stores cer-
tain supplies essential to their subsistence, which have been prolonged under the same necessity which called for
The deplorable situation of the savages, thrown by the same event on the mercy and humanity of the American
commander at Detroit, drew from the same source the means of saving them from perishing by famine; and, in other
places, the appeals made by the wants and sufferings of that unhappy description of people have been equally im-
^ "^The necessity imposed by the conduct of the enemy, in relation to the savages, of admitting their co-operation,
in some instances, with our arms, has also involved occasional expense in supplying their wants; and it is possible
that a perseverance of the enemy in their cruel policy may render a further expense for the like purpose inevitable.
On these subjects an estimate from the Department of War will be laid before Congress, and I recommend a
suitable provision for them. JAMES MADISON.
February 26, 1814.
1814.] BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS FOR RECRUITS.
511
13th Congress.] J^. 132. [3J Session.
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS FOR RECRUITS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 27tH OF OcTOBER, 1814.
Army Pay Office, City of Washington, September 24, 1814.
Sir:
Agreeably to your request, I have the honor to state, that the sum of $1,944,828 98 has been disbursed from
this office, on account of bounties and premiums for recruits, since the 27th of January, 1814, the date of the pas-
sage of the law increasing the bounty. The distribution of this sum, as nearly as can be well ascertained, has been
as follows, namely:
To Massachusetts, including the District of Maine, - - - . $237 400 00
New Hampshire, .■-...■ ^^\oo oo
Vermont, - - - - - . . . 109,300 00
Connecticut, ..-.-.. ^g g32 „„
Rhode Island, -----.. j qoo 00
New York, -----... 475,'320 00
New Jersey, - - - - - - _ 15,000 00
Pennsylvania, - - ' - - - - . 188,900 00
Delaware, - _ - - - - - . 10,000 00
Maryland, including the District of Columbia, - - . - §0 392 00
Virginia, - - - - .- - . 159,'9G2 98
North Carolina, - - - - - . . 60,000 00
South Carolina, - - -, - - - - 62,800 00
Georgia, - - - - - - . 34,000 00
Tennessee, -----.. 98,500 00
Kentucky, ---.-.. 108,000 00
Ohio, - - - - - - . 96,500 00
Lpuisiana, - • - - - - . 63,530 00
The Michigan rerritory, ----.. 20,000 00
The Mississippi Territory, - - - - - . 4*000 00
The Indiana Territory, - - " - - - . 2*000 00
The Missouri Territory, ----.. 1*492 00
*$1,944,828 98
To this sum it would perhaps be no more than just to add twenty or thirty thousand dollars, of which I am not
yet fully advised, and which of course does not now regularly appear on the books of this office.
With sentiments of great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient,
ROBERT BRENT,
Paymaster of the United States'' Army.
The Honorable George M. Troup,
Chairman of a Committee of Congress on Military Affairs.
•See No. 133.
512
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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Major Nicholas, - - - -
Captain Haring, - - - .
Major Lane, - - . .
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1814.]
BOUNTIES AND PREMIUMS FOR RECRUITS.
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514 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
13th Congress.] No. 133. [3d Session.
IMPROVEMENT AND INCREASE OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.
COMMINICATED TO THE SENATE, NOVEMBER 5, 1814.
Senate's Committee Chamber, September 23, 1814.
Sih:
In obeilieiice to iiistiuctions from the cnminittee, appointed to take into consideration the accompanying reso-
lution, I do myself the honor to ask information from you upon the following points:
1st. What are the defects in the present military establishment?
2(1. What further provisions, by law, are deemed necessary to remedy such defects?
Be pleased, sir, to accept assurances of ray high consideration.
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Honorable James Monroe,
aiding Secretary for the Deparlmenl of War.
Committee Chamber, September 24, 1814.
Sir:
In obedience to instructions, from the Committee on Military AtTairs, I now do myself the honor of enclosing,
for your consideration, a resolution of the Senate of the 33d instant,* and of requesting that, in replying to the
inquiries made by the committee on yesterday, you will give such information, and in such manner, in relation to
the objects of the said resolution, as you may judge advisable.
Be pleased, sir, to accept assurances of my high consideration.
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The H(morable James Monroe,
Jlciing Secretary for Ihc Department of f Far.
Department x)f War, October 17, 1814.
Sik:
The great importance of the subject, and the other duties of the Department, which could not fail to be very
sensibly felt, at so interesting a period, by a person wlio had just taken charge of it, are my apology for not answer-
ing your letter, of the -iSA of September, at an earlier day, on the defects of the present military establishment.
'^Due consideration has been bestowed on the subject matter of that letter, and I have now the honor to submit to
the committee the following report:
1. That the present military establishment, amounting to 62,448 men, be preserved and made complete, and
that the most efficient means authorized by the constitution, and consistent with the equal rights of our fellow citi-
zens, be adopted to fill the ranks, and with the least possible delay.
2. That a permanent force, consisting of not less than 40,000 men, in addition to the present military establish-
ment, be raised, for the defence of our cities and frontiers, under an engagement by the Executive with each corps
that it shall be employed in that service within certain specified limits. And that a proportional augmentation of
general officers of each grade, and other staff', be provided for.
3. That the corps of engineers be enlarged.
4. That the ordnance department be amended. .
Respecting the enlargement of the corps of engineers, I shall submit hereafter a more detailed communication.
For the proposed amendment of the ordnance department, I submit a report from the senior officer in that
department, now in this city, which is approved.
I shall be ready and happy to communicate such further remarks and details on these subjects as the committee
may desire, and shall request permission to suggest, hereafter, the result of further attention to, and reflection on,
our military establishment generally, should any thing occur which may be deemed worthy its attention.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your very obedient servant,
JAMES MONROE
Honorable William B. Giles,
■ Chairman of the Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs-
EXPLANATORY OBSERVATIONS.
In providing a force necessary to bring this war to a happy termination, the nature of the crisis in which we arc
involved, and the extent of its dangers, claim particular attention. If the means are not fully adequate to the end,
discomfiture must inevitably ensue. .,„■•, /^ • . • ,
It may fairly be presumed that it is the object ot the British Government, by striking at the principal sources ot
our prosperity, to diminish tlie importance, if not to destroy the political existence, of the United States. If any
doubt remained on this subject, it has been completely removed by the despatches from our ministers at Ghent,
which were lately laid before Congress. ^ ,,,,,,., .
A nation contending for its existence against au enemy pnwertul by land and sea, favored, in a peculiar manner,
by extraordinary events, must make great exertions, and suffijr great sacrifices. Forced to contend again for our
liberties and independence, we are called on for a display of all the patriotism which distinguished our fellow-citi-
zens in the first great struggle. It may be fairly concluded that if the United States sacrifice any right, or make
any dishonorable concession to the demands of the British Government, the spirit of the nation will be broken, and
the foundations of their union and independence shaken. The United States must relinquish no right, or perish in
the struggle. There is no intermediate "round to rest on. A concession on one point leads directly to the sur-
render of every other. The result of the contest cannot be doubtful. The highest confidence is entertained that
the stronger the pressure, and the greater the danger, the more firm and vigorous will be the resistance, and the
more successful and glorious the result. .... •.- , ■„ . . i i .
It is the avowed purpose of the enemy to lay waste and destroy our cities and villages, and to desolate our coast,
of which examples have already been aflc)rded. It is evidently his intention to press the war along the whole extent
of our seaboard, in the hope of exhausting equally the spirits of the people and the national resources. There is also
reason to presume that it is the intention to press the war from Canada on the adjoining States, while attempts are
made on the city of New York, and other important points, with a view to the vain project of dismemberment or
subjugation. It may be inferred likewise, to be a part of the scheme, to continue to invade this part ot the Union,
while^a separate force attacks the State of Louisiana, in the hope of taking possession of the city of New Orleans,
• Resolved, That the Committee on Military Affairs be instructed to inquire into the state of preparations for the defence
of the City ot Washington, and whether any fortlier provisions, by law, be necessary for that object.
1814.] IMPROVEMENT OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. 515
and of the mouth of the Mississippi, that great inlet and key to thy commerce of all that portion of the LTnited States
lying westward of the Alleghany mountains. The peace in Europe having given to the enemy a large disposable
force, has essentially favored these objects.
The advantage which a great naval superiority gives to the enemy, by enabling him to move troops from one
quarter to another, from Maine to the Mississippi, a coast of two thousand miles extent, is very considerable. Even
a small force, moved in this manner, for the purposes avowed by the British commanders,. cannot fail to be sensibly
felt; more especially by those who are most exposed to it. It is obvious that, if the militia arc to be relied on, prin-
cipally, for the defence of our cities and coast against these predatory and desolating incursions, wherever they may
be made, that, by interfering with their ordinary pursuits of industry, it must be attended with serious interrupticm
and loss to them, and injury to the public, while it greatly increases the expense. It is an object, therefoic, of the
highest importance, to provide a regular force with the means of tiansporting it from one quarter to another, along
our coast, thereby following the movements of (he enemy, with the greatest possible rapidity, and repelling the at-
tack wherever it may be made. These remarks are equally true as to the militia service generallv, under the pre-
sent organization of the militia, and the short terms of service prescribed by law. It may be stated with confidence,
that at least three times the force, in militia, has been employed at our principal cities, along the coast and on the
frontier, in marching to, and returning thence, that would have been necessary in regular troops; and (hat the ex-
pense attending it has been more than proportionably augmented, from the difficulty, if not the impossibility of pre-
serving the same degree of system in the militia as in the regular service.
But it will not be sufficient to repel these predatory and desolating incursions. To bring the war to an honor-
able termination, we must not be contented with defending ourselves. Different feelings must be toucherl, and ap-
prehensions excited, in the British Government. By pushing the war into Canada, we secure the friendship of the
Indian tribes, and command their services, otherwise to be turned by the enemy against us; we relieve the coast
from the desolation which is intended for it, and we keep in our hands a safe pledge for an honorable peace.
it follows, from this view of the subject, that it will be necessary to bring into the field, next campaign, not less
than one hundred thousand regular troops. Such a force, aided, in extraordinary emergencies, by volunteers and
the militia, will place us above all inquietude as to the final result of this contest. It will fix on a solid and im-
perishable foundation, our union and independence, on which the liberties and happiness of our fellow-citizens so
essentially depend. It will secure to the United States an early and advantageous peace. It will arrest, in the
further prosecution of the war, the desolation of our cities and our coast, by enabling us to retort on the enemy,
those calamities which our citizens have been already doomed to suffer — a res irt which self defence alone, and a
sacred regard for the rights and honor of the nation, could induce the United States to adopt.
The return of the regular force now in service, laid before you, will show how many men will be necessary to
fill the present corps; and (he return of (he numerical force of the present military establishment will show how
many are required to complete it to the number proposed. The next and most important inquiry is, how shall these
men be raised? Under existing circumstances, it is evident that the most prompt and efficient mode that can be
devised, consistent with the equal rights of every citizen, ought to be adopted. The following plans arc respect-
fully submitted to the consideration of the committee. Being distinct in their nature, I will present each separately,
with the considerations applicable to it.
FIKST PLAN.
Let the free male population of the United States, between eighteen and forty-five years, be formed into classes
of one hundred men each, and let each class furnish four men for the war, within thirty days after the classification,
and replace them in the event of casualty-
The classification to be formed with a view to the equal distribution of property among the several classes.
If any class fails to provide the men required of it, within the time specified, they shall be raised by draught on
the whole class, any person, thus draughted, being allowed to furnish a substitute.
The present bounty in land to be allowed to each recruit, and the present bounty in money, which is paid to each
recruit by the United States, to be paid to each draught by all the inhabitants within the precinct of the class within
which the draught may be made, equally, according to the value of the property which they may respecti\cly pos-
sess; and if such bounty be not paid within days, the same to be levied on all the taxable property of the said
inhabitants; and, in like manner, the bounty, whatever it may be, which may be employed in raising a recruit, to
avoid a draught, to be assessed on the taxable property of the whole precinct.
The recruits to be delivered over to the recruiting officer in each district, to be marched to such places of general
rendezvous as may be designated by the Department of War.
That this plan will be efficient cannot be doubted. It is evident that the men contemplated may soon be raised
by it. Three modes occur by which it may be carried into effect: 1st, By placing the execution of it in the hands
of the county courts throughout the United States: 2d. By relying on the militia officers in each county: 3d. By
appointing particular persons for that purpose in every county. It is believed that either of these modes would be
found adequate.
Nor does there appear to be any well founded objection to the right in Congi-ess to adopt this plan, or to its
equality in its application to our fellow-citizens individually. Congress have a right, by the constitution, to raise
regular armies, and no restraint is imposed on the exercise of it, except in the provisions which are intended to guard
generally against the abuse of power, with none of which does this plan interfere. It is proposed that it shall ope-
rate on all alike; that none shall be exempted from it except the Chief Magistrate of the United States, and the
Governors of the several States.
It would be absurd to suppose that Congress could not carry this power into effect, otherwise than by accepting
the voluntary service of individuals. It might happen that an army could not be raised in that mode, whence the
power would have been granted in vain. The safety of the State might depend on such an army. Long continued
invasions, conducted by regular, well disciplined troops, can best be repelled by tronps kept constantly in the field,
and equally well disciplined. Courage in an army is, in a great measure, mechanical. A small body, well trained,
accustomed to action, gallantly led on, often breaks three or four times the number of more respectable and more
brave, but raw and undisciplined troops. The sense of danger is diminished by frequent exposure to it, without
harm; and confidence, even in the timid, is inspired by a knowledge that reliance may be placed on olhers, which
can grow up only by service together. 'I'he grant to Congress to raise armies, was made with a knowledge of all
these circumstances, and with an intention that it should take effect. The framers of the constitution, ^and the
States who ratified it, knew the advantage which an enemy might liave over us, by regular forces, and intended to
place their country on an equal footing.
The idea that the United States cannot raise a regular army in any other mode than by accepting the voluntary
service of individuals, is believed to be repugnant to the uniform construction of all grants of power, and equally so
to the first principles and leading objects of ihe federal compact. An unqualified grant of power gives the means
necessary to carry it into effect. This is an universal maxim, which admits of no exception. Equally true is it, that
the conservation of the State is a duty paramount to all others. The commonwealth has a right to the service ot
all its citizens; or, rather, the citizens compusing the commonwealth have a right, collectively and in dividually, to
the service of each other, to repel any danger which may be menaced. The manner in which the service is to be
apportioned among the citizens, and rendered by (hem, are objects of legislation. All that is to be dreaded in such
case, is, the abuse of power; and, happily, our constitution has provided ample security against that evil.
In support of this right in Congress, the militia service aftiirds a conclusive proof and striking example. The
organization of the militia is an act of public authority, not a voluntary association. The service required must tie
performed by all, under penalties, which delinquents pay. The generous and patriotic perform them cheerfully.
In the alacrity with which the call of the Government has been obeyed, and the cheerfulness with which the service
has been performed throughout the United States, by the great body of the militia, there is abundant cause to re-
joice in the strength of our republican institutions, and in the virtue of the people.
516 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
The plan proposed is not more compulsive than the militia service, while it is free from most of the objections
to it. The militia service calls from home, for long terms, whole districts of country. None can elude the call.
Few can avoid the service; and those who do are compelled to pay great sums fur substitutes. This plan fixes on
no one personally, and opens to all who choose it a chance of declining the service. It is a principal object of this
plan to engage in the defence of the State the unmarried and youthful, who can best defend it, and best be spared,
and to secure to those who render this important service an adequate compensation from the voluntary contiibulions
of the more wealthy, in every class. Great confidence is entertained that such contribution will be made in time
to avoid a draught. Indeed, it is believed to be the necessary and inevitable tendency of this plan to produce that
effect.
The limited powers which the United States have in organizing the militia may be urged as an argument against
their right to raise regular troops in the mode proposed. If any argument could be drawn from that circumstance,
I should suppose that it would be in favor of an opposite conclusion. The power of the United States over the mi-
litia has been limited, and that for raising regular armies granted without limitation. There was doubtless some
object in this arrangement. The fair inference seems to be, that it was made on great consideration; that the limi-
tation, in the first instance, was intentional, the consequence of the unqualified grant in the second. But it is said,
that, by drawing the men from the militia service into the regular army, and putting them under regular officers,
you violate a principle of the constitution, which provides that the militia shall be commanded by their own offi-
cers. If this was the fact, the conclusion would follow. But it is not the fact. The men are not drawn from
the militia, but from the population of the country. When they enlist voluntarily, it is not as militia men that
they act, but as citizens. If they are draughted, it must be in the same sense. In both instances, they are enrolled
in the militia corps; but that, as is presumed, cannot prevent the voluntary act in the one instance or the compul-
sive in the other. The whole population of the United States, within certain ages, belong to these corps. If the
United States could not form regular armies from them, they could raise none.
In proposing a draught as one of the modes of raising men, in case of actual necessity, in the present great emer-
gency of the country, I have thought it my duty to examine such objections to it as occurred, particularly those of
a constitutional nature. It is from my sacred regard for the principles of our constitution, that I have ventured
to trouble the committee with any remarks on this part of the subject-
Should it appear that this mode of raising recruits was justly objectionable, on account of the tax on property,
from difficulties which may be apprehended in the execution, or from other causes, it may be advisable to decline
the tax, and for the Government to pay the whole bounty. In this case, it is proposed that, in lieu of the present
bounty, the sum of fitly dollars be allowed to each recruiter draught, at the time of his engagement, and one hundred
acres of land in addition to the present bounty in land, for every year that the war may continue.
it is impossible to state, with mathematical accuracy, the number which will be raised by the ratio of 4 to 100,
or 1 to 35, nor is it necessary. It is probable that it will be rather more tiian sufficient to fill the present corps.
The extra number, in that case, may form a part of the local force in contemplation, a power to that eftect being
given to the President.
No radical change in the present military establishment is proposed. Should any modification be found neces-
sary, on further consideration, it will form the subject of a separate communication. It is thought advisable, in gen-
eral, to preserve the corps in their present form, and to fill them with new recruits, in the manner stated. All these
corps have already seen service, and many of them acquired in active scenes much experience and useful know-
ledge. By preserving them in their present form, and under their present officers, and filling them with new re-
cruits, the improvement of the latter will be rapid. In two or three months, it will be difficult to distinguish be-
tween the new and old levies.
The additional force to be provided amounts to forty thousand men. Of this it is proposed that local corps be
raised, to consist partly of infantry, partly of mounted men, and part'y of artillery. There is reason to believe
that such corps may be raised in the principal cities, and even on the frontiers, to serve for the war, under an en-
gagement as to the limit beyond which they should not be carried. Every able bodied citizen is willing and ready
to fight for his home, his family, and his country, when invaded. Of this we have seen in the present year the most
honorable and gratifying proofs. It does not suit all, however, to go great distances from home. This generous
and patriotic spirit may be taken advantage of, under proper arrangements, with the happiest eflects to the country,
and without essential inconvenience to the parties.
The officers who may be appointed to command these corps should be charged with recruiting (hem. Local defence
being their sole object, it may be presumed that the corps will soon be raised. Patriotism alone will furnish a very
powerful motive. It seems reasonable, however, that some recompense should be made to those who relieve others
from the burtlien; one hundred acres of land and fifty dollars to each recruit will, it is presumed, be deemed
sufficient.
It is proposed that tliis additional force shall form a part of any plan that may be adopted.
SECOND PLAN.
This plan consists of a classification of the militia, and the extension of their terms of service.
Let the whole militia of the United States be divided into the following classes, viz.
All free male persons, capable of service, between the ages of 18 and '25, into one class; all those between the
ages of 25 and 32, into another class; and those between 32 and 45, into a third class.
It is proposed, also, that the President shall have power to call into service any portion of either of these
classes which, in his judgment, the exigencies of the country may require, to remain in service two years from the
time each corps shall be assembled at the appointed place of rendezvous.
It is believed that a shorter term than two years would nut give to these corps the efficiency in military opera-,
tions that is desired, and deemed indispensable; nor avoid the evils that are so sensibly felt, and generally com-
plained of, under the present arrangement. It requires two campaigns to make a complete soldier, especially where
the corps, officers, and men, are ali"ke raw and inexperienced. In the interim, the numbers must be multiplied, to
supply the defect of discipline; and it requires the extension of the term of service, to avoid the additional propor-
tional augmentation of having so many in the field at the same time, in marching to the frontier, and returning from it.
The inconvenience to the parlies, and loss to the community, in other respects, need not be repeated. It is proper
to add, only, that, if substitutes are allowed in lliis service, it must put an end to ihe recruiting of men lor the re-
gular army, especially the old corps. Of the justice of this remark what has occurred in the present year has
furnished lull proof. It follows that, if this plan is adopted, the militia must be relied on principally, it not alto-
gether, in the farther prosecution of the war. . ^ i j
The additional force for focal service, amounting to forty thousand men, wdl likewise form a part, as already
observed, of this plan.
THIRD PLAN.
It is proposed by this plan to exempt every five men from militia service, who shall find one to serve for the
war. It is probable that some recruits might be raised in (his mode, in most or all of the States. But it is appre-
hended that it would prevent recruiting in every other mode, by the high bounty which some of the wealthy might
give. The consequence would probably be very injurious, as it is not believed that any great number could be
raised in this mode.
FOURTH PLAN.
Should all the preceding plans be found objectionable, it remains that the present system of recruiting be ad-
hered to, with an augmentation of (he bounty in land. Should this be preleried, it is advised that, m addition to
ihe 160 acres of land now given, 100 be allowed annually for every year while the war lasts.
1814.] IMPROVEMENT OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. 517
These plans are thought more deserving the attention of the committee than any that have occurred. The first,
for the reasons stated, is preferred.. It is believed that it will be found more efficient against the enemy, less ex-
pensive to the public, and less burthensome on our fellow-citizens.
It has likewise the venerable sanction of our Revolution. In that great struggle, resort was had to this expedient
for filling the ranks of our regular array, and with decisive effect.
It is not intended by these remarks, should the first plan be adopted, to dispense altogether with the service of
the militia. Although the principal burthen of the war may thereby be taken from the militia, reliance must still
be placed on them for important aids, especially in cases of sudden invasion. For this purpose it will still be advi-
sable that the men be classed according to age, and that their term of service be prolonged. Pjven should this plan
be attended with all the advantages expected of it, such an arrangement could not fail to produce the happiest effect.
The proof which it would afford of the impregnable strength of the country, of the patient virtue and invincible
spirit of the people, would admonish the enemy how vain and fruitless his invasions must be, and might dispose him
to a speedy, just, and honorable peace.
Of the very important services already rendered by the militia, even under the present organization, too much
cannot be said. If the United States make the exertion which is proposed, it is probable that the contest will soon
be at an end. It cannot be doubted that it is in their power to expel the British forces from this continent, should
the British Government, by persevering in its unjust demands, make that an object with the American people.
. Against our united and vigorous efforts, the resistance of the enemy will soon become light and feeble. Success in
every fair and honorable claim is within our ^asy grasp. And surely the United States have every possible induce-
ment to make the effort necessary to secure it. 1 should insult the understanding, and wound the feelings of the
committee, if I touched on the calamities incident to defeat. Dangers which are remote, and can never be realized,
excite no alarm with a gallant and generous people. But the advantages of success have a fair claim to tlieir delibe-
rate consideration. The effort which we have already made has attracted the attention and extorted the praise of
other nations. Already have most of the absurd theories and idle speculations on our system of government been
refuted and put down. We are now felt and respected as a Power, and it is the dread which the enemy entertains
of our vast resources and growing importance, that has induced him to push the war against us, after its professed
objects had ceased. Success by the discomfiture of his schemes, and the attainment of an honorable peace, will
place the United States on higher ground, in the opinion of the world, than they have held at any former period. In
future wars, their commerce will be permitted to take its lawful range unmolested. Their remonstrances to foreign
Governments will not again be put aside unheeded. Few will be presented, because there will seldom be occasion
for them. Our union, founded on interest and affection, will have acquired new strength by the proof it will have
afforded of the important advantages attending it. Respected abroad, and happy at home, the United States will
have accomplished the great objects for which they have so long contended. As a nation, they will have little to
dread: as a people, little to desire.
Extract from MarslutWs Life of Washington, volume 4th, page 241.
" In general, the Assemblies of the States followed the example of Congress, and apportioned on the several
counties or towns within the State, the quota to be furnished by each. This division of the State was again to be
subdivided into classes, and each class was to furnish a man by contributions or taxes imposed on itself. In some
irlstances, a draught was to be used in the last resortj in others, the man was to be recruited by persons appointed
for that purpose, and the class to be taxed with the sum given for his bounty."
-Extract from Ramsey^ s Life of Washington, 2rf volume, page 246.
" Where voluntary enlistments fell short of the proposed number, the deficiencies were, by the laws of several
States, to be made up by draught on lots from the militia. The towns in New England, and the counties in the
middle States, were respectively called on for a specified number of men. Such was the zeal of the people in New
England, that neighbors would often elect together to engage one. of their number to go into the army. Mary-
land directed her Lieutenants of counties to class all the property in their respective counties into as many
equal classes as there were men wanted, and each class was by law obliged, within ten days thereafter, to furnish
an able-bodied recruit during the war: and in case of their neglecting or refusing to do so, the county Lieutenants
were authorized to procure men at?their expense, at any rate not exceeding fifteen pounds in every hundred pounds'
worth of property classed agreeably to law. Virginia also classed her citizens, and called upon the respective classes
for every fifteenth man for public service. Pennsylvania concentered the requisite power in the President, Mr.
Reed, and authorized him to decree forth the resources of the State, under certain limitations, and, if necessary, to
declare martial law over the State. The execution of these arrangements, although uncommonly vigorous, lagged
far behind." *
Senate's Committee Chamber, October 19, 1814.
Sir:
I lost not a moment in laying before the Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs the report you did me
the honor to address to me on the 17th, and received on the 18th instant, in reply to a former communication; and
after the most respectful consideration of that report, I am instructed by the committee to ask from you further
information upon the following points:
1st. Whether any defects have been heretofore discovered in the existing provisions for filling the ranks of the
regular army? If so, what are the defects?
2d. In what mode, in die opinion of the War Department, could such defects be best remedied by legislative
provisions?
3d. The committee also request an outline of the plan for raising the 40,000 men proposed by your report, and
particularly how far limitations are proposed to be imposed by law uponjthe President of the United States, in the
application of that force?
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Hon. James Monroe, Secretary for the Department of War.
War Department, October 'il, 1814.
Sir: •
In reply to your letter of yesterday, I have to state that I shall have the honor of an interview with the
Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs, at half afternine o'clock to morrow morning, atthe house in which Con-
gress holds its session. I shall then be happy to communicate to the committee the views of this Department on the
subjects adverted to in your letter.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES MONROE.
Honorable W^ B. Giles, Senate U. S.
66 OT
518
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1814.
Senate's Committee Chamber, October 21, 1814.
I have this moment received your letter of the same date herewith, probably by mistake; and immediately
submitted its contents to the Committee on Military Affairs, by whom I am instructed to inform you, that the com-
mittee will be happy to receive your personal attendance to-morrow morning, at the time and for the objects men-
tioned in your letter.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
W. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Honorable James Monroe, Secretary for the Department ofPVar.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, Washington, October 22, 1814.
Sir
By direction of the Secretary of War, I have the honor to enclose herewith an abstract of the general return
of the army of the United States, to October 1st, 1814. Should the committee require a moregeneral return, simi-
lar to the one furnished the Military Committee of the House, it could be furnished in the course of the next week.
I am, sir, yours, respectfully.
Honorable Mr. Giles, Senate, JVashington.
JOHN R. BELL, .Assistant Inspector General.
Return of the whole number of Recruits enlisted, agreeably to the act of .Congress, passed 27th January, 1814,/or
the several Corps and Regiments of the Army, fro'm 1st February to 30th September, 1814, inclusive; agreeably
to the returns received at this Office.
Regiment light artillery, . . .
342
25th regiment infantry.
. 310
Regiment light dragoons, .
174
26th ditto.
. 165
Corps of artillery, ....
345
27th ditto.
.550
1st regiment infantry,
91
28 th ditto.
. 146
2d ditto.
46
29th ditto,
. 503
3d ditto.
5
30th ditto.
. 274
4th ditto.
158
31st ditto,
. 161
5th ditto.
215
32d ditto,
. 23
6th ditto, . . . ■
180
33d ditto,
. 181
7th ditto, , . .
143
34th ditto.
.441
8th ditto, . ; , .
210
35th ditto.
. 362
9th ditto, . . •
215
36th ditto,
. 136
10th ditto, . . '.
205
37th ditto.
. 330
11th ditto, . . ' • ■
194
38th ditto,
. .206
12th ditto, ...
159
39th ditto.
. • . 192
13fh ditto.
330
40th ditto.
14th ditto,
180
41st ditto.
. ■ . 223
I5th ditto.
213
42d ditto,
.188
16th ditto,
262
43d ditto.
. 122
17th ditto.
262
44th ditto,
. 292
18th ditto.
82
45th ditto,
. 344
19th ditto,
346
46th ■ ditto.
20th ditto,
153
1st rifle regiment.
. 148
21st ditto,
198
2d ditto.
. 172
22d ditto,
162
3d ditto.
. 124
23d ditto,
323
4th ditto.
. 97
24th ditto.
108
Total,
. 9,991
It will be perceived that, from two of the above regiments, no return of recruits has been received; from many
of them the returns for September have not been received. The whole number of recruits made since the passage
of the law above referred to, to the present time, may be estimated at 1500 more than the above return.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, October 26, 1814.
JOHN R. BELL, Assistant Inspector Genercd.
Note. — For a further and more accurate return, see No. 134.
Senate's Committee Chamber, October 24, 1814.
Sir:
• The Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs being extremely anxious to come to a final determination upon
the objects of its appointment, and deeming some further information from your Department essential to enable it to
determine correctly, has instructed me to ask for information on the following points:
1st. To what causes is the failure in the recruiting service, heretofore, properly attributable?
2d. Has such failure arisen from any failure to place the requisite sums of money in the hands of the recruiting
officers; or has it arisen from the indisposition of the citizens to enlist.^
Any other information within your Department, tending to throw ligiit upon this subject, would be particularly
acceptable to the committee.
I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Hon. James Monroe, Secretary for the Department of War.
War Department, October 26, 1814.
Sir: . • .
In reply to the letter which I received from you of the 24th, I have the honor to transmit to you a report of the
Paymaster General, of the sums of money advanced on account ol the recruiting service, since the 27th of January
last. I also transmit a return of the number of men recruited within that time. A more detaded return, showing how
many have been recruited in each month, in each regiment, shall be furnished as soon as it can be prepared.
By these returns it appears that more money has been advanced on account of the recruiting service than was
sufficient to raise a much greater number of men than has been recruited. A considerable sum remains to be ac-
counted for by the recruiting officers. Whether any of them failed in their duty, is an object of inquiry for this De-
i
1814.]
RETURN OF EMLISTMENTS.
519
partment, which will not be neglected. I have been too short a time in it to make myself thoroughly acquainted with
their conduct in this respect. By these returns, it would follow that the failure in the recruiting service was not
owing to the want of money, if it was certain that the recruiting officers had in all instances done their duty; and
that the money had been distributed in those quarters of our country where it would have been most easy to obtain
recruits. How far the failure ought to be attributed to either of those causes, it is not in my power to state.
From the view which I have taken of the subject, founded on the best information I have been able to collect, I
am led to believe that the failure in the recruiting service has been owing, in most of the States, principally to the
high bounty given for substitutes by the detached militia.
Many of the militia detached for six months have given a greater sum for substitutes than the bounty allowed by
the United States for a recruit to serve for the war.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JAS. MONROE.
The Hon Wm. B. Giles, Chairman, ^-c.
Army Pay Office, City of Washington, October 26th, 1814.
The Paymaster of the army of the United States, to whom has been referred the letter from the honorable the
Chairman of the Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs to the Secretary of War, under date of October
24th, 1814, has the honor to report:
1st. That the books of this office exhibit the disbursement of two millions and twelve tiiousand four hundred and
thirty-nine dollars and thirty-three cents, on account of bounties and premiums for recruits, between the 27th of
January, 1814, the date of the passage of the law increasing the bounty, and the date hereof: the distribution of this
sum, as nearly as can be well ascertained, has been as follows, viz:
To Massachusetts, including the District
of Maine,
To New Hampshire,
To Vermont, - - - .
To Connecticut, - - - -
To Rhode Island. - - -
To New York, -
To New Jersey, - - - -
To Pennsylvania,
To Delaware, - - - -
To Maryland, including the District of
Columbia, - . - -
To Virginia, - . . .
237,400
37,800
109,300
78,932
00
00
00
00
1,000
00
495,320
15,000
00
00
190,900
00
10,000
00
95,002
35
160,962
98
To North Carolina,
To South Carolina,
To Georgia,
To Tennessee, -
To Kentucky,
To Ohio,
To Louisiana,
To the Michigan Territory,
To the Mississippi Territory,
To the Indiana Territory,
To Missouri Territory,
60,000 00
72,800 00
34,000 00
98,500 00
108,000 00
96,000 00
83,530 00
20,000 00
4,000 00
2,000 00
1,492 00
*$2,012,439 33
2d. That pressing calls for very considerable sums of money for the recruiting service have been made on him for
about three months past, which he has been able but partially to supply.
Respectfully,
ROBERT BRENT, P. M. V. S. ^rmy.
■ The Hon Jamks Monroe, Secretary of War.
Sir:
War Department, October 29th, 1814.
Enclosed is an abstract of the law establishing the Ordnance Department, and also of the bill now prepared
for the new organization of that department, which will give you a view of the contemplated changes in, and en-
largements of, the duties and powers of that department
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
JAS. MONROE.
The Hon. William B. Giles, Cliairman of the Military Committee of the Senate.
* See No. 132.
13th Congress.]
No. 134.
[3d Session.
RETURN OF ENLISTMENTS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, ON THE IOtH OF NOVEMBER, 1814.
War Department, November 10, 1814.
Sir:
Since I had the honor to enclose to you a statement of the number of men who have been recruited in the
army of the United States during the present year, I have received a further statement from the Assistant Inspector
General, attached to this Department.
This report shows more satisfactorily the expenditure of the money which has been advanced on that account,
and number of men raised. The same data cannot, however, be adopted in estimating the future progress in
recruiting, a considerable number of those who were recruited having been re-enlisted from the old corps. That
resource nas been exhausted. To form an estimate of the probable future success, we must take into consideration
only those who were raised from the country, which is probably the number included in this return.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JAS. MONROE.
Honorable Mr. Giles, Chairman, fyc.
520 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, '
Washington City, November 2rf, 1814.
The deranged state of the papers of this office by the late removals rendered it impracticable for me, when I
submitted the hasty estimate on the 26th October,* to have recourse to all the documents of the recruits made within
the present year. On a further examination, the enclosed is submitted.
It may be necessary, with a view to your better information, to accompany the return I now have the honor to
transmit, with some explanatory observations. The difficulty under which this office has labored, from the want of
regular recruiting returns, has been considerable, and necessarily occasions the general return to be inaccurate and
uiisatisfactory. No pains, however, have been spared to render the accompanying document as accurate as it can
be made from the data which the files of this office aflfbrd.
> In January last, large sums of money were put into thehandsof commanders of regiments and corps, fur the purpose
of re-enlisting the men whose terms of service were about to expire. These were the soldiers enlisted for the addi-
tional army of 1808, and those of 1812 enlisted for twelve and eighteen months. This money was distributed among
the officers commanding companies, who employed it to its full extent in the reTenlistment of their men, who, at the
next muster, were returned on the muster rolls as re-enlisted. Satisfied as the officers seem to have been with this
species of return, they made no special one to this office of those they had thus re-enlisted.
Indeed the entire want of some returns, and the irregularity and defectiveness of others, render it extremely
difficult to form a correct idea of the manner in which the public money has been expended. By way of illustra-
tion, I would refer you to the 46th regiment, of which no recruiting returns whatever have yet been made, when it
is known by the army returns that this regiment contains 230 men, and to the .^2d regiment, of which there is a
return of only 42 men, when it is known, through the same channel, that it now contains more than 300. From
this, the difficulty of ascertaining, immediately, to what amount, if any, officers entrusted with public money have
been guilty of defalcation, must be evident. On this subject, however, it may be proper to remark, that there exist
no grounds for suspecting any defalcations: for, although the returns do not show all the recruits enlisted, and by
whom, yet the general return, exhibiting the strength of armies and corps, ccmipared with that of last year, shows
plainly that the number of men raised corresponds with sufficient exactness with the money issued for that purpose.
The Paymaster of the army has issued, up to the 26th October, onaccount of bounties and premiums, $2,012,439,
which, supposing 3,000 men to liave received the second moiety of their bounty, (an estimate, it is believed, suffi-
ciently moderate) would raise 30,023 men. By the return communicated to the committee in a letter from the
Secretary of War of the 1st January last, the eft'ective force of the army was then 8012. But, by the general return
of the 30th of September, which embraces no return of a later date than August, it appears the strength of the army
was then 34,029; from which it is evident that 26,017 men at least, must have been raised since January last. I say
at least, because the casualties of deaths, desertions, and discharges, duringthe campaign, are not included. This
number would require the sum of 1,613,054 dollars. Now, estimating the casualties during the campaign at 3,000
men, which, to raise them, would require S186,000, and adding to this the second moiety, which is presumed to have
been paid to 3,000 men, viz: $150,000, it is clear that, to raise the men borne on the return, it was necessary to
expend $1,949,054. This will leave $63,385 in the hands of the recruiting officers, nearly the whole of which must
have been since expended in the recruiting service.
With much respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
■ < . JOHN R. BELL, Inspector General.
» See No. 133.
1814.]
RETURN OF ENLISTMENTS.
521
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1814.]
syst$;m of discipline for the army.
523
ISth Congress.]
No. 135.
[3il Session.
APPORTIONMENT OF A DETACHiMENT OF 80,000 MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, NOVEMBER 1'2, 1814:
rhe bill " to authoiiz.e the President of the United States to call upon the several States and Territories thereof for
their respective guotas -of thousand men, for the defence of the frontiers of the United States," being
under consideration.
An Estimate of the apporliomaent of eighty thousand Militia amongst the several States and Territories.
Repre-
Upon the
Free white males
Upon the princi-
Ag-gregate includ-
senta-
principle
of sixteen and
ple of the white
ing officers of all
tion.
of tlie ra-
under forty-five
male inhabitants
grades, from the
tio of re-
years.
between the ages
latest returns of
presenta-
of sixteen & for-
the miUtia of the
tion.
ty-five.
United States.
State of New Hampshire,
6
2,580
42,732
3,100
24,938
Massachusetts,
20
8,605
138,349
10,036
70,527
Vermont,
6
2,580
41,775
3,032
20,273
Rhode Island, -
■2
860
15,155
1,100
.8,010
Connecticut, -
7
3,010
51,266
3,720
17,551
New York,
27
11,615
170,944
12,405
98,606
New Jersey,
6
2,580
42,553
3,087
33,765
Pennsylvania, -
23
9,895
146,786
10,652
99,414
Delaware,
2
860
11,068
803
7,451
Maryland,
9
3,870
46,783
3,395
32,189
Virginia,
23
9,895
106,062
7,697 .
69,416
North Carolina,
13
5,590
71,877
5,217
50,992
South Carolina,
9
3,870
39,557
2,870
33,729
Georgia,
6
2,5S0
25,811
1,875
25,729
Kentucky,
10
4,300
55,431
4,025
. 44,422
Tennessee,
6
2,580
37,488
2,720
29,183
Ohio,
6
2,580
39,426
2,860
35,275
Louisiana,
430
5,900
428
No return.
Territory of Mississippi,
430
3,940
283
5,291
Missouri, -
430
2,800
203
No return.
Indiana, -
430
4,108
297
4,790
Illinois, -
430
1,947
145 •
No return.
Michigan, -
- .
-
679
50
No return.
186
80,000
1,102,437
80,000
711,551
Upon the principle
of tlie aggregate
from the latest
returns of the mi-
litia of the Unit-
ed States.
2,803
7,930
2,280
900
1,973
11,086
3,796
11,177
837
3,620
7,805
5,734
3,792
2,893
4,995
3,281
3,965
595
80,000
13th Congress.]
No. 136.
[3d Session.
SYSTEM OF DISCIPLINE FOR THE ARMY.
communicated to the house of representatives, on the 23d of NOVEMBER, 1814.
War Department, November 22, 1814.
The Secretary of War, to whom vvas referred the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 10th instant, re-
questing information whether the army of the United States was trained by any uniform system of discipline,
and, if not, what were the causes that have prevented it; and, whether any legislative provision was necessary to
effect the same, has the honor to report:
1st. That no uniform system of discipline has lieretofore been practised in training the armies of the United
States, either in line, by battalion, or company.
2d. That, in the opinion of the Secretary of War, it would be advisable to institute a board of general and field
officers, to digest, and report to this Department, a system of discipline for the army of the United States, which
report, when approved by the President of the United States, should be carried into immediate effect, under the
orders of this Department.
3d. That the sanction of Congress, by a resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives, to this measure
if not absolutely necessary, in consideration of the powers already vested in this Department by law, would, never-
theless, have a very salutary effect.
, „ , „ . JAMES MONROE.
The Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
524 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
13th Congress.] ' No. 137. [3d Sessiom.
CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE 6f REPRESENTATIVES, ON THE 29tH OF NOVEMBER, 1814.
In the House of Representatives qf the United States,
9,3d of September, 1814.
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to inquire into the causes of the success of tlie enemy in his recent
enterpiises against this metropolis, and the neigiiboring town of Alexandria; and into the manner in which the pub-
lic buildings and property were destroyed, ancl the amount thereof, and that they have power to send for persons
and papers.
Mr. Johnson, of Kentucky, Mr- Lowndes, Mr. Stockton, Mr. Miller, Mr. Goldsborough, Mr. Barbour, and
Mr. Pickens, were appointed the said committee.
Mr. R. M. Johnson made the following report:
The committee charged with an inquiry so intimately concerning tlie character of administration, the sensibility of
the nation, and the honor of its arms, as the causes of the success of the enemy in his recent enterprises against
this metropolis, &c. have endeavored to combine despatch with effect, in the manner in which they have collect-
ed the facts and views presented in the following statement:
Proceeding's of the Cabinet of 7th June, 1814.
Previous to the 2d of July, this city composed a part of military district No. 5. Early in June last, the Secre-
tary of War furnished tlie President, at his request, with a general report of the strength of the regular troops and
militia then in the service of the United States, and their distribution; which was submitted to the lieads of depart-
ments, by the President, on the 7th of June. The Secretary of the Navy had furnished the President with a simi-
lar estimate of our naval forces: that which was applicable to the limits of military district No. 10, will hereafter
appear. By a reference to the estimate of the land forces, it appears, that the aggregate number of troops stationed
in district No. 5, on the 7ih of June, amounted to two thousand two hundred and eight, of which, there were two
thousand one hundred and fifty-four effectives, stationed as follows: At Norfolk, two hundred and twenty-.fbur
artillerists; the 20th, 35th, and 1st battalion of the 38th regiment of infantry, amounting to nine hundred and twelve;
at Baltimore, one hundred and eleven artillerists; 2d battalion of the 38{h infantry, amounting to three hundred and
sixteen ; sea fencibles, one hundred and seventy- three; at Annapolis, forty artillerists; at Fort Washington, eighty-two
artillerists: St. Mary's, 36ih regiment of infantry, three hundred and fifty. The meeting of the cabinet on the 7th,
and the estimates of land and naval forces, had no particular relation to the defence of any part of military district
No- 5; but for measures generally, and particularly in regard to the campaign on our territorial frontiers in the North
and Northwest. Nor does it appear that this city had excited more than ordinary attention at this time.
Proceedings of the Cabinet the 1st of July.
But, soon after, certain intelligence being received of the complete success of the allies in the subjugation of
France, the President believed that the enemy had the inclination and the power to increase his military and naval
fprces against tlie United States; and, in that event, he believed that a variety of considerations would present this
city as one of the prominent objects of attack. On the 26th of June, despatches were received from Mr. Gallatin
and Mr. Bayard, confirming the views of the President, which induced him to convene the heads of departments on
the 1st of July; at whicii time he presented a plan of a force imniediately to be called into the field, and an addi-
tional force to be kept in readiness to march, without delay, iii case of necessity- It seemed to be his object that
some position should be taken between the Eastern Branch and Patuxent, with two or three thousand men, and that
an additional force of ten or twelve thousand militia and volunteers should be held in readiness in the neighboring
States, including the militia of the District of Columbia, and that convenient depots of arms and military equip-
ments should be established. The measures suggested were approved by the heads of departments; or, in other
words, it does not appear that any dissent was expressed.
Correspondence of the Secretary of M'ar and General Winder.
The nest day, July the 2d, by a general order of the War Department, the 10th military district was created, to
embrace the State of Maryland, the District of Columbia, and that part of Virginia lying between the Rappahannock
and Potomac, under the command of Brigadier General AVinder, who, being then in Baltimore, was advised of the
fact by a letter from the Secretary of War of the same date- On the 4th of July, a requisition was made on certain
States for a corps of ninety-three thousand five hundred men, designating the quota of each, with a request to the
Executive of each State to detach, and hold in readiness for immediate service, their respective detachments, recom-
mending the expediency of fixing the places of rendezvous, with a due regard to points, the importance or exposure
of which would most likely attract the views of the enemy. Of that requisition, two thousand effectives from the
quota of Virginia; five thousand from that of Pennsylvania; six thousand, the whole quota of Maryland; and two
thousand, the estimated number of the militia of the District of Columbia, were put at the disposition of the com-
manding General, as hereafter appears, making the aggregate number of fifteen thousand, exclusive of the regular
troops, viz: the 36th regiment, one battalion of the 38th, two troops of dragoons, two companies of the 10th infan-
try, one company of the 12th, and two companies of sea fencibles, supposed to amount to one thousand men, besides
tiie artillerists composing the garrisons of Forts M'Henry and Washington.
On the 9th of July, General Winder, in a letter to the Secretary of War, on the subject of the duties which de-
volved upon him as commander of the 10th military district, a previous conversation is alluded to as having taken
place between them, in consequence of the request of the Secretary in his letter of the 2d of July. General VVin-
der appears to have understootl the intention of the Secretary of War to be, that the militia force proposed for the
10th military district should be draughted and designated, but that no part of it should be called into the field until
the hostile squadron in the Chesapeake should be reinforced to such an extent as to render it probable that a serious
attack was contemplated: states the difficulty of collecting a force in an emergency sufficient to retard the advance
of the enemy; and suggests the expediency of calling out four thousand of the militiaj with a view to station them, in
equal proportions, between South river and Washington, and in the vicinity of Baltimore.
On the 13th of July, the Secretary of War, in a letter to General Winder, encloses a circular, addressed to the
Governors of certain States, requiring a body of militia to be organized, equipped, and held in readiness for future
service, and authorizes him, in case of actual or menaced invasion of the district under his command, to call for a
part or the whole of the quota assigned to the State of Maryland; and in another, of the 17th July, the Secretary
authorizes General Wincler to draw from Virginia two thousand men; from Pennsylvania, five thousand menj and
525
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
informs him that the whole of the militia of the District of Columbia, amounting to about two thousand, was in a
disposable state, and subject to his order; making, together with the six thousand from Maryland, the estimate of
fifteen thousand militia. On the 15th ot July, the Secretary of War advised General Winder that General Porter
had communicated the fact of the arrival of the van of Cochrane's fleet at Lynhaven bay, and that the agent at Point
Look Out had represented that two seventy fours, two frigates, an armed sloop and brig, ascended the bay at half
past 5, post meridian, on the 14th; that he considered it proper to call into service the brigade of militia which had
been for some time held in readiness at Baltimore, and not knowing whether General Winder was at Baltimore or
Annapolis, he had instructed the Major General, under whose orders they were organized, to call them out.
General Winder, in a letter of the 16th of July, to the Secretary of War, among other things expresses his em-
barrassment in relation to the situation of Annapolis, and gives it as his opinion that a large force an(l many addi-
tional works would be necessary to defend it against a serious attack by land and water; states its importance to
the enemy, and the ease with which it might be maintained by them with the command by water, and an entrench-
ment of seven or eight hundred yards, protected by batteries; represents Fort Madison as exposed, and unhealthy in
the months of August and September, provided with two fifty pound columbiads, two twenty-lours, two eighteens, one
twelve, and one torn, which might be turned with success against Fort Severn; that these guns should be removed, and
arrangements made to blovv up the fort; and represents (he importance of defending the town if tlie means could be
obtained; states the Governor of Maryland and Council had taken the necessary steps to comply immediately with
the requisition of the General Government. On the 17th July a letter from General Winder to the Secretary of
War states that information, that he deemed credible, was received, that the enemy was ascending the river in
considerable force; that he had ordered the detachment of regulars to Nottingham, had sent out the alarm to assem-
ble a militia force, and suggests the propriety of sending to that place the marine corps, and all the militia that could
be procured from the District of Columbia. The Secretary, on the same day, acknowledges (he receipt of the above
letter, and states that the marine corps was not under his command; but had sent the request to (he Piesident, and,
as the authority to call the militia was vested in the commanding General, he had transmitted his requisition upon
the District to General Van Ness; he also reminds him that the two regiments near Baltimore had been called into
actual service, and expresses tlie wish of the President that not less than two, nor more than three thousand of the
draughts, under the requisition of the fourth of July, should be embodied and encamped at some middle point between
Baltimore and this city.
From the letter of General Winder, of the 20th of July, it appears that the enemy proceeded up the Patuxent to
Hunting creek, landed, and committed simie depredations in Calvert county, and returned down the river. Three
companies of city volunteers had marched from this district, in obedience to the call of Geneial Winder, which he
had halted at the Woodyard, and the detachments of the 36th and 38th regiments at Upper Marlborough, while he pro-
ceeded to Annapolis, to arrange with the Governor the calling out the Maryland militia; which, he states, will be
immediately attended to by the Governor. He states that he had called for the largest number directed by the
President, viz: three thousand, expecting thereby to get two thousand, the lowest number: that he foreboie to dis-
mantle Fort Madison, as it might alarm the people, and produce disagreeable sensations: preferring rather to risk
it in case of attack. On the 23d of July, General Winder informs the Secretary of War that the Governor of
Maryland had issued his orderfor calling out three thousand of the draughts under the requisition of the 4th July, and
had appointed Bladensburg as the place of rendezvous according to his suggestion. In another letter of the same
date. General Winder informs the Secretary of War that he had deemed it expedient to direct Captain Davidson,
with the city volunteers, to return to the city of Washington; from the two-fold consideration that the facility with
■which they could turn out and proceed to any point, rendered them nearly as effective as if kept in the field, and
the importance to them individually of attending to their private concerns. That the rifles used by Captain Dough-
ty's company were very detective, and that Captain Burch's artillery were without swords. He recommends that
the camp equipage should be left in charge of the company officers to facilitate their march. On the 25th of July,
General Winder, in a letter to the Secretary of War, dated at Warburton, near Fort Washington, represents that
fort in several respects to be incomplete in its preparation for defence; encloses a representation of Lieutenant Ed-
wards on the subject; makes a requisition of ammunition, and requests that Colonel Wadsworth may cause the plat-
foim to be enlarged, so as to make the battery more effectual. The report of Lieutenant Edwards speaks of the
necessity of mounting heavy artillery in the block house; states that the eighteen pound columbiads were not mount-
ed, and that the garrison wanted means to mount them, being destitute of gin and tackle; represents the width of
tlie platforni, which ought to be twenty-one feet, to be only fourteen, and that the heavy guns, at their first discharge,
would recoil to the hurtoirs, and on being heated would run over it; that five excellent long eighteens were mounted
on the water battery, which would be very useful in case of attack; but there was nut a single pound of ammuni-
tion for them, and that some of the gun carriages in the fort were quite' out of order.
This statement of Lieutenant Edwards was referred, upon its receipt, to Colonel Wadsworth, with orders to
supply what was wanting at the fort, of which the Secretary advised General Winder, bearing date 2Sth July; and
Colonel Wadsworth, in a representation, about the same date, states, that two hands had been ordered from Green-
leaf's point, on the Monday previous, to execute the necessary repairs of the gun-carriages; that the platform, as
well as the parapet, was too narrow, but not so narrow as Lieutenant Edwards had stated, for it was directed to be
made twenty or twenty-two feet wide; and that the disadvantage of too narrow a platform could be obviated with
no great difficulty, by means of an elastic handspike introduced between the spokes of the wheels, which would
prevent them from turning, and thus check the recoil of the piece. Further states, that two hundred rounds of shot
and cartridges for the eighteens could be sent down if ordered; that he had long since directed some grape shot to be
prepared for the eighteen pound columbiads; that a tackle and fall to mount the guns in the blockhouse should be pre-
pared; that Captain Marsteller had just informed him that a good tackle and fall were at the fort when he left it;
and that the platform was upwards of twenty feet wide. General Winder, in a letter of the 26th of July, from Pis-
cataway, advises the Secretary of War that the enemy had decended both the Potomac and Patuxent rivers; that
he expected him up the bay; and should not be surprised to find Annapolis his object; which he feared would fall
before five hundred men: and that he should return to Marlborough as soon as he could ascertain the movements of
the enemy. On the 27th of July, General Winder, in two letters to the Secretary of AVar, from Piscataway, states
the force under General Stewart at eight hundred; Colonel Beall's regiment, at Port Tobacco, from three hundred
to three hundred and fifty infantry, and forty dragoons; Colonel Bowen's regiment, at Nottingham, at three hundred;
and the detachment of regulars, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Scott, was also at Nottingham; and from
Gen. Winder'sletter to the Secretary of War, of the first of August, from Port Tobacco, it appears that he had the
detachment under Lieutenant Colonel Scott, at Piscataway.
Correspondence of General Ifhider ivilh the Governor of Pennsylvania.
In relation to the quota of Pennsylvania, under the requisition of the 4th of July, and more especially as it re-
gards the five thousand men subject to the call of General Winder, and assigned to his command, it appears that
General Winder wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania, on the 6th of August, advising him that the Secretary of
War had destined a part of that quota to act under his command, in defending the country, embraced in the 10th
military district, and requesting that he might be informed of the place, or places, of rendezvous, which would be
fixed for such troops, and recommending places most contiguous to the cities of Washington and Baltimore. On the
8th of August, General Winder writes again to the Governor of Pennsylvania, stating tnat, since his first communi-
cation, he had read a letter from the Secretary of War, dated July the 17th, which had not reached him at an earlier
period, in consequence of his having been in constant motion since that time; which informed him that, of the quota of
militia of Pennsylvania, under the requisition of the 4th of July, five thousand were destined for the 10th military
district, subject to his call as commanding officer, and requested that as great a proportion of the detachment as
possible should be riflemen.
67 m
526 .MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
On the 11th of August, Secretary Boileau, under the direction of the Governor of Pennsylvania, in answer to
General Winder, states that, in consequence of the deranged state of the militia system, great difficulties occurred
to the Executive, in relation to the quota required to be held in readiness for the service of the United States. The
only eftbrt that could be made towards a compliance with the requisition, was to have ordered a designation for the
service of the requisite troops, under ihe militia law of 1807, and before the expiration of that law; which order had
been issued by the Governor, and was in a course of execution; that the militia law of 1807 expired on the first of
A.ut'ust, and that all commissions under it became void, except of such officers as might be in service on that day; and
that, by an oversight in the Legislature, no complete organization of the militia could be legally made in Pennsyl-
vania, until the fourth Monday in October, when a classification was to take place.
On the 17th of August. General Winder makes a requisition on the Governor of Pennsylvania for one regiment.
to march forthwith to the city of Washington: and on the day following, in consequence of large reinforcements of
the enemy in the mouth of the Patuxent, he calls for the whole five thousand Pennsylvania militia, by virtue of^ his
previous authority. The five thousand were ordered out, to rendezvous at York, in Pennsylvania, on the fifth of Sep-
tember; of course, not in time to give any aid on the occasion for which they were called; nor was General Winder's
letter of the 18th received by the Governor of Pennsylvania until the evening of the twenty -third.
Correspondence of ihe Secretary of JVur and General Winder.
On the 13th of August, General Winder, in a letter to the Secretary of War, states that, in consequence of the
acceptance of the 2d regiment draughted from General Smith's division, under the requisition of April, for part of
the requisition of the 4th of July, the impracticability, besides impropriety, of calling any portion of the draughted
militia from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and the necessity of leaving all the men, immediately upon the bay,
and low clo.wn on the rivers of the Western Shore, for local defence; the remaining portion of the Maryland draughts
to be assembled at Bladensburg, instead of being three thousand, would not much exceed as niany'hundred; yet he
would require the Governor to order out all the draughts that could possibly be spared from the three lower brigades,
on the Western Shore; but as the whole number draughted, on the 'Western Shore, exclusive of the brigade drawn
from General Smith's division, did not amount to fifteen hundred men; he did not expect more than one thousand
under the second order of the Government, that of the 4th of July. The most immediate and convenient resource
to supply this deficiency was to take the militia drawn out under the State authority, and assembled at Annapolis,
to the amount of one thousand, into the service of the United States, and to call on Pennsylvania for one regiment,
wiiich would make his militia between two and three thousand men, besides the two regiments fi-om General Smith's
division.
In answer to this letter, the Secretary of War, in a letter of the 16th of August, authorizes General "Winder to
take into the service of the United States the Maryland militia then at Annapolis, or elsewhere, that had been call-
ed out under the State authority, as part of the quota required by the order of the 4th of July.
Correspondence of the Secretary of f Far with the Governors of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
On the 27th of July the Governor of Maryland states, in a letter to the Secretary of War, that, in conformity^ to
the request of the President of the United States, communicated in the requisition of the 4th, °a detachment of five
thousand five hundred infantry and six hundred artillery was directed to be organized and held in readiness to
move at the shortest notice; and in order to comply with the requisition ot General Winder, for calling into the
field three thousand draughts of the Maryland militia, by direction of the President, the whole of the draughts from
the Western Shore, about three thousand five hundred infantry, had been ordered to embody. He speaks of the ex-
posed situation of the Western Shore, bordering upon the bay, and presumes that the draughts from that section of
the country would not be drawn away, and expects Baltimore will be unwilling to have any force withdrawn from
that place, by which any aid might be expected. These considerations had induced the order for the three thoiisand
five hundred men; this force was to be embodied, and moved on the shortest route to Bladensburg; that the artillei y
of the State was about nine hundred men, two-thirds in Baltimore; it would create uneasiness to take from tluu
place four hundred, the proportion, and he had suspended that order until General Smith should have some commu-
nication with the Secretary of War. In a letter of the 20th of July, General Winder made the requisition on the
Governor of Maryland for the three thousand militia, urging the necessity of having them assembled and in service
with the least possible delay; and on the 5th of August, the Governor of Maryland informed General Winder, by
letter, that his demand for three thousand draugiits could not be complied with without the brigade in service at Bal -
timore, from General Smith's division; that the draughts from one brigade alone were under marching orders; the
orders for the march of those lying on the Chesapeake and Potomac having been suspended.
On the 14th of July Mr. Boileau, Secretary of State for Pennsylvania, acknowledges the receipt of the com-
munication from the Wax Department, containing the requisition of the 14th of July, for fourteen thousand Penn-
sylvania militia, which was forwarded by express to the Governor, who was absent at Selim's Grove, with assuran-
ces that the Governor would execute, with promptness, the requisition of the General Government. On the 25th the
Govei-nor of Pennsylvania directs tiie Secretary Boileau to inform the Seci-etary of AVar that general orders had
been issued in compliance with the requisition of the 4th of July; explains, as before, the difficulties resulting from
the militia laws of Pennsylvania, and relies on the patriotism and voluntary services of the people.
On the 14th of July the Deputy Adjutant General of Viiginia acknowledged the receipt of the communication
from the War Department, containing the requisition of the 4th, and enclosed to the Secretary of War the general
orders issued by the Governor of Virginia, on the 22d of June, placing in readiness a provisional force of fifteen
thousand men and upwards, to repel sudden invasions, and loi' the purpose of defence, and the points ol ren-
dezvous designated, but not organized upon the military establishment of the United States, nor tor a longer teiin
than three months; which, with other considerations, prevented the acceptance of any part of those State troops, as a
compliance with the requisition of tlie General Government. The Secretary of War was apprized in this lettei-, also,
that the whole of the Virginia troops, then held in readiness, would be furnished with arms and ammunition by the
State of Virginia; and on the 18th, the Secretary of War informs the Governor of Virginia that two thousand oi
the requisition upon tiie Virginia militia would be placed at the disposition of General Windei-. as commander ot
the 10th military district.
Having presented a condensed view of the measures of the cabinet; the correspondence between the command
ing officer and the War Department, the Governors of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and the commanding General;
the correspondence with the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and the Secretary ot War, in
regard to tlie requisition of the 4th of July; it will now be proper to present some facts connected with the move-
ments and arrangements of the commanding General up to the revocation of his command.
Towards the close of the month of June, the Secretary of War gave to General Winder the first intimation that
it was in contemplation to constitute a new military district, embracing the country now composing the 10th military
district, and that the President intended to invest him with its command. On the 4th or 5th of July, he leceived
notice of his appointment to the lOth military district, and the order creating it; proceeded to W ashington, and
called on the Secretary of War, who enumerated the regular force, as before supposed, to amount to one thousand or
one thousand two hundred; the residue of his command to be composed of militia to be draughted, and was shown the
circular to certain States, making the requisition of the 4th. He then returned to Baltimore, and alter writing the
letter of the 9th, proceeded to Annapolis to examine it, and to explore the lOtli military district generally. Tlie
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 527
letter of the l'2tli, from the Secretary of War, was not received until he went to Annapolis, to Upper Marlborough,
aiul back to Annapolis. On the 17th, at Nottingham, received intelligence that the enemy was proceeding up the
Fatuxent; wrote to the secretary of War, and to General West, advisin" him to call out the militia of the county.
The detachment of the oGth and 38th regiments was ordered from SouthRiverto Nottingham, and three cimipanies
of city militia were despatched to hiin promptly. On the 25th, visited Fort Washington: and on the 1st of August,
hxed his permanent head quarters at the city of Washington: viewed and inspected the District militia. The people
of St. Mary's and Charles had become importunate for aid and protection, and in obedience to the wish of the Pre-
sident, the 3Gth and 38th were ordered down to unite with General Stewart; but the enemy having retired, this
detachment was encamped at Piscataway. He understood by letters from General Smith, of Baltimore, and the
Governor of Maryland, that Stansbury^s brigade, upon application of General Smith, had been accepted by the
Secretary of War as part of the quota of Maryland militia, under requisition of the 4th of July. On the morning
of the 18th of August, Thursday, intelligence was received from the observatory at Point Look-out, that, on the
morning of the 17th, the enemy's fleet oft' that place had been reinforced by a formidable squadron of ships and ves-
sels of various sizes. The commanding General immediately made requisitions on the Governors of Pennsylvania
and Maiyland; various officers of militia, and the militia of the District of Columbia, were ordered out en masse.
On the 19th, General Winder, in a letter to the Secretary of War. submitted several propositions to the Presi-
dent: 1st. Would it be expedient, under the direction of the Navy Department, to have vessels ready to be sunk
in the Potomac, at Fort Washington, or other points, at a moment's warning, to obstruct the navigation? 2d.
Would it not be proper to put all the boats vvhicli can be propelled by oars, that are at the city of Washington, under
the control of the navy at Fort Washington, to transport troops as events may require.'' 3d. Would it not be cot)-
venient to put the marine corps into service.' at all events, to cause them to be in readiness to reinforce Fort Wash-
ington at a moment's notice, or to be applied, as events require, to atiy point of defence? 4th. That the force under
Commodore Barney may co-operate with the commanding General, in case of the abandonment of the flotilla. On
the same day, the Secretary of Wan in a letter states, that the propositions had been submitted to the President,
and General Winder is referred to the Navy Departmeiit on the subject of the propositions relating to the means in
that department. General Winder's call upon the militia en masse is approved; and on the same day, the Secre-
tary of War, in a lettei- to General Winder, advises that the cavalry be piished into the neighborhood of the enemy
without delay, if he indicated an attack upon the city of Washington, for the purpose of driving oif all horses and
cattle, and all supplies of forage, &c. in their route. Not a moment was to be lost. Colonel Monroe, with Captain
Thornton's troop of horse, proceeded to_^find and reconnoitre the enemy on Friday, the 19th; on the same day the
militia of Georgetown and the city of Washiiigton, under General Smith, were mustered. On Saturday, the 20th,
this and some other forces commenced their line of march towards Benedict, about one o'clock, and encamped that
night about four miles from the Eastern Branch bridge, on the road to Upper Marlborough. On this day Colonel Mon-
roe communicated the intelligence of the arrival of the enemy at Benedict in force. Same day, Colonel Tilghman
and Captain Caldwell, with their commands of horse, were ordered and despatched to annoy the enemy, impede
his march, to remove and destroy forage and provisions before the enemy.
On Sunday morning, the 21st, the troops were mustered, and the articles of war read to them. At 12 o'clock,
the marines under Captain Miller joined the army; the regulars of the 36th and 38th also joined at the Woodyard,
seven miles in advance, to which the main body of our troops were marched and encamped on Sunday night. Two
letters from Colonel Monroe, on the 21st, one stating that he had viewed the enemy near Benedict, enumerated
twenty-seven square rigged vessels, some bay craft and barges; the other dated from Nottingham, stating the advance
of the enemy upon that place by land and water, and recommending the commanding General to despatch five hun-
dred or six hundred men to fall upon the enemy. Colonel Monroe and Colonel Beall both joined the army at night,
and gave an account that the enemy had been viewed by them. Colonel Beall calculated that he had seen four thou-
sand, without supposing he had seen all. Colonel Monroe estimated the enemy at about six thousand; Captain
Herbert joins with his troop; Colonel Lavall had joined with two companies of cavalry on the day previous; the
enemy remained at Nottingham, except an advance detachment about three miles from town. Monday, the 22d,
early in the morning, a light detachment was ordered to meet the enemy, composed of the 36th and 38th; Lieuten-
ant Colonel Scott, Colonel Lavall's cavalry, and three companies from the brigade of General Smith, undei- com-
mand of Major Peter, viz. his own company of artillery. Captain Stull's rifle corps, and Captain Davidson's light
infantry. This detachment marched on the road to Nottingham, about 9 o'clock; the remainder of the army marched
about one ndle in advance, to an elevated position; the commanding General with his start", accompanied by Colonel
Monroe, proceeded in advance to reconnoitre the march of the enemy. Commodore Barney had joined the army
with his flotilla men, besides the marines under Captain Miller; the horse preceded the advance detachment o( our
forces, met the enemy, and retired before them. This induced the advance corps to take a position to impede the
march of the enemy; but the advance detachment was ordered to retrograde and join the main body of the army
that had remained some hours in line of battle, expecting the enemy to come that route to the city, but who took the
road to Upper Marlborough, turning to his right after having come within a few miles of our forces, upon which the
commanding General fell back with his whole forces to the Battalion Old Fields, about eight miles from Marlborough,
and the same distance from the city of Washington. At this time, heavy explosions in the direction of Marlboro'
announced the destruction of the flotilla under command of Commodore Barney. The enemy arrived at Upper
Marlborough about 2 o'clock, and remained there until late next day, to be joined, it is presumed, by the detachment
of the enemy which had been sent against the flotilla.
The commanding General proceeded to Marlborough, and found the enemy encamped; several prisoners takeuj
gave information that the enemy would remain in that position until next day; and after making observations
of the enemy, till the close of the day. General Winder returned to the army. Late in the evening of this day, the
President, with the Secretaries of War and Navy, and the Attorney General, joined General Winder at the Bat-
talion Old Fields, and remained with him till the evening of the 23d. In the morning the troops were drawn up
and reviewed by the President. The most contradictory reports prevailed as to the movements and force of the
enemy, and it was doubtful in camp, whether Annapolis, Fort Washington, with a view toco-operate with his naval
forces, or the city of Washington, was his object. As to numbers, rumors vibrated from four thousand to twelve
thousand; the best opinion was from five to seven thousand. Our forces at this time at the Old Fields are variously
estimated, with no material difterence, at about three thousand men, in the following corps: About four hundred
horse, under the command of the following oflftcers: Lieutenant Colonel Lavall, Colonel Tilghman, Captains Cald-
well, Thornton, Herbert, Williams, &c.; four hundred regular troops, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
Scott, viz. 36th, 38th, and Captain Morgan's company of the 12th infantry; six hundred marines and flotilla-men
under Commodore Barney and Captain Miller, with five pieces of heavy artillery, two eighteen pounders and three
twelve pounders; one thousand eight hundred militia and volunteers. General Smith's brigade of Georgetown and
city militia, and Maryland milida" under Colonel Kramer; of which there were two companies of artillery under
Captain Burch and Major Peter, with six six pounders each, making an aggregate of three thousand two hundred,
with seventeen pieces of artillery. The enemy was without cavalry, and had two small field pieces and one how-
itzer, drawn by men; and the whole country well calculated for defence, skirmishing, and to impede the march of
an enemy.
The enemy remained at Upper Marlborough till after 12 o'clock, about which time Geneial Winder again ordered
the detachment under Lieutenant Colonel Scott and Major Peter to advance and meet the enemy if he should be
found advancing, or to attack his positions. About this time, 12 o'clock, some prisoners were taken, and from the
mforniadon given by them, and the observations of the videts, General Winder was induced to believe that the
enemy intended to remain stadonary for the day, which induced him to think of uniting with him the forces at Bla-
densburg, and he despatched orders to General Stansbury,and other corps at Bladensburg, to move direct for Upper
Marlborough, and proceeded himself towards Bladensburg, to meet and hurry on the forces to form a junction.
When General Winder left the command with General Smith, and proceeded towards Bladensburg with several
troops of cavalry, he left orders that the advance corps sliould march upon the enemy, and annoy him by all possible
528 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814,
means if in march, or if not. then in his positions; and if he advanced upon Bladensburg, General Smith, with the
main body, should fall upon his flank, or be governed by circumstances in other movements.
Captain Caldwell joined the advance corps at 3 o'clock, P. M. An express brought intelligence that the enemy
had left Upper Marlborough; that our advance had met the enemy about six miles in advance of our forces, and after
a skirraisii, in vi-liich Captain Stull's company had about four or five rounds, was compelled to retreat, and that the
enemy was advancing. One of the Aids of General Smith was despatched for General Winder; the whole army
was placed in a favorable attitude of defence, in which position it continued until about sun-set, when General
Winder, who had arrived some time previous, ordered the army to march to the rity of Washington. The enemy
was about three miles distant, and remained there that night. Having remained till the going down of the sun, the
retreat to the city was induced by several considerations, stated by the commanding General. 1st. To effect a union
of his whole forces. 2d. The fear of a night attack, from the superiority of the enemy, and want of discipline in
his troops. And, 3d. In a night attack, his superiority in artillery could not be used. The march of our army to
the city was extremely rapid and precipitate, and orders occasionally given to captains of companies to hurry on the
men, who were extremely fatigued and exhausted before the camping ground was reached, near the Eastern Branch
bridge, within the District of Columbia.
General Stansbury had arrived at Bladensburg on the 22d, and the 5th Baltimore regiment, including the artil-
lery and rifle corps, on the evening of the 23d; and at 12 o'clock at night. Colonel Monroe, in passing through Bla-
densburg to the city of Washington, advised General Stansbury to fall upon the rear of the enemy forthwith, as it
was understood that he was in motion for the city. General Stansbury having been ordered to take post at Bladens-
burg, did not think he was at liberty to leave it; but independent of this consideration, the fatigue of the troops
under Colonel Sterrett made it impracticable. ■ _
It is here proper to state, that, on the 22d, the Secretary of War, in a letter to General Winder, which closes
their written communications previous to the 2Uh, except a short note of that morning, states that he had ordered
General Douglass to march with his command to the district, v/ithout seeking a rendezvous with General Hunger-
ford; that a detachment of the 12th infantry had arrived; that it should be armetl, equipped, and march to the Wood-
yard; that the Baltimore brigade would arrive at Bladensburg that day; and suggests the propriety of throwing Bar-
ney's seamen and some other troops on the right of Nottingham — a demonstration which would menace the rear of
the enemy, and his communication with his shipping, which would, if not stop, much retard his progress. On the
morning of the 24th, in a short note to the Secretary of War, General Winder says, the information up the river is
threatening; Barney, or some other force, should occupy the batteries at Greenleaf's Point and Navy yard, and
wishes counsel from the Government or the Secretary ot War. Upon this note there is an endorsement in the hand
writing of General Armstrong to this effect: •' Went to General Winder, saw no necessity for ordering Barney to
Greenleaf's Point or Navy Yard, advised the Commodore to join the army at Bladensburg, and ordered Minor's
regiment to that place."
On the 21st, late at night, Colonel Tayloe arrived in the city from the Northern Neck, where he had been charged
with orders in relation to the Virginia draughts, and reported himself to General Armstrong, who issued the follow-
ing general order:
" War Department, Jlugust 22, 1814. — 12 o'clock.
" GENERAL ORDER.
" General Douglass will assemble his brigade at Alexandria, and hold it there subject to orders.
" JOHN ARMSTRONG."
Colimel Tayloe executed this order, and Tuesday night, the 23d, again reported himself to General Armstrong,
who issued the following orders:
"War Department.
" GENERAL ORDER.
" Lieutenant Colonel Minor will repair to Washington, with the regiment under his command, with the utmost
despatch; he will report on his arrival to Colonel Carbery of the 36th regiment, and make a requisition for arms and
ammunition.
"JOHN ARMSTRONG."
" War Department, August. 23, 1814.
" GENERAL ORDER.
" All the militia now in and marching to Alexandria, besides Colonel Mimn-, will march immediately to Wash-
ington: these orders will be communicated by Colonel Tayloe.
" JOHN ARMSTRONG."
On the 18th of August, General Van Ness ordered General Young to call out, en masse, the brigade under his
command, including the Alexandria militia; the same day, two troops of cavalry, attached to the brigade, were or-
dered to rendezvous at Bladensburg; on the 19th, at four o'clock in the morning, to accompany Colonel Monroe,
Secretary of State, and to be subject to his order. On the 20th, in the afternoon. General Young's brigade was
ordered by General Winder to cross the Potomac, opposite Alexandria, and encamp in the best position, and wait
further orders, which jwas effected — the brigade consisting of four hundred and fifty-four men, two brass six
pounders and one brass four pounder. On the 22d, early, General Young, by order of General Winder, marched
his brigade and took a position on a height near the head of Piscataway creek, about three miles in the rear of Fort
Washington, where the ground was favorable for a small detachment to defend the country against a much greater
force, and remained in this position until the morning of the 24th, when several orders were given to him; first, to
march towards the Eastern Branch bridge; second, to cross the Potomac to the Virginia side, &c. This brigade was
intended, in its dispositions, to aid Fort Washington, the town of Alexandria, and to be in a situation to join Gene-
ral Winder.
On the morning of the 24th, General Winder established his head quarters near the Eastern Branch bridge; de-
tachments of horse were out in various directions as videttes, and reconnoitering parties, and arrangements made to
destroy the Eastern Branch bridge. Colonel George Minor, with his regiment of Virginia militia, composed of six
hundred infantry and one hundred cavalry, arrived at the city of Washington in the tvi'ilight of the evening of the
23d; he called on the President, who referred him to the Secretary of War for orders; the Secretaiy intormed him
that arms could not be had that night, but gave orders to report himself to Colonel Carbery early in the morning,
who would furnish him with arms and ammunition, as he was charged with that duty by General Winder. From
early in the morning till late in the forenoon Colonel Minor sought Colonel Carbery diligently, but he could not
be found. He rode to head -quarters, and obtained an order from General Winder upon tlie arsenal toi- arms, &c.
marched to the place with his regiment, and its care he found committed to a young man, whose caution in giving
out arms, &c. very much delayed the arming and supplying this regiment. An instance is here given, when the
flints were counted out by the oflicers of the regiment, to expedite business at this crisis, tlie young man would
count thein over before they could be obtained.
Colonel Carbery arrived at this moment, apologized for his absence, and informed„ColQ"el Minor that he had
the evening previous ridden out to his country seat. Colonel Minor was again delayed s6me small length of time,
in having to remain to sign receipts, &c. His men were orilered to Capitol Hill. In the mean time, various re-
ports were brought into head quarters, as to the movements and intentions of the enemy. The President and Heads of
Departments collected at head-quarters in the following order: The President, next Secretary of State, next the
529
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
Attorney General, next the Secretary of the Navy, and last the Secretary ol" War and Treasury together. Col
Monroe had left head quarters, upon a rumor, that gained ground, that the enemy was marching upon the city by
way ot Bladensburg, with a view of joining General Stansbury, advising him ot the rumor, and to aid him in the
tormation ot a line of battle to meet the enemy. General Stansbury, for reasons given in his report, had marched
from his position in advance ol Bladensburg, and occupied the ground west of ihat viHage, on the banks of the East-
ern Branch. Here the front line of battle was formed by General Stansbury and his officers, with the aid of Col.
Monroe, on the presumption that General Stansbury's brigade and the command of Colonel Sterret included the
command ot Major Pinkney and Baltimore artillery.
There is a bridge over the Eastern Branch at Bladensburg, and a large turnpike road leading direct to the city of
Washington. About four hundred yards from this bridge, some small distance to the left of the road, the Baltimore
artillery, six pieces of six pounders, occupied a temporary breast work of earth, well calculated to command the pass
over the bridge- Part of the battalion of rillemen, under Major William Pinkney, and one other company, took po-
sition on the right of the artillery, partially protected by a fence and brush; and on t!ie left of the battery, leading to
the rear of a barn, two companies, from the regiment under Colonel Shutz, and the other part of the riflemen from
Baltimore. Colonel Ragan was posted in the rear of Major Pinkney, his right resting on the road; Colunel Shutz
continuing thejine on the left, with a small vacancy in the centre of the two legimciits; and Colonel Sterret formed
the extreme left flank of the infantry. At this moment. Colonels Beall and Hood entered Bladensburg, with the
Maryland militia from Annapolis, crossed the bridge, aad took a position on a must commanding height on the ri^ht
of the turnpike, about three hundred yards liom the road, to secure the right flank. In the meantime (about"lI
o'clock) certain intelligence was received at head quarters, that the enemy was in full march towards Bladensbur"-
which induced General Winder to put in motion his whole force, except a few men and a piece of artillery left at
the Eastern Branch bridge, to destroy it. The day was hot, and the road dusty — the march was rapid to Bladens-
burg. The cavalry and mounted men arrived, and were placed on the left flank, and some small distance in it's rear.
General Winder now arrived, and told General Stansbury and Colonel Monroe that his whole force was marchin"'
for Bladensburg, and approved the dispositions which had been made of the troops; at which moment, it had become
impracticable, in the opinion of the officers, to make any essential change: for the two armies were now comin" to
the battle ground, in opposite directions; and the enemy appeared on the opposite heights of Bladensbur"- aboitt a
mile distant, and halted filteen or twenty minutes. This was about twelve o'clock. The troops from the'city were
disposed of as they arrived. Captain Burch, with three pieces of artillery, was stationed on the extreme left of the
infantry of the first line; and a rifle company, armed with muskets, near the battery, to support it. About this time
the Secretary of War arrived, and in a few minutes after, the President and the Attorney General, and proceeded
to examine the disposition of the troops. In the mean time, as the enemy advanced into Bladensburg, the officers
were forming rapidly the second line. The command of Commodore Barney came up in a trot; and liTrmed h.is men
on the right of the main road, in a line with the command under Colonels Beall and Hood, with a considerable va-
cancy, owing to the ground. The heavy artillery, Coinodore Barney planted in the road; the three twelve pounders
to the right, under Captain Miller, who commanded the flotilla men and marines, as infantry, to support the artil-
lery. Lieutenant Cobmcl Kramer, with a battalion of Maryland militia, was posted in a wood, in advance of the
marines and Colonels Beall and Hood's command. The regiment under command of Colonel Magruder, was sta-
tioned on the left of Commodore Barney, and in a line with him and Colonel Beall. The regiment under com-
mand of Colonel Brent, and Major Warring's battalion, and some other small detachments, formed the left flank of
this second line, and in the rear of Major Peter's battery; and Lieutenant Colonel Scott, with the regulars, was
placed in advance of Colonel Magruder, and to the left, forming a line towards Major Peter's battery, bat in such
a manner as not to mask it; other small detachments in various directions.
About half after twelve o'clock, while the second line was thus forming, the enemy approached, and the battle
commenced: The Baltimore artillery opened a fire and dispersed the enemy's light troops now advancing along the
street of the village, who took a temporary cover behind the houses and trees, in loose order, and presented objects
only occasionally for the fire of the cannon. The enemy commenced throwing his rockets, and his light troops be-
gan to concentrate near the bridge, and to press across it and the river, which was fordable above. l"he battalion
of riflemen, under Major Pinkney, now united gallantly with the tire from the battery. For some minutes the fire
was continued with considerable effect; the enemy's column was not only dispersed while in the street, Ijut while
approaching the bridge they were thrown into some confusion, and the British officers were seen exerting themselves
to press the soldiers on. Having now gained the bridge, it was passed rapidly, and as the enemy crossed, flanked,
formed the line, and advanced steadily on, which compelled the artillery and battalion of riflemen to give way, after
which Major Pinkney vvas severely wounded. He exerted himself to rally his men, and succeeded at a small dis-
tance in the rear of his first position, and united with the filth Baltimore regiment.
It appears from reports of several officers, Stansbury, Pinkney, Law, Sterret, &c.. that the command of General
Stansbury was three or four hundred yards in the rear of the battery, and Major Pinkney's riflemen and some
other small corps to the left of the battery; of course this small party had to fight with ihe whole force of the enemy
until they retired, and the enemy occupied the ground they left without any considerable resistance, as tlie enemy
marched on without halting after the bridge was passed. Captain Burch and Colonel Sterret were about the same
distance, when Colonel Sterret was ordered to advance to support the first line. One of the pieces of artillery was
abandoned, but spiked previously. The enemy soon took advantage of the trees of an orchard, which was occupied
or held by the force which had just retreated, and kept up a galling fire on part of our line. Captain Burch's artil-
lery, and a small detachment near it, now opened a cross tire upon the enemy. Colonel Sterret, with the fifth Bal-
timore regiment, was ordered to advance, and made a prompt movement, until ordered to halt, as at this moment the
rockets assuming a more horizontal direction, and passing near the heads of Colonels Schutz and Ragan's regi-
ments, the right gave way, which was followed in a few minutes by a general flight of the two regiments, in defi-
ance of all the exertions of Generals Winder, Stansbury, and other officers. Burch's artillery and the 5th regiment
remained with firmness; the orchard obstructed their fire; but notwithstanding the enemy's light troops were, for a
moment, driven back by them, the enemy having gained the right flank of the tilth, which exposed it, Burch's artil-
lery and Colonel Sterret, w^ho commanded the filth, were ordered by General Winder to retreat, with a view of
forming at a small distance in the rear; but instead of retiring in order, the tilth, like the other two regiments under
General Stansbury, in a very few minutes were retreating in disorder and confusion, notwithstanding the exertions
of Colonel Sterret to prevent it. From reports of various officers, exertions were made to rally the men and to
bring them again to the battle, which partly succeeded in the tirst instance, but ultimately, and in a short time, all
attempts were vain, and the forces routed; and the tirst line, together with the horse, were totally routed, and retreat-
ed in a road which forked in three directions; one branch led by Rock Creek Church, to Tenley Town and Mont-
gomery Court House, another led to Georgtown, and a third to the city of Washington. It does not appear that
any movement was made or attempted by the cavalry or horsemen, although the enemy to the left were in open and
scattered order, as they pursued or pressed upon our lines, and a most fortunate moment presented itself for a
charge of cavalry and horsemen.
It may be proper here to observe that General Winder states his exertions to direct the retreating line to the
capifol, with a view of rallying. This intention is corroborated by Colonel Sterret; but it a[)pearsas if this determi-
nation was not generally understood by the officers or men. Colonel Kramer, posted on the right of the road, and in
advance of Commodore Barney, was next drawn from his position, alter having maintained his ground with consider-
able injury to the enemy, and retreated upon the command of Colonels Beall and Hood, on a commanding emi-
nence to the right. After the retreat of the militia- under Colonel Kramer, from his first position, the enemy's co-
lumn in the road was exposed to an animated discharge from Major Peter's artillery, which continued until they
came into contact with Commodore Barney; here the enemy met the greatest resistance, and sustained the greatest
loss, advancing upon our retreating line. When the enemy came in full view, and in a heavy column in the main
road. Commodore Barney ordered an eighteen pounder to be opened upon them, which completely cleared the road,
scattered, and repulsed the enemy for a moment. In several attempts to rally and advance, the enemy was repulsed ,
530 MILITARY AFFAIUS. [1814.
which induced him to flank to the right of our lines in an open field. Hei'c Captain Miller opened upon him with
the three twelve pounder!;, and the flotilla men, acting as infantry, with considerable effect. The enemy continued
Hanking to tlie right, and pressed upon the commancl of Colonels BeaJI and Hood, which gave way, aiter three or
four rounds of ineft'ectual fire, at a considerable distance from the enemy, while Colotiel Beall and other oiiiceis at-
tempted to rally the nien on this high position. The enemy very soon gained the flank and even the rear of the
ngii: of the second line. Commodore Barney, Captain Miller, and some other officers of his command, being
v/o'.inded, his ammunition wagons having gone off in the disorder, and that which the marines and flotilla men had
aeing exhausted j in this situation, a retreat was ordered by Commodore Barney, who fell himself into the hands of
the enemy.
The second line was not exactly connected, but posted in advantageous positions in connexion with and support-
ing each other. The command of Genei'al Smith, including the Georgetown and city militia, still remained in order,
iiud firm, without any part of them having given way, as well as the command of Lieutenant Colonel Scott of the
regulars, and some other corps. The enemy's light troops had, in the mean time, advanced on the left of the road,
Lind had gained a line parallel with Smith's command, and, in endeavoring to turn the flank, Colonel Brent was
placed in a position calculated to prevent it; the enemy also advanced and came within long shot of part of Colonel
Magruder's command, which opened a partial fire, but without much eft'ect; and, at this moment, and in this situ-
ation, General Winder ordered the whole of the troops, then stationary, to retreat, which was effected with as much
order as the nature of the ground and the occasion would permit; these troops, after retreating five or six hundred
paces, were halted and formed, but were again ordered to retreat by General VVinder. General Winder then gave
orders to collect and form the troops on the heights west of the turnpike gate, about one mile and a half from the
capitol, which order was in part executed, and the forces formed by General Smith and the other officers, when Co-
lonel George Minor came up withhisregiment of Virginia volunteers, and united his forces with General Smith's com-
mand, having been detained, as before stated, in obtaining arms, ammunition, &c.; but, while in the act of forming,
General Winder gave orders to retire to the capitol, with an expectation of being united with the troops of the first
line. Colonel Minor was ordered to take a certain position and disposition, and cover the retreat of all the forces by
remaining until all had m.arched for the capitol. The troops were again halted at the capitol, while General Win-
der was 111 conference with Colonel Monroe and General Armstrong.
The first line and the cavalry, except one troop ,of Colonel Lavall's, had taken a route which did not bring them
to the capitol; the most of them had proceeded north of the District of Columbia, and others dispersed and returned
iiome, and sought refreshment in the country. The Commanding General represented the diminution of his force,
the dispersion of a large portion of it, the want of discipline, the great fatigue of the troops, and believed that it
would be impossible to make effectual resistance to the invasion of the city; nor did he think it would be proper to at-
tempt to defend the capitol, the troops being without provisions, and which would leave every other part of the city to
the mercy of the enemy, and the prospect of losing his army. In this consultation, the Secretaries of State and War,
it appears, concurred in their views with General Winder, and advised him to retire and rally the troops upon the
Heights of Georgetown; this produced an order for the whole forces to retreat from Capitol Hill through Georgetown.
On receiving this order, the troops evinced the deepest anguish, and that order which had been previously maintained
was destroyed. General Smith in his report uses tins language: "when the order for a retreat from Capitol Hill was
received, the troops evinced an anguish beyond the power of language to express." The troops were halted at Ten-
ieytown, and an attempt was made to collect them together, which only partially succeeded. Some returned home,
some went in pursuit of refreshments, and those that halted gave themselves up to the uncontrolled feelings which
fatigue, exhaustion, privation, and disappointment, produced. The force thus collected were marched about five
miles up the Potomac, and, early in the morning, Thursday the 25th, orders were given to assemble the troops at
Montgomery court house. General Winder seems to have taken this position with a view to collect his forces, and
to interpose for the protection of Baltimore, in case the enemy inarciied upon it as was anticipated by him. On
the ^Sd, General Winder despatched an order to the commanding officer at Fort Washington to place patrols on
every road leading to the garrison; and, upon the event of his being taken iii the rear of the fort, to blow it up and
retire across the river. On the 26th, the army at Montgomery took up the line of march about ten o'clock towards
Baltimore: General Winder proceeded on to Baltimore. On the 27th, General Smith's brigade marched to this
district.
The distance from Benedict to the city of Washington, by Bladensburg, is upwards of fifty miles. The enemy
was without baggage wagons or means of transportation; his troops much exhausted with fatigue; many compelled
to quit the ranks, and extraordinary exertions used to keep others in motion; and, as if unable to pursue our forces,
remained on the battle ground; the enemy's advance reached the city about eight o'clock in the evening, the battle
having ended about two o'clock, or before. The main body of the enemy remained on the heights west of the turn-
pike gate.
Doctor Catlett, the superintending surgeon, who was admitted to attend upon the wounded, and who passed
through the enemy's camps and remained at Bladensburg until the city was evacuated, had the best opportunity of
estimating the loss on both sides, as well as a good opportunity to ascertain the number and force of the enemy.
His estimate is as follows:
Of the enemy.— On Capitol Hill, seven hundred; turnpike hill, two thousand; wounded at Bladensburgh, thiee
hundred; attendants, three hundred; wounded and attendants in the city of Washington, sixty; killed at Bladens-
burgh and the city, one hundred and eighty; total force, three thousand five hundred and forty. This statement is
corroborated by all the information in his power, besides his own observations. Mr. liaw estimated the enemy, on
us march, at five thousand; but, from the best information, his estimate would be about four thousand five hundred.
Colonel Monroe, who viewed the enemy on his march, estimated the number at about six thousand. General Win-
der states that the best opinion at the wood yard made the enemy from five to seven thousand. Our forces are va-
riously estimated; and, indeed, from the manner of collecting them, and their dispersion, makes it difficult to as-
certain the number with perfect accuracy. General Stansbury represents Colonel Ragan's regiment at five hundred
and fifty; Colonel Schutz's regiment at eight hundred; Colonels Beall's and Hood's at eight hundred; Colonel Ster-
ret's regiment at five hundred; Major Pinkney's command, including two companies of artillery, three hundred;
making two thousand nine hundred and fifty-thiee; but General Winder estimates Colonel Beall six or seven hun-
dred; deduct one hundred, this leaves two thousand eight hundred and fifty-three; to which add the command of
General Smith, and militia that united with him at the Woodyard, Battalion Old Fields, &c. the regulars under
Lieutenant Colonel Scott, Barney's command, the cavalry, &c. three thousand two hundred; making an aggregate
number of six thousand and fifty-three. Besides this force, several detachments are spoken of by General Winder's
officers, not known, amounting to several hundred. But as a small detachment was left at the Eastern Branch bridge,
others, particularly some of tlie cavalry, were on detachment, reconnoitering, &c. the number of our forces, may be
estimated at at least six thousand, including about twenty pieces of artillery, two eighteen pounders, three twelves,
and the balance six pounders. Our loss on the field of battle, killed, is estimated by the superintending surgeon at
ten or twelve, and tlie wounded, some of whom died, at about thirty. General Winder's official report estimates
our loss at about thirty killed and fifty wounded. ■ n i t,,
The probable estimate of British forces on the 24th of August, total four thousand five hundred; killed at Bla-
densburgh and in the city, one hundred and fifty; wounded at both places, three hundred. American forces, sis
thousand; killed, twenty, wounded forty; besides the regiment under command of Colonel Minor, six hundred in-
fantry and one hundred horse, which met the retreat on the west of the turnpike gate; and General Young's brigade
about five hundred, which was ordered to remain on the banks of the Potomac, about twelve miles from the city of
Washington, until the evening of the S4th, when he crossed over to Alexandria, and iproceeded to Montgomery
Court house, to join the main army. .
The enemy, on the evening of the 25th, made the greatest exertions to leave the city of Washington, fhey had
about forty indifferent looking horses, ten or twelve carts and wagons, one ox cart, one coach, and severaljgigs; these
were sent to Bladensburg to move oflfthe wounded: a drove of sixty or seventy cattle preceded this party. Arnv-
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 53I
ing at Bladensbuig, tlie British surgeon was ordered to select the wounded who could walk; the forty horses were
mounted by those who could ride; the carts and wagons loaded, and upwards of ninety wounded lett behind. A-
bout twelve o'clock at night the British army passed through Bladensburg, and parties continued until morning, and
stragglei-s until after niitl-day. The retreat of the enemy to his shipping was precipitate, and apparently under an
alarm, and, it is supposed, that it was known to him that our forces had marched to ^Montgomery Court house.
The Hon. Richard Rush, Gen Stansbury, Major William Pinkney, Dr. Catlett, aiwl Mi'. Law, all remark, that
General Winder was active and zealous, encouraged the men, and exposed himself, and acted as a man of firmness
during the engagement, and endeavored to rally, with other officers, the lines, as they gave way.
There seems to be a general concurrence of statement, that our forces were much fatigued and worn down witit
marching, counter-marching, and their strength much exhausted, during their service, by remaining under arms
much of the night, as well as the day, by false alarms, and otherwise. Nor does it appear that it was generally
known among the officers and men of the first line, that the forces from the city were formed behind in the second
line, to meet the enemy and support them. This statement is made by General Stansbury, Major Wm. Pinkney,
and some other officers of the first line.
Recapitulation.
This statement of facts has brought the committee to a recapitulation of some of the prominent circumstances in
tills part of the transaction. Without entering into the c(msideration of the means in the power of the administra-
tion, and the equal claims of every part of the extensive maritime and territorial frontier of the United States, in
proportion to its importance and exposure to defensive measures, the committee are of opinion that the means
authorized for the security of the 10th military district, by the President of the United States, in a cabinet council
of the 1st of July, were ample and sufficient as to the extent of the force, and seasonable as to the time when the
measures were authorized. On the s;d of July the 10th military district was constituted, and the command given
to General W^inder. On the 4th of July the requisition upon the States for ninety -three thousand five hundreii
men was made- On the I4th of July the Governors of Pennsylvania and Virginia acknowledged the receipt of the
requisition of the 4th, and promised promptitude. About the 10th of July the Governor of Alaryland was served
with the requisition, and took measures to designate a corps of six thousand men, the whole quota from that State.
On the 12th of July General Winder was authorized, in case of menaced or actual invasion, to call into service the
whole quota of Maryland. On the 17th General Winder was authorized to call into actual service not less than
two, nor more than three thousand of the ilraiights assigned to his command, to form a permanent f()rce, to be
stationed in some central position between Baltimore and the city of Washington. On the same day, 17th of July,
General Winder was authorized to call on the State of Pennsylvania for five thousand men; on Virginia, two thou-
sand; on the militia of the District of Columbia, in a disposable state, two thousand; together with the six thousand
from Maryland: making an aggregate force of fifteen thousand draughted militia, three thousand of which authorized
to be called into actual service,the residue in case of actual or menaced invasion, besides the regular troops, estimated at
one thousand — making sixteen thousand, independent of marines and flotilla men. This was the measure of defence
contemplated for the military district No. 10, and the measures taken by the War Department up to the 17th ol
July in execution of it.
In relation to the collection of this force, several unfortunate circumstances intervened to produce a great and
manifest failure.
1st. On the 17th of July General Winder was authorized, in consequence of his own suggestions, and in con-
formity to the wishes of the President, to call into actual service as many as three thousand, and not less than tsvo
thousand of the draughts, under the requisition of the 4th of July, assigned for the operations of his district, as a
permanent corps and rallying point with his other forces, in a central position as before stated, to protect Baltimore,
the city of Washington, &c. in case of invasion. General Winder, upon the receipt of this authority, proceeded
direct to Annapolis, and made this requisition upon the Governor of Maryland for the actual service of three tliou-
sand men; and on the 23d of July, thirty-two days previous to the battle at Bladensburg, General Winder informs
the Secretary of War that the arrangements for this force had been made, orders had issued, and Bladensburg lixeJ
as the place of rendezvous; and encourages expectation that the collection of the force would be prompt and certain.
On the 27th the Governor of Maryland informs the Secretary of War that measures had been taken to comply
with the requisition of the 4th of July, and his orders had issued, calling into actual service three thousand five hundreii
men, to rendezvous at Bladensburg, to comply witli the demand of General Winder, in conformity to the wishes
of the President. In the mean time Stansbury's brigade had been called into sei-vice at Baltimore, on account oi
the alarm about the 15th of July, by the Secretary oi AVar; and although this force constituted a part of the Mary-
land quota of six thousand, by the consent of the Secretary of War it was to make no part of the three thousand "ti>
be called into actual service for the purposes mentioned.
To form a correct estimate of this failure, which did not bring as many hundred men into the field, in the words
of General Winder, it may be proper to state, that at all times the marines, flotilla men, and regular troups, including
the different garrisons, amounted to upwards of one thousand men. The militia of the District of C(jlumbia amounted
to two tliousand men. These were always in a disposable state, and acknowledged by General Winder, in his
letter of the 23d, to be almost as efficient as if in actual service, and the event proved this to be correct. The dis-
posable force at Baltimore, including Stansbury's brigade, amounted to upwards of two thousand men, as the event
proved, making an efficient force of at least eight thousand men, if the call for three thousand had been complied
with. To this add the designated force assigned to the 10th military district, and the force to be raised on the spur
of the occasion by calls upon the militia and population of the country en masse, and whose disposition is always
operated upon more or less in proportion to the prospect of success. On the 13th of August, twenty-one days after
the Secretary of War was informed that this arrangement had been made, General Winder advises him that there
would be almost a total failure in relation to the call for the thiee thousand men. and, as a temporary remedy, pi'o-
poses the acceptance of certain State troops, supposed to be about one thousand, under Colonels Beall and Hood,
then in service at Annapolis, which was authorized; and these troops came To the battle ground, as before stilted,
about one half hour before the action on the 24th of August. The reasons which operated to produce this failure
have been tletailed, and there can be no object in having them repeated, as the committee do imt consider it a duty
to discuss the merit of those considerations.
2dly. On the 17th of July, the Secretary of War, by letter, authorized the commanding genera! to call on Per.n-
sylvania for five thousand men; on Virginia for two thousand men, &c. as before stated. This letter was not
received by General Winder until about the 8th of August, as appears by his correspondence with the Governor ot
Pennsylvania, after a lapse of about twenty-three days. In explaining the delay in tlie receipt of this letter, General
Winder says it originated from his being in constant motion in traversing and examining the situation and various
military positions of his command, and the letter had gone the circuit with him \nthout having received it. It is
impossible for the committee to say what particular influence this circumstance had upon the collection of the troops:
and it may be proper here to state, that the difficulties explained in relation to the militia laws of Pennsylvania liad
no bearing upon the failure of our arms, as no specific call was made upon that State till the 17tli of August, when
one regiment was demanded, and on the 18th, the whole five thousand were demanded; but this requisition was not
received by the Governor of Pennsylvania until the evening of the 23d, at which time the Pennsylvania detachment
had been designated under the requisition of the 4th, and ready lor the call which was made upon it.
3dly. The unfortunate circumstances which delayed the arming of a Virginia regiment under Colonel George
Minor, consisting of six hundred infantry and one hundred horse, who arrived in the city of Washington late on
the evening of the 23d. Colonel Minor called on the Secretary of War, after early candle light, for orders. Col-
Carbery had been charged with supplying the various corps with arms, ammunition, &c. Colonel Minor was
directed to report himself to Colonel Carbery early next morning, who would furnish him. Colonel Minor was in
pursuit of Colonel Carbery from very early in the morning until fate in the forenoon, without finding him. and, after
532 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
obtaining an order from General Winder, marched his regiment to Greenleaf's, Point to the arsenal and magazine,
where he again met with difficulties as before stated, which delayed his march and prevented him from being in the
action. Having made this recapitulation of facts, the military question is presented for consideration: and having
furnished the most ample means to the House to form correct opinions on this part of the inquiry, and as most of
the communications from military characters enter more or less into this military view, the conmiittee take it for gianted
that they have discharged their duty by the view they have taken, and submit this question to the consideration of
the House.
The Navy Department .
As it regards the part taken by the Secretary of the Navy, including the destruction of the navy yard,&c. the solici-
tude of the President, in anticipation of the probable designs of the enemy against this city and the adjacent country,
induced the Secretary of the Navy to cause three twelve pounders to be mounted on field carriages, and completely
furnished for field service, in the month of May last, and the marines trained to act as infantiy or artillery. Pre-
vious to the reinforcement of the enemy in the Patuxent, he caused to be mounted two long eighteen pounders on
field carriages, and prepared for field service, to be given to Commodore Barney, in case of emergency, to co-operate
with the land forces; and Commodore Barney was instructed to prepare for this eventual service in case he had to
abandon his flotilla. On the 18th of August the Secretary received the first intelligence of the reinforcement of the
enemy; the day on which they landed at Benedict. Commodore Barney was ordered to destroy his flotilla whenever
it appeared certain that it would otherwise be captured, and to unite and co-operate with the forces under command
of General Winder. Letters were despatched t',> Commodore Rndgers and Captain Porter, with.ordersto repairwith
their forces towards the city of Washington with the utmost expedition. With every exertion. Commodore Rodgers
was unable to reach the city by the 24th. The enemy entered our waters on the 16th; it was known in this city on
the 18th; marched from Benedict on the 20th; and entered this city on the 24 th; and left it precipitately on the evening
of the 25th. The Secretary of the Navy called on General Winder on the 20th; pointed out the volunteer mechanics of
the navy yard, then in his army, wlio were good axe-men, and would act with etlect as pioneers. It was understood
that a large squadron of the enemy's fleet had passed the principal obstacle in the navigation of the Potomac, and
was ascending to cooperate with their land forces. The Secretary of the Navy expressed solicitude for Fort
Washington, and proposed to throw into that fort the marines and part of the seamen for its defence: the command-
ing general did not think it expedient to lessen his force by the abstraction of a part so efficient as the marines and
seamen.
The Secretary of the Navy visited the navy yard on the 21st; inquired the means of transportation and the assist-
ance left in the yard. The mechanics of the yard had been wth the army from the first alarm: four ofiicers and a
few of the ordinary, chiefly blacks, remainetl: two of the old gunboats, the only craft for transportation. The wagons
of this district had been pressed for the army; and the blacks usually in the inarket for hire, were employed at the
works at Bladensburg. Orders were given for every means of transportation to be used. The public vessels afloat
were, the new sloop of war Argus, the new schooner Lynx, three barges, and two gunboats. On the slip, the frigate
Columbia, of the largest class, nearly ready for launching; her equipments generally made and reiidy, or in great
forwardness. Besides the buildings, engines, fixtures, shop furniture, of the several mechanical branches in the
navy yard, there were about one hundred tons of cordage, some canvass, considerable quantity of salt petre, copper,
iron, lead, block tin, naval and military stores, implements, and fixed ammunition, with a variety of manufactured
articles in all the branches; seventeen hundred and forty three barrels of beef and pork, two hundred and seventy-
nine barrels of whiskey, some plank and timber.
The Secretary states that he had no means left to transport the sloop Argus, nor place of safety, in his opinion,
if the enemy took possession of the city. He ordered the barges to the Little Falls. On the morning of the 24th
the Secretary visited the head quarters of General Winder, near the Eastern Branch bridge. The President and
some of the Heads of Departments were present. The Secretary of the Navy presented to the President the con-
sideration of the navy yard, in the presence of the Secretaries of War and Treasury. The public vessels and public
property were described; the importance of the supplies and shipping to the enemy; and no doubt seemed to be
entertained of the union of the squadron and the land forces, should the enemy succeed in the capture of the city
of Washington, General Winder having distinctly stated that morning that Fort Washington could not be defend-
ed. In tins event, nothing could be more clear than the plunder and destruction of the public buildings and pro-
perty of the navy yard; and wjiether a junction was formed, or the land forces alone took the city, the loss of the
navy yard and public property was certain. Upon this representation, the Secretary of the Navy, in his report,
says, it was distinctly understood, as the result of the conversation, that the public shipping, naval and military
stores and provisions at the navy yard, should be destroyed in the event of the enemy's obtaining possession of the
city. It appears that the articles to be destroyed were in store, and could not be separated from those establish-
ments which might have been left; one of the barges was sent to Alexandria, and remained there until taken by the
enemy; one gunboat, with salt provisions, has been recovered, the other was laden with provisions and gunpowder,
but run aground, and was plundered by the inhabitants about the navy yard. The powder and part of the pi-ovisions
have been recovered. The new schooner Lynx escaped the flames, and remains without much injury. The me-
tallic articles are chiefly all saved, and the timber in dock, and that which is partially consumed, will be useful.
The machinery of the steam engine is not much injured; the boiler is perfect. The buildings, with the exception of
the house of the commandant, the lieutenant of the guards, the guard houses, the gateway, and one other building,
are all destroyed; the walls of some appear entire. The monument to perpetuate the memory of the naval heroes
who fell in the attack upon Tripoli, is a little defaced. The issuing store ol the yard and its contents, which escaped
the original conflagration, were desti'oyed by the enemy on the 25th.
The following estimate of the public property and buildings is the most accurate that the committee have been
able to obtain, and which to them is as satisfactory and as accurate as the nature of the inquiry would admit, viz:
The capitol, from its foundation to its destruction, including original cost, alterations, repairs, &c. $787,163 28
The President's house, including all costs, - - - - - - - - 334,334 00
Public oflices, treasury, state, war, and navy, .-....- 93,613 82
$1,215,111 10
The buildings have been examined by order of a committee of the Senate. The walls of the capi-
tol and President's house are good, and require repairs only. The walls of the public oflices
are not sulficient. It is supposed that the sum of four hundred and sixty thousand dollars will
be sufficient to place the buildings in the situation they were in previous to their destruction, ■- $460,000 00
Loss sustained at the navy yard.
In moveable property, .--.---.-- 417,745 51
In buildings and fixtures, - -......--- 91,425 53
$969,171 01
To this sum must be added the public libtary, estimated at ... - -
An estimate of the expense of rebuilding, in a plain and substantial manner, the navy yard, so as
to carry on all the public works with as much advantage and convenience as previous to its
destruction, $62,370 00
1814.]
CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
533
RECAPITULATION.
Original Vuliie.
Value Recovered.
Real Loss.
No. 1,
Frigate Columbia, -----
$116,123 05
$10,432 00
$105,691 05
. 2
Sloop of war Araus, - - _ -
One large rowgalley, . - - .
75,000 00
10,186 55
64,813 45
3^
4.500 00
1,477 47
3,022 53
4,
Two small do. -----
6,000 00
, . 722 80
5,277 20
5.
One armed scow, -----
1,610 54
956 09
654 45
6,
One do. . - . . .
, 1,096 29
386 67
509 60
7,
Gunboats, rowboats, &c. - - - -
- 6,553 34
5,773 34
780 00
8,
Boatbuildei's shop, -----
2,962 98
2,963 98
9,
Blacksmitlrs and plumber's shop.
4,532 80
1,996 50
3,563 30
10,
Cooper's shop, - - , -
7,689 75
2,854 04
4,835 71
11,
Gun carriage shop, &c. - - - -
525 00
525 00
13,
Painter's shop, - -
809 97
15 00
, 854 97
13,
Blockmaker's shop.
1,610 00
-
1,610 00
14,
Medical store, -----
2,679 84
-
2,679 84
15,
Ordnance store, &c. - - -
18,769 90
18,769 90
16,
Naval stores, cordage, &c, - - •• . , . -
Copper, iron, lead, &c. - - i. .
78,262 25
:
78,262 25
17,
49,965 27
42,522- 40
7,442 87
18,
Navy storekeeper's stores, - - - -
20,431 77
3,921 89
17,509 88
19,
Ordnance, small arms, - - - -
173,284 97
162,926 22
10,358 75
•20,
Provisions and contingencies,
46,962 04
4,071 44
42,890 60
21,
Timber, plank, knees, &c. - - - -
45,000 00
-
15,000 00
22,
Anchors, - - - - -
12,400 94
12,400 94
23.
Miscellaneous articles, - - . .
1,380 13
648 85
731 18
SiJ678,210 71
, $260,465 20
' $417,745 51
Capture of Alexandria. -
In relation to the conduct ol' the corporation of -Alexandria, and its capture by the enemy in hiS recent enter-
prise, the C9mmittee halve been furnished with various documents and information, and to which the committee
refer; but, in justice to the town and to the public, a brief retrospect may not be deemed improper, as connecting
certain events with the surrender of the town, on the 29fh of August. October, 1813, a volunteer company was
raised in Alexandria, amounting to about seventy, including officers, clothed by voluntary aid and donation from
the citizens of Alexandria, intended for the lines, but stationed at Fort Washington; remained in garrison till De-
cember; ordered to Annapolis, and there discharged. March, 1813, Captain Marsteller's company of artillery,
rationed at Fort Washington for upwards of three months. 21st of March, 1813, corporation, by committee, called
on the Secretary of War for arms, &c. for the defence of Alexandria. 8th of May, corporation, by committee,
waited upon the President to apprize him of the defenceless state of the town. President acknowledged that at-
tention was due to the representations of respectable men, and the proper attention should be given; and, at the
same time, apprized the committee of the impossibility, in the nature of things, to give complete protection to every
assailable point of the country, llth of May, committee of vigilance appointed to co-operate with tlie committees
of Georgetown and city of Washington: a deputation from the three committees waited upon General Armstrong,
and represented the necessity of additional fortifications at Fort Washington. Colonel Wadsworth was ordered
to attend the committee, examine, and report upon their suggestions. Tlie examination was made, and Colonel
Wadsworth reported that the battery at Fort Washington was in such a state, and it so effectually commanded the
channel of the Potomac, that it was" not to be apprehended that the enemy would attempt to pass it while its pre-
sent defences remained entire. Its elevated situation should prevent dread of a cannonading from ships; that, in case
of designs against the District of Columbia, an assault by land was most probable. To guard against this, some
inconsiderable work on the land was recommended; an additional fort, in the same neighborhood, was considered
unnecessary. On the 5th and 13th of August, 1814, the .corporation loaned to the United States thirty-five thou-
sand dollars, upon condition that it should be expended south of Alexandria. After the defeat of General Winder
at Bladensburg, the corporation, by committee, waited upon the British commander, at this city, to know what
treatment was to be expected, provided Alexandria should fall into his hands. .Admiral Cockburn assured the de-
putation that private property would be respected; that probably some fresh provisions and fiour might be wanted,
but they should be paid for. Without firing a gun, on the 27th, Fort Washington wjas blown up and abandoned by
the commanding officer. Captain Dyson, who has been dismissed from the service of the United States, by the sen-
tence of a court martial, in consequence of it.
On the 28th, after the enemy's squadron passed the fort, the corporation, by deputation, proceeded to the ship
commanded by Captain Gordon, who commanded, and requested to know his intentions in regard to Alexandria;
which he proposed to communicate when he shoulil come opposite the town, but promised that the persons, houses,
and furniture, of the citizens, should be unmolested, if he met with no opposition. Next day, the 29th, the British
squadron was drawn up in line of battle so as to command the whole town. There were two frigates, the Seahorse,
thirty-eight guns, and Euryalus, thirty-six guns, two rocket ships of eighteen guns each, ' two bomb ships of eight
guns each, and a schooner of two guns, arranged along the town. The committee will not attempt to condense
the correspondence and terms of surrender, but refer to it as a part of the report. One hour was allowed the cor-
poration to decide. It was stated to the British officer that the common council had no power to compel the re-
turn of merchandise carried to the country, nor to compel the citizens to aid in raising the sunken vessels: these
two points were yielded by the enemy. The enemy was requested to explain what was included in the term mer-
chandise, which was to be taken; and, in answer, it was stated that it would embrace such as was intended for
exportation, such as tobacco, cotton, flour, bale goods, &c. The plunder of the enemy was indiscriininate, and not
confined to any particular class of individuals, and included alike nonTresidents and inhabitants. The plunder of
the enemy was confined principally to flour, cotton, and tobacco.
Estimate of the loss. Three sWps, three brigs, several bay and river craft, some vessels burned, sixteen thou-
sand barrels of flour taken, one thousand hogsheads of tobacco, one hundred and'fifty bales of cotton, five thousand
dollars' worth of wines, sugar, &c. In relation to a letter written by Admiral Codrington to Captain Gordon, the
committee will refer to the entireletter of General John Mason, who gives a satisfactory history of this transaction;
and, to complete this part of the subject, reference is had. to the statement of General Hungerford, giving the move-
ments of his troops, and explains the interviews he had with the deputation from Alexandria, (m his march to the
city of Washington.
Conclusion.
In the inquiry into the causes of the success of the enemy, in his recent enterprises against this metropolis, the neigh-
boring town of Alexandria, &c. the committee consulted a mode of investigation least embarrassing to themselves and to
others. They determined that, as it was indispensable to resort to some of the parties for information not derivable
68 m
534 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
from other sources, it wouiil be equally their duty to hear, as far as practicable, those who were deeply concerned
as to character and reputation, from the agency they had in this unfortunate transaction, with a determination that,
in the event of any contradictions in material circumstances, to resort to impartial sources fur explanation or cor-
rection. In the snean time, the committee called upon those who may be considered as impartial observers, for
statements, that a just comparison might be. made of ditiijrent allegations and representations. If, therefore, the
committee have failed t.o_ call upon persons in possession of any additional facts and views not submitted, it has not
been through a want of inclination to receive all that could be important, but from a want of a knowledge of such
persons and such tacts. It was a question with the committee, at its earliest meeting, whether personal examina-
tions before the committee should be adopted, or whether resort should be had, in the first instance, to call for
written communications to views and interrogatories submitted by the committee, and best calculated to extract
every important fact. Several considerations induced the atioption of the latter mode.
It gave the committee command of part of their tiine to attend to other public duties equally imperious and ob-
ligatory. It incurred no expense to Government or individuals, who were not interrupted in either their private
concerns or public duties. The committee knew the anxiety of the House to have this inquiry closed as soon as
possible, and wliich, by a different course, would have takeii up the whole of the session, and encumbered with more
useless and irrelevant matter and views than will be found in the communications. The committee feel therefore
confident, that the House will be satisfied with the manner in which the subject has been developed; and to correct
any possible error, and to receive any important fact or additional matter, althoughit is not very probable that much
can lemain, the committee will ask leave to report, with a reservation of a right to make any other communication
that may be found necessary to an impartial examination of this subject.
APPENDIX.
In addition to the report of the committee, in order to give a more satisfactory view and detail upon the main
subjects of inquiry, and a variety of incidental matter which has ai;fsen from the investigation, the following com-
munications are referred to as an appendix:
1. In relation to the measures adopted by administration, and thepart taken by the President and the Heads of
Departn\ents, the committee refer to the letters from the Secretaries of State, War, Navy, and the Attorney Gene-
ral: one is also expected from the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be communicated when received.
3. In relation to the steps taken and measures adopted by the Secretary of War, the committee refer to the
conespondence with the commanding general, the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the letter
of Colonel Tayloe, two reports from the ordnance office, as to arms, military stores, &c.
3. The conduct of the commanding general, the collection and dispositions of the forces, and the conduct and
movements of different corps, the committee refer to the narrative of General Winder, his correspondence with
the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the War Department, and various officers, the reports of
General Smith, General Young, General Stansbury, Colonel Sterret, Major William Pinkney, General Douglas,
Colonel Minor, Colonel Beall, and Commodore Barney's official letter.
4. In relation to the measures and arrangements and acts of the Navy Department, including the destruction of
the navy yard and the public property, as well as the destruction of the public buildings in the city, the committee
refer to a report from the Secretary of the Navy, a report from Commodore Tingey, and a report from Mr. Mun-
roe, superintendent of the public buildings.
5. In relation to the capture and capitulation of Alexandria, the committee refer to the proceedings of the
court martial upon Captain Dyson, the correspondence between him and the Secretary of War, as to the abandon-
ment of the fort, the report of the corporation of Alexandria, including the terms of surrender, &c. and the letter
from General Mason, relating to a letter from Admiral Codrington.
G. In relation to general information and incidental topics, the committee refer to Mr. Law, General Van Ness,
and Doctor Catlett.
A- LIST OF THE DOCUMENTS.
1. A report of the army, its strength and distribution, previous to the first of July, 1814.
2. Letter of Colonel Monroe, then Secretary of State.
3. Letter of General Armstrong, late Secretary of War.
4., Letter from the Honorable William Jones, Secretary of the Navy.
5. Letters from the Honorable Richard Rush, Attorney General.
6. Communication from the War Department, including the orders in relation tp the tentli military district,
the requisition of the fourth of July, and the correspondence with the Governors of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
Maryland, and with General Winder.
7. The narrative of General Winder.
8. Reports of Generals Stansbury, Smitli, Young, Douglas, and Hungerford; Colonels Sterret, Minor, Tay^
loe, Lavall, and Beall; Major Pinkney, and Captains Burch and Caldwell.
9. Report from the Navy Department, including the official report of Commodore Bamey.
10. Letters from General Van Ness, Doctor Catlett, and John Law, Esquire.
U. Reports from the Ordnance Department.
13. Sentence of the court martial in relation to Captain Dyson, and the correspondence between him and the.
Secretary of War. '
13. Report from the corporation of Alexandria, including the capitulation, and letter from Gen. John Mason.
14. Report from the superintendent of the public buildings.
15. William Simmons's letter. .■•■'•.
1814.]
CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF W A S H IN GTO N.
535
No. 1.
.1 Report of the Army, its strength- and distribution, previous to the 1st ofJidy, 1814.
0)
STATIOX.
V
>
a!
1
S'fATIOX.
1
^
W
<
.,
m
<;
District JSfo. 1 .
.'"'■.
No. 9— Continued.
40th Reg't Infantry
352
379
Boston, Portsmouth
6th Reg't Infantry,
250
518
1
Artillerists,
363
276
. Portland, & East-
1 0th ditto.
254
327
12th ditto,
483
752
Total,
615
655
13th ditto,
14th ■ ditto.
194
381
" : —
- ,
137
362
District No. 2.
l-5th ditto.
317
549
Artillerists,
127
149
New London.
16th ditto.
299
434
I 1st, or division of
37th Reg't Infantry
490
565
Ditto,
29th ditto,-^ = bj
30th ditto,- 1 e^
374
-515
'' the light.
• 274
354
Total,
617
714
31st ditfo. yy--
32d ditto, p <u
90
165
99
336
District No. 3.
34th ditto, J ^t
■ 183
340
Artillerists,
378
370
1
1st Rifle Regiment,
2d battalion, -
32d Reg't Infantry,
335
602
[-New York.
223
,276
_
41st ditto,
628
692
42d ditto.
331
374
Total,
4,908
7,108
Sea Fencibles,
77
78
. ' .- .
Therecruilso'f the
Total,
1,849
3,116
above regiments, the
48th Infant. 300 dra-
District No. 4.
goons, and 264 light'
Artillerists,
108
108
Fort Mifflin, recruit-
artillerists, underor-
Dragoons,
200
200
ing rendezvous.
ders to join this divi-
sion, will amount to
4,687
4,687
Total,
308
308
Total,
9,595
11,795
District No. 5.
Artillerists,
210
234
)
Light Artillery, -
60
66
20lh Reg. Infant. ^
^Norfolk.
Dragoons, (troops
1
35th ditto, >
873
912
3
mounted)
443
557
38th ditto, 1st bat.3
Artillerists,
624
687
Artillerists, -
65
111
?« ,
9th Reg't Infantry,
227
5or
^Buffalo, Oswego, &•
38th Reg't, 2d bat.
aoo
316
> Baltimore.
nth ditto.
492
628
Sackett's Harbor.
Sea Fencibles, - -
167
173
3
21st 'ditto,
458
664
Artillerists,
40
40
Annapolis.
25th ditto,
392
606
Ditto,
79
82
Fort Washington.
1st Rifle Regiment,
1st battalion, -
Total,
Under orders to join
36th Reg't Infantry,
320
350
St. Mary's.
'345 .345 -
Total,
2,154
2,208
3,041 4,074
District No. 6.
Dragoons,
Artillerists,
.1.35
141
-
this division:
413
'430
Artillerists,
1st Reg't Infantry.
248 248
8th Reg't Infantry,
688
• 728
200 214
18th ditto.
443
482
^North & South Ca-
rolina & Georgia.
23d ditto,
359 517
43d ditfo.
261
269
23d ditto, ,
600 650
1st Rifle Regiment,
The recruits of the
1st Company, -
87
92
1st, 9th, nth, 21st,
,
Sea Fencibles,
100
102
& 25th, under orders
to join, amount to -
910
910 ,
total.
2,127
2.244
Total, - 5
,348 6
.613
District No. 7.
339
351 -
1 .
Artillerists,
2d Reg't Infantry,
3d ditto,
7th ditto,
408
400
670
422
420
694
N. Orleans, Mobile,
y arid the Creek na-
ABSTRACTS OF TOTALS.
39th ditto.
370
394
97 .
tion.
44th ditto,
89
Total, - I
>,276 S
.378
EflTecdves. * *■"
District No. 8.
-■^SS'^B--^-
Artillerists,
142
179 -
i7th Infantry, "1
19th ditto, I
24th ditto, f
28th ditto, J
,591 1
,762
^Detroit, Sandwich,
Sandusky, &c.
615
617
1,849
655
714
2,116
Rangers, - -
317
423
308
308
Ditto,
71
108 J
2,154
2,127
2,276
2,121
9,595
2,208
2,244
' Jotal, - 2
,121 3
473
21378
2,472
11,795
District No. 9.
Light Artillery, -
458
610 -|
5,348
6,613
Dragoons,
97
181
102
195 }
1st, or division of -
the right.-
-
,
Artillerists,
4th Reg't Infantry,
655
751 1
27,010 31,503
5th ditto, 1
275
407 J
1
536 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
No. 9.
Letter of Colonel Monroe, then Secretary of State.
Washington C'iT\, A'b«)e»n6er 13, 1814.
The events in France having greatly augmented the disposable force of the enemy, and his disposition to employ
it against the United States being well known, the safety of this metropolis was thought to require particular atten-
6n or about the first of July last, the President convened the Heads of Departments and the Attorney General,
to consult them on the measures which it would be proper to adopt for the safety of this city and district. He ap-
peared to have digested a plan of the force to be called immediately into the field; die additional force to be kept under
orders to march at a moment's notice; its composition, and necessary equipment. It seemed to be his object, that some
position should be taken between the Eastern Branch and the Patuxent, with two or three thousand men, and that
an additional force ot ten or twelve thousand, including the militia of the district, should be held in readiness in the
neighboring Slates, to march when called on. The whole force to be put under the command of an ofiicer of the
regular army. •
The measures suggested by the President were approved by "all the members of the administration. The Sec-
retaries of War and iNavy gave the information required of them, incident to their respective departments. The
former stated the regular force which lie could draw together at an early day, inlantry and cavalry; the amount of
the militiaof the district, and the Stales from which he should draw the remaining force in contemplation, and in what
proportions. The latter stated the aid which he could afford, from the officers and seamen of the ilotilla on the
Patuxent, and die marines at the navy yard on the Eastern Branch. The result of the meeting promised prompt
and efficacious measures for carrying these objects into execution. The command of this whole force, with ,
that of the district No. 5, was given to Brigadier General Winder.
On the 5th of July I went to Virginia, whence [ returned on or about the 25th. After my return I was much
engaged in the affairs of my own Department.
Calling on the President on the morning of the 18th of August, he informed me that the enemy had entered the
Patuxent in considerable force, and were landing at Benedict. I remarked that this city was their object. He
concurred in the opinion. I offered to proceed immediately to Benedict, with a troop of horse, to observe their
force, -report it, with my opinion of their objects, and, should they advance on this city, to retire before them, com-
municating regularly their movements to the Government. This proposal was acceded to. Captain Thornton, of
Alexandria, was ordered to accompany me, with a detachment of twenty-five or thirty of the dragoons of the dis-
trict." I set out at about 1 P. M. on the 19th, and arrived at 10 nextmorningin sight ol the enemy's squadron, lying
before Benedict, and continued tobeaspectatoroftheirraovements until after the action at Bladensburg on the 24th.
The annexed notes contain information which I communicated to the Government, of the force and designs of
the enemy.
In retiring from Nottingham, late the evening of the 21st, after writing a note to the President, I observed a
column of the enemy in the rear of the town,' which I concluded had passed from Benedict by a road near the river^
■ moving in concert with the barges. The number I could not ascertain, having seen its head only. I went immedi-
ately to Mr. Oden's, where I met Colonel Beall, whom I had before seen at Nottingham. He had taken a view of
the enemy's column from a commanding height contiguous to the town. From his statement we both concluded
that it must have amounted to between lour and five thousand men. The force in the barges was supposed to exceed
" one thousand: so that the whole force of the enemy might be estimated at about six thousand. Hearing that General
Winder was at the Woodyard, I hastened to him. He had there about two thousand two hundred men. consist-
ing of the marines. Colonel Lavall's cavalry, and the city and Georgetown militia. I understood that ne either
then "ave orders, or repeated those he had before given, to a part of the militia at Baltimore, and to Colonel Beall,
who commanded six or seven hundred at Annapolis, to move towards Bladensburg to his support.
On the morning of the 22d General Winder put his force in motion from the Woodyard towards Nottingham.
\t 5 Lavall's cavalry met the enemy a mile in advance of Mr. Odeivs. They were in full march, as was inferred,
for Washington, with intention to attack General Winder. Our cavalry retired before the enemy, and General
Winder, alter reconnoitering his force as well as the nature of the ground woulii admit, retired the head of his
column towards the Woodyard, with intention to concentrate his tbrce, and form it in line. It was soon perceived
that the enemy had taken a road to his right in a direction to Upper Marlborough, at which place they arrived about
2 P. M. on that clay. General Winder retired by the Woodyard to a place called the Old Fields, which covered
equally Bladensburg, the bridges on the Eastern Branch, and Fort Washington. Commodore Barney joined him
there with the flotilla men, amounting to about five hundred.
Late on the evening of the 22d, the President, with the Secretaries of War, Navy, and Attorney General,
joined General Winder at the Old F'ields, and remained with him until the afternoon of the 23d.
After mid-day on the 23d, General Winder detached Major Peter with some field pieces, and Captains David-
son and Stull's companies, to skirmish with the enemy near Marlborough, who advanced on him, and took a position
near the camp at the Old Fields, menacing it with attack, either that night, or early the next morning. General
Winder retired, and passed the Eastern Branch into the city that night. Colonel Tilghman, with his cavalry, re-
mained on the road between Marlborough and Bladensburg.
General Stansbury, with a part of his brigade, arrived at Bladensburg on the evening of.the 22d, and the remain-
der arrived there on the evening of the 23d. This brigade amounted to between two thousand two hundretl and
two thousand three luindred men. ■ ', t.t ■
In the aflernooa of the 23d, the President, with the Secretaries of War and Navy, returned to Washington.
The Attorney General, and several respectable friends from the city, proceeded with me to the road kading from
Marlborough to Bladensburg. Late that evening I heard of the advance of the Enemy on the party under Major Peter,
and against General Winder.
Not knowing the result, I hastened to General Stansbury's quarters at Bladensburg, and found him encamped
on the height beyond the village on the road leading to Marlborough. He had just heard of the enemy's movement,
but was likewise unacquainted with the result. I had the pleasure to meet there Colonel Sterret and Major Pink-
ney. I advised the General to fall forthwith on the enemy's rear, although it was then 12 o'clock at night. He
observed that he had been ordered to take post at Bladensburg, and did not think himself at liberty to leave it; but,
had it been otherwise, as a considerable portion of his force had just arrived, after a very fatiguing march, that it
would not be in his power to march that night. I proceeded to the city, where I heard that General Winder had
crossed the Eastern Branch, and taken post near the navy yard.
In the morning of the 24th, I met the President at General Winder's quarters. Among other rumors of the
enemy's movements, the General had just heard that he was marching towards Bladensburg. I asked if General
Stansbury was apprised of it. He presumed that he was. I offered to join him. The President and General
Winder both expressed a wish that I would. I lost not a moment in complying with their desire. Between 11
and 12 I joined General Stansbury, who had moved his brigade on this side of the Eastern Branch, near the bridge.
1 inquired where were the enemy? He replied, advancing, not more than three miles distant'. I advised the Gen-
eral to form his troops to receive them, which he immediately commenced. The order of battle was formed on the
presumption that his brigade would alone have to meet the enemy in the first instance. Major Pinkney, with a
battalibn of riflemen, was placed to the rigiit of the battery to support it; another corps was placed to the left, for
the same purpose, and the hfth Baltimore regiment in the rear. On forming the line on the brow of the hill, and
extending the right to cover the road leading to Washington, it was found that the left would be much exposed, as
it scarcely extended to the rear of the battery. If the battery should be forced, which seemed probable, the enemy's
column would turn our left, and ascending the heights and commanding the most advantageous grounds, force us
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 537
towards the city. This induced, at a late period, the removal of the fifth Baltimore regiment from the rear of the
battery, to the left of the line, a measure taken with reluctance, and in haste. Colonel Beall's corps had entered
Bladensburg from another route, and was at that moment approaching the bridge. Captain Thornton was sent to lead
it to the height to the right of the road, which commanded the whole of the ground held by General Stansbury's bri-
gade. It was deemed important to occupy that height to protect the line to the left, and likewise to impede the
enemy's movement by the road towards the city. The cavahy were placed to the left, somewhat in the rear of the
line. After General Stansbury had made this disposition, Mr. Walter Jones, junior, set out, at my request, for the
city, to communicate it to the President, the Secretary of War, and General Winder, with the near approach of
the enemy.
Immediately after this General Winder arrived, and informed us that his whole force was in full march to Blar
densburg. On taking a view of the order which had been formed, he approved of it. This was the more satisfac-
tory, because it had then become impossible to make any essential change. The General proceeded promptly, for
the enemy were getting in sight, to make a disposition of such of his troops as had arrived. He placed one corps
near the battery, to support it, and some pieces of artillery on the left of General Stansbury's line. We then passed
to the right along the line. Near the road, leading from Bladensburg to Washington, we met the Secretary of
War, and immediately afterwards, at the road, I met the President and Mr. Rush, who had just arrived, and who,
joining with me, the Secretary of War, and General Winder, proceeded together towards the left of the Hue. Mr.
Rush informed me that the President intended, when every arrangement sliould be completed, to take a pusitioL
with the members of the administration in the rear of the line, that, looking to all the functions of the Government,
he might be able to act with their counsel according to circumstances. Shortly afterwards the President gave me
the same intimation. The action may be said to have commenced, when we had arrived in the rear of the battery
near the bridge. The enemy had saluted us with tiicir rockets, and, attempting to pass the bridge, our little bat-
teries had begun to play on them. After some pause, the President remarked to the Secretary of War and myself,
that it would now be proper for us to retire in the rear, leaving the military movement to military men, which we
did. The Attorney General followed us. After our little batteries were carried, and the left of our line broken,
the President, with the members of the administration present, retired along the eminence on whicli the left of the
line had been formed, viewing the progress of the action to the right. On, or near the summit of this ground,.!
separated from the President, and the other gentlemen of the administration with him; they continuing to move-
slowly towards the city, 1 remaining to view the enemy's progress. At this moment I fell in again with Mr. W-
Jones, jun. who had been charged, as already mentioned, after the line was first formed, with a communication to
the President, the Secretary of War, and to GeTieral Winder. Hearing on the road that the General had passed
him, he had immediately returned, and delivered to him the message in my presence, and afterwards remained
with the Baltimore troops during the action. Inclining to the left, we hastened to the capitol, where we met the
Secretary of War and General Winder. The General consulted the Secretary of War and me, on the propriety
of making an attempt to rally the troops on the Capitol Hill. We both advised him to rally and form them on the
heights above Georgetown, believing, as I did, that much would be hazarded by an attempt near the capitol. I
knew that a column of the enemy had advanced from the high ground which had been held by our troops, and
meeting, as they would, with no opposition, might take possession of the heights above the city, and thus force our
troops, in case of a new disaster, to the plain between the capitol, the Eastern branch, and the Potomac;
whereas, by occupying the heights above Georgetown, the enemy must either attack us to disadvantage, or, entering
the city, expose his right flank and rear to an attack from us.
JAMES MONROE.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe to the President of the United Stales, dated
AcquAsco Mills, seven miles from Benedict, 7
Dear Sir: .August 20, IS14, one o'clock, P. M. S
I arrived here this morning at eight o'clock, and have been since within four miles of Benedict, at Butler's
mill, where it was reported the enemy, on their march, had arrived. The report was unfounded. The enemy
landed yesterday at Benedict, and had advanced their pickets within a mile and a half of that mill, for security
only.' From a height between that mill and the Patuxent, I had a view of their shipping; but being at the distance
of three miles, and having no glass, we could not count them. We shall take'better views in the couise of the even-
ing, and should any thing be seen, material, I will immediately advise you of it. The general idea is, that they are
still debarking their troops, the number of which I have not obtained any satisfactory information of. The general
idea also is, that Washington is their object, but of this I can form no opinion at this time. The best security against
this attempt is an adequate preparation to repel it.
Respectfully, vour friend and servant,
> . ^ ^ " JAMES MONROE.
^ Copy of a letter from James Monroe to the President of the United Slates, dated
Dear Sir: Horse HeaI), Augv^t 21, 1814.
I quartered last night near Charlotte Hall, and took a view this morning, at eight o'clock, from a commanding
height below Benedict creek, of all the enemy's shipping near the town and down the river, to the distance, at least.
of eight or ten miles. I counted twenty-three square rigged vessels; few others were to be seen, and very few
barges. I inferred, from the latter circumstance, that the enemy had moved up the river, either against Commo-
dore Barney's flotilla at Nottingham, confining their views to that object, or- taking that in their way, and aiming
at the city. "in combination with the force on the Potomac, of which 1 have no correct ini'ormation. I had, when I
left Acquasco mills last night, intended to have passed over to the Potomac, after giving you an accgunt of their
vessels from the height below Benedict; but, on observing the very tranquil scene which I have mentioned, I vyas
led, by the inference I drew from it, to hasten back to take a view of the enemy's movements in this quarter, Wliich
it might be more important for the Government to be made acquainted with. I am now on the main road from
Washington to Benedict, twelve miles from the latter, and find that no troops have passed in this direction. The
reports make it probable that a force by land and water has been sent .against the flotilla. I shall proceed with
Captain Thornton's troop immediately to Nottingham, and write thence vvhatever may be deserving of notice.
The enemy have plundered the country, to the distance of three or four miles, of all their' stock, &:c.
The intelligence of the enemy's force in the Potomac varies here as much as in Washington. I have had no
means of forming a correct estimate of it. ■ ,
JAMES MONROE.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe to Brigadier General Winder, dated
Nottingham, August 21, 1614.
Sir:
The enemy are now within four hundred yards of the shore. There are but three barges at hand, and the
force in view is not considerable. If you send five or six hundred men, if you could not save the town, you
may, perhaps, cut off their retreat or rear. J. M.
P. S. Ten or twelve more barges in view. There are but two muskets in town, and a few scattering militia.
Five o''clock. Thirty or forty barges are in view. J. M.
538 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe to the President of the United States.
The enemy aie advanced six miles on the road to the Woodyard, and our ti-oops retiring. Our troops were
on the march to meet them, but in.too small a body to engage. General Winder proposes to retire till he can col-
lect them in a body. The enemy are in lull march for Washington. Have the materials prepared to destroy the
bridges.
J. MONROE.
Monday, nine o''cloek. You had better remove the records.
No. 3.
Letter of General Armstrong, late Secretary of War.
Labergorie, October 17, 1814.
Sir:
An occasional absence from the place of my usual residence prevented me from receiving the letter you did
me the honor to write to me on the third instant, until this morning. I now hasten to fulfil the injunctions of the
committee, in giving to them " such information, views, and remarEs, as are deemed pertinent to the subject of their
inquiry, and best calculated for an impartial investigation of the causes of the success of the enemy in his recent
enterprises against the metropolis, and the neighboring town of Alexandria." >
"Of the manner'm which the public buildings, and other property, were destroyed, and of the amoMwi thereof,"
I know nothing personally, nor have I recourse to any documents which would enable nie to make a satisfactory
communication on these points. . .-
The enemy's success in his late enterprise against the city of Washington, &ci must necessarily be traced to
one of two causes: the incompetency of the means projected and employed to rej)el his attack, or,- the mismanage-
ment or misconduct of these.
Under the^r*; head may be noticed, what was the force contemplated and ordered by the Government as com-
petent.'' What was that actually assembled and employed.'' And what other, or additional, means were at the dis-
posal of the Government.''
The second head would furnish an inquiry strictly military, viz: Whether all was done, that was necessary and
practicable, by the commanding General and the troops under his direction.' For such an inquiry I am not pre-
pared, and what, under either head, I may be able to offer, will but be a detail of facts coming within my official
cQgni'/^ance, without any admixture of opinions.
Early in the month of June last, a call was made on the War Department for a general report of the numbers of
regular troops and militia employed by the United States, and the distribution which had been made of these for the
service of the present campaign. This statement was promptly rendered, and submitted by the President to the
Heads of Departments. It is not recollected that any alteration of the provisions exhibited by this document was
either made or suggested. A reference to it will show what was the force then deemed competent for the defence of
militiiry district No. 5, of which the city of Washington made part.*
The better to secure the seat pf Government, &c. from the attacks of the enemy, and to relieve the AVar De-
partment from details, not making part of its regular duties, and incident to district No. 5, as then constituted, a
new niilitary district, comprehending that portion of country lying between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers,
the District of Colmnbia, and the State of Maryland, was created, on the second of July last, and placed under the
command of Brigadier General Winder, who had been specially assigned by the President to that service.
In an interview with this officer, soon after his appointment, his attention was invited to the state of the existing
defences within the limits of his command; to an examination of the different routes by which the enemy might ap-
proach the capital; to the selection of points best calculated to retard and to stop his movements, if directed there-
to; and ty the indication of such new defences, field or permanent, as he might deem necessary or practicable. The
better to enable him to discharge these, and other duties, a military staff', composed of an Assistant Adjutant Gene-
ral, an Assistant Inspector General, and two assistant Topographical Engineers, were assigned to the district. .
On the first of July a consultatiunof the Heads of Departments was had. The questions proposed for discussioti
were two:
1st. By what means can the seat of Government and Baltimore be defended, in case the enemy should make
these cities objects of attack?
2d. Should he select the former, will his approach be made by way of the Potomac, or by that of the Patuxent."*
On these questions I took the liberty of offering the following statements and opinions:
1st. That the principal defence to be relied upon, for either place, was militia;, that, besides the artillerists, com-
posing the garrisons of Forts McHenry and Washington, about one thousand regular troops only coufd be collected,
viz: the thirty-sixth regiment, one battalion of the thirty-eighth, two troops of dragoons, two companies of the
tenth, ordered from North Carolina, and believed to be on their march, one company of the twelfth, and two com-
panies of sea fencibles; that the number of militia called into service, should be proportioned to the known or pro-
bable strength of the enemy, and be taken from the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Penhsylvania; that it is not
believed that the enemy will hazard a blow at either place, with a force less than five thousand men; that, to repel
one of this extent, we should require at least double that number of militia; that these should be assembled at some
intermediate point between Baltimore and the District of Cglurabia, leaving the sedentary, or undrafted militia of
both places, an auxiliary force at the disposition of the commanding General) and that arms and ammunition were
in depot and ready for their supply. .
[Under this head the Secretary of the Navy stated, that the removal or destruction of the flotilla, would put at
his dispositiim between six and eight hundred seamen, and that the marines then in barracks exceeded one hundred. ]
'2d. That the navigation of the Potomac is long artd sinuous; and, if not doubtful, as to practicability by large
ships, is at least uncertain in relation to the time its ascent may occupy; while that of the Patuxent is short and
safe, and may be calculated with sufficient precision for military purposes; that, should the enemy ascend the for-
mer, his object is unmasked; he at once declares his destination, and of course leaves us at liberty to concentrate
our whole force against him; that, on the other hand, should he ascend the Patuxent, (or South river) his object is
uncertain; it may be the flotilla, or Baltimore, or Washington: and that, as long as his point of attack is unknown,
so long must our force remain divided. That these considerations suggest the preference he will probably give to
the Patuxent, but that this route is not without objections; that a separation from his fleet, and a land march of
twenty miles, through a country covered with wood, and offering, at every step, strong positions for defence, be-
comes inevitable; that if these circumstances be turned to proper account against him, if he be not absolutely stop-
ped, his march will be much retarded; that this state of things, on which every wise general will calculate, renders
necessary a provision train, or the establishment of small intermediate posts, to keep open his communication vyitli
his shipping; that the loss of these would make his situation perilous; and that, should the main battle be given near
Washington, and be to him disastrous, or even doubtful, his <lestruction is complete; that, after all, believing- he
win not hazard the movement but with a very superior force, or one he thinks such, it is also believed that he will
prefer this loute.
Conformably to these opinions, an order was taken to assemble a coi-ps and form a camp, at such point between
the city of Washington and Baltimore, as might be selected by the commanding general.
* This document is in the possession of the President. No copy of it was retained by me.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 539
On the 4th of July, the tniiitia requisition of that date was issued-, and of that requisition, two thousand effectives
from the quota of Virginia; live thousand from that of Pennsylvania; si.x thousand, the whole quota of Maryland;
and two thousand, the estimated number of the militia of the District, were put at the disposition of the command-
ing general. General Stewart's brigade was already in service, under the authority of the State, and had been
supplied with arms, ammunition, tents, &c. by the War Department.
At a later period, when discovered that the draughts could not be brought together, but slowly, and with diffi-
culty, a call upon the militia en masse was suggested by the General, and immediately authorized.
Of the force actually assembled and employed, I cannot speak with precision, as no return of these troops had
been made to the War Department during my connexion with it. In the letter of the commanding general, of the
27th of August, he states the whole force assembled at Bladeireburg, on tlie 24th of that month, at five thousand
men; a number less by two-thirds than that which had been requiretl. This amazing deficiency is thus accounted
for by liim: " The slow progress of draught, and the imperfect organization, with the ineffectiveness of the laws to
compel them to turn out, rendered it impossible to procure more. The militia of this State, and of the contiguous
parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, were called, en masse; but the former militia law of Pennsylvania had expired
on the ist of June or July, and the one adopted in its place is not to take effect, in organizing the militia, before
October. No aid, therefore, has been received from that State."
The third and last point of inquiry under this head is, what other or additional me^ns of defence were Within the
reach of Government.'' . - ', ■
Of naval means I am not a competent judge, nor do I know what, of tlys description, were actually employed,
nor what it was possible to have superadded: but of those strictly military, I know none within the view of this
qvestion that were omitted. It may be supposed that permanent fortifications should ha,ve been multiplied; yet of
works of -this character, but one was suggested from any quarter entitled to respect, and this was a committee of
hankers, who thought a new work on the Potomac, and below Fort Washington, desirable. To this suggestion it
was answered, that a small work would be unavailing, and that, to erect one of sufficient size and strength, was im-
practicable, for want of money. An offer was then made to supply that want by loaning to the United States
$200,000, on condition that this sum should be devoted to the special object of defending the District. An agree-
ment to this effect was made, and the money promised to be paid into the treasury on the 24th of August. The
events of that day put an end to the business, and at the same time furnished evidence of the lallibility of the plan,
hail it even been executed, by showing that no works on the Potomac will, of themselves, be a sufficient defence for
the seat of Government. The considerations which governed my own opinion on this subject, and which may have
governed that of others, were, that to put Washington /lors d'insulte, by means of fortifications, would, liom physi-
cal causes, among which is the remoteness from each other of the several points to be defended, have exhausted the
treasury; that bayonets are known to form the most efficient barriers; and that there was no reason, in this case, to
doubt beforehand the willingness of the country to defend itself.
In this brief statement you are presented with a view of the force contemplated and ordered by the Government;
of the means taken to assemble that force through the usual medium of the commanding general;* of that actually
assembled and employed; and lastly, of my impressions in relation to any other or additional means of defence.
I now proceed to the second subject of inquiry, the employment of the means we had, and the conduct of the
troops.
On the of August was received the first notice of the arrival of Admiral Cochrane in the bay, and on the
same day advices were brought, that he was entering and ascending the Patuxent. These facts were communi-
cated to the General, and he was instructed to take a position near the enemy. On the 32d he was advised to hang
on their rear and fiank a heavy corps, while he opposed to them another in their front. My reasons for thus advis-
ing him were three: if Baltimore was the object of the enemy, this disposition interposed a corps between them and
that city; if they aimed at Washington, it menaced their communication with their fleet, and the security of their
return, and was, therefore, most iikelj' to hold them in checkj and lastly, it did not forbid a concentration of force
in their front, at a later period and by a forced march. On the evening of the 22d, 1 repaired to the army, and found
it at the Old Fields, six or eight miles distant from the enemy. A jiart of the corps contemplated for the service
mentioned in the preceding article had joined Gen. Winder, and of the other part (under Gen. Stansbury) no cor-
rect account could be given. I took this occasion to urge the necessity of a speedy concentration of our force, and
of the usefulness of pushing our pickets frequently and freely upon those of the enemy, as the best means of circum-
scribing his supplies; of gaining a knowledge of his strength, (of which the accounts were various) and of prevent-
ing a stolen march, which was to be suspected. I was glad to find the General entertained similar views, and that
they were in a train of execution. In the afternoon of the 23d, I returned to Washington, and during the night of
that day the President transmitted to me the letter of which that which follows is a copy:
",The President of the United Sla/es:
" The enemy are advanced six miles on the road to the Woodyard, and our troops retiring. Our troops were
on the march to meet them, but in too small a body to engage. Gen. Winder proposes to retire till he can collect
.them' in a body. The enemy are in full march for Washington. Have the materials prepared to destroy the '
bridges. ,-
JAMES MONROE.
" Tuesday, 9 o'clock. You had better remove the records."
On the mornir)g of the 24th, I received a note from Gen. Winder, infonning me of his retreat and the approach
of the enemy, and " asking counsel from me, or from the Government." This letter was late in reaching me. It
had been opened, and passed through other hands. The moment I received it I hastened, with the late Secretary
of the Treasury, to the General's quarters. We found there, the President, the Secretary of the Navy, and the
Attorney General. Gen. Winder was on the point of joining the troops at Bladensburg, whither, it was now un-
derstood, the enemy was also marching. I took for granted, that he had received the counsel he required: for, to
me, he neither stated doubt nor difficulty, nor plan of attack or of defence. This state of things gave occasion to a
conversation, principally conducted by the President and the Secretary of the Treasury, which terminated in an
understanding that I should repair to the troops, and give such directions as were required by the urgency of the
case. I lost not a moment in fulfilling this intention, and had barely time to reconnoitre the march of the enemy,
and to inform myself of our own arrangements, when I again met the President, who told me that he had come to a
new determination, and that the military functionaries should be left to the discharge of their oiun duties, on their
.own responsibilities. I now became, of course, a mere spectator of the combat.
If our field combinations were not the most scientific, it ought to be recotlected that many of bur troops were
incapable of receiving those of the best form,t and that circumstances had rendered the order of battle, on our part,
nearly fortuitous. " Much the largest portion of our force," says the General, in his letter of the 27th of August,
" arrived on the ground when the enemy were in sight, and were disposed of to support, in the best manner, the
■position which Gen. Stansbury had taken.. They had barely reached the ground before the action commenced."
These facts may also explain why we had no guns in battery iii the line of the bridge over which the enemy pass-
ed? why a brick house, which enfiladed thatbridge, and was partially fortified, should not have been unroofed and
occupied? and why a frame store house should have been left to cover the head of the enemy's column, and its sub-
sequent display? &c. &c.
* His exertions were Occasionally aided, and his authority enforced, by the War Department. See Colonel Tayloe's letter
enclosed; and let me pray that this gentleman may be examined on the subject of it by the committee.
•)■ Upon my inquiring why the dragoons had not been embodied, masked, and made to charge (he right flank of the enemy,
the General replied that an officer of that corps had assured him tliat his men could not be brought to a charge.
540 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
If, also, the most efficient corps of the army -was T?ft out of" the original fti-rangoment, and but sot into the line
when ether parts of it " were retreating, and apparently in much disoi-der," it will not be forgotten that this corps
was distinct and independent, and that the General had no authority, of right, to command it. I witnessed the dis-
quietude of the gallant officer who led this corps, at having been assigned to a duty which, in his own strong language,
" but required a corporal and six men." The lateness with which he got into a post of more distinction, I con-
sider as one of the causes of the disasters of the day: but, without all doubt, the determining cause of these is to be
found in that love of life which, in many of the corps, predominated over a love of country and of honor. In illus-
tration of this fact, I refer to the official reports of Gen. Winder and of Com. Barney, and shall close this letter by
adopting the opinion of the former, " that the contest was not maintained as obstinately as could have been desired,
but was, by parts of the troops, sustained with great spirit and prodigious effect; and, had the whole of our force
Deen equally firm, I am induced to believe that the enemy would have been repulsed, notwithstanding all the dis-
advantages under which we fought."
I have the honor to be, sir, with very great respect, your inost obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
P. S. On what may particularly relate to Alexandria, I beg leave to refer to my official letter to Gen. Young, of
ihe 24th of August, and to my note to Captain DySon, and his reply, of the 29th. It may be, that no copy ot the
first was kept; in which case the original may be called for.
J. A.
Hon. Col. Johnson-, C/iffinnan, ^c. . , ■
No. 1. '
Letter from the Honorable WUlium Jones, Secretary of the Navy.
I ■ " ■ Navy Department, October 31, 1814.
^ir:'.
_ In compliance with the request, contained in your letter ot the 24th instant, to state to the committee of
inquiry " any thing that may be within my knowledge, as to the measures taken and adopted by the administration,
and more especially those proposed and adopted at the cabinet council on the first of July last, in relation to the
defence oC the District of Columbia, with such other views and things as may be deemed, in my estimation, perti-
nent to an inquiry," I have the honor to reply: That, as the information required involves the confidential pro-
ceedings of a cabinet council, I deejned it expedient and respectful to ascertain, from the proper source, whether
any obstacles existed to the development of what passed upon that occasion; and being freed from all restraint
upon that question, I proceed to state, briefly, from memory, my general recollections upon the subject of the
■inquiry.
The, serious apprehensions of invasion and devastation, which succeeded the knowledge of those extraordinary
events, which liberated the powerful naval and military forces of the enemy from European hostility, and the tem-
per of the British, nation, as displayed in the language of its journals and conduct of its Government, in relation to
the pacific mission which it had invited, were deeply felt, and frequently discussed, in occasional conversations
between the individual members of the administration, prior to the cabinet meeting on the first of July last, in
which the probable points of attack were variously considered. My own impressions inclined to the opinion that
there were some points more exposed, less difficult of access, and more inviting to the enemy, upon the system of
warfare he had adopted, than the metropolis; the only important objects which it presented, according to my view,
being the naval depot and public shipping. «
I recollect, on one of those occasions, that the President expressed very great solicitude for the safety of the
metropolis; his belief that the enemy would attempt its invasion, and urged the expediency of immediate defensive
preparations, with all the disposable force that could be conveniently collected. I accorded in the expediency of
the preparation, but must confess I was not equally impressed with the apprehension of immediate danger, as well
from tlie reasons 1 have before assigned, as from the then existing fact, that the force of the enemy, in the waters of
the Chesapeake, was entirely naval, and apparently very satisfactorily engaged in conflagrating farm houses, and
depredating upon slaves and tobacco, on the shores of the Patuxent. In this sentiment I was not alone.
On the 30th day of June, the members of the cabinet Vvere invited tft attend a meeting, at the President's man-
sion, on the following day at noon. _ ' '•.
At or near the time appointed, the Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Navy, and the Attorney General,
assembled.
The President stated the object of the meeting to be the consideration of the menacing aspect of things, in conse-
quence of the augnjented power of the enemy by the great political changes which had taken place in Europe, and
the .disposition manifested by the Government and people of Great Biitain, to prosecute the war with the most vin-
dictive and devastating spirit;. represented the motives and inducements, which, he conceived, the enemy had, to
prefer the invasion of the capital rather than any other immediate enterprise; and urged t)ie necessity of speedy
and efficient preparation for the defence of the district and capital; inquired into the existing state of its military
and naval defences, and the extent of the disposable force which it would be practicable to concentrate in the
District.
The Secretary of War estimated the disposable regular force, applicable to the intended purpose, to the best of
my recollection, about twelve hundred, including about two hundred cavalry at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, who, I
think he said, were not all mounted, but would probably be so in a short time. He brought into view the volunteer
coips of the city and District, the particulars of which I do not recollect; and estimated the depot at Harper's Ferry,
I think, to contain, at that time, about thirty-six thousand stands_ of arms. . •
The Secretary of the Navy enumerated the naval force, within immediate reach, as followsr
The marines, at head quarters, about - ■ - - - - - ^ 120
The force attached to the flotilla under the command of Commodore Barney, on the Patuxent, about - 500
• 620
To the regular force, the President proposed to add ten thousand militia; to be designated, and held in readi-
ness, in such neighboring districts as should be found most convenient. He also suggested the propriety of deposit-
ing, at a; suitable place, contiguous to the metropolis, a supply of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.
These propositions produced very little discussion, the propriety and expediency of the measuies appeared to be
admitted, though no formal question was taken, nor any dissent expressed.
The meeting separated, with an understanding, on my part, that the measures proposed were to be carried into
eftiact; but what order took place thereon, other than in the department of the navy, I know not; nor do I know any
thing further material to the inquiry, except what is embraced in the communication which I had the honor to make
ti> the committee on the 3d instant.
The officers of the navy yard are closely engaged in making out the estimates of the loss sustained by the
ciuittagration at that establishment, but the loss of books and papers has retarded their operations. It shall be com-
pleted as soon as possible, and transmitted without delay.
T have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
W. JONES.
Hon. Richard M. Johnson,
Chairman of the Committee of Inquiry, House of Representatives.
1814] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 54I
Navy Department, November 12, 1814.
Sir:
I have now the honor to transmit the reports and statements of the commandant of the navy yard, showing
■ the actual loss of public property by the conflagration at the navy yard on the 21th of August last.
Exhibit A shows the loss sustained in moveable property, viz: the estimated value previous to the fire; the
value preserved or recovered; and the actual loss sustained; as condensed in the recapitulation on the last page.
Nett loss, ------.... 417,745 51
Exhibit K shows the loss sustained in buildings and fixtures, in like manner showing the esti-
mated cost and real loss sustained. Nett, ------ 91,43553
Total loss, - $509,171 04
To which is annexed an estimate (believed to be founded upon such data as may be relied upon) of the
"expenses of rebuilding, in a plain substantial manner, "so as to carry on all the public work with as much advantage
and convenience as before the fire; amount, - - - - - - $62,.370 14
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
.^^ „ W. JONES.
The Honorable Richard M. Johnson,
Chairman of the Committee of Investigation relative to the incursion of the enemy.
No. 5.
LETTERS FROM THE HONORABLE RICHARD RUSH, Attorney Gknebal.
Narrative by Richard Rush, Attorney General of the United Slates, of such facts and circumstances as are with-
in his knowledge, relative to the capture of Washington on the 2iih of August, 1814; and of measures adopted
by the Government in relation to that event, previous to, or on that day; delivered on the requisition of a com-
mittee of the House of Representatives, appointed to investigate the causes which led to the capture.
Washington City, October 15, 1814.
As my oflBcial place in the Government embraces no connexion with the duties of either of the four Depart-
ments, farther than as I am liable to be consulted on legal questions growing' out of the business of either of them,
it is not to be expected that I can give information relative to the subject-matter of the committee's inquiries, ex-
cept—
1st. Such as I may have derived from being present at the deliberations of the cabinet, when thereto summoned
by the Executive, supposing' any to be derivable from that source; or,
2diy. Such as I may have derived from ray personal presence at Washington, and the opportunities thence fur-
nished of becoming acquainted with acts or measures of Government, or other events transpiring at its seat.
In regard to the former capacity, I would beg leave to premise, that, as these deliberations imply an intercourse
of confidence amongst those who participate in them, I hope I do not misapprehend the true nature of the connex-
ion between the Executive and those whom he may invite to his consultations, or fail in my respect to the commit-
tee, when I state that I do not hold myself bound to make a public disclosure of matters which rpay, in this mode,
have been the subject of Executive advisement or consideration. The exceptions belonging to such a rule, if any
do belong to it, I forbear to advert to, inasmuch as I would be understood to have waived upon this occasion the
objections which might otherwise be interposed against the development of transactions from this peculiar source
of information. Upon a subject of such delicacy, and one involving future rights, I would beg to be further under-
stood, that, in waiving all objection, I act under the full belief that it is not desired to restrain the freedom of such
a course on my part, by any prohibitory injunctions from the quarter whence alone they could issue.
As introductory, then, to what I may have to disclose under this head, and to meet, as far as in my power, the
inquiry made as to my knowledge of any preparatory measures adopted for the defence of the metropolis, I proceed
to state —
That, in the month of June, of the past summer, when the momentous changes in Europe had become revealed
to us, 1 had the honor of holding, individually, occasional interviews with the President. In dwelling upon our
public aifairs, he expressed his strong belief of the inauspicious results which these changes held out every likeli-
hood of superinducing upon them. That the entire liberation of British military power from European conflicts,
created a corresponding probability that portions of it, unexpectedly formidable, would be thrown upon our shores.
In one, at least, of the conversations, he also dwelt upon the probability of an attack upon Washington; enforcing
his opinion on the grounds, among others, of its own weakness, and the eclat that would attend a successful inroad
upon the capital, beyond the intrinsic magnitude of the achievement. He spoke of the immediate necessity of pre-
paring for its defence. His impressions of the danger appeared to acquire new force from the 26th of the month,
upon which day despatches were received from two of our ministers abroad, Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Bayard, dated
early in May. Upon the 30th of June, the Heads of Departments were desired to meet at the President's House on
the following day at 12 o'clock.
They accordingly assembled. All were present. I, also, in pursuance of the President's request, attended.
Our public aftairs were brought into discussion; their altered, and more menacing character; the probable reluc-
tance of the Northern Powers of Europe to regard favorably, at such a moment of European homage to the British
name, the just rights fir which we were contending; the fierce aspect which British military power now had the
means, and probably would not want the disposition to put on towards us; the parts of our country most vulnerable
to its immediate irruptions, as well as the general trials before us, were brought into view. The President men-
tioned what I had heard him, individually, express before, relative to Washington; stating his impression, unequivo-
cally, to be, that, if it fell within the plans of the enemy to send out troops tor operations upon the .Atlantic fron-
tier this season, he thought the capital would be marked as the most inviting object of a speedy attack. That it
•would be right, forthwith, to put in train measures of precaution and defence. He then declared that, to him, it
appeared that a force of ten thousand men should be got in readiness for the city and District. That it would be
desirable to have as large a portion of it as practicable regular troops; but that, at the least, there should be a thousand
of this description, and more if more could be obtained. That the residue should be made up of the volunteers
and militia of the District of Columbia, combined with that from the parts nearest adjacent of the States of Vir-
ginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. That convenient depots of arms arid military equipage should also be establish-
ed. No dissent was expressed to these opinions of the President. The Secretary of War made some verbal esti-
mate of the regiments, or parts of regiments, near at hand. By this, it appeared that, either with, or independent
of, the marines at the navy yard, (for of this I am not certain) the portion of regular force mentioned could readily
be had. I recollect nothing farther to have passed at the meeting about the defence of Washington. What mea-
sures were subsequently taken; how far those proposed were carried into effect; or by what causes they have been
retarded or frustrated; I have not had the means of knowing with any certainty, and therefore cannot speak. In
regard to what I have said, I am disposed to entertain the less distrust of its general accuracy from the habit of
keeping occasional written memorandums connected with our public history, and (rom having refreshed my memory
by a reference to some, in the present instance, made at the time.
69 m
r,42 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
As it appears to come witliin the scope of the comniittee's inquiries that I should also disclose such facts as I
may possess a knowledge ol, relative to any participation, by the Government, in the immediate events of the 24th
of August I have to state that my knowledge herein is merely incidental. As far as it extends, or may appear to
have any bearing upon the interrogatories of the committee, I will proceed to unfold it.
Oil the morning of that day, probably at about 9 o'clock, I called at the lodgings of the Secretary of War to ask
him for his latest intelligence respecting the enemy's movements. He was good enough to hand me a note he had
received from General Winder, written from his head quarters, then established within the city limits, near the
Eastern Branch bridge. It was dated, I think, the same morning. It was short, and stated the accounts from the
river below to be more and more serious. It also expressed a wish to receive counsel either from the Secretary in-
dividually, or the Executive, as to the operations proper to be adopted in an emergency so critical. Other things
may have been in it, but, reading it hastily, I would not be understood to speak with accuracy of its contents. Leaving
the Secretary of War, I proceeded to the President's. Arriving there, I learned that the President had gone to
the head quarters of General Winder. Thither I also next went. 1 there found the President, General Winder,
Commodore Tingey. and two or tnree military officers. The Secretary of State, I understood, had previously been
there, but had gone on to Bladensburg. The Secretary of the Navy came into the room not long afterwards. Of
Commodore Tingey's presence I am not certain. The conversation turned upon the route by which it was thought
most likely the enemy would make his approach. It was interrupted by dragoons, who had been on scouts, coming
in every few minutes with their reports. The preponderance of opinion, at this period, I took to be that he would
be most likely to move in a direction towards the Potomac, with a view to possess himself of Fort Warburton in the
first instance. By this course, he would secure the passage of his ships, then supposed to be in the river below,
and thus their ulterior co-operation, whether in the attack oi- retreat of his land troops. This way of thinking m-
duced, as I supposed. General Winder to retain a large portion of .his force in the neighborhood of the Eastern
Branch bridge, in preierence to moving it on, under the existing state of intelligence, towards Bladensburg. In an-
ticipation of success to the enemy's attempts by water or land, or both, some conversation was had as to the pro-
per precautions fur blowing up, or otherwise rendering useless, the vessels and public property at the navy yard.
After the lapse of probably an hour from the time I reached head quarters, an express arrived from General Stans-
bury, commanding the lialtimoi-e troops, at Baldensburg, renderin" it at length certain that the British army was
advancing in that direction. General Winder immediately put his troops in motion, and marched oft' witli them
for Bladensburg. ^ „, . ■., ., ^ . /■ , -r. - j
When he had left the house, the Secretary of War, m company with the Secretary of the Treasury, arrived
there The President mentioned to the former the information which had just been received, at the same time
askin" him whether, as it was probable a battle would soon be brought on, he had any advice or plan to offer upon
the occasion. He replied that he had not. He added, that, as it was to be between regulars and militia, the latter
would be beaten. All who were in the house then came out; the Secretary of War getting on his horse to go to
Bladensbur'', and the Secretary of the Navy going to the marine barracks close by. Commodore Barney, with his
seamen and'marines, who were still remaining in or near the barracks, were ordered to push on with all despatch
to Bladensburg, an order their anxiety stood anticipating. The President first went to the barracks, inviting me to
accompany him. He then observed that he would ride to Bladensburg, with a view to join the two Heads of De-
partments already gone there, and be of any use in his power. I proceeded on with him. Before we could reach
the town, the forces of the enemy had possession of it. General Winder, as it struck my eye in riding along, had
formed the troops he marched out with him on each side of the road, stretching a mila from Bladensburg, in such
way as the few moments left him would allow. But, according to what particular plan they were drawn up, or
by whose order, I cannot say. The President met with the Secretary of War and the Secretary of State upon the
field near the front ranks. The former had arrived just before him. When the President arrived, the arrange-
ment for the battle, whatever it may have been, was apparently made. It commenced in a very few minutes, and,
in not manv more, some of our troops began to break. The President and two Secretaries, at about this period,
retired to^fether-. I joined them very shortly afterwards, and rode into Washington with the President.
It does*'not, at present, occur to me that 1 can state any thing further relevant to the inquiries of the committee.
I shall be ready to answer any questions it may think fit to propound, with a view to recall any explanatory or ad-
ditional circumstances or fact?, not recollected above, or which I have not deemed it material to state.
RICHARD RUSH.
Washington, November 3, 1814.
' ^^ I have had the honor to receive your note, of the 29th of last month, requesting of me such information as I may
possess relative to a report made early in June, from the War Department to the President, of the amount of regular
and militia force, and its distribution throughout the country; which report was submitted by the President to the
He-ds of Departments; and requesting, also, that I will .add any further matter to my former narrative, which may
have since occurred to my recollection, that I may deem material, particularly as to the part taken by the President,
or anv of the members of the Government, on the day of the battle of Bladensburg.
With tl'e same reservation which I before took the liberty to make of the privilege of being at my option as to
the disclosure of facts of which I may have derived the knowledge through any confidential medium whilst engaged
'" '^rhaT it'a meetin" wliiclUodc place of the Heads of Departments, at the President's, on the 7th of June, at which
I also was present, I do remember that a paper was r.ead by the President, which had been furnished by the Secretary
of War containing an estimate of all our land force, as well as its distribution. A similar one was exhibited of the
naval force, prepared by the Secretary of the Navy. This, too, vyas read by the President. I remeinber the aggre-
gate amount of the land force, but not the portions of it as then distributed through the respective military districts;
or at least not that falling within district No. 5. The meeting was called, and the estimate ol force submitted, tor
nu'rooses a'lite distinct from the defence of district No. 5. The latter object being excluded, renders it, I presume,
unnecessary that I should trouble the committeii with any detail of the deliberations or resolutions that were had
"''°As\^-e''arcls*tlie' other branch of inquiry, I feel at some loss. I am not sure that I do remember any supple-
mental facts which the committee might think material to be stated, relative to what took place on the day of the
hattip Uoon this subject I would, with the most entire deference, beg leave to suggest, that perhaps the most eli-
cit le course would be for me to answer (as I should ever be ready to do) to such interrogatories as the committee
miffht find it in their discretion or convenience to put, rather than leave in my ovyn hands the choice of topics. 1
venture upon the freedom of the remark from the fear that I may omit, or introduce, matter which, in other eyes
mi"ht vvear a different aspect of relationship to the investigation, to what it hail done m mine.. When the President
o^n ressed his intention of^going to Bladensburg, he observed, while on the road, that one motive with him was, that,
ns^he Secretary of War, who had just gone on, might be able to render useful assistance towards arrangements in
the field it^would be best that the requisite sanction to it should be at hand, preventing thereby, at a moment so im-
portant any possible embarrassment, arising from the claims or duties of the commanding genera . Bu when we
K d the fi^ld we found the troops formed, and waiting in their stations, the o"«eto he battle ^ he Jl'tisli
avmv was ilreadv in full sight, and advancing in full march, through Bladensburg. At this juncture the 1 resident
ioined the Secretary of State and the Secretary of War, and all approached io the spot where General Winder was.
Some words ot conversation seemed to pass between the Presidentand the two latter. I was not near enough to over-
Wit General Winder rode forward a few yards, exhorting the troops to be hrm. The firing began almost im-
mediatelv afterwards. Results took place that are known. Itliad been the wish of the President, as signified to me,
nn (he ri(le out. that, after every military arrangement for the battle had been made, on the bestadyice attainable, the
civ functionaries sllould join him, and retire to the rear of the army, with a view to any ulterior deliberations which
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 543
events might render necessary. I took it to be in conformity with this wish that the Secretary of State, the Secretary
of War, and himself, retijed at the time, and in the manner, I have stated, and it was in pursuance of it that I ac-
companied them. Whilsf still on the field, encompassed by part of our troops, I think I understood the two Secre-
taries to unite in opinion, that the mode in which they had been drawn up was as judicious as the time and circum-
stances allowed. But of this I do not speak with confidence, as my attention was partly taken up in viewing, from
hill to hill, the contending movements. To me it appeared plain that entire ranks of our men, in front, were dis-
persed by the shock of the enemy, before any order for retreat was given by the commanding general.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
RICHARD RUSH.
The Honorable R. M. Johnson,
Chairman of the Committee of Investigation.
No. 6.
Communication from the fVar Department, including the orders in relation to the tenth military district, the requisi-
tion of the ith of July, and the correspondence with the Governors of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland,
and ivith General Winder.
Baltimore, July 9, 1814.
Sir:
The objects of the command which has been conferred upon me have consequently, since I received it, occu
pied my serious consideration.
The utmost regular force which it is probable can, in the present state of affairs, be placed at my command,
including the force necessary for garrisoning the several forts, will not exceed one thousand men, and some weeks
will necessarily elapse before the detachments from Virginia and Carlisle will reach my district: the detachments of
the 36th and 38th are, therefore, the only troops that I can expect to have in the field in the mean time; and when
those other detachments join, the utmost field force will be seven to eight hundred.
In conversation with you at Washington, I understood the idea, at present entertained, relative to the auxiliary
militia force, proposed for the District, to be, that it shall be draughted and designated, but that no part of it is to be
called into the field until the hostile force, now in the Chesapeake, shall be reinforced to such an extent as to ren-
der it probable that a serious attack is contemplated.
The enemy's fleet has now spent more than a twelvemontli in the waters of the Chesapeake, and, during that
time, has visited almost every river falling into the bay; and must be presumed to have such accurate information,
that, whatever expedition may be destined to these waters will have a definite object, to the execution of which,
on its arrival, it will proceed with the utmost promptitude and despatch. Should Washington, Baltimore, or An-
napolis, be their object, what possible chance will there be of collecting a force, after the arrival of the enemy, to
interpose between them and either of those places.'' They can proceed, without dropping anchor, to within three
hours' rowing and marching of Baltimore; within less of Annapolis; and upon arriving oft"vSouth river, can debark,
and be in Washington in a day and a half. This celerity of movement, on their part, is not probable, owing to ad-
verse weather and other causes; but if the enemy has been active, while in our waters, to acquire a knowledge of
our country, of which there can be no doubt, and should be favored with weather, on the arrival of reinforcements,
he can be in Washington, Baltimore, or Annapolis, in four days from entering the Capes. But allowing, liberally,
for all causes of detention, he can be in either of those places in ten days from his arrival. What time will this al-
low us to hear of his arrival, to disseminate through the intricate and winding channels the various orders to the
militia, for them to assemble, have their officers designated, their aims, accoutrements, and ammunition, delivered,
the necessary supplies provided, or for the commanding officer to learn the different corps and detachments, so as
to issue orders with the promptitude and certainty so necessary in active operations? If the enemy's force should
be strong, which, if it come at all, it will be, sufficient numbers of militia could not be warned and run together,
even as a disorderly crowd, without arms, ammunition, or organization, before the enemy would already have given
his blow.
Would it not then be expedient to increase the force of my command, by immediately calling out a portion of
militia; so that, by previously selecting the best positions for defence, and increasing, as far as possible, the natural
advantages of these positions, the advance of the enemy might be retarded, his force crippled, and time and oppor-
tunity thus gained for drawing together whatever other resources of defence might be competent to resist the enemy?
The small force of regulars will be incompetent to accomplish any; material works at favorable positions, for strength-
ening the defences, and to supply the various vidette parties, which it will be necessary to station, on the prominent
points of the bay, to watch the enemy, and communicate his movements with the greatest possible despatch.
Allow me, sir, respectfully to propose that four thousand militia be called out without delay- 1 propose to sta-
tion these in equal proportions, in the most eligible positions between South river and Washington, and in the vici-
nity of Baltimore. Baltimore could not be aided by a force stationed betwen South river and Washington, unless
a force were on the spot to retard the advance of the enemy until it could arrive, and so with respect to the force
at Baltimore, in co-operating with that intended to defend Washingtcm. Each could assist the other if of th:s mag-
nitude, and it appears to me that, with materially less means actually in the field and ready for instant action, no
hope can be entertained of opposing the enemy in assailing either of those places.
1 shall proceed to Annapolis to-morrow, and have but little doubt that the Executive of Maryland vyill cordially
co-opei-ate in affording such means as it may be deemed advisable to call for; and I beg you will permit me to pro-
cure this, or such other militia force as the President may think proper immediately to be called out.
I sent an order from Washington for the detachments of the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth to move up to the
head of South river, where I propose to meet them, and fix upon the most eligible spot for the camp intended to de-
fend Washington.
You will please, therefore, to direct any communications to me, to Annapolis, which will enable me to make the
requisite arrangements with the Executive of Maryland at once.
1 have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
W. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding the lOth military district-
Hon John Armstrong, Secretary of War-
Upper Marlborough, July 16, 1814.
I reached this place last evening, in my tour of examining the country. From what I have seen and learned,
it appears 'to me that there cannot be tound a place of tolerable convenience with reference to the objects of defence,
for an encampment, except in this neighborhood. Two places near here offer many conveniences: the one, two and
a half miles on the Western branch and the road to Bladensburg, which I have seen; the other, about five mdes on
the road to Washington and Piscataway, near the Wcodyard, which 1 shall examine to day. The former is re-
presented as unhealthy during August and September, but possesses all other requisites; the latter is said to be
healthy, and unless there should be some considerable deficiency towards the comfort and convenience of a camp, I
presume will be preferable; and if, upon examination, I shall find it eligible, 1 shall order the thirty sixth and
thirty-eighth immediately to proceed thither. I am much embarrassed about the situation of Annapolis: it cannot
be defended against a serious attack by land and water, without a large force and many additional works; and yet
544 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
it appears to me that, should the enemjr contemplate serious operations in this quarter, with any considerable force,
it will be of the utmost importance to him to occupy it. With the command of the water, an entrenchment of seven
or eight hundred yards, properly protected by batteries, renders it secure against any attack by land. It furnishes
a position in every respect desirable and useful to him tor making enterprises against any other point, and a safe re-
treat against every calamity; in short, it appears to me to be the door to Washington, and it is not possible for us to
shut it with our present means. Fort Madison, besides its exposed and defenceless situation, except from an ap-
proach direct by water, is so very unhealthy during the months of August and September, that it is not possible to
keep a garrison in it. It is provided with two fifty pound columbiads, two twenty-four pounders, two eighteen
pounders, one twelve and one six pounder. These guns will be exposed to certain capture if they are left there,
and will be turned against the town and Fort Severn, with decisive eft'ect, unless we can find the means of making
a substantial defence of the place.
It appears to me that these guns should be removed, and the post mined, ready to be blown up whenever an at-
tack of the town may be contemplated. I cannot, however, but again remark that the importance of the place to the
enemy, in every point of view, renders it of the last importance to be defended, if the means can be obtained. But
a considerable force ought to be instantly. sent there to prepare the works necessary to give a chance of successful
defence. On my arrival here last evening, 1 learned that an express had passed through this place to the Governor
of Maryland, who stated that he was the bearer of information that two seventy- fours, with a number of small ves-
sels, had made their appearance near the mouth of the Potomac. It is of importance that I obtain the earliest intel-
ligence, if this be true; and I beg, if you have any intelligence worthy of attention, that you would communicate it
to me here without delay- By the return of the express to Point Lookout, I shall write to the person employed
there to give intelligence, and direct him to transmit me by express, intelligence of all the movements of the enemy.
I shall also establish express lines from all the prominent points of observation on the bay, unless these may be
already established, of which I beg you to inform me. The Governor and Council of Maryland have taken steps
immediately to comply with the requisition of the General Government; but I fear, from my recent experience, it
will be in vain to look for any efficient aid upon a sudden call upon the militia.
W. H. WINDER,
Brig. Gen. commanding lOlh Military District.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of M'ar.
Nottingham, July 17, 1814.
Sir:
We have information, deemed credible here, that the enemy are advancing up this river in considerable force.
I have called the detachment of regulars to this place, who will be here to-morrow. The alarm is going out to
assemble what militia force can be collected; and I take the liberty of suggesting the propriety of sending to this
point, with the utmost expedition, the marine corps, and all the militia force that can be procured from the District.
Yours, respectfully,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brig. Gen. commanding lOth Military District.
Hon. Secretary of War.
Annapolis, July 20, 1814.
Sir:
Your letter of the 17th reached me on the 18th. The enemy proceeded no further up the Patuxent than
Hunting creek, where he landed and committed some depredations in Calvert county. He has since returned
down the river, leaving us in doubt where he will next appear. I, in consequence, halted the three companies of
city volunteers at the Woodyard, and the detachments of the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth at Upper Marlborough,
until some further indication shall be made by the enemy.
I have seized this moment to proceed to this place to arrange the calling of the Maryland militia, demanded by
the requisition of the fourth instant. This will be immediately attended to by the Governor of this State. I have
deemed it advisable to call for the highest number directed by the President, supposing that, by this means, we
might possibly get the lowest.
I shall immediately proceed to Baltimore, to see and understand the means of defence there, to make the neces-
sary arrangements and orders- I shall'leave this to-morrow afternoon, or next day morning at farthest, (unless
some movement of the enemy renders it unnecessary) and proceed to the country between Potomac and Patuxent.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brig. Gen. commanding lOtli Military District.
Hon. Gen. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
N. B. — The Governor informs me that it will not be in his power to supply the arms, camp equipage, &c. to the
quota. The requisition already made antl expected for local defence have exhausted the State arsenal.
I have delayed dismantling Fort Madison, only because it will excite greater sensation and clamor, and by that
means proclaim to the enemy mat it was not to be, or could not be, defended, and thus invite him to take possession
of it. It would be impossible to dismantle it without making it public; and I have deemed it more expedi<:nt to risk
the loss of the guns there, than, by removing them, invite the enemy to take the place, which he may possibly abstain
from while he supposes the place will be defended.
W. H. W.
Upper Marlborough, Jidy 23, 1814.
Sir: ...
I availed myself of a suspension of the enemy's movements to proceed to Annapolis an.d Baltimore, to attend to
the militia calls on Maryland. I returned here yesterday at two o'clock. The Governor lias issued orders for call-
ing out three thousand of the draughts, under the requisition of the fourth of July; and, at my suggestion, has ap-
pointed Bladeusburg as the place of rendezvous. I preferred this place, because it was near the proposed line ot
defence, and contiguous to the supplies which Washington can afford. It will be necessary that arms, ammunition,
accoutrements, tents, and camp equipage, be deposited there for them. 1 have no knowledge where these articles
are in store, nearest that point, nor under whose charge they are. I must pray you give the necessary orders for
having the requisite deposites made at that place. I have notified the contractor.
The two thousand militia called from General Smith's division, and who are to rendezvous near Baltimore, will,
1 believe, need no supplies but provision and ammunition from the United States. Upon these points I have taken
order.-. 1 fear some time will elapse before either of these requisitions can be complied with, in having the men as-
sembled, especially the former, the draught being yet to be made. Major Marsteller, if not too much occupied at
Washington, ought to be with me in the field; but his duties will call him, probably, to so many different points,
that it appears to me he will require an assistant. The enemy's force is divided between the Potomac and Patuxent.
The accounts which ought most to be credited, give five hundred as having landed from the Patuxent squadron, and
from one thousand to fifteen hundred from the Potomac squadron; and although, from repeated experience, we are
forbid to rely on this intelligence, yet, as it is the only direct intelligence we have, and comes from respectable
people having had opportunities of observation, it cannot be wholly disregarded. I shall, therefore, for the present,
still retain the city volunteers, and keep them and the regulars in a post of observation and readiness. I shall my-
self proceed nearer the enemy, for the purpose of better information and observation.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 545
As I do not know whether only the quota of the District militia is to be draughted and placed at my disposal, or
whether, on occasion, they are all considered as liable to requisition, [ would tliank you lor information on that
subject. As that part of the Pennsylvania militia, assigned for my district, are remote, and could not be called dut
upon emergency, might it not be expedient to draw trom remotest points, leaving that portion of the militia nearest
the probable scene ot action, to be called out on the spur of the occasion.' A deserter from the British, whose ex-
amination I have seen, says they talk of attacking Annapolis. If they know their own interest and our weakness,
in fact incapacity, to defend that point, they certainly will possess it.
I have the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
W. H. WINDER,
Brig. Gen. commanding 10th Military District.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
AVooDYARD, July 23d, 1814.
Sir:
Since I wrote you this morning, 1 have, under all circumstances, deemed it expedient to direct Captain
Davidson to return to Washington with his detachment of volunteers.
The facility with which they can turn out and proceed to any point, renders them nearly as effective as if ac-
tualljr kept in the field; and the importance to them individually of attending to their private affairs, decides me,
even in the doubt of the enemy's probable movements, to give this order.
I take the liberty of suggesting, upon the information of Captain Doughty, that the rifles they have are very de-
fective for service; and it would be useful, especially at the present moment, if they could be supplied with better.
Captain Burch's artillery are also without swords. Whether botli those articles are supplied to the militia of the Dis-
trict by the Government, I know not; but if they are and can be, the probable dernand for the services of the militia
of the District, and their importance in the scale of our force, would render it desirable they should be supplied.
I beg leave also to suggest, upon the information of the.commanding officers of companies, that, if the tents
and camp equipage were respectively left under their charge, it would enable them to march when called upon
with much greater promptitude.
I have the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding lOth M. D.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, Washington City.
Warburton, near Fort Washinoton, July 25th, 1814.
Sir:
From the enclosed representation of Lieutenant Edwards, and my own observation in confirmation thereof,
Fort Washington is, in several respects, incomplete in its state ot preparation for defence. If the eighteen pound co-
lumbiads are not mounted even in the block house, ammunition ought to be sent down for them and the eighteen
pounders on the water battery. Lieutenant Edwards will send a requisition for the quantity and kind of ammuni-
tion necessary. Can Colonel Wadsworth, or the proper department at Washington, have the platform enlarged,
which will be necessary to render the battery of the fort effectual.'
I shall proceed down as far as Port Tobacco to-day.
I am, with very great respect, sir, your obedient sei-vant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding 10th M. D.
Hon John Armstrong, Secretary of War, Washington City.
Report of Lieutenant Edwards.
Fort Washington, July 25, 1814.
Sir:
I deem it my duty to report to you the defenceless situation of this post. The necessity of mounting heavy
artillery in the block-house is apparent to every military character who is acquainted with the ground adjacent to
the works. It is true a few eighteen pound columbiads have been sent here, but there are no means to enable us to
mount them: we are destitute ot a gin and tackle. The width of the platform in the fort is another subject upon which
frequent representations (I understand) were made to General Bloomfield, but without effect. The depth of plat-
forms for heavy pieces is generally from three to four toises, but seldom less than three. The width of this is but
fourteen feet, very little more than two toises: at the first discharge of our heavy guns, I have known them to recoil
to the hurtuirs- When they are heated they would undoubtedly run over it, and thus be rendered useless for a time.
On the water battery there are mounted five excellent long eighteen pounders (ship guns) but there is not a pound of
ammunition for them, in case of an attack by water, the utility of these guns woultl soon be discovered. In defend-
ing ourselves against maritime attacks, it is of the first importance to have a battery near the level of the water, so
as to strike the hull of the ship in a horizontal line; for the ciiance of hitting the object is much greater than when
firing from an elevation; when it is only an intersection of the line of fire by the line of the surface that the ball can
strike a ship's hull. In the first case the gunner has only to move his piece horizontally; in the other he must com-
bine his direction with those of his elevation and the progress of the ship.
Some of the gun carriages in the fort are in bad order, but not so much so as to render thera unserviceable. You
will perceive by this morning's report, which I enclose, what is the strength of my force: those reported sick are in-
valids; those on extra duty, are men employed in the bake-house, garden, &c. and who are from bodily defects in-
capable of guard duty, but would be serviceable in an action.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JAMES L. EDWARDS,
Lieutenant, commanding Fort Washington.
Colonel WadsivortK's Report.
A couple of hands were ordered from Greenleaf 's Point on Monday, to execute the necessary repairs of the gun
carriages at Fort Washington. The platform is undoubtedly two narrow, as well as the parapet, but I think Lieu-
tenant Edwards is mistaken in representing it to be but fourteen feet. It was directed to be made twenty or twenty-
two feet, if I do not misrecollect. The disadvantage of two narrow a platform may be obviated with no great diffi-
culty, by checking the recoil of the piece by means of an elastic handspike introduced between the spokes of the
wheels to prevent them from turning. The defect of an insufficient parapet is not so easily obviated. It would be
advisable I think, at a proper time, to make a new wall in front, fifteen or twelve feet in advance of the present,
which would give sufficient extent, as well for the platform as parapet, without disturbing the magazine, &c. The
whole original design was bad, and it is therefore impossible to make a perfect work of it by any alterations.
Two hundred rounds of shot and cartridges for eighteen pounders can be sent down, if thought proper. I di-
rected some grape shot for the eighteen pound columbiads to be prepared long ago. A tackle and fall, to mount
those guns in the block house, will be provided.
546 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Captain Marsteller, whom I have just seen, informs me there was a good tackle and fall at Fort Washington
when he left tiiere. He savs the platform was made above twenty feet wide.
D. WADSWORTH.
Port Tobacco, July 26, 181 4-.
Sir:
From the uniform train of information yesterday, the enemy are descending both the Potomac and the Pa-
tuxent. I cannot, however, rely implicity on the intelligence. I expect more certain intelligence this morning. I
expect the enemy will move up the bay next, and I shall not be surprised to find Annapolis his object, which I fear
would fall before five hundred men. As soon as I am certain of the movements of the enemy, I shall return to
Marlborough, and thence as circumstances'may require.
What prospect of the cavalry from Carlisle, and the detachment from Virginia? I have received intelligence of
enither.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding 10//; M. D.
Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of JFar.
Sir: . Piscataway, July 27th, 1814.
I returned to this place from Port Tobacco this morning.
One of the enemy's frigates, the Loire, it is said passed through the Kettle Bottoms, but returned the day before
yesterday to Clement's bay, where two seventy-four's still remain. I have not obtained information where the re-
mainder of the fleet are. If there are any of their vessels in the Patuxent, they are at or near the mouth of the river.
I expect to hear of them nextup thebay. I shall go on immediately to Marlborough, where, or near it, I shall remain
until the movements of the enemy may call me away.
General Stewart has a very considerable force at or near Cedar Point; Colonel Beall has his regiment and a troop
of cavalry at Port Tobacco; and Colonel Bowie with his regiment is at Nottingham; the regulars under my com-
mand are" at Marlborough, between the enemy and any possible approach to Washington. The Governor is exerting
himself to collect a force at Annapolis. ......
I have employed myself without intermission in examining the country, ai;d have acquired a knowledge of its
topography, wliich will be extremely useful to me.
1 should have proceeded lower down had the enemy's force up the rivers Potomac or Patuxent; but the retrograde
movements on both the rivers induces me to suppose they will proceed to some other point, and I return to Marl-
borough to be ready whenever he may appear.
I have heard nothing as yet of the dragoons from Carlisle, or the detachments of infantry from Virginia. Are
there not enough recruits of the thirty-sixth and thirty-eighth, to form a company each? If either have fifty men,
would it not be advisable to organize and order them to join?
This will be delivered you by Major Stewart, who goes by the way of Washington, will join me at Marlborough,
and take any commands you may have for me.
I am, with very great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding lOth M. B.
Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of if'ar, Washington City.
Piscataway, July 27th, 1814.
Sir:
In the third paragraph of my letter, just finished, and which will accompany this, I have used general expres-
sions relative to the force, in order that, should it be deemed advisable to use any information I have communicated
to tranquilize the morbid sensibility of the people of ihe District, no injurious disclosure may be made; and I add
a more specific account of the force in a separate letter, for your information.
General Stewart states his force at eight hundred; Colonel Beall has three hundred to three hundred and fifty,
and forty dragoons; Colonel Bovi^ie has, I presume, three hundred. The Governor has been, in vain, endeavoring
to assemble the neighboring militia at Annapolis; he had called on Frederick county, and some militia were coming
in from thence, when I last was at Annapolis. All this force is, however, called out by the authority of the State
laws, and is not under my command. But they do and will co-operate toward the general defence.
I am, &c.
WM. H. WINDER, Brigadier General.
Honorable J. Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Port Tobacco, ^?/^i<s< 1, 1814.
Sir:
I learn this morning, in a manner which leaves me no doubt of the fact, that the enemy have retired down
near to the mouth of the river, if he has not left it, with all his ships. A rumor, not so well authenticated, but very
probable, states the force in the Patuxent to be increased and ascending that river.
I have halted the detachment under Lieutenant Colonel Scott at Piscataway, where they will wait until some
ascertained movement of the enemy shall render it necessary for them to move to some other point.
I shall see General Stewart, of the militia, this morning, and then be able to speak more decidedly.
I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General commanding.
Honorable J. Armstrong, Secretary of War.
Baltimore, August 13, 1814.
Sir:
In consequence of the two regiments which were draughted from General Smith's division, under the requisition
of April last, being accepted as part of the quota of Maryland, under the requisition of the 4th of July last, of the
impracticability, besides impropriety of calling any portion of those draughted from the Eastern Shore, and the neces-
sity of leaving all the men immediately upim the bay, and low down upon the rivers, for local defence on the
Western Shore, the remaining portion of the Maryland draughts to be assembled at Bladensburg, instead of being three
thousand, will not much exceed as many hundred. I shall require the Governor to order out all the draughts that
can possibly be spared from the three lower brigades on the Western Sliore; but since the whole number diaughted on
the Western Shore, exclusive of those drawn from General Smith's division, do riot amount to tilteen hundred, I
apprehend that, after all shall be assembled, under this second order from the Governor of Maryland, they will not
exceed one thousand men. The most convenient and immediate resource to supply this deficiency, which occurs
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 547
to me, will be to take the militia drawn out under the State authority, and now assembled at Annapolis, (u tiie
amount of one thousand men, into the service of the United States, and to call on the Governor oC Pennsylvania
for one regiment. This would make the mditia force (independent of the two regiments near this place) under my
command between two and three thousand men, and would complete tiie views of the President in the order com-
municated to me by you, to call for not more than three nor less than two thousand over and above the two regi-
ments here.
The objects for which the militia were called to Annapolis, were such as to make it proper that the (brce should
be under the direction ol the commander ot the 10th military district. Some force ought and must be kept at Annapo-
lis, and if it shoukl be deemed proper to authorize me to accept them, I should leave them Ihere until some neces-
sity occurred requiring them elsewhere; and the trouble and expense of advancing a detachment there, would be
avoided.
These men are only called out for sixty days, which may, perhaps, be long enough, and will, at all events, afford
sufficient time to ascertain whether a further force will be necessary. They are already in the field, equipped in
all respects, and organized. A saving of their equipments will be gained by the United States, and all the time
and trouble of calling a force in their place.
I shall proceed for Bladensburg and Washington to-morrow, or the day following.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
W. H. WINDER,
' „ , . „ „ ,,, Brigadier General, commanding lOth M. D.
Hon. J. Armstrong, iiecrelary of War.
Dear General: War Department, dugusl 22, 1814.
Your letter ot the 21st is received.
Of the force in the Potomac we do not know as much as we ought. Their Heet is said to consist of six frigates,
one of which had got aground on the Kettle Bottoms. They hare on board some troops or marines which had been
previously encamped on St. George's island. General Parker is observing them on the Virginia side of the river
at the head of a small brigade of militia, about fourteen or filteen hundred. '
Enclosed is a letter from General Douglas, of Loudoun.. I have ordered him to come on directly, without
seeking a rendezvous with General Hungerford. A detachment of the 12th iniimtry (recruits) arrived here yester-
day. They shall be armed, equipped, and marched to the AVoodyard this morning. The Baltimore brigade will be
at Bladensburg to-day. Would it not be^well to throw Barney's seamen (six hundred) and some other troops on
the right of Nottingham.? A demonstration which shall menace the rear of the enemy and their communication
with the shipping, will, if it does not actually stop, at least very much retard their progress.
I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARiMS TRONG.
Brigadier General Winder, Long Old Melds, Prince Oeorge^s county, Md.
Washington Citv, Jlugunl 19, 1814.
Sir:
I beg leave to suggest, through you, for the consideration of the President, the following propositions:
Would it be expedient, under the direction of the Navy Department, to have vessels ready to be sunk in the
Potomac, at Fort Washington, or other proper point, at a moment's warning, to obstruct the navigation.''
Would It not be proper to put all the boats, which can be propelled by oars, that are at thin place, under the
control of the Navy Department, at Fort Washington, to transport troops across the river from either side, as circum-
stances may require.''
Would It nut be expedient, in our present destitute condition lor military force, to put the marine corps into
service, or at all events to cause, them to reinforce Fort Washington at a moment's notice, or to be applied, as cir-
cumstances require, to any point of defence?
From the great and overwhelniing force of the enemy on water, it is no longer useful to keep the flotilla armed
in the Patuxent; might not that force be applied to some stationary point of defence on land, or be subjected in some
way to co-operate in the general arrangements which the commander of the district may make.''
Serious difficulties have already arisen from collision, in the Patapscu, with the command of Fort M'Henry and
the flotilla, in performing the duty of guard and look-out, the flotilla boat having stopped and kept in custody all
night the look-put boat of the fort.
Would it be advisable for the commander of the district, or any other public authority, to make an appeal to
the patriotism of the country, at the pl-esent moment, for volunteers, without regard to their legal obligations as
militia men? A large force very useful might be obtained, probably, in this way, which would cost only provision
and ammunition. In fine, would it hot be advisable, without regard to forms, too slow for the emergency, to invite
and call in every man that can be found? This is, perhaps, more expedient, because I have received official in-
formation that the Pennsylvania militia are not in a state to be called out legally; the former law havfng expired
the 1st of July, and the law of last session not taking effect as to organization till October next. I take this occasion
to state thatl have called for the militia of the District of Columbia, en masse; for General West's brigade in
Prince George's county, and General Williams's, of Anne Arundel, also en masse; and the Baltimore brigades^, also
en masse. 1 shall forward by expresses immediately, demands for five hundred men each, from all the brigades on
the Western Shore of Maryland, and the counties which border the Potomac on the Virginia side. General Hun-
gerford, Northern Neck, has a force in the field which I have called on him to march without ilelay to this place.
The result of all these operations will be certainly slow, and extremely doubtful as to the extent of force produced.
Most respectfully,
W. H. WINDER,
Brigadier General, commanding lOt/i M. D.
Honorable SECRKTAp.y or War.
Washingtox, Jlugusl 21, 1814.
Sir:
The calls which have been made upon the militia officers, and the appeals to the people to turn out, is likely
to produce in haste an uncertain force in its amount and armament; probably very co:is:derable in riumbers. 1 beg
I leave, therefore, to suggest the propriety of augmenting the quantity of arms immediately at this place or its vicinity;
'perhaps Foxall's works would be a good and safe depot, and sufficiently convenient. They can be drawn, by imme-
diate exertions in sufficient time. All the flints that the utmost efforts can produce, ought to be collected here
without delay. I am, &c.
W. H. WINDER.
Honorable J. Armstrong, Secretary nf Jl ar.
548 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Head Quarters, Combs's, near the Eastern Branch Bridge,
Wednesday morning, 24</j of August, 1814.
Sir:
I have I'ounil it necessary to establish my head quarters here, the most advanced position convenient to the
troops, and nearest information. I shall remain stationary as much as possible, that I may be the more readily
found, to issue orders, and collect together the various detachments of militia, and giv6 them as rapid a consolida-
tion and organization as possible.
With great respect, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER, Brigadier General, commanding lOlh M. D.
Hon. Secretary of War.
P. S. — The news up the river is very threatening. Barney's, or some other force, should occupy the batteries
at Greenleaf's Point and the Navy Yard. I should be glad of the assistance of counsel from yourself and the Govern-
ment. If more convenient, I should make an exertion to go to you the first opportunity.
Note. — The following memorandum was endorsed on the back of the foregoing letter, in the hand writing of
Secretary Armstrong:
" Went to General Winder; found there the President; Mr. Monroe, had also been there, but had set out to
BJadensburg to arrange the troops, and give them an order of battle, as I understood; saw no necessity for ordering
Barney to Greenleaf's Point or Navy Yard. Advised the Commodore to join the army at Bladensburg, and ordered
Minor's regiment to that place. Advised General Winder to leave Barney and the Baltimore brigade upon the
enemy's rear and right flank, while he put himself in front with all the rest of his force. Repeated this idea in my
letter to him of the 22d."
Baltimore, August 27, 1814.
Sir:
When the enemy arrived at the mouth of the Potomac, of all the militia which I had been authorized to
assemble, there were but about one thousand seven hundred in the field; from thirteen to fourteen hundred under
General Stansbury, near this place, and about two hundred and fifty at Bladensburg, under Lieutenant Colonel Kra -
mer; the slow progress of draught, and the imperfect organization, with the ineffectiveness of the laws to compel
them to turn out, rendered it impossible to have procured more.
The militia of this State, and of the contiguous parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, were called on en masse, but
the former militia law of Pennsylvania had expired on the first of June or July, and the one adopted in its place is
not to take effect in organizing the militia, before October. No aid, th erefore, has been received from that State.
After all the force that could be put at my disposal in that short time, and making such dispositions as I deemed
best calculated to present the most respectable force at whatever point the enemy might strike, I was enabled, by
the most active and harassing movements of the troops, to interpose before the enemy at Bladensburg about jfive
thousand men, including three hundred and fifty regulars and Commodore Barney's command. Much the largest
portion of this force arrived on the ground when the enemy were in sight, and were disposed to support in the best
manner the position which General Stansbury had taken. They had barely reached the ground before the action
commenced, which was about one o'clock, P. M. of the 24th instant, and continued about an hour.
The contest was not as obstinately maintained as could have been desired, but was by parts of the troops sus
tained with great spirit, and with prodigious effect; and had the whole of our ibrce been equally firm, I am induced
to believe that the enemy would have been repulsed, notwithstanding all the disadvantages under which we fought.
The artillery from Baltimore, supported by Major Pinkney's rifle battalion, and a part of Captain Doughty's from
the navy yard, were in advance to command the pass of the bridge at Bladensburg, and played upon the enemy, as
I have since learned, with very destructive effect; but the rifle troops were obliged, after some time, to retire, and,
of course, the artillery. Superior numbers, however, rushed upon them, and made their retreat necessary, not,
however, without great loss on the part of the enemy. Major Pmkney received a severe wound in his right arm,
after he had retired to the left flank of Stansbury's brigade. The right and centre of Stansbury's brigade, consisting
of Lieutenant Colonel Ragan's and Shutz's regiments, generally gave way very soon afterwards, with the exception
of about forty rallied by Colonel Ragan, after having lost his horse and a whole or a part of Captain Trower's com-
pany, both of whom General Stansbury represents to have made, even thus deserted, a gallant stand. The fall
which Lieutenant Colonel Ragan received from his horse, together with his great efforts to sustain his position, ren-
dered him unable to follow the retreat; we have, therefore, to lament that this gallant and excellent officer has been
taken prisoner: he has, howe\er, been paroled, and I met him here recovering from the bruises occasioned by his
fall. The loss of his services at this moment is serious. The 5th Baltimore regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel
Sterrett, being the left of Brigadier General Stansbury's brigade, still, however, stood their ground, and except for
a moment, when part of them recoiled a few steps, remained firm, and stood until ordered to retreat with a view to
prevent them from being outflanked.
The reserve under Brigadier General Smith, of the District of Columbia, with the militia of the city and George-
town, with the regulars, and some detachments of Maryland militia, flanked on their right by Commodore Barney
and his brave fellows, and Lieutenant Colonel Beall, still were to the right on the hill, and maintained the contest
for some time with great effect.
It is not with me to report the conduct of Commodore Barney and his command, nor can I speak from observa-
tion, being too remote; but the concurrent testimony of all who did observe them, does them the highest justice for
their brave resistance, and the destructive effect they produced on the enemy. Commodore Barney, after having
lost his horse, took post near one of his guns, and there unfortunately received a severe wound in the thigh, and he
also fell into the hands of the enemy.
Captain Miller, of marines, was wounded in the arm fighting bravely. From the best intelligence, there remains
but little doubt that the enemy lost at least four hundred killed and wounded, and of these a very unusual portion
killed. Our loss cannot, I think, be estimated at more than from thirty to forty killed, and fifty or sixty wounded.
You will readily understand that it is impossible for me to speak minutely of the merit or demerit of particular
troops so little known to me from their recent and hasty assemblage. My subsequent movements, for the purpose
of preserving as much of my force as possible, gaining reinforcements, and protecting this place, you already know.
I am, with very great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. H. WINDER, Brigadier General, commanding 10th M. D.
P. S.— We have to lament that Captain Sterrett, of the fifth Baltimore regiment, has also been wounded, but is
doing well; other officers no doubt deserve notice, but I am as yet unable to particularize.
Hon. j; Armstrong, Secretary of War.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 549
General Order erecting the Tenth Mililary Dialricf, and letters from the Secretary of War to General Winder.
War Department,
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, July 2, 1814.
GENERAL ORDERS:
The State of Maryland, the District of Columbin, and that part oF Virginia lying between the Rappahannock
and Potomac rivers, will constitute a separate military district (No. 10) under the command of Brigadier General
Winder.
By order: JNO. R. BELL,
Assistant Inspector General.
Sir: _ War Department, ./m/j/ 2, 1814.
Your letters of the 30th instant have been received.
Enclosed is an order constituting a new military district, and assigning you to the command thereof. Major
Stewart has permission to serve in your start". It would be desirable to see you here as soon as it may be conve-
nient for you to come.
I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brig. Gen. Wm. H. Winder, Baltimore.
War Department, July IB/A, 1814.
Sir:
In addition to my circular letter of the 4th instant, which subjects to your call the quota of Maryland mili-
tia, you are also authoriz.ed to draw, from that of Virginia, two thousand men, and from the quota of Pennsylva-
nia, live thousand. The whole of the militia of the District of Culumbia, amounting to about two thousand, is kept
in a disposable state, and subject to your orders.
Note. — The detached militia of Maryland amounted to six thousand.
I am, veiy respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General Winder.
War Department, July 28, 1814.
Sir:
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 25fh and 27th instant.
Lieutenant Edwards's representation is referred to Colonel Wadsworth, with orders to supply what may be
wanting at Fort Washington. Lieutenant Colonel Lavall states that he is waiting the arrival of horses. The de-
tachment of the 10th is in march, and the recruits of the 36th and 38th ordered to join their corps: they, I fear, are
very few.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General Winder,
Commanding lOth Mililary District.
War Department, August 19th, 1814.
Sir:
Your letter of this date has been received, and submitted to the President. On the two first subjects, you
are referred to the Navy Department. The marines are ordered to move. Orders have been given to Commodore
Barney.
You will adjust, with the Secretary of the N.avy, wh;vt relates to guard and vidette duty at Baltimore.
The call you propost; making on volunteers is approved. It will be so worded as to guard against interfering
with the legal draught, and putting it in the election of the militia to fulfil, or not to fulhl, their public engage-
ments.
The calls you have actually made are also approved.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General Winder.
War Department, August 19, 1814.
Sir:
If the enemy's movements indicate an attack on this place, means should be taken to drive oft all horses and
cattle, and remove all supplies of forage, &c. on their route; a moment is not to be lost in doing both. For this
purpose, the whole of your cavalry may be pushed into the neighborhood of the enemy, without delay.
Colonel M'Lean could be uselully employed with them. Lavall will be at Montgomery Court House to-day:
he has with him one hundred and thirty mounted dragoons, under excellent officers.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Brigadier General Winder.
Correspondence with the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.
CIRCULAR TO THE GOVERNORS OF STATES.
War Department, Jtdy 4, 1814.
The late pacification in Europe offers to the enemy a large disposable force, both naval and military, and
with it, the means of giving to the war here, a character of new and increased activity and extent.
Without knowing, with certainty, that such will be its application, and still less that any particular point or
points will become objects of attack, the President has deemed it advisable, as a measure of precaution, to strength-
en ourselves on the line of the Atlantic, and (as the principal means of doing this will be found in the militia) to
invite the Executives of certain States to organize, anil hold in readiness, for immediate service, a corps of ninety-
three thousand five hundred men, under the laws of the 28th of February, 1795, and 18th of April, 1814.
The enclosed detail will show your Excellency what, under this requisition, will be the quota of . As
far as volunteer uniform companies can be found, they will be preferred.
The expediency of regarding (as well in the designations of the militia as of their places of rendezvous) the
points, the importance or exposure of which will be most likely to attract the views of the enemy, need but be sug-
gested.
A report of the organization of your quota, when completed, and of its place or places of rendezvous, will be
acceptable.
1 have the honor to be, with very great respsct, your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servant.
His Excellency the Gover.vor of .
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1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 551
Secretary's Office, July 14, 1814.
Sir:
In the absence of the Governor, I deem it my duty to inform you, that your communication containing a re-
quisition for a detachment of fourteen thousand Pennsylvania militia came to the office this morning, and was im-
mediately forwarded by express to the Governor, at Selin's Grove. Be assured the requisition will be met with all
the promptness the circumstances possibly will permit.
With high considerations of respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant.
,,„. N. B. BOILEAU, Secretmij.
John Armstrong. Esq. Secretary of yVar.
Secretary's Office, July 25, 1814.
Sir:
The Governor has directed me to enclose to you copies of general orders issued by him in compliance with a
late requisition for a military force from Pennsylvania, by the President, communicated by yours under date of the
4th instant. He has not, as you will perceive, designated places of rendezvous: he thinks it will be in time to do so
in subsequent orders, which must issue before the troops can march: the threatened point of attack by the enemy
will, it is probable, then be better ascertained, and a more prudent selection of place can be made. The lepeal of
our militia law of 1807, and its several supplements, on the 1st of August next; the disannulling of all militia com-
missions on that day, by a new law of the last session, granted under the old law, except the commissions of such
officers as may then be in actual service; the ordering by the pew law; the holding of elections of officers by the mi-
litia, after the said 1st of August; the notice of election; returns to be made; and the protracting to the 4th Monday
of October next, the classification of the militia; causes an almost total disorganization of our militia system be-
tween the 1st of August and the 4th of October, and presents difficulties, in yielding perfect compliance with the
requisition of the President, insurmountable. It is hoped, however, that the patriotism of the people will obviate
the difficulty, by a, voluntary tender of services, which the Governor has invited, growing out of the unaccountable
oversight of the Legislature. It is strongly doubted whether any orders can be enforced under the present state of
things.
The requisition refers to the act of Congress, passed 28th February, 1795; under which militia can be held in
service three months only; and to the law of 1814, which authorized the President to keep them six months in ser-
vice. The law of Pennsylvania, passed at the last session of its Legislature, requires the Governor to mention, in
general orders, the period for which any militia ordered into service is to remain on duty. It is desirable, there-
fore, to know whether the requisition is intended for three or six months' service. The offices of Deputy Quarter-
Master General, and Assistants, and Assistant Adjutant Generals, are not recognized by our State laws.
I have taken the liberty of enclosing to you a copy of (he militia law of this State, passed at the last session of the
Legislature; from a perusal of which you will perceive the difficulties under which the Executive at present labors,
in attempting to comply with the requisition.
With nigh considerations of respect, sir. your obedient .servant,
„ „ „, N. B. BOILEAU, Secretary.
John Armstrong, Esq. Secretary of liar.
Secretary's Office, Ausust 27, 1814.
Sir:
I am directed by the Governor to enclose to you a copy of general orders, issued yesterday. The letter of
General Winder, containing the requisition, under date of the 18th instant, was not received until the evenin"- ot
the twenty-third. The deranged state of our militia system prevented a more prompt compliance with the de-
mand. To obviate as far as practicable the inconvenience of delay, the Governor has directed the flank and volun-
teer companies to push on as rapidly as possible, without any regard to the time fixed on for the general rendezvous
of the ordinary draughts. The commanding officers of the companies or detachments are instructed to report them-
selves, and the number of their men, to General Winder, as the officer who may have command of the troops in the
service of the United States, in the 10th military district.
The tents, camp-equipage, as well as arms and accoutrements, belonging to the State, being insufficient to ac-
commodate the troops called into service, the Governoi- relies on the deficiency being supplied by the United States
as promptly as practicable, to render the men comfortable and efficient.
With high respect and esteem, sir, your obedient servant,
N. B. BOILEAU, Secretary.
John Armstrong, Esq. Secretary of TVar.
Amnafolis, July 39, 1814.
Sir:
In conformity to the request of the President of the United States, signified in your communication of the 4th
instant, a detachment of five thousand four hundred infantry, and six hundred artillery ,^ was directed to be organ-
ized and held in readiness to march at the shortest notice, and in consequence of General Winder having, by direc-
tion of the President, requested three thousand of the draughts of the militia of this State maybe called into the field
and in order to comply as fully as practicable with the request, the whole of the draughts of the militia from the
Western Shore, being about three thousand five hundred infantry, have been ordered to be embodied. You will ob-
serve by the map andline drawn from Washington to Baltimore (not far east of which I presume these men will
be encamped) will have a very considerable portion of the militia between that line and the bay shore; and conse-
quently, I presume the draughts from this section of the country would not be drawn back from that part most ex-
posed. Baltimore, I fear, will be unwilling that any part of that force from which they expected to derive aid,
should be withdrawn from them. Under these circumstances, it was thought most prudent to order the v. hole!
They have been directed to be embodied in their several brigade districts, and move on the shortest route to Bla-
densburg, where, I presume, on the receipt of this information, arrangements will be made (under your directions)
for their accommodation. What number will arrive there in any given time, I am not yet advised of The whole
artillery of the State does not amount to more than nine hundred; and more than two-thirds of that number are in
Baltimore; consequently the proportion from thence would be more than four hundred. So great a proportion, or
any thing like it, being taken from what is their most efficient force,, would create great uneasiness. The order,
therefore, with respect to them, is suspended, until General Smith can have some communication with you.
I am, sir, with great respect, yours, &c.
LEVIN WINDER.
Honorable Secretary of War.
Adjutant General's Office, Richmond, 14//j July, 1814
Sir: ....
Your requisition on the militia of this State, bearing date the 4th instant, has been received.
Apprehending that the object of this measure is to have in readiness a provisional force to repel a sudden inva-
sion, I have enclosed the general orders from this department, of the 22d ultimo, placing in a state of preparation
for such an event upwards of fifteen thousand men. They are not organized, other than on the plan of the militia
generally; but you will perceive that the points of rendezvous are designated. In addition to this force, the 8th
and a greater part of the 9(h brigade, (amounting to seven thousand, and all convenient to Norfolk) are placed in
the same situation, and directed to co-operate with General Porter in resisting an attack on Norfolk.
552 MILITARY AFFAIRS. imi4.
Arms, ammunition, &c. will be placed in Ihe hands of the whole. Siiould these arrangements meet your views,
it will be necessary to make a detail on all the regiments in the State for the twelve thousand called for; unless it
is desirable that this number be set apart to perform a regular tour of duty. But, as the troops now in readiness
are adequate to the emergency contemplated, and the requisitions for those that are to peiform regular duty will be
made in future in time fur every preparation to be m;ule, it is believed that the object of your requisition has been
anticipated. If this is the fact, his Excellency tlie Governor is desirous that the regiments now held in requisition,
and subject to be called out en masse, be considered by you as a provisional force only, and not subject to perform
service beyond the continuance of the emergency winch may call tliem into the field.
As concert in the measures of the General and State Governments is all important, permit me earnestly to solicit
your earliest attention to this subject. In the mean time, ariangements will be made to take our quota from the
militia, generally, as that measure cannot be avoided, under existing circumstances, unless the force required be
provisional. Rest assured, sir. that nothing will be wanting on the part of this State to co-operate cordially and
eflectually with the General Government.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
CLAIBORNE W. GOOCH, Deputy Mjutant General.
The Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
War Department, July I8th, 1814.
Sir:
A letter of the 14th instant, from Deputy Adjutant General Goocli, enclosing a copy of your general orders
of the 22d ultimo, and requesting to know whether the corps put into requisition by these orders would not supply
the call of the 4th instant, made through this Department on the State ot Virginia, has been received and submitted
to the President. In reply thereto, 1 am instructed to state, that, inasmuch as the service of the militia required
by your Excellency is declared to be provisional, limited, in pi>int of time, to the emergency that calls it forth, and,
in point of place, to the State of Virginia, and not subjected to the direction of any officer of the United States, it
cannot be considered as fullilling the views of the President.
Permit me to take this occasion to state to your Excellency that two thousand of the quota of Virginia will be
put at the disposition of General Winder, as commanding officer of this district.
1 have the honor to be. Your Excellency's most obedient servant,
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
His Excellency the Governor of Virginia.
No. 7.
NARRATIVE OF GENERAL WINDER.
O'Neale's, September 26, 1814.
The readiest mode in which I can meet the inquiries which you have made, on behalf of the committee of
which you are the chairman, will be to give a narrative of my agency as commander of the 10th military district,
and to accompany it with the correspondence which I have had, by letter, with the General and State Governments,
ami their respective officers, while in that command.
Within the few last days of June, and before it was known that my exchange was perfect, although intelligence
to that effect was momently expected, I was at the city of Washington, and the ^Secretary ot War informed me that
it was in contemplation to create another military district, to embrace the country from, the Rappahannock north-
ward, to include the State of Maryland, and that the President intended to vest me with the command of it.
On my return to Baltimore I addressed to the Secretary of War copies of the leltersJierewith transmitted, mark-
Abo'ut the 4th or 5lli of July, I received a letter, a copy of which, marked IB, accompanies this, which enclosed
an Older constituting the 10th military district, a copy of which is annexed to the letter above referred to.
In obedience to the requisition of the letter, 1 immediately went to Washington, and waited on the Secretary of
War. He stated to me that, in addition to the garrisons of the several forts within my district, and the detach-
ments of the 30th and 38th infantry, then at Benedict, it was contemplated to order a detachment of cavalry, then
at Carlisle, under orders to be mounted, amounting to about one hundred and filty, a company of the 12th, and
from one or two companies of the lOth regular infantry, which would be ordered to be collected from their several
recruiting rendezvous and to march to the city of Washington, and that the whole regular force, thus to be collect-
ed, mi^ht amount to one thousand or twelve hundred, and that the balance ot my coinmaiid would be composed of
miiitia? That a requisition was about to be made upon certain States for upwards of ninety thousand militia, in-
tended for the defence of tlie maritime frontier of the country, and showed me a blank circular which had been
printed but not tilled up, nor sent to the respective Governors of the States.
I took the liberty of suggesting to the Secretary of War, at that time, my idea of the propriety of callingimmedi-
ately into the field at least a portion of the militia intended for my district, and encamping tiiem in the best posi-
tions for protecting the probable points at which the enemy would strike it he should invade the district of my com-
mand 'l"he Secretary was of opinion that the most advantageous mode of using militia was upon the spur of the oc-
casion, and to bring them to fight as soon as called out. 1 returned within a d.iy or two to Baltimore, [to prepare
myself for visiting the difterent parts of my district, and to explore it generally, and particularly those parts of it
which might be considered as the approaches to the three principal points of it, to wit: Washington, Baltimore, and
My impressions of the necessity of having a respectable force immediately called into the field were strengthened
instead of diminished by subsequent reflection, and I, in consequence, on the 9th of July, addressed the letter to the
Secretaryof War, a copy of which is herewith sent, marked 3 A. ,■ . ■ ■. .i
Agreeably to the susgestioii contained in that letter, I proceeded to Annapolis to visit the military posts there,
and to be ready on the spot, when the Governor should receive the requisition, and myself such instructions as might
be thought proper to be given me, to take the most immediate steps to accomplish them.
The^Governor received the requisition, and immediately issued the necessary orders to have the quota required
On the'l2th July, the Secretary addressed me a letter, (the copy of which is herewith marked 2 B,) but which,
beiii" directed to Baltimore, did not reach me until after I had been to Upper Marlborough and again returned to
Annapolis where it followed me. I proceeded from Annapolis to Upper Marlborough, and oii the 16th addressed
two letters to the Secretary of War, of which copies are sent, marked 4 A, 5 A.
The apprehension that the enemy would proceed up the Patuxeut and attack the flotilla at JNottingham, in con-
sequence of the reinforcement he had just received, gaining strength, I proceeded immediately to Nottingham, instead
of "oiite to the Woodyard as I intended. During ihe 16th we received no information of a movement of the enemy
up^the liver but on the 17th. about 9 o'clock, Mr. Fitzhugh arrived, express from the mouth ol the Patuxent, and
stated that about twenty barges, several frigates, and some small armed vessels, were proceeding up the river. I, in
consequence wrote a letter to the Secretary of War, a copy of which is herewith sent, marked 0 A; and wrote a
note to Brigadier General West, of the Maryland militia, advising him to call out the militia ot the county.
1 ordered the detachments of the 36ih and 38di to hasten from the head of South river, by lorced marches, to Not-
tingham. Three companies of the city militia were promptly despatched, in consequence of my lettir of the 17th.
But by the time these latter had reached the Woodyard, and the regulars Marlborough, the enemy had entered
Hunting creek, on the Calvert side of the river, had proceeded to Huntingtowii, burned the tobacco warehouse.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 553
after having taken off" the principal part of the tobacco, and were retiring down the river. I halted the city militia
at the Woodyard, and the regulars at Marlborough.
In answer to my letter of the 17th from Nottingham, I received the following answer from the Secretary of War,
marked 3 B. As soon, therefore, as 1 ascertained that the enemy had retired to the mouth of the Patuxent, I pro-
ceeded to Annapolis, to make the requisition upon the Governor, as directed by the Secretary of War; and thence
to Baltimore, to lend my aid and power to draw out the force authorized there.
While at Annapolis, I addressed to the Secretary of War the letter dated -0th of July, a copy of which is sent,
marked 7 A, and at the same time made the requisition on the Governor, herewith sent, marked 1 C. After re-
maining at Baltimore a day, and leaving orders to Brigadier General .Stau'<bury, who had been called on to com-
mand the militia to be assembled there, relative to their muster and inspection, under the laws of Congress, I re-
turned to Marlborough, to fix upon an encampment for the militia 1 had required from the Governor, anu to be more
at hand to be informed of the enemy's movements. From Upper Marlboraugh, on the 23d of July, I wrote the
Secretary of War the accompanying letter, marked 8 A; and then proceeded to the Woodyard, from whence, on the
same day, I wrote to the Secretary of War the follo\\ing letter, marked 9 A.
The enemy still remaining inactive, or rather confining himself to depredations upon tlie lower parts of the rivers
Patuxent and Potomac, I seized the opportunity of visiting Fort Washington, and on the 95th required from Lieu-
tenant Edwards, the commanding officer, a repiesentation of what he deemed necessary to complete the equipment
of the fort, with its then works, and received from him a representation, which I enclosed in a letter to the Secre-
tary of War on the 25th, of which copies are sent, marked 10 A. A copy of his answer, marked 4 B, is herewith
sent.
Learning that some of the enemy's ships were proceeding up the Potomac, I proceeded down to Port Tobacco,
with a view of ascertaining mure precisely his views, and of informing myself of the country; and on the 26th wrote
the Secretary of War the following letter, marked 11 A.
Having ascertained, the next morning, that the enemy's ships had descended the river, I returned to Marlborough,
and availed myself ot the first opportunity 1 had, to review and inspect the detachment of the 36th and 38th; and
thence proceeded to Washington city, where I established permanent head quarters of the district, on the 1st of
August. I availed myself of a day, at this time, to review and inspect the two brigades of District militia, in Alex-
andria and this place, and reported the result to Major General Van Ness, commanding the District militia, in the
letter herewith, marked No. 1.
The people of St. Mary's and Charles's had become extremely sore under the harassing service to which they
had been subjected, and the devastation and plunder vvhich the enemy had been so long committing on their shores;
and the remonstrances of Brigadier Geneial Stewart, commanding the militia there, under the State authority, had
become extremely importunate with both the Secretary of War and tlie President, to receive aid and protection from the
General Government. The danger of throwing a force so far dovvii into that neck of land, which exposed them to the
danger of being cut off, besides that they would be lost for the defence of Washington, Baltimore, or Annapolis,
had hitherto prevented me from pushing any part of my command so low down. But the President, in conversation,
told me, that their situation required aid, and diiected me to move the detachments of the 3Ctli and 38th ilown to
unite with, and aid. General Stewart. I accordingly ordered Lieutenant Colonel Scott to move froiTi Marlborough
to Piscataway, and 1 proceeded directly down myself on tiie 3d. On the morning of the 4th of August I wrote the
following letter from Port Tobacco, marked 13 A, to the Secietary of War, and agreeably to the intention therein
expressed, proceeded twelve miles below, to General Stewart's camp. I there learned, beyond doubt, that the
enemy had returned down the river; and after assuring the General of support, if they again advanced up the river,
1 returned back again to the city of Washington, directing Lieutenant Colonel Scott, commanding the regulars, to
take up his encampment at a very convenient place, two miles from Piscataway, on the road to the Woodyard and
Marlborough.
On my arrival at Washington, I found that the requisition, made upon the Governor of Maryland for three thou-
sand men, to be assembled at Bladensburg, had brought to that place only one company; but 1 learned that other
detachments were about marching to that place, and, in order that no delay might occur in organizing and equipping
them, I ordered Major Keyser, of the 38th regular infantry, to proceed to Bladensburg, to muster, inspect, and
drill the detachments as they came in.
I thence proceeded to Baltimore, to ascertain more precisely the effect of the requisition made on Major General
Smith for two thousand from his division; when arrived, I found about one thousand two hundred only assembled.
I reviewed and inspected them, and gave Brigadier General Stansbury orders to endeavor, by the most speedy
means, to get in the delinquents and absentees.
I had just learned, by a letter from the Governor of Maryland, and also from General Smith, that, upon Gene-
ral Smith's application to the Secretary of War, he had determined that the two thousand men, now called to Bal-
timore, and vvhich had been detached, under a requisition of the Secretary of War, directly on General Smith, of
the 20th of April, were to be considered as part of the quota of Maryland, irnder the requisition of the 4th of July.
1 had drawn a different conclusion, and had so informed both the Governor and General Smith, in the visits I made
to Annapolis and Baltimore, about the ^Oth of July, immediately after receiving the letter from the Secretary of
War of the 17tli of July, above exhibited. In order to supply the deficit, in my calculation upon this force, I ad-
dressed the letter of the 13;h of August to the Secretary of War, of which a copy, marked 14 A, is here presented;
proceeded the same or the following day to Washington, by the way of Annapolis, and on the 17th, at Washington,
the day following my arrival, received the letter from the Secretary of War, of vvhich a copy, marked 5 B, is sent.
I should have stated.that, two days after my return to the city of Washington, about the 6th of August, I re-
ceived two letters from the Secretary of War, the one dated the 15th, the other the 17th of July, which, having been
addressed to me at Baltimore, had followed me backward and forward from place to place, and unfortunately only
reached me at this late period; copies of them are herewith sent, marked 6 B and 7 B.
1 had, ill the mean time, addressed the letter of the 6th of August to the Governor of Pennsylvania, a copy of
which is sent, marked 1 D, and upon the 8th, on the receiving the letter of the Secretary of War of the 15th, I
wrote another letter to the Governor of Pennsylvania, ot which, from haste or much occupation, I did not take a
copy, or have mislaid it; it substantially, however, inlormed him of the number of militia I was authorized to call
from him, requesting him to hasten their draughting and organization, and to transmit a list of the officers, from briga-
diers down, who would command. Should this letter be deemed material, a copy can be obtained from the Gover-
nor, and I have written to procure it.
I addressed, on the 16th, also, a similar letter to the Governor of Virginia. On the 16th or 17th of August, I
received from the Secretary of State of Pennsylvania an answer, dated the 11th, of vvhich a copy, marked 2 D, is
herewidr sent; and from the Adjutant General of Virginia, the answer and enclosures herewith sent, marked E.
On the morning of Thursday the 18th, intelligence was received, from the observatory on Point Lookout, that,
on the morning of the 17th, the enemy's fleet off that place had been reinforced by a formidable squadron of ships
and vessels, of various sizes.
I imnjediately made requisitions upon the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and to various militia officers,
copies of which are herewith sent, marked as follows: to the Governor of Pennsylvania, 3 D; to the Governor oi
Maryland, 2 C; to Major General Smith of Baltimore, 1 F; to Brigadier General West, of Prince George's, Mary-
land, No. 18; to Major General Van Ness, No. 4; to Brigadier General Hungerfoid, Virginia, No. 14; to Biigadier
General Douglas and Colonel Chilton, of Virginia, and Brigadier Generals Ringgold, Swearingen, Barrack, and
Foreman, of Maryland, No. 5.
Besides the letters and correspondence here referred to particularly, a mass of correspondence occurred with va-
rious persons, relative to my command, and which, as far as I suppose they can have any influence on the investiga-
tion, are herewith sent.
That with the Governor of Maryland will be found in bundle C,and numbered, in addition to those already
mentioned, from 3 C to H C, both inclusive. That with General Smith in bundle F; and that with other persons,
554 MILITARY AFFAIRS.
not before referred to, with the numbers before referred to, are exhibited from No. 1 to number 53, inclusive. Much
other correspondence, necessary to be carried on, and which occupied much time, took place; which, however, is
not sent, as I deemed them not calculated to illustrate the inquiry, and only calculated uselessly to encumber and
embarrass the inquiry. They will be furnished, if thought requisite.
I will state as nearly as possible the forces which were in the field under these various demands and requisitions,
the time of their assembling, their condition, and subsequent movements.
The returns first made, when I came into command, gave me.
Fort McIIcnry, under the command of Major Armistead, non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, for
duty, - - - - - - - - - - 194
At Annapolis, in Forts Severn and Madison, under Lieutenant Fay, - - - - 39
At Fort Washington, under Lieulenant Edwards, - - - - - - 49
The detachments of the 36tl> and 38th, and a small detachment of artillery under Lieutenant Colonel Scott, 330
612
These corps received no a<ldition, but were gradually diminishing by the ordinary causes which alwa3^s operate
to this effect.
The two thousand Maryland militia, who were ordered to assemble at Baltimore, had been draughted in pur-
suance of a requisition, made by the Secretary of War on General Smith, of the 20th of April, and, as full time had
been allowed to make the draught deliberately, (hey were, as far as practicable, ready to come without delay; notwith-
standing Brigadier General Stansbury was unable to bring to Bladensburg more than one thousand four hundred, in-
cluding officers, and arrived at Bladensburg on the evening of the 22d ot August.
From General Strieker's brigade in the city of Baltimoie, which had ?been called out en masse, I required a re-
giment of infantry, the battalion of riflemen, and two companies of artillery — not deeming it practicable to reconcile
the people of Baltimore to march a greater number, and leave it without any force, and benig strongly persuaded
that the exigency would have drawn in time a greater force from the adjacent country. The detachment from Striek-
er's brigade, under Colonel Sterett, arrived at Bladensburg in the night of the 23d of August, and the total amount
was nine hundred and fifty-six.
The detachment which had been stationed at Annapolis, under Colonel Hood, and which had been at the' mo-
ment transferred by the Governor of Maryland to my command, arrived at the bridge at Bladensburg about fifteen
minutes before the enemy appeared, and 1 suppose was six to seven hundred strong. 1 have never had any return of it.
The brigade of General Smith, consisting of the militia of the District of Columbia on this side the Potomac,
were called out on Thursday, the 18th of August; on Friday were assembled, and on Saturday, the 20th, they
crossed the Eastern Branch bridge, and advanced about five miles towards the Woodyard. They amounted, I sup-
pose, to about twelve hundi'ed; a retuin was never had before they separated from my command, as there was not
an interval of sufficient rest to have obtained one.
General Young's brigade, from Alexandria, between five and six hundred strong, crossed the Potomac, Satur-
day or Sunday, the 19th or 20th, and took post near Piscatavvay.
The call for three thousand militia, under the requisition of the 4th July, had produced only two hundred and
fifty men at the moment the enemy landed at Benedict. In addition to the causes fierein beforementioned, the iuef-
ficacy of this call is to be attributed to the incredulity of the people on the danger of invasion; the perplexed, brok-
en, and harassed state of the militia in St. Mary's, Calvert, Charles, Prince George's, and a part of Ann Arundel
counties, which had rendered it^^impossible to make the draught in some of them, or to call them from those exposed
situations where they had been on duty two months, under the local calls for Maryland.
Several other small detachments of Maryland militia, either as volunteers, or under the calls on the brigadiers,
joined about the day before the action, whose numbers or commanding officers I did not know. They may have
amounted to some four or five hundred.
Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman, of the Maryland cavalry, under an order of the Governor of Maryland, with
about eighty dragoons, arrived at the city of Washington on the 16th of August, on his way to join General Stewart,
in the lower part of Charks or St. Mary's county.
Under the permission I just then received, to accept all the militia, then in the field, under the State of Mary-
land, 1 informed Colonel Tilghman that I had no doubt of the Governor's sanction, for which I had applied, and
recommended him to halt here. He agreed not only to this, but, by the consent of General Stewart, who happened
then to be in the city, sick, agreed to take my orders.
Lieutenant Colonel Lavall, of the United States' light dragoons, with a small squadron of about one hundred and
twenty, who had been mounted at Carlisle the preceding Monday, arrived at Montgomery Courthouse on the even-
ing of the 19th of August, reported himself to the War Office, and received orders to report to me. He moved on
the next morning and crossed the Eastern Branch.
Captain Morgan, with a company of about eighty of the 12th United States' infantry, joined at the Long Old
Fields on the evening of the 22d.
Colonel Minor, from Virginia, arrived at the city on the evening of the 23d, with about five hundred men, wholly
unarmed and without equipments. Under the direction of Colonel Carbery, who had been charged with this sub-
ject, they received arms, ammunition, &c. next morning, but not until after the action at Bladensburg.
No part of the 10th had yet arrived.
There had been no Adjutant or Inspector General attached to my command, from its commencement. Major
Hite, Assistant Adjutant General, joined me, on the 16th of August, at Washington, and Major Smith, Assist-
ant Inspector General, on the 19th.
This was the situation, condition, and amount, of my force and commahd.
It will be observed that this detail is continued up to the moment of the battle of Bladensburg; but, as the time
at which the different corps respectively joined is stated, it mil be readily seen what troops were concerned in the
different movements which will now be detailed.
The innumerably multiplied orders, letters, consultations, and demands, which crowded upon me at the mo-
ment of such an alarm, can more easily be conceived than described, and occupied me nearly day and night, from
Thursday, the 18th of August, till Sunday, the 21st, and had nearly broken down myself and assistants in prepar-
ing, dispensing, and attending to them.
On Thursday evening. Colonel Monroe proposed, if I would detach a troop of cavalry with him, to proceed in
the most probable direction to find the enemy, and reconnoitre him. Captain Thornton's troop, from Alexandria,
was detailed on this service, and, on Friday morning, the Colonel departed with them. At this time, it was sup-
posed the enemy intended up the bay, as one of his ships was already in view from Annapolis, and his boats were
sounding South river. It was Colonel Monroe's intention to have proceeded direct to Annapolis; but, before he
had got without the city, he received intelligence that the enemy had proceeded up the Patuxent, and were de-
barkmg at Benedict. He therefore bent his course to that place. By his i?rst letter, on Saturday, which reached
the President that evening, he was unable to give any precise intelligence, except that the enemy were at Benedict
in force.
On Saturday, Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman, with his squadron of dragoons, was despatched by way of the
Woodyard to fall down upon the enemy, to annoy, harass, and impede their march, by every possible means, to re-
move or destroy forage and provision from before the enemy, ami gain intelligence. Captain Caldwell, with his
troop of city cavalry, was despatched with the same views towards Benedict, by Piscataway, it being wholly un-
certain what route the enemy would take, if it was his intention to come to Washington.
On Sunday, I crossed the Eastern Branch, and joined Brigadier General Smith, at the Woodyard, where Lieu-
tenant Colonel Scott, with the 36th and 38th, and Lieutenant Colonel Kramer, with the militia from Bladensburg,
had arrived by previous orders. On the road to the Woodyard, I received a letter from Colonel Monroe, of whi ch
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON,
555
tiat time, was not entertained by any body ol the intention of the enemy to proceed iliioct to
the advantage of dividing their force, and proceeding on two roads running so near each other to
) obvious, that I gave orders to Scotland Peter to retire, and occupy the first eligible posit'ioii
tion of that road and the one we were on, and the Woodyard; despatched a patrol of cavalry to
a copy IS sent, marked ; and, at about eight o'clock in the evening, I received another letter from him, of which
a copy is sent, marked ,• and, m a very short time after, he arrived himself, and, immediately after. Colonel
Beall, who had seen a body ol the enemy, which he estimated at four thousand, (without supposing he had seen the
whole) enter Nottingham, on Sunday evening. Colonel Monroe, being much exhausted, retired to rest. I gave
Colonel Beall, on account of his experience, orders to proceed and join Colonel Hood, on his march from Annapo-
lis, and take command of the detachment. I occupied the night in writing letters and orders to various officers
and persons, and, at day-light, ordered a light detachment from General Smith's brigade, under Major Peter, the
regulars, under Lieutenant Colonel Scott, and Lavall's cavalry, to proceed immediately towards Nottingham, to
meet the enemy.
I proceeded immediately in advance myself, accompanied by Colonel Monroe, and the gentlemen of my staff
I had learned that Colonel Tilghinan, with his cavalry, on the advance of the enemy, had fallen back upon'Marl-
borough, the evening before, and had, during the night, sent him an order to proceed upon the road from Marlbo-
rough to Nottingham, and meet me at the Chapel. Having got considerably in advance of Lieutenant Colonel
Scotfs arid Major Peter's detachments, and also to obtain intelligence, I halted at Mr. Oden's, within hilf a mile
of the junction of the roads from Marlborough and the Woodyard to Nottingham, directing Lavall to gain the
Marlborough road, post himself at the Chapel, and push forward patrols upon all the roads towards Nottfn "ham.
In less than half an hour, and before the detachments of Scott and Peter had come up, intelligence was brought
that the enemy was moving on from Nottingham in force towards the Chapel. I immediately proceeded, with tiie
gentlemen who were with me, to gain an observation of the enemy, and came within view of the enemy's advance
about two miles below the Chapel. The observation was continued until the enemy reached the Chapel, and Scott
and Peter being then near two miles distant from that point, and it being therefore impossible for them to reach the
junction of the Marlborough and Woodyard road before the enemy, I sent orders lor them to post themselves in
the most advantageous position, and wait for me with the body of the cavalry. I turned into the road to the
Woodyard, and detached a small party, under Adjutant General Hite, on the Marlborough road, to watch the ene-
my's movements on that road, and give information. Upon arriving at Oden's, himself, or some other person of the
neighborhood whom I knew, and on whom I could rely, informed me that there was a more direct road, but not
so much frequented, leading from Nottingham to the Woodyaril, and joining that on which I then was, "two mile"
nearer the Woodyard.
A doubt, at that time, was not entertained by any body of the intention of the eneiny to proceed direct to
Washington, and the advantag" ■''-'■■•■-'■--''■-- '■ — ' '
the same point, so obv:
between the junction o. ...... i. .v.«v. u..... ^n^ wnv^ *vt wcic uu, auu luc w uu^jyaiu^ uespaicnea a patrol or cavalry
observe that road, and give the earliest notice of any advance of the enemy upon it. I still continued the observa-
tion of the eneiny myself, and he turned a part of his column into the road to the Woodyard, and penetrated a
skirt of wood, which hid the junction of the Marlborough and Woodyard road from view, and there halted it
within a quarter of a mile of Oden's house. I hesitated lor some time whether to attribute his delay to a view
which he may have had of Scott's and Peter's detachment, or to a design to conceal his movement towards Marl-
borough, the road to that place being concealed by woods from any point of observation which could be gained.
It appeared afterwards that his whole force halted here for an hour or upwards, and thus continued in an uncer-
tainty as to his intended route. I had, in the mean time, rode back and assisted Peter and Scott to post their
detachments in a favorable position, from whence I entertained a hope to have given the enemy a serious check
without much risk to this detachment. Orders had been previously sent to General Smith to post his whole detach-
ment in conjunction with Commodore Barney, who had by this time joined him from Marlborough, with about
four hundred sailors and marines, and had taken also command of the marines, under Captain Miller, who had
arrived from the city the night before. I presumed, from the appearance of his force, it was about one hundred or
one hundred and twenty. As soon as I had satisfied myself as to the position and disposition of Scott's and Peter's
detachments, I .advanced .tgain towards the enemy, to ascertain his situation and intentions. It had now become
certain that he had taken the road to Marlborough; and Colonel Monroe crossed over to that place, to join Lieu-
tenant Colonel Tilghman, and observe his movements.
I sent an order immediately to Scott and Peter, to retire back to General Smith, and the latter to take post at
the points where the roads from Washington city and the Woodyard, to Marlborough, unite. This order was in-
correctly delivered, or misunderstood, and he took post, instead, at the point where the roads from the Woodyard
and Marlborough, to the city of Washington, unite. The mistake, however, produced no inconvenience, but on
the contrary, was perhaps better than the position to which I had directed; because it threw my force more between
Marlborough and Bladeiisburg, and also in command of the road by which the enemy did finally advance, which the
other position would not have clone. Its inconvenience was, that it left open the road to Fort Washington, and render-
ed General Young's junction, if it should become proper to advance him, hazardous on that road. It fuither became
necessary to retire still further back, and the only position where the troops could be tolerably accommodated, or
posted to advantage, was at Dunlap's, or, as it is generally called, the Long, or Battalion Old Fields.
General Smith was therefore ordered to retire to that point, with the whole of the troops, except the cavalry.
Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman, and Captain Herbert, were charged with hovering upon the enemy on all the roads
leading from Bladensburg, from the north, and from Annapolis to Marlborough. With Lavall's cavalry, I ad-
vanced to the nearest and most convenient positions between the AVoodyard and Marlborough, and found the enemy
quietly halted at Marlborough. Tilghman's cavalry picked up one or two prisoners, who had straggled beyond the
enemy's pickets, and my examination of them confirmed me that the enemy did not contemplate leaving Marlbo-
rough that day.
After remaining near Marlborough, in observation, till toward the latter part of the afternoon, I returned to
General Smith, where I arrived toward the close of the day. About dark I learned that the President and Heads
of Departments had arrived at a house about a mile in the rear of the camp. I detached a Captain's guard to his
quarters; advanced the cavalry of Lavall on the roads towards Marlborough, with orders to patrol as close upon
the enemy as possible during the course of the night; and after having waded through the infinite applications, con-
sultations, and calls, necessarily arising from a body of two thousand five hundred men, not three days from their
homes, without organization, or any practical knowledge of service on the part of their officers, and being obliged
to listen to the officious but well intended information and advice of the crowd, who, at such a time, would be full
of both, I lay down to snatch a moment of rest.
A causeless alarm from one of the sentinels placed the whole force under arms about three o'clock in the
morning. A short time after sun-rise, 1 rode over to the quarters of the President, to inform him and the Secretary
of War of the state of things. Upon my return, rumors prevailed that the enemy had taken the road to Queen
Ann, which was directly leading to Annapolis. I could not, however, suppose that Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman
and Captain Herbert would fail to advise me if the fact were so. The rumor, however, gained ground; and just at
this time, Mr. Luli'boiough, of this city, with some fifteen or twenty mounted men, offered himself ready to perform
any duties on which I could employ them. I immediately despatched him to ascertain the truth of this report, by
penetrating to that road, and also to obtain whatever information he could relative to the enemy. About twelve
o'clock he sent me decisive information that the enemy were not on the Annapolis road.
I received constant intelligence that the enemy still remained in Marlborough; and, therefore, felt no doubt
that, if he intended to take the road to Annapolis, any movement upon that road was only an advance party
for observation, and preparatory to a general movement; and as the morning advanced, and the information brought
still confirmed the impression that the enemy intended no movement from Upper Marlborough, I resolved to
endeavor to concentrate the force (which I hoped had now considerably accumulated within my reach) down upon
the enemy's lines near Marlborough.
I accordingly ordered a light detachment to be sent forward by General Smith, under Major Peter, and having
also learned by Major Woodyear, of General Stansbury's staft', that he had arrived the evening before at Bladens-
556 MILITARY AFFAIRS. 11814.
burg, I sent ordeis to him to advance toward Marlborough, and to take post at the point where the Old Fields to
Queen Ann crosses the road from Bladensburg to Marlborough, which brought him within four miles of the Old
Fields, and within from six to eight of the enemy. I was anxiously waiting to hear of Lieutenant Colonel Beall's
progress with the detachment for Annapolis, and of Lieutenant Colonel Stcrett's, from Baltimore.
The President and Heads of Department had been upon the field since about eiglit o'clock. I communicated
my views and intentions, as above detailed, and informed them that I proposed myself to pass over the road from
Bladensburg to Marlborough, to meet General Stansbury, to make closer observations upon the road direct from
the enemy to Bladensburg, and to establisli more thoroughly a concert between Stansbury and Smith's command; to
be also nearer to Beall, to give him also a direction towards the enemy on the road leading into Marlborough from
the north, if my intelligence should continue to justify it, and to draw down Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, with his
force, as soon as I should ascertain where it was. I accordingly, with a troop of Lavall's cavalry, proceeded about
12 o'clock: upon arriving at the Bladensburg road I halted, and pushed a patrol of cavalry down toward Marlbo-
rough.
In a few minutes after, three of Captain Herbert's troop, who were observing down the same road, arrived, with
two prisoners, who they had just seized in a very bold and dexterous manner. The information of these prisoners
confirmed the impression that the enemy did not intend to move from Marlborough that day; and as it was now
one o'clock, I felt little doubt of it. After remaining some time for intelligence from the United States' dra;;oons,
that I had sent down with orders to press down as closely as possible upon the enemy, a slight firing was heard in
the direction of the enemy, which I concluded was from the enemy's picket upon this party; a few moments con-
firmed this conjecture by the reiuni of a dragoon with this intelligence. A more considerable firing was then, how-
ever, heard, which I concluded to be a skirmishing by Peter's detachment with the enemy, put upon the alert and
advance by the firing at the dragoons.
The firing soon after ceased, and after hr.ving sent for the purpose of ascertaining the fact, with directions to
follow with intelligence on toward Bladensburg. in which direction I proceeded with the expectation of meeting
General Stansbury, and with the intention to halt liim until my intelligence should decide my further proceedings.
I had proceeded within four or five miles of Bladensburg, without meeting General Stansbury, when I was over-
taken by Major McKenney, a volunteer aid with General Smith, who informed me that Peter had skirmished with
the advancing enemy, who had driven him back on General Smith, and that the enemy had halted within three
miles of the Old Fields: thiit agreeably to my directions upon the probability of an attack, General Smith had sent
off the baggage across the Eastern Branch; and that himself and Commodore Barney had drawn up the forces leady
to receive the enemy, should he advance. On my way toward Bladensburg I had left orders with Lieutenant
Colonel Tilghman's cavalry to continue their observation on the Bladensburg and Marlborough roads, and in case
the enemy should move on that road, to give General Stansbury immediate notice, and tall back on him. In pro-
ceeding to the Old Fields I met Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman himself, and renewed these directions. Captain
Herbert was also between Gener.d Stansbury and the enemy, with the same instructions.
When Major McKenney gave me the intelligence of the advance of the enemy, I despatched an aid to General
Stansbury, with directions to liim to fall back, and take the best position in advance of Bladensburg, and unite Lieu-
tenant Colonel Sterett with him, should he arrive at Bladensburg, as I expected, that evening; and should he be
attacked, to resist as long as possible, and if obliged to retire, to retreat toward the city.
I reached the Old Fields about five o'clock in the afternoon, and found General Smith and Commodore Barney
had judiciously posted their men in expectation of the enemy, and \yere expecting his approach. The head of the
enemy's column was about three miles from our position, and five miles from Marlborough. He must have reached
that point by or before three o'clock, and his halt there, at that period of the day, so short a distance from Marlbo
rough, and apparently only drawn out by my parties pressing upon him, and at the point from whence he could take
the road to Bladensburg, to tlje Eastern Branch bridge, or Fort Washington, indifferently, or it might be to cover
his march upon .Annapolis; to which place he had strong temptations to proceed. His force was very imperfectly
known, the opinions and representations varying from four to twelve thousand; the better opinion fixed it from five
to seven thousand. If he supposed his force insufficient to proceed to Washington, and further reinforcements
were expected, which all information concurred to state, the natural conclusion was, that he would seek sonie place
where he could in security refresh his men, and place them in comfortable quarters, near a convenient port for his
ships, and whence, upon receiving reinforcements, he would be ready (o act against the important points of the
country. Having, therefore, already accomplished one great object of the expedition — the destruction of Commo-
dore Barney's flotilla — if he was not in a condition to proceed further into the country, Annapolis offered him a
place in all respects such as he would desire. It brought him to a tine port, where his ships could lie in safety; it
afforded abundant and comfortable quarters for his men; magazines and store houses for all his stores and muni-
tions of every description; was capable, with very little labor, of being rendered impregnable by land, and he com-
manded the watei-; it was the nearest point of debarkation to the city of Washington, without entering a narrow
river, liable to great uncertainty in its navigation from adverse winds; and was at hand to Baltimore; equally
thieatening those two great points, and rendering it absolutely necessary to keep a force doubly sufiicient to resist
him— one for the protection of Washington, the other for Baltimore. The squadron which was ascending the Poto
mac, and had now passed the Kettle Bottoms, the only obstruction in the navigation of the river, might be only a
feint, the more effectually to conceal their intentions against Annapolis; or, what was more probable, was intended
to unite with the land force, and co-operate in a joint attack on Washington. It was, therefore, strongly believed,
that the land force was destined to proceed and take Fort Washington in the rear, where it was wholly defenceless,
while it was capable of offering a very formidable resistance to the ascent of ships up the river, and. imperfect as it
was, perhaps capable of repulsing them altogether. And it was therefore that I sent to General Young when the
force under General Smith fell back to the Old Fields, to take a position so as to protect Fort Washington, and
avoid being taken in the rear by the enemy.
If the object of (he enemy was to proceed direct to Washington, the road by Bladensburg offered fewer obstruc-
tions than that over the Eastern Branch bridge, altlmugh it was six miles further; and yet, if I had retired toward
Bladensburg, I should have been rcTnoved so much further from annoying or impeding the enemy if he proceeded
to Fort Washington; and I should have left the road to Washington city, by the Eastern Branch bridge, open to
him, which, although I had, as I supposed, left a secure arrangement for its destruction, yet the importance of
leaving that bridge as long as possible, on account of its great value to us, and the danger that, in the multitude of
business which was accumulated on every person during such alarm, confusion, and disorder, arising at such a
moment, with such raw, undisciplined, inexperienced, and unknown officers and men, rendered it hazaidous to
trust this direct and important pass unguarded.
It was under all these circumstances, that, after waiting for the enemy at the Old Fields till sun -down, that I
determined to retire over the Eastern Branch bridge, in which Commodore Barney concurred, and his force with
mine proceeded accordingly.
My reasons for not remaining at the Old Fields during the night was, that, if an attack should be made in the
night, our own superioiity, which lay in artillery, was lost, and the inexperience of the troops would subject them
to certain, infallible, and irremediable disorder, and probably destruction, and thereby occasion the loss of a full
half of the force which I could hope to oppose, under more favorable circumstances, to the enemy.
The reasons for retiring by the Eastern Branch bridge, were, the absolute security it gave to that pass, the
greater facility of joining General Young, and aiding in the protection of Fort Washington, the greater facility of
pursuing die enemy should he recede and proceed to Annapolis, and the certainty that I could draw General
Stansbury and Lieutenant Colonel Sterett to me if the enemy advanced too rapidly for me to advance and unite to
support them.
Under the harassing and perplijxing embarrassments, arising from having a mass of men suddenly assembled,
■withuut organization, discipline, or officers of any, the least, knowledge of service, except in the case of Major
Peter,, w, if possessing it, unknown to me as such, and the wearied and exhausted state in which incessant applica-
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 557
tion and exel'tion, lor nearly five uninterrupte'd days and nights, had left me, these views offered themselves to my
mind, and determined me to fall back, on Tuesday evening;, to the bridge, instead of Bladensburg. Since the event
has passed, and if a movement to Bladensburg, had it been made, would not have induced ihe enemy to pursue
another course, it is easy to determine that a retreat to Bladensburg might have been better; but those who under-
take to pass a judgment, should place themselves, back to the moment and situation 1 was in when I formed the
resolution, and it will be very difficult to find rt an error; or if one, it is of that sort which is supported, when
viewed in perspective, by stronger reasons than those which oppose it; and is only found to be an error by expe-
rience, which so often confounds all reason and calculation.
Upon arriving at the bridge, about eight o'clock, I directed General Smith to halt his men in the most convenient
position near the bridge on this side; and I passed over and rode directly to the President's, and informed him of
the then state of things. I had expected I-should probably have found the Secretary of War and other Heads of
Departments there, but they had respectively retired to their homes. I returned towards the bridge, leaving at
M'K.eowin's hotel the borrowed horse on which I rode. Both those I had with me being exhausted and worn down,
and as I knew no one who had a horse in a different situation, I proceeded on foot to the camp. General Smith
was not at the moment there. I proceeded on to the bridge, where I found about thirty men with axes, for the pur-
pose of cutting the bridge down, and no other preparation J'or destroying it made. I proceeded again to the camp;
detached a party of volunteers to burn the upper bridge at once; detached a party of regular infantry across tlie
bridge, in advance toward the enemy about half a mile,, to prevent him from seizing it by surprise, and posted
Burch's artillery to command the pass of the bridge on this side. I learned at the bridge that some persons from
the navy yard had been to the bridge to take some steps for destroying it, and knowing that this was the nearest
and the only place indeed from, whence I could draw the powder, boats, and combustibles, for the purpose of ren-
dering its destruction sure at any moment, I proceeded, accompanied by Major Cox, of Georgetown, to ascertain
what preparations had been made. I arrived there about twelve or one o'clock, saw Colonel Wharton, who referred
me to Commodore Tingey, to whom I then proceeded, and roused him from bed. He informed me that several
casks of powder were ready in boats to be sent from the navy yard to blow up the bridge when necessary. I begged
him to increase the quantity of powder, to furnish a quantity of combustibles, also to be laid upon the bridge,.tnat
its destruction, when necessary, in one way or other, might be put beyond doubt. Commodore Tingey undertook to
have what I requested provided, sent without delay to the bridge. 1 returned to the bridge to see that t]ie different
.detachments which I had stationed there were upon the alert, and understood the objects for which they Were
detached. And I thence returned to the camp, between three and four o'clock, much exhausted, and considerably
hurt in the right arm and ancle from a severe fall which I had into a gully or ditch on my way to the navy yard.
I snatched about an hour or two of sleep, rose, and proceeded to gather my attendants and horses, much exhausted
and worn down by the incessant action of the three preceding days, and proceeded to establish my head quarters
at a liouse near the bridge.
My patrols and videttes not having yet brought me any intelligence of a movement of the enemy, ami being
still doubtful whether lie mig-ht not move upon Annapolis, Fort Warburton, or toward the bridge, rather than Bla-
densburg, I held the position near the bridge, as that which, under all circumstances, would enable me best to act
against the enemy in any alternative. I learned, about this time, with considerable mortification, that Gen. Stans-
bury, from misundgrstanding or some other c^use, instead of hplding a position during the night, in advance of Bla-
densburg, had taken one about a mile in its rear; and that his men, from a causeless alarm, liad been under arms
the greater part of the night, and moved once or twice, and that he was at that moment on his march into the citv.
I instaiitly sent liim an order to resume his position at Bladensburg; to post himself to the best advantage; make
the utmost resistance, and to rely upon my supporting him if the enemy should move upon that road. 1 had, at a
very early hour in the raojning, detached Captain Graham, with his troop of Virginia cavalry, to proceed by Bla-
densburg down upon the road . toward the enemy, and ensure, by that rneans, timely notice to General Stansbury
atid myself,' should the enemy turn that way. With this addition to the cavalry, already on those roads, it became
impossible for the enemy to take any steps unobserved. -Additional cavalry patrols and videttes were also detach-
ed upon all the roads across the bridge, to ensure the certainty o.f intelligence, let the enemy move as he might.
Colonel Minor had also arrived in the city the evening before, with five Or six hundred militia from Virginia, but
they were without arms, accoutrements, or ammunition. 1 urged him to hasten his equipment, which I learn was de-
layed by some difficulty in finding Colonel Carbery.' charged with that business; and he had not received his arms,
&c.; when, about 10 o'clock, 1 received intelligence that the enemy had turned the head of his column towards
Bladensburg. Commodore Barney had, upon my suggestion, posted his artillery to command the bridge, early in
■ the morning.
' As soon as I learned the enemy were moving toward Bladensburg, I ordered General Smith, with the whole of
the troops, to move immediately to that point.
The necessary detention arising from orders to issue, interrogations and applications to be answered from all
points being past, I proceeded on to Bladensburg, leaving the' President and some of the Heads of Departments at
my quarters, where they had been for an hour or more. • 1 arrived at the bridge at Bladensburg about 1-2 o'clock,
where I found Lieutenant Colonel Beall had that moment passed with his command, having justarrivetl from An-
napolis. I had passed the line of Stansbury's brigade, formed in the field upon the left of the road, at about a
quarter of a tnile in the rear of the bridge; and, on'the road, a short dfstance in the rear of Stansbury's line. I met
several gentlemen; and, among the others, I think Mr. Francis Key, of Georgetown, wlio informed me that he had
thought that the troops coming from' the city could be most advantageously posted on the right and left of the road
near that pomt. General Smith being present, Mr. Key undertook, I believe, being sent for that purpose, to show
the positions proposed. I left General Smith to make a disposition of these troops, and proceeded to the bridge,
where I found Lieutenant Coloi:el Beall as before stated.* I inquired whether he had any directions as to his posi-
tion; he replied he had been shown a high hill upon the right of the road, ranging with the proposed second line. It
being a commanding position, and necessary to be occupied by some corps, Idirected him to proceed agreeably to
the instructions he had received. 1 then rode up to a battery which had been thrown up to command the street
which entered Bladensburg from the side of the enemy aild the bridge, where I found the Baltimore artillery posted,
with the Baltimore riflemen to support them. Upon inquiry, I learned that General Stansbury was on a rising
ground upon the left of his line. I rode immediately thither, and found him aiid Colonel Monroe together. Ttfe
latter gentleman informed me that he had been aiding General Stansbury to post his command, and wished me to
proceed to examine it with them, to see how far I approved of it. We were just proceeding with this view, when
some person rode up and stated that news had just been received of a signal victory obtained by General Izard
over the enemy, in which one thousand of the enemy were slain .and rnany prisoners taken. I ordered the news to be
immediately communicated to the troops', fou the purpose of giving additional impulse to their spirits and courage.
The column of the enemy ^t this moment appeared in view, about a mile distant, moving up the Eastern Branch,
parallel to «nr position, from tlie left, where I was, I perceived that, if the position of the advanced artillery were
forced, that two or three pieces upon the left of Stansbury would be necessary to scour an orchard, which lay be-
tween his line and his artillery, and for another rifle company to increase the support of this artillery. These were
fromptly sent forward by General Smith, and posted as Irastily as possible, and it was barely accomplished before
was obliged^ to give orders to the advanced artillery to open upon the enemy, who was descending the street to-
ward the bridge. All further examination or movement was now impossible, and the positi(m where I then was,
immediately in rear of the left of Stansbury's line, being the most advanced position from which I could have
any commanding view, I remained there. The fire of our advanced artillery occasioned the enemy, who were ad-
* Since writing tlie above, 1 have seen Genersd Smith, who informs me that Mr. Key had been examining the grounds with
him, and that it was his views that Mr. Key had been stating. He came up at the moment Mr. Key had given me the informa-
tion. I have been under the impression, till thus corrected, tliat it was the suggestion of Colonel Monroe and General Stans-
bury, that had suggested that position . The circumstance is immaterial, except for the purpose of Uteral accuracy when neces-
sary.
n m
558 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814,
vanciiig, and who were light troops, to leave the street, and they crept down, under the cover of houses and trees.,
in loose order, so as not to expose them to nsk from the shot: it was therefore only occasionally that an object pre-
sented at which the artillery could fire.
In this sort of suspension, the enemy began to throw his rockets, and his light troops began to accumulate down
in the lower parts of the town, and near the bridge, but principally covered from view by the houses. Their light
troops, however, soon began to issue out and press across the creek, which was every where fordable, and in most
places lined with bushes or trees, which were sufficient, however, to conceal the movements of light troops, who
act in the manner of theirs, singly. The advanced riflemen now began to fire, and continued it for a half a dozen
rounds, when I observed them to run back to the skirts of the orchard on the left, where they became visible, the
boughs of the orchard trees concealing their original position, as also that of the artillery, from view. A retreat of
twenty or thirty yards from their origmal position toward the left brouglrt them in view on the edge of the orchard:
they halted there, and seemed for a moment returning 'to their position, but in a few minutes entirely broke, and
retired to the left of Stansbury's line. I immediately ordered the fifth Baltimore regiment, Lieutenant Colonel
Sterett, being the left of Stansbury's line, to advance and sustain the artillery. They promptly commenced this
movement; but the rockets, which had, for the first three or four, passed very high above the heads of the line, now
received a more horizontal direction, and passed very close above the heads of Shutz's and Ragan's regiments,
composing the centre and left of Stansbury's line. A universal flight of these two regiments was the consequence.
This leaving the right of the fifth wholly unsupported, I ordered it to halt; rode swiftly across the field toward those
who had so shamefully fled, and exerted my voice tothe utmost to arrest them. . They halted; began to collect; and
seemed to be returning to their places. An ill-founded reliance that their officers would succeed in rallying them,
when I had thus succeeded in stopping the greatest part of them, induced rna immediately to return to the fifth, the
situation of which was likely to become veryrritical, and that-position gave me the best command of view. To
my astonishment and mortification, however, when I had regained my position, I found the whole of these regi-
ments (except a few of Ragan's, not more th^n forty, rallied by himself, and as many perhaps of Shutz's rallied, I
learn by Captain Shower and] Captain , whose name I do not recollect) were flying in the utmost precipita-
tion.and disoider. ...
The advanced artillery had immediately followed the riflemen and retired by the left of the fifth. I directed
them to t^ke post on a rising ground which I pointed odt in the rear. The fifth, and the artillery on its left, still
remained, and [ hoped that their flue, notwithstanding the obstruction of the boughs of the orchard, which, being,
below, covered the enemy, would have been enabled to scour this approach and prevent his advance. The ene-
my's light troops, by sinde men, showed therriselves on the lower ed§e of the left of the orchard, and received the
fire of this artillery and the fifth, which made them draw back. The coyer to them was, however, so complete,
that they were enabled to advance singly, and take positions from which their fire annoyed the fifth considerably,
without either that regiment or the artillery being able to return the fire with any probability of effect. In this situation
I had actually given an order to the fifth and artillery to retire ijp to the hill, toward a wood more to the left and a
little in the rear, for the purpose of drawing them further from the orchard, and out of reach of the enemy's fire,
■while he was sheltered by 'the orchard. An aversion, however, to retire before the necessity became stronger, and
the hope that the enemy would issue in a body from the left of the orchard, and enable us to act upon him on terms
of equality, and the fear that a movement of retreat, might, in raw, troops,- produce some confusion, and lose us this
chance, induced me instantly to countermaind the oi-der, and direct the artillery to fire into a wooden barn on the
lower end of the orchard, behind which I supposed the enemy might be sheltered in considerable numbers. Th,e
fire of the enemy now began, however, to annoy the fifth still more in wounding several of them, and a strong
column of the enemy having passed up the road as high as the right of the fifth, and beginning to deploy into the
field to take them in flank, I directed the artillery to retire to the hdl, to which I had directed the Baltimore artil-
lery to proceed and halt, and ordered the fifth regiment also to retire. This corps, which had heretofore acted
so firmly, evinced the usual incapacity of raw troops to make orderly movements in the face of the enemy, and their
retreat in a very few moments became a flight of absolute and total disorder.
The direct line of retieat to the whole of this first line being to the hill on which I had directed the artillery to
halt, and immediately in connexion with the positions of General Smith's corps, which were not arrayed in line-, but
posted on advantageous positions in connexion with and supporting each other, according as the nature of the ground
admitted and required; I had not for a moment, dispersed and tlisordered as was the wJiole of Stansbury's command,
supposed that their retreat would have taken a diflerent direction. But it soon became apparent that the ^yhole mass
wei'e throwing themselves oft' to the right on the retreat toward Montgomery Court House, and flying wide of this
joint; the whole of the cavalry, probably, trom the pressure of the infantry that way, were al,so thrown wide of tjie
ine of retreat tov^ard the right. After making every effbit to turn the current more toward General Smith's com-
li „ ., .
mand and the city, in vain, and finding that it was impossible to collect any force to support the artillery, which I
had directed to halt, and finding also that the enemy's, light troops were extending themselves in that direction, and
pressing the pursuit, I directed the artillery to continue their retreat, on the road they then were, toward the capi-
tol. it being impossible for them to get across to the turnpike road or unite with General Smith's biigade.
The hope of again forming the first line at this point, and there renewing the retreat, or,- at all events, of lieing
able to rally them between the capital and that point, and renewing the contest, induced me, at the jnoment I di-
rected the fifth regiment to retreat, to request Mr. Riggs, of Georgetown, to proceed to the President, ancl inform
him that we had been driven back, but that it was my hope and intention to form .and renew the contest between
that place and the capitol. ' ' ^
As soon as I found it vain longer to endeavor to tiirn the tide of retreat toward the left, I turned toward the po-
sitions occupied by I«jeufenant Colonel Beall. Commodore Barney, and General Smith. By this time the enemy
had advanced up the ro;id, had driven back Lieutenant Colonel Kramer^s command, posted on the right of the road,
and in advance of Commodore Barney, after having well.maintained his position and' much hurt the enemy, and
also continued to fi're during liis retreat. He had come under the destructive fire of Commodore Barney, which had
turned him up the liill towards Lieutenant Colonel Beall, whose detachment gave one or two inefl'ective fires and
fled. Their position was known to me, was very conspicuous, and the extreme right. The enemy, theref )re, had
gained this commanding position, and was passing our right flank; his tbi-ce pursuing on the left, had also advanced
to a line with our left, and there was nothing there to oppose him. To preserve Smith's command from being
pressed in front by fiesh troops of the enemy, who were comiiig on at the same time^ while they were under the
certainty of being assailed on both flanks and the rear by the enemv, whorespectively gained tbem; in which cir-
cumstances their destruction or surrender would have been inevitable, Isent (my horse being unable to move with
the rapidity I wished) to General Smith, to retreat. I am not acquainted with the relative position of the different
corps composing his command, and cannot therefore determine who of tliem engaged the enemy, nor could I see
how they acted; but when I arrived in succession at his different corps, which I did aseoon as practicable, I do not
recollect to have found any of them that were not in order; and' retreating with as little confusion as could have
been expected. When I reached the road 1 found Commodore Barney's men also retiring on the road, he having
been overpowered by those who dro^'e otfBeall's regiment about the time I sent the order to retreat.
I still had no doubt but that Stansbury's command, and the cavalry, would have fallen down upon the capitol,
by the roads which entei- that part of the city from the north, and still solaced myself with the persuasion that I
should be able there to rally them, upon the city and Georgetown troops, who were retiring in order; and make
another effort in advance of the capitol to repulse the enemy.
After accompanying the retreating army within two miles of the capitol, [ rode forward for the purpose of select-
ing a position, and endeavoring to collect those whom I supposed^ from the rapidity of their flight, might have
reached that point. A half a mile in advance of the capitol I met Colonel Minor with his detachment, and directed
him to form his men, wait until the retreating army passed, and protect them if necessary.
When I arrived at the capitol I found not a man had passed that way, and notwithstanding the commanding
view which is there afforded to the north, I could see no appearance of the troops. I despatched an order to call
in the cavalry to me there.
1814.] CAPTURE 0*' THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 559
In a few moments the Sewetaiy of State and the Secretary of War joined nie, besides that they had been wit-
nesses to the dispersion of the troops and the exhaustion of those just halted by me. I stated the diminution of my
force, and the extent of the positions which rendered it impossible to place the force I then had in such a position
as to prev&nt the enemy from taking me on the flank a^ well as front, and that no reasonable hope could be enter-
tained, that we had any troops who could be relied on to make a resistance as desperafe as necessary, in an isolated
building which could not be supported by.a sufficiency of troops without; indeed it would have taken nearly the
whole of the troops to have sufficiently filled the two wings, which would have left the enemy masters of every
other part of the city, and given him theopportunity, without risk| in twenty-four hours, to have starved them into
a surrender. The same objection equally applied to the occupation of any particular part of the city.
Both these gentlemen ctmcufred that it would subject the whole of luy force to certain capture or destruction;
and in its reduced and exhausted condition it was wise and proper to retire through Georgetown, and take post in
the rear of it, on the heights, to collect my force. I accordingly pursued this course, anil halted at Tenley town,
two miles north of Georgetown, on the Frederick road. Here was evinced one of the great defects of all undisci-
plined and unorganized troops; no eft'ort could rouse officers and fnen to the exertion necessary to place themselves
in such a state of comfort and security as is attainable, even under Very disadvantageous circumstances. Such of
them as could be halted, instead of making those efforts, gave themselves up to the uncontrolled feelings which
fatigue, exhaustion, and privation produced, and nvmy hundreds, in spite of all precautions and efforts, passed on
and pursued their way, either towards home or in search of refreshments and quarters. After waiting in this posi-
tion until I supposed I collected all the force that could be gathered, I proceeded about five miles further on the
i-iver road, which leads a little wide to the left of Montgomery court house, and in the morning gave orders foi* the
whole to assemble at Montgomery court house.
This position promised us shelter fuom the rain that began to fall an hour before day; was the most probable place
for the supply of provisions, which the troops very much needed; and was a position from which we could best in-
terpose between the enemy and Baltioior.e, and to which place, at that time, nobody doubted he intended to go by
land from Washington.
In pursuance of this view, among the first acts ^fter my arrival at Montgomery Court House, was, to direct a
letter to General Strieker, who commanded at Baltimore, informing him that it was my intention to gather my force
together there, receive what reinforcements I could, show myself to the enemy as strong as possible, hang on his
flank, should he move to Baltimore, intimidate and harass him as much as possible in nis movements, and en-
deavor always to preserve the power of interposing between him and Baltimore; directing him to re-establish the
dispersed command of Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, multiply.his means as much as possible, stop ail reinforcements
of militia from Maryland, Pennsylvania, or elsewhere, and present himself to the enemy at the crossing of the Pa-
tapsco, in as imposing a form as possible.
This letter I sent by Captain Aisguith, whom I found at Montgomery, with fifteen or twenty others, the only
part of the Baltimore detachment which had not returned home. • •
The first object was, in the absence of quartermaster and contractor, to make efforts to provide quarters and re-
freshments for my men; a few provisions were found there, belonging to the contractor, and a person temporarily
appointed to issue, and the most active nien of the place called upon and authorized to get in provisions.
The next object was to obtain a return of the different corps,' which, from causes that can easily be understood,
among undisciplined men and unskilful officers, proved abortive before we moved next day. The arrival of several
. detachments of reinforcements, the reports of officers bringing on detachments who wanted orders and instructions,
and the multiplied complai^jts and wants of men and officers, crowded together in small (juarters, or entirely out of
doors in a rainy, tempestuous day; the calculations and arrangements iiece-ssary for ulterior operations, and to meet
tl^e demands and wants of the great force witich my calls were likely to produce, may be supposed to have been as
much as could be borne by the attention and efforts of one man,, which he was obliged to encounter, for the want of
a skilful, or .even organized staflt' of any kind.
No regular details for service of any kind could be performed, and all the duties of this description were neces-
sarily performed by the voluntary zeal,of those corps who could not be borne down or discouraged by difficulties.
My eflorts were devoted to endeavor to prepare the detachment .to move down toward the city, and hang upon and
strike at tlie enemy whenever an opportunity occurred. The next morning, however, before a return of the corps
could be had, and their situation known, J received intelligence that the enemy had moved from Washington the
preceding night, and was in full march for Baltimore- I instantly put my command underarms, multiplied and
strengthened my patrols to gain intelligence, and advanced as rapidly as was practicable to Baltimme- When the
forces arrived at Snell's bridge', on the upper branch of the Patuxent, i had concluded that, if the enemy was, as
we had still reason to believe, proceeding to Baltimore, that it would be most advisable for me to proceed directly
thither, to lend the whole force of my power, as commander of tlie district, to call out and bring into activity the
resources of the place, and also because it was likely to become the most important station of the command. I
accordingly left the command with General Stansbury, senior brigadier, and proceeded that night to Baltimore. On
the road I met an express from Major General S. S;iiith, who delivered me a letter, in which he informed me he had
been. called out into service, and had assumed the command, according to his rank; and by the time I reached Bal-
timore, I also learned that the enemy was proceeding to Marlborough, and not toward Baltimore.
If I had bad longer time, or to repeat the action of Bladensburg, I could correct several errors w hich might mate-
rially have affected tjie issue of that battle. The advanced force ought to have been nearer to the creek along the
edge of the low ground, where they would have been skirted with bushes, and have avoided the inconvenience of
the cover which the orchard afforded the enemy. The edge of the low grounds on the right of the road ought to
have been lined with musketry, and a battery of cannon also planted in the field, on the right of the road, directly
fronting the bridge; and if Commodore Barney's heavy artillery, with his more expert artillerists, had occupied the
position which the advanced artillerists did, and these posts been .obstinately defended, the enemy would not have
crossed the river at that point, but would have been obliged to make a circuit round to his right, and have crossed
above, and at the upper end of the town; or, if the whole force had been posted at the position of the second line,
with all the advantage which it afforded, and have acted with tolerable finnness and courage, the event might have
been different; but no advantage of position is proof* against groundless panic and a total want of discipline, skill,
and experience.
On the night of my retreat to the city, I sent Assistant Adjutant General Hite down to General Young, to infmm
him of the movement, and to direct him to take the best position to secure Fort Washington, and his junction with
me; or, in ease the enemy should interpose between him and me, to have his boats ready to transport his men across
the river; or, if he could not do that, to fall down the river, and unite with General Stewart, and harass the enemy
in the rear; and, above all, to be alert, and keep a vigilant guard upon every avenue of approach, to prevent a sur-
prise. I also sent, by Major Hite, directions to the commanding officer of Fort Washington, to advance a guard up
to the main road, upon all the roads leading to the fort; and, in the event of his being taken in the rear of the fort
by the enemy, to blow up the fort, and retire across the river.
The distance of General Young, and the necessity of retaining a position near, the fort as long as the designs of
Jhe enemy remained uncertain, rendered it impossible to have the assistance of his force at Bladensburg.
There was not a bridge on the road which tlie enemy pursued, f^om his dettarkation to Washington, the destruc-
tion of which would have retarded his advance ten minutes. I believe, in fact, that the bridge at Bladensburg is
the only one, and the facility with which that stream is every where fordable above the bridge rendered useless the
destroying it. Indeed, I believe that, had altillery been posted as advantageously as it might have been, and well
served, the bridge would have acted as a decoy to the enemy to lead him into danger, and have been useful to us.
Those who have that happy intrepidity of assurance in their own capacity to see with certainty, in all cases, the
means by which they could have avoided the errors of others, and by which past calamities might always have been
averted, will find my condemnation easy. Those who' are disposed to measure difficulties by the limits of human
capacity, and who will impartially place themselves in my situation, will find it difficult to decide that any errors
560 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
have been eommitted which might not have been equalled or surpassed by any other conlmander, or that the calami-
ties which have Ibllowed could have been averted or mitigated.
This narrative is accompanied by a map, with explanations, which will facilitate the understanding of it.
^ ■ No. 8." ' ' ' . • •
REPORTS OF GENERALS STANSBURY, SMITH, YOUNG, DOUGLAS, AND HUNGERFORD; COLONELS STE-
RETT, MINOR, TAYLOE, LAV ALL, ANl) BEALL; MAJOR PINK.NEY, AND CAPTAINS BURCH AND CALD-
WELL. .
General Slanabufy^s Report. . .
■ • Baltimore, November 15, 18H.
By general orders from the War Department, of the 20th April. 1814, Major General S. Smith was directed to
draught from his division, and hold in readiness to msrch at a moment's warning, two thousand men, officers included.
By Major General Smith's division orders, of the 29th of April, I was directed to furnish, by draught, from my
brigade, as its quota, one thousand of this requisition, and hold them in readiness to march, at a moment's warning,
to Baltimore, for its defence. The first of May those orders were complied \vith, agreeably to adetail accompanying
said'orders. ,
On the 18th of July, Major Genera! Smith issued division orders, requiring the quota from my brigade, the 11th,
and that from the 2d and 9th, to march, and rendezvous at Baltimore. My orders were issued on the 19th; the
troops began to assemble on the 24th, and were encamped about one and a half miles northward of the city, at a
place called Camp Fairfield. ■ " •.
On the 21st of July, by Major General Smith, I was directed to take^ charge of this brigade, and commenced pre-
paring for their reception. Early in August, General Winder being vested with the command of the tenth military
district, superseded General Smith in the command. . .
On Saturday, August the 20th, about one o'clock P. M., I received, by express, letter No. 1, directing me to
move down witli my whole force for Washington.
By this morning's regimental reports, the force of my brigade, then in camp, appeared as follows:
The first regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Ragan, officers included, 550; second regiftient, under Lieuten-
ant Colonel Shutz, officers also included, tit for duty, 803. '
1 immediately issued orders for wagons to be procured, provisions served out, tents struck; and every thing pre-
pared to march tliat evening. But the difficulty of obtaining wagons to transport tents and camp equipage pre-
vented my moving more than part of the brigade this evening. The residue followed on the morning. of the 21st.
The advance party encamped at the Stag Tavern; the rear three miles short of it, on the evening of the 21st.
About 10 o'clock P. M. I received from General "Winder, by express, letter No. 2, dated the 3lst, directing me
to halt until further orders. . . . "
August 22d, at ten o'clock A. M. received from General Winder letter No. 3, dated at the Woodyard, the 21st,
ten o'clock P. M. directing me to advance with all speed to Bladensburg. In consequence thereof, the line of
march was taken up imuiediately, and at seven o'clock P. M. we arrived at Bladensburg. The first regiment en-
camped on the hill southeast, the second, on the northwest of the town; and, on Tuesdajr morning, the 23d, joined
the'first regiment on Lowndes' Hill, near Bladensburg. About ten o'clock A. M. received from General Winder
letter No. 4, dated at Head Quarters, Battalion Old Fields, August 22, containing orders tq'marchmy brigade (with
the troops utider Colonel Sterett, if they had joined me) slowly towards Marlborough, and take a position on the
poad not far from that place, and that he would join me some time that day-
The troops under the comman-d of Lieutenant Colonel Sterett had not joined me, nor was I certain at what
time they would arrive. The brigade was instantly put in motion, and the mjrch commenced towards Marlborough,
with a viewof complying with General Winder's orders. I immediately despatched my avd-de-camp,MaJP>" Wood-
year, to General Winder, to communicate all the information which he might require as to ray force; to receive par-
ticular orders as to the position I should take in the vicinity of Marlborough; and to obtain a knowledge of the coun-
try, and of the situation of the er\emy. After proceeding about one mile on the road to Marlborough, I met Captain
Moses Tabbs riding express to inform me that the enemy, with their whole force, had left Marlborough, and were on
their march toward me, distant about- six miles. This information made me determine to avail myself of the high
grounds I occupied in the morning, 'to which I immediately returned, and made the necessary preparations to re-
ceive the enemy. I directed Captain Tabbs to return and reconnoitre the enemy, and give me every information.
About four o'clock P. M. he returned, and informed me that the enemy, on leaving Marlborough, had taken a flif-
ferent route. Soon after, my aid-de-camp. Major Woodyear, returned from General Winder, and infbrm'ed me
that the intelligente I had received of the movements of the enemy were, in part, incorrect, and that Geiieral Win-
der wished me to encamp on the direct road from Bladensburg to Marlborough, at about seven miles distant from
the latter place. The Assistant Adjutant General, Major Hite, accompanied Major Woodyear. By letter No. 4,
I was first informed that Lieutenant Colonel Sterett's detachment, consisting of the fiftlr regiment, about five hun-
dred strong; Major Pinkney's rifle battalion, about one hundred and fifty; and Captains Myer's and Magruder's
companies of artillery, about one hundred and fitty, were attached to my command. These tl-oops had not joined
me, but were on their march. I despatched an express with this letter to Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, as soon as
received, requesting him to move on with all possible expedition.
About sunset, on the 23d, he arrived with his command, and encamped near my brigade. The fatigued situa-
tioft of his troops induced me to halt for the night, on the hill near Bladensburg, with the intention of moving to-
wards Marlborough at reveille, on the 24th. At about eight o'clock P. M. a militia captain, who resided near Bla-
densburg, came into camp, attended by.one of my sentinels, and informed me he was from General Winder's camp,
at the Battalion Old Fields; that General Winder was not in camp when he left it; and that it was apprehended he
had been taken prisoner; as he had gone out to reconnoitre the enemy, and had not returned: that a detachment from
the army had skirmished that day with the British; and that Brigadier General Smith, of the District of Columbia,
had taken the command of the army, and would certainly join me in the course of the night. About eleven o'clock
P. M., the Secretary of State, Colonel Monroe, with several gentlemen, came to my tent; and, as well as I recol-
lect. Colonel Monroe observed that he was from Washington; that he had been at, or heard from, the camp of Gen.
Winder; that there was an alarming silence with respect to General Winder, who had gone out to reconnoitre the
enemy, and had not been heard of; and it was feared he \vas taken: that General Smith had, by persuasion, taken
the command; and that they would move towards, and join me before morning, he expected, from the Battalion Old
Fields; and advised vigilance to prevent surprise. Soon after the departure of Colonel Monroe, the advance pickets,
on the road by which we expected the enemy, and which was the direct one from Marlborough, fired; and, in a few
moments, my whole command were under arms, and prepared for action. The cavalry, under Colonel Tilghman,
who had come into town a little after dark for refreshments, were ordered down the Marlboro.ugh road, except Cap-
tain Herbert, with his troop, who was' directed to push down the road, toward the Battalion Old Fields, until he
should fall in with General Winder's armj, which I was confident would join me that night-
The troops' were under arms until after two o'clock A. M. of the 24th, when being advised by the cavalry that
the enemy were not near, 1 ordered them to retire to their tents, but to be ready to turn out at a moment's warn-
ing; and strong picket guards were placed on the road in every direction. Supposing my right and rear covered by
General Winder's force, I felt no apprehensions of surprise there; and no expectation that the enemy, without first
beating General Winder, could approach me, either by the Battalion or river road. But, abtiut half after two
o'clock A. M. Major Bates, Assistant Adjutant General of militia, came to me from Washington, with a message
from General Winder, informing me that General Winder had retreated from the Battalion Old Fields into the city
1614.] CAPTURE OFLTHE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 561
of" Washington, across the bridge; which he had ordered to be burnt; andthat the General expected I would resist
the enemy as long as possible, should he move against uie in that direction. Th\is was my expectation of security
from the Battalion and river roads cut ott", my right Hauk and tear uncovered, and liable to be attacked.aixl turned,
without the possibility of securing it, in the position I then lay.
I instantly sent for Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, of the 5th, Major Pinkney, of the rifle corps, and Lieutenant
Colonel Ragan, Lieutenant Colonel Shutz being present, officers in whom 1 placed the highest confidence, and
stated to them the information and orders I had just received from General Winder, and our situation with respect
to the enemy; they were unanimous in opinion that our situation on that hill could not be defended with the force
then under my command, worn down with hunger and fatigue as they were, and that it was indispensably neces-
sary, for the security of the army, that we should immediately retire across the bridge of Bladensburg, and take a
position on the road between Bladensburg anxl the city, which we could defend. Colonel Tilghman of the cavalry
observiid he thought we had no time to lose. In this opinion I perfectly coincided. Orders were instantli^ given to
strike tents, and prepare to march^ and in about thirty minutes, without noise or confusion, the whole were in- motion,
and about half past three o'clock in the morning, passed the bridge at Bladensburg leading to the city of Washington.
Securing our rear from surprise, we halted in the road until the approach of day, with a view oi' finding some place
where water could be had, in order that the men might cook their provisions, and refresh themselves ior a few mo-
ments. The provisions consisted of salt beef of an inferior qu.ility, the flour old and musty. At day-light, 1 moved
on to the foot of a hill near a brick-yard, and there ordered the troops to refresh themselves. This was about one
' and a half miles from Bladensburg.
Karly in the morning, I had despatched Major Wood year to Washington, to inform General Winder <if my
movements and situation; of the exhausted state of the troops, and the impracticability of their meeting the enemy, in
their present fatigued"state, with any prospect of suecess, unless reinforced. I rode to the top of the hill to examine
the country. On my desceriding it again, a note was presented to me, by an express from General Winder, dated
at Washington, (written I presume without a knowledge ef my movements) directing me to oppose the enemy, as
Ion" as I could, should he attempt a passage by the way of Bladensburg. This note I have mMaid.
1 called a council of war, consisting of Lieutenant Colonel Sterett, Lieutenant Colonel Ragan, and Major Pink-
ney. I laid the letter before them. Colonel Sterett observed, that he marched from Baltimore with a determination to
defend the city; that his men, tjie day before, by a forced march from the Buck tavern, or Snowden's, reached Bla-
densburg without halting to cook; that they had been under arms nearly the whole of the night, without any sleep
or food; that Major Pinkney's riflemen, and the two companies of artillery, were in the same situation; and that
they were so completely 'worn down and exhausted, that he should consider it a sacrifice of both ofiicers and men,
to seek the enemy at any considerable distance from' General Winder's force, as no good could result therefrom.
Major Pinkney and Colcftjel Ragan expressed themselves to the same effect; and, with Colonel Sterett, urged the
propriety of moving further on the road tciwards the city, with a view of .taking a stand on some more favorable
ground for defence, with a better prospect of being joined by the forces under General Winder; and expressed their
willingness to give llreir opinions in writing. I could not but admit the correctness of their views, and ordered the
wagons to move on slowly towards the city; intending to follow on with the troops.
At this mometit, Major Woodyear returned from Washington v/ith positive orders from General, Winder, to
give the enemy battle at Bladensburg, should he move that way, and that hewould join me if necessary.
I immediately ordered the troops to retrace their steps to Bladensburg, determined to maintain, if possible, the
ground, at all hazards. ....
.On arriving in the orchard near the milU I directed the artillery to post themselves behind a small breastwork
of dirt,, that lately had been thrown up by Colonel Wadsworth. This battery commanded the pass'into Bladensburg
and the bridge southwesterly of tlie town. Our artillery consisted of six six pounders; Major Pinkney's battalion
of riflemen on their right, under cover of the to^vn and bushes, also commanding the pass by the bridge: tuo com-
panies frpm Lieutenant Colonel Shutz's regiment, under the command of Captains Ducker and- •Gorsuch, acting
as riflemen, although principally armed with muskets, on the left of the artillery, near, and protected by, the harp,
intended to defend the road leading by the mill on the left of (he battery into the field; Colonel Sterett's regiment
\^asjialted in the orchard, on the right and in the rear, and the regiments of Colonels Ragan and Shutz were also
lialted in the orchard in the rear, and on the left flank near the creek. My intentions were, that they should remain
here to refresh themselves as long as possible, and as soon as the enemy appeared, to torm Colonel Sterett's regiment
(in whom I placed great Confidence) on the right, their left resting on, and supporting, the right of Major Pinkney's
riflemen, in view ot the bridge, and fronting the road, along- which ran a fence, .and act as occasion should require.
Colonels Ragan's and Shutz's regimeiits were to be drawn up in echellon, their right resting on the left of Captains
Backer's and Gorsuch's rifle companies, ih order to prevent the enemy fiom pressing and turning our left, honing
tliat General Winder would join me before -the battle would commence, and occupy the ground in my rear, as a
second line. ....
About eleven o'clock, A. M. I was informed by a dragoon from* Lieutenant Colonel Beall, that he was on the
road from Annjipolis to Bladensburg, with about eight hundred men, distant from me about five miles, and wished
to know the distance and situation of the enemy. I directed the dragoon to return and inform him, that I had that
moment received information, that the British, with their whole force, were approaching Bladensburg by the river
road, and that they were only three and a half miles distant; and advised the Colonel to file oft' to his right, and
cross above Bladensburg, to fall into an old road, which I understood led to our left towards Washington; and take
a position on the high grounds, N. and N. W. of Bladensburg, which would completely protect my left by prevent-
ing Ihe enemy from out-flanking us that way, and force their main body across the bridge, in the face of my artillery
and rifl^emen on the main road, and expose them to the fire of the fifth regiment, under Colonel Sterett, who would
be protected by the fence.
This advice it appeared Colonel Beall only took in part, I presume from an anxious wish to place himself be-
tween the enemy and the<;ity . He sent his baggage off" to the right, and with his troups passed the bridge at Bladens-
burg, about thirty minutes before the enemy appeared on Mr. Lowndes' hill, and took his station on the hill, as I
was informed, near the brick kiln where we halted in the morning, about one and a half miles in my rear, and on
the left of the road leading to the city. About meridiati, the enemy could clearly be seen making towards us by the
river road.
While I was giving some directioristo the artillery, Ijfound Lieutenaftt Colonels Regan's and Shutz's 'regiments
had been moved from the place where I had stationed them, and marched out of the orchard up the hill, and lormed
in order of battle about tv^o hundred and fifty yards above the orchard, and upwards of five hundred yards in the
rear of the artilleiy and "riflemen. Thus uncove»ed by the trees of the oi-chard, their situation and numbers were
clearly seen by the enemy from Lowndes' hill, and the flanks of the artillery and riflemen unprotected, and laid
liable to be turned, our main body being placed too far oft" to renderthem ahy aid. On riding up the hill to know who
had ordered this movement, I w-as informed that General Winder was on the ground. At this time I met with
Brigadier General Smith, of the Bistrict of Columbia, and some conversation took place between us respecting the
order of battle, and seniority; the particulars [ do not recollect. 1 immediately rode to the mill, where I under-
stood General Winder y/ns, and found him reconnoitering the position of the enemy. While in conversation with
him, the fifth raiment was taken out of the orchard, marched up the hill, and stationed on the left of Col. Shutz's
regiment, that of Colonel Ragan's being on the right, its right resting on the main road; but, as I before observed,
the whole at so great a distance li-om the artillery and riflemen, that they had to contend with the whole British
force, and so much exposed, that it has been a cause of astonishment they preserved their ground so long, and
ultimately succeeded in retreating. Whose plan this was, 1 know not; it was not mine; nor did it meet with my
approbation; but finding a superior officer on the ground, 1 concluded he had ordered it, consequently did not inter-
fere. General Winder asked me where I meant to take my station? I answered, about the centre of my brigade.
He said he would take his on the left of the fifth regiment General Winder was extremely active in giving direc-
tions and in encouraging the men; I took my station in the centre of Colonels Ragan's and Shutz's regiments, but
562 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
occasionally rode along the line, encouraging the men, and giving orders to the officers. Major Woodyear I di-
rected to keep with the left of Colonel Shutz's regiment, to cheer up the men, and assist the officers. Major Ran-
dall rode .with me. Soon after,-the action commenced by the artillery and riflemen at the battery. The fire of the
artillery had great eftect, and evidently produced confusion in the ranks of the enemy, who took shelter behind a
warehouse, .^rom whence they fired rockets; but a few well directed shots drove them from this position. A flank-
ing party, concealed by the banks and bushes, pushed up the river to turn our left, whilst a strong force attempted
the bridge; but the incessant and \i/e\\ directed fire from our artillery and riflemen at the battery occasioned evident
confusion amongst their ranks, so much so, that their officers could be seen actively engaged preventing their re-
treating, and pushing them on to the bridge; and here I think the enemy suffered considerably. At length they
succeeded in passing the bridge in small parties, at full speed, which formed after crossing. I had ordered forty
horsemen with axes, to cut away this bridge before the near approach of the enemy, and saw them with their a-xes.
Why this order \yas not executed, I never could learn. Itis certain the enemy could have'forded the stream above;
but I considered it would, in some degree, impede their progress, and give our artillery and riflemen more time and
opportunity to act with effect against them.
The artillery under the command of Captains Myer and Magruder, and the riflemen, the whole under the com-
mand of Major Pinkney, behaved in the most'gallant manner; (this gallant officer in the courseof the action was se-
verely wounded) but the superior force of the enemy, and the f-apidity with which he moved, compelled them to re-
tire_; but one of the pieces was lost, and this was rendered harmless before it was abandoned.
riie enemy took e^ery advantage of the cover afforded them by the trees of the orchard, and their light troops
from thence kept up a galling fire on our line. On this party, when advanced nearer, the fifth regiment, under Colonel
Sterett, opened a steady and well directed fire, which was followed by the fire from the right, and ultimately from
our centre, when the firing on both sides became general. After a few rounds, the troop* on the right began to
break. I rode along the line, and gave orders to the officers to cut down those who attempted to fly, and sulfer no
man to leave the lines. On arriving at the left of the centre regiment, I found .Lieutenant Colonel Shutz's men
giving way, and that1!)rave officer, with Major Kemp, aided by my aid -de-camp, Major Woodyear, exerting them-
selves in rallying and forming them again. Ca^itain Gallaway's company, and part of Captains Randall's and
Shower's companies were rallied and formed again, anij behaved gallantly. The rest of Colonels Shutz's and Ra-
gan's regiments fled in disorder, notwithstanding the extraordinary exertions of their officers to prevent it. On the
left, I soon after discovered a part of the fifth regiment giving way, and that excellent officer Lieutenant Colonel
Sterett, with those under him, most actively engaged forming them again. Soon after, the retreat became general, and
all attempts to rally them, and make a second sland, were fi-uitless. With a body of United "States' cavalry, I endea-
vored to protect the rear and right of the retreatihg men, so as to prevent their falling into the enemy's possession.
The men under my command were worn down and nearly exhausted from long andforced marches, want of
food, arid watching. They had been, wjth very little intermission, under arms and marching from the time of their
departure from Baltimore, with but little sleep, bad provisions, and but little opportunity to cook. They certainly
were not in a situation to go into battle; but my orders were positive, and I was determined to obey them.
• Before and during the action, I did not see any of the force I was led to expect would support me. I understood
since, they were on their way to my assistance, and I presume exertions were made to bring them up.
Before and during the retreat, I heard the thunder of Commodore Barney's artillery; but til| then I did not
know he was near. I believe there were few if any other troops in the field when the action commenced, than the
three regiments of infantry, under Lieutenant Colonels Sterett, Ragan, and Shutz, Major Pinkney's battalion of
riflemen. Captains Myer's and Magruder's companies of artillery, ampurlting to about two thousand one hundred and
fifty, exclusive of two regiments of cavalry, who did not act.
General Winder, on the field of battle, displayed all possible zeal, activity, and personal bravery, in encourag-
ing the men to fight, and- Sifter they broke, in his exertions to rally them.
I saw the President and some of the Heads of Departments in the field; but did not perceive that any of them took
any part in the arrangement made for battle. Colonel Monroe, the then Secretary of State, appeared extremely
active in his efforts to aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, and exposed himself to iriuch danger.
To my aid-de-camp, Major F>dward G. Woodyear, and my acting Brigade Major, Major Beall Randall, I am
much indebted for their unremitted exertions in encouraging the men before and during the action, and the zeal dis-"
played by them in their atteriipts to keep the ranks -unbroken, and to rally the men, in which they in some degree
succeeded; for the company of Captain Gallaway, and part of Shower's and Randal's were rallied, and were among
the last troops who left the field, and did not retreat ui>til directed: some of them were killed, and several severely
wounded.
On arriving at the city, with part of Colonel Lavall's United States' 'cavalry covering the retreat, and collecting
the rear of our scattered troops, I found General Winder's command had passed through it tov/ards Georgetown^
I proceeded there, and then followed to a village a few miles beyond it, vifhere I overtook him with troops collecting
under his command, and some of those of my bngade. The army thence proceeded to Montgomery Court House on
the 25th of August, where it was hourly reinforced by those who fled from the field.
As there had been no place assigned by the Commanding General, previous to theaction.to which the men should
retreat in case of a defeat, many of those under my immediate command had fled from the field towards Baltimore.
On the 25th I directed my aid. Major Woodyear, to push on from Montgomery Court House to that place. orga-
nize the draughted men, and bring them on to any point that General Winder should direct.
On Friday, August 26th, at about 10 o'clock A. M. we took up the line of march from Montgomery Court House'
on the road leading to Baltimore, with the United States' infantry, under Lieutenant.Colonel Scott; M.^jor Peter's
corps of artillery; General Smith's brigade of District troops; the regiment of militia from Annapolis and Ann
Arundel county, commanded by Lieutenant Colonels Beall and Hood; some riflemen from Frederick, Alleghany, and
other places; a large body of cavalry and part of my brigade of draughted militia — a force respectable as to numbers and
appearance; and that night encamped about halfway between Montgomery Court House and Ellicott's upper mills.
General Winder having received some information respecting the enemy, indicating intentions of niovmg against
Baltimore, concluded his presence there was indispensable. He set out for that place, leaving me in command of
the army, with directions to follow him in the niornmg. Colonel Monroe was with us.
During this night several expresses arrived from the city of Washington, by whom I was informed of the fetreat
of the enemy, said to be in suCn haste and confusion that many of their soldiers were straggling about in every di-
rection; that the main army, after-reaching Bladensburg, had taken the road to Marlborough, leaving their wounded.
I ordered the cavalry to follow them, harass their rear, and pick up the stragglers. Reports from Georgetown and
the city reached me, that the arms of many of the enemy had fallen into the hands of the blacks, and it was appre-
hended tha^ they would take advantage of the absence of the men to insult the females, and complete the work of
destruction commenced by the enemy^and at the earnest solicitation of Brigadier General Smith and Major Peter,
Avho expressed much anxiety respecting their families, ancl considering it all important to prevent further injury
to the city, I ordered the troops of the District of Columbia to move thither for itsT)rotection.
Having ascertained that the enemy had retreated to their shipping, I ordered the Prince George's troops down
to Bladensburg, and those under the command of LieutenantColonels Beall and Hood, to remain encamped on the
ground then occupied, until they had orders from General Winder; and in the morning of the 37th, with the United
States' infantry, my brigade, and part of Colonel Lavall's cavalry, marched for Baltimore in a very heavy rain. On
my arrival there in the evening, I waited on General Winder, and detailed to him what I had done since he left me,
with which he appeared well pleased.
Before I conclude, I must observe that Major Pinkney, with most of his battalion, and part of the two companies
of artillery, retired from their advanced position to the left of the fifth regiment, and with' that regiment continued
to behave with that gallantry which had distinguished them in the onset, and only retired when pressed by superior
numbers, and then, as I am informed, by orders from the Commanding GeneraK
TOBIAS E. STAMSBURY.
Hon. R. M. Johnson, Chairman, fyc. &c.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 553
General W.- Smith'' s statement.
Camp, Washington, October 6, 1814.
In compliance with the request contained in your fiu'or of the 28tii ult. enclosing a copy of a resolution of the
Honorable the House of Representatives of the United States, appointing a committee to investigate the causes
which led to the success of the enemy in his late enterprise against this city, I have the honor respectfully to submit,
for the consideration of the committee, the following detailed report, as connected with the inquiry, and embracing,
as you wish, a view of the numbers, the movements, the conduct, and disposition of the troops of Washington and
Georgetown, under my command, from the period they \vere called into service, until the 24th of August, the dis-
astrous day of battle at Bladensburg, together with such facts and circumstances relative to the subject as present
themselves.
Late at night on the 18th August, I received orders to call out the \yhole of the brigade under my command, to
rendezvous on the evening of the following day on the banks of the Tiber, in Washington, and to report to Gen-
eral Winder. The troops assembled accordmg to orders, but being deficient in many essential supplies for actual
service, were, after an inspection, dismissed until the ensuing morning, the 20th, when every exertion on the part
of the officers being made to perfect their equipment, they moved oft" from the capitol about 3 P. M. crossed the
Eastern Branch, and halted four miles therefrom, on the road leading to Nottingham. Tiiey were here overtaken
by the baggage, when it was ascertained there was a great deficiency of necessary camp equipage, the public stores
being exhausted^ many of the troops were compelled to lay out in the open field; and of the essential article of flints,
upon a requisition of one thousand, only two hundred could be had. Means were immediately adopted to supply
the latter defect from private resources; the former, was never accomplished. On the following morning, the 21st,
the militia companies deficient in numbers wer.e consolidated, and the supernumerary officers detached to bring up
delinquents. The force on the ground amounted to about one thousand and seventy, comprised into two regiments,
commanded by Colonels Magruder and Brent, and consisting of the following description of troops; two companies
of artillery, twelve six pounders, and two hundred and ten men; two companies of riflemen, nominally, buf armed
ivith muskets, the Secretary of War having decliiied or refused to furnish rifles, one hundred and seventy men; one
company of grenadiers, forty men; and five companies of light infantry, about two hundred and fifty men, in all
about sis hundred and seventy of volunteers, the residue common militia. Having here done all that could be done
for the organization of the troops, and to enable them to move with celerity, they were, according to previous orders
from General Winder,'put in motion, and after a hot and fatiguing march, encamped that evening after dusk near the
Woodyard. At this place I found the United States' 36th regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Scott, about three hun-
dred and fifty strong, and a squadron of cavalry, under the command of Taeutenant Colonel Tilghman; the latter
soon after moved oft to reconnoitre on the different roads between the Woodyard, Marlborough, and Nottingham.
W'hilst the troops were occupying the ground, I received a message .from General Winder, then at the Woodyard,
requesting an interview at his quarters; after which I returned to camp at 9 o'clock, and apin, at his request, joined
him at 12, where Colonel Monroe soon after arrived with the intelligence of the arrival at Nottingham, (distant about
twelve miles) of the enemy, in considerable force, both b/land and water. I received orders immediately to return
to camp and hold the troops in readiness to march at the shortest notice, and was instructed by General Winder to
direct Lieutenant Colonel Scott, ^f the 36th United States* regiment, to get his men immediately under ai'uis, and
to march according to orders previously given him. I reached the camp about two o'clock A. M. the troops were
roused, the tents struck, the baggage wagons loaded, and the men got immediately under arms, and so remained
until sunrise the 22d, when General Winder arrived and directed an advanced corps to be formed and march imme-
diately, to consist of about three hundred men, artillerists and infantry. This was promptly done, and placed under
the direction of Major Peter, consisting of his own artillery. Captain Davids(m's light infantry, and Captain Stull's
\-\?Le.coi-^i, armed with muskets. They moved immediately on the road to Nottingham, and were soon after fol-
lowed by the main body to support them. Major Peter with the advance coi,-ps moved en for four or five miles,
when he feJl in with Colonel Lavall's cavalry, a part of Colonel Tilghraan's, and the 36th United States' regjment,
retiring. The troops were halted, and a position taken to repel the enemy, now riipidly approaching. General
Winder here joiwed our troops, and soon after, orders were given to fall back, which was done. The main body had
mean while arrived at a position within two miles of the advance, where they found the marine corps, under the com-
mand of Captain Miller, with five pieces of heavy artillery, judiciously posted.
This position not being deemed favorable for the infantiy, they were directed to rest on their arms, whilst I rode
briskly forward to discover one more adapted to them; but none presented, except for light troops, a body of which
was thrown in advance into the woods, and the residue of the troops disposed of to act according to circumstances.
Here we received advice, about 11 o'clock, of the advance, of the enemy and of the retiring of bur troops, and im-
mediately after, orders from General Winder to send oft" the bagga.ge from where it had been left in the morning, to
the " Long Old Fields," and' for the troops to retire slowly upon the same road. About this time, successive heavy
explosions'from the direction of Mariborough, announced the destruction of Commodore Barney's flotilla, which was
known to be in that vicinity, and also that this couise would be adopted, should the enemy approach in such force,
by land and water, as to render resistance unavailing. It was hence inferred, that the enemy had ascended the
Patuxent in force, that a column of troops had co-operated, by taking the road in that direction, which was soon
afterwards confirmed; and with the advices subsequently, that the whole of their army had file^l off" on that road,
£tnd taken possession of Mariborough. Our troops halted, and assembled at the fork ot the roads, on this side ot the
Woodyard, one of which leads to Marlborough, the other to this place. W e here fell in with Commodore Barney
and his sailors, and after a short rest the whole moved "oi*, and about 4 P. M. arrived at the Long Old Fields. Here,
pursuant to directions from General Winder, I assumed the command of the assembled forces, those ot Commodore
Barney excepted, consisting now of the following troops, viz: District volunteers and militia, one thousand and
seventy: Lieutenant Colonel Scott's 36th United States' regiment, three hundred and fifty; Lieutenant Colonel
Krainer's battalion of draughted militia, two hundred alid lorty; and Major Waring's battalion ol Prince George's
militia, about one hundred and fifty; total about eighteen hundred men. An encampment was formed for the night,
and such positions taken as were best calculated to resist a night attack; the cavalry being already stationed in ad-
vance, on the diflirent roads leading to Marlborough, with orders to keep patrolling parties constantly upon the.
enemy's quarters, and to advise of all his movements. The troops being greatly fatigued, sought in sleep that repose
they so much wanted; in this they were disappointed: an alarm gun aroused them about 2 o'clock iiTthe morning ot
the 23d; they were quickly formed in front of their encampment, and dispositions made to meet and repel the ex-
pected attack, but in a short time it was ascertained to be a false alarm, and the troops were dismissed, but with
order" to hold themselves ready for their posts at a moment's warning. At diiylight Gerteral Winder gave orders
to have the tents struck, and the baggage wagons loaded, and that the whole should be ready to move in one hour.
Those orders were complied with, with all possible expedition. Shortly alter, the troops were got under arms, and
were joined by another small detachment of Prince Georgo's militia, under the command ot Major Maynard, about
one hundred and fifty. The whole were held ready to move according to orders About tins time I received direc-
tions from General Winder to have formed an advance corps, constructed as the one ot the preceding day, and to
be prepaiicd to move as his subsequent orders should designate. Peter's,, Davidson's, and Stull s companies were agam
selected fer this purpose, and formed accordingly. The President of the United States, accompanied by the Sec-
retary ofWar, and others of his cabinet, now came upon the ground and reviewed the troops. About 10 o clock,
General Winder left the camp, accompanied by, and having under his.conimand or direction, several troops ot cav-
alry, intending to reconnoitre on the road leading from Marlborough to Bladensburg, as \vel as .to be situated m a
position where he might more conveniently communicate with the troops «spected from Baltimore, leaving direc-
tions that I should report to him at the Cross Roads, it being the intersection ot a road, proceeding trom the Old
Fields, and crossing the before mentioned road, about five miles distant His orders were, that the advance troops
should move forward in the direction of Mariborough, reconnoitre the enemy, approach him as near as possible.
564 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
without running too much risk, and to annoy hira, either in his .position or in his movements, by all the means in their
power, and that I should remain with the main body at the Old Fields, and-act according to the intelligence I should
receive of the movements of the enemy. If they moved upon Bladensburg, by the road before mentioned, that I
should approach them by the intersecting road from the Old Fields, and attack their left fiank, or, if upon the road
we now occupied, that we should make the best possible dispositions in our power, and receive him there, unless
circumstances imperiously tbrbade; otherwise, to retire by a road in our rear to Bladensburg or ta Washington, as.
at the time, should seem most advisable. In conformity with this arrangement, Major Peter, with the advance corps,
and with Captain Caldwell's cavalry, which had joined us, marched about 11 o'clock. About a quarter of a mile
in front of our then camp, the road forks, both leading to Marlborough,' one, wi the main Stage road, by which the
distance was about eight miles, the other turning to the left, a more direct route, but ijot so good a niad, about six
miles. This last mentioned road was taken by our advancing troops. The commander was instructed to repovt
every hour. The r'esidue of our troops were dismissed to refresh. From this period until 2 o'clock, several desert-
ers and prisoners were brought into camp, and I was engaged in examining tr^em, when intelligence was received
from M:ijor Peter that the enemy had left Marlborougli, and ^Vere advancing rapidly upon the road which we then
occupied, in great force; that, according to his estimation of their column, and the best information he coujd obtain,
their force was not less than six thousand men; that he had had*a skirmish with them, in which they had endeavojed
to out-flank him; and that he was- then retiring before them. A part of Colonel Lavall's cavalry having then joined
us, were immediately detached to cover the retreat, and the whole of our troops ordered under aims. Conferring
with Commodore Barney on the subject, I proposed making a stand in our then position, with which, with his char-
acteristic gallantry, he promptly acquiesced, professing his willingness to co-operate in any measures that might be
deemtd most advisable. The troops were immediately formed in order of battle, extending nearly a quarter of a
mile on each side of the road; those of Commodore Barney, with his heavy, artillery, the marines under Captain
Miller, and the 3Gth United States' regimeijt, being posted on the right of the road; the District troops, and the resi-
due of those attached to them, on the left— our advanced troops, as they arrived, taking their stations in the line,
and the artillery, in which it was ascertained we were greatly their superior, and for which the ground was admira-
bly adapted, so posted, as to have the best effect; indeed, so strong did we deem our position in front, that we were
apprehensive that the enemy, upon viewing us, woui'd forbear to assail us by day-light, or that, availing of his num-
ters. he would endeavor to outflank us. To guard against this last, parties of light troops and cavalry were detach-
ed to cover both flanks. We remained thus, two or three hours, calmly awaiting the approach of the enemy, our
videtets successfully announcing his continued progress. About 5 P. M. General Winder, who had beenapprised of
the approach of the enemy, anived in camp. He examined the difterent positions, and approved of theim, but the
day being now nearly spent, and it being ascertained that the enemy had not arrived vvithin a distance in which he
would now, probably, be able to make his attack, vi'hikst it lasted, and it being deemed unadvisable to receive a
night attack there, when our advantage of artillery would be unavailing, he gave the orders to retire about sunset,
and the whole of the troops, much wearied and exhausted, encamped, late in the night, within this city.
Thus terminated the four days of service of the troops of tUis District, preceding -the aftair at Bladensburg.
They had been under arms, with but little intermission, the whole of the time, both night and day; had traversed,
during their different marches in advance and retreat, a considerable tract of country, exposed lu the burning heat
of a sultry sun by d;iy,iand many of them to the cold dews of the night, uncovered. They had, in this pe'riod.
drawn but two rations, the requisition therefor, in the ft-st instance, having beer^but partially complied with, and
it being afterwards almost inipos'sible to procure the means of transportation, the wagons employed by our quarter-
master for that purpose being constantly impressed _by the Government agents, for the purpose of removing the
public records, wlien the enemy's approach was known, and some of them thus seized whilst, proceeding to take in.
provisions for tlve army. ' • ■ ■
Those hardships and privations could not but be severely distressing to men, the greater part of whom possessed
and enjoyed at home the means of comfortable living, atid fi'om their usual habits and pursuits in life but ill quali-
fied to endure them. They, however, submitted witlwut murirruring, evincing by their patience, their zeal, and
the promptitude with which they obeyed every order, a magnanimity highly honorable to their character.- Great as
was tneir merit in this respect, it was no less so in the spirit manifested vvhenever an order was given to inaich to
meet the foe; .anil, at the ''Long Old Fields," wheOe his attack was- momently expected in ovejftvhelming force,
they displayed, in presejiee of many spectators, although scarce any of them had ever been in action, a firmness, a
resolutiim, and an intrepidity, which, whatever might have been the result, di.d honor to their country.
On Wednesday morning, the '24th August, at U A. M- I received orders from General W^inder to detach one
piece of artillery and one company of infantry, to repair to the Eastern Branch Bridge, and there report to Colonel.
Wadsworth; and to proceed with the residue of the troops to Bladensburg. and take a position to suppuit General
Stansbuiy. This lorder was put in immediate execution, and the troops for Bladensburg moved ott with all the
expedition of which they were capable. Having put them in motion -I passed on ahead, in order that I might select
my position against their arrival. I found General Stansbury posted on the west side of the Eastern Branch, his
fight resting on the main road, distant from the bridge at Bladensburg five or six hundred yaMs, and extending
northeastwardly, his left approaching nearer to the creek. An" extensive apple orchard was. in his front, and one
hundred to two hundred yards in advance, a vtfork thrown up, commanding the bridge,, occupied by a corps of artil-
lerists, with five or six pieces, and appeared to be supported by some rifle and light coKipanies. In his rear, on the
right, was a thick undergrowth of wood, and .directly behind that a deep hollow or ravine, open or cleared, of about
sixty yafds in width, which the main roail crosses. The ravine terminates on the left in a bold acclivity, about
two hundred yards from the road; the rest of the ground in his rear was open, unbroken, and gradually ascending
fields. Having hastily examined the grounds, and concluded on the dispositioits I should make, I apprised General
Stansbury of my views, as to the troops under my command, suggesting, that if his line should be forced, and he
could again form-on my left, that the nature of the ground there would be favorable for a renewal of the action . which
might then become general. By this time we received advice' that the enemy were near Bladensburg. and I left
him, to hasten the arrival of my troops. They moved rapidly on, notwithstanding the excessive heat of the, clay,
covered with clouds of dust, and were promptly disposed of as follows: ^
Lieutenant Colonel Scott, with the 36th United States' regiment, was posted in a field on the left of the road,
his right resting upon it, and commanding the road descending into the' ravine befoi'e mentioned, iu the rear of
' General Stansbury 's riglit, and the rest of his line QommaViding the ascent from' the, ravine. This position was
about one hundred andtifty yards in the rear of the front line, but extending to the right. In the same field, about
one hundred yards in the rear of the 36th regiment, Colonel Magruder was posted with a part of the Is.t legiment of
District militia, his right also resting upon the road, the left advanced, presenting a front obliquely to the road, and
situated to cover and to co-operate with the 3Gth regiment; Major Peter, with his artillery, six six pounders; Captain
Davidson's light infantry, and Captain Stull's ritle corps, orwierf with muskets, a\[ of the same regiment, were
ordered to take possession of the abrupt acqlivlty belbre mentioned, terminating the ravine. This was deemed a
desirable position, because it commanded completely the ravine and the road cjossing it, and a considerable extent
of the ground over which the front line would necessarily retire if forced back; but, after a short space ol time,
report was made to me, that broken grounds interrupted the approach to it with artillery, but, by .-i circuitous route
that would consume much time, ahd that, in case of retreat,.ciie ground in the rear was such as might endanger the
safety of tlie guns. It was mentioned, at the si^me time, that near to it was a commandmg position for.artillery,
and easy of access from and'to the road, I yielded with reluctance to the abandonment of the position first ordered,
but time did not admit of hesitation. Mean while Ihad posted Lieutenant Colonel Kramer, with his battalion of
Maryland draughted militia, in the woods, on the right of the road, and commanding the ravine which continued iu
that direction, with orders that, if forced, he should retire by his right, through a body of \Yoods in that direction,
and rally and fiirm with the troops stationed in the rear, on the extreme right. Upon examining the position taken
by Major Peter's battery, it was found that the range of his guns was principally through that part of the field occu-
pied by the 36th regiment. To remove one or the other became necessaiy, and the difiSculty of the ground for
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE L'lTY OF WASHINGTON. 555
-moving avtilleiy, and the exigency of the movement, left no alternative. The 3Gth fell back about one hundred
yards, losing, in some measure, the advantage of its elevated ground, and leaving the road. The position of the isi.
regiitient District militia, trom this circumstance, was also necessarily changed. It fell back about the same dis-
tance, its right still i-esting on the road, and now formed, nearly in line with the 36tli. Of the 2d regiment District
militia, two pieces of artillery and (rae company of riflemen, armed with muskets, were, by directions of General
Winder, sent on to the iront; with those he flanked the extreme left of the front line; two pieces more of artillery
were posted in the road near the bridge at Uladensburg; the residue of that regiment, about three hundred and fifty
strong, under the command ot Colonel Brent, was formed as a reserve a short distance in the rear of Major Peter's
battery, and so disposed as to act on the right, or left, or in front, as occasion miglit require. Near them was posted,
in .the same manner. Major AVaring's Prince George's battalion of militia, about one hundred and fifty. Colonel
William D. Beall, vi/ith a regiment of troops from Annapolis, passed through Bladensburg as our troops arrived, and
took a position on the right of the road and nearly fronting it, a distance about two hundred and fifty yards. Pre-
vious to the arrival of the troops on the ground, General Winder came up from the city, and being made acquainted
with the intended dispositions of the troops, as well as the ground reserved for Commodore Barney and the marines,
approved of and confirmed them-
About half past twelve o'clock, and whilst the troops were yet taking their ditterent positions, innumerable
rockets thrown from the heights of Bladensbuig announced the arrival of the enemy tliere; and, at this period,
Commodore Barney's sailors and marines, in quick inarch, arrived, and to(ik possession of the ground previously
assigned them, his artillery being posted in and near the road upon its right, commanding the road and open field
in front, and his infantry, together with the marines under Captain Miller, extending to the right, thus occupying
the interval of ground between Colonel Magruder's first regiment District militia, and Colonel Beall's Maryland
regiment.
The firing of artillery in front soon commencfid, and immediately after, that of musketry, in quick and rapid
succession. In a few minutes the whole right and centre of the front line, with some small exceptions, were seen
retiring in disorder and confusion. The firing still continued on the extreme left, but shortly after, it also broke,
and although it retired in more order, yet none could be rallied so as to renejy the action with effect, and also soon
entirely quitted the field.
Mean while the left of the enemy, in heavy colurpn, passed along the road crossing the ravine. They were here
encountered by the troops of Colonel Kramer, posted in the woods on the edge of the ravine. These, after a short
conflict, were compelled to retire; which they did principally under cover of the adjacent woods, and formed with
the troops of Colonel Beall on the right. The enemy's column now displayed in the field on the right of the road.
I'hey here became exposed to the oblique tire of Major Peter's' battery, which was kept up with great animation.
Still pressing on to the front of our right, they came in contact with the lieavy artillery of Commodore Barney, and
of the troops posted there. Here the bring became tremendous. They were repulsed, again returned to the charge,
succeeded in forcing the troops on the right, and finally carried the position of Commodore Balney.
The dispersion of the front line caused a dangerous opening on our left, of which the enemy in that quarter
promptly availed. He advanced rapidly, then, wheeling on. his left, soon gained, and was turning our left flank.
To oppose this alarming movement, I directed Colonel Brent, with the second regiment of District militia, to take
a position still m,ore to the left; and he was proceeding in the execution of this order, when orders came from Ge-
neral Winder for the whole of the troops to retreat. The eftbrts of the enemy had hitherto been directed princi-
pally against 'the right and left of our whole line of battle. The troops of this District, and a part of those attached
to them, occupying positions mostly in the centre, and some of them difficult of access, were consequently but par-
tially engaged, and this principally with light troops and skirmishers, now pressing forward, supported by a column
of infantry.
I here beg leave to refer to the reports of Colonels Brent and Thompson, Nos. 1 and 2, showing the positions,
and the part taken by their respective commands during the action.
The order to retreat was executed by regiments and corps, as they had beeti formed, and with as much order as
the nature of the ground would permit. The first and second regiments halted and formed, after retreating five or
six hundred paces, but were again ordered by General Winder to retire. At this moment I fell in with General
Winddr, and, after a short conference with him, was directed to move on, and collect the troops, and prepare to
make a stand on the heights westward of the turnpike gate. This was done as fast as the troops came up. A front
was again presented towards the enemy, consisting principally of the troops of this District, a part of those who had
been attached to them in the action, and a Virginia regiment of about four' hundred men, under Colonel Minor,
which met us at this place. Whilst the line was yet forming, I received orders from General Winder to foil back,
to the capitol, and there form for battle. I took the liberty of suggesting my impression of the preferable situation
we then occupied; but expecting that he might be joined there by some of the dispersed troops of the front line, he
chose to make the stand ^there. Approaching the capitol, I halted the troops, and requested his orders as to the
formation of the line. We found no auxiliaries there. He then conferred for a few moments with General Arm-
strong, who was a short distance from us, and then gave orders that the whole should retreat through Washington
and Georgetown. It is irnpossible to do justice to the anguish evinced by the troops of Washington and George-
town on the receiving of this order. The idea of leaving their families, their houses, and their homes, at the mercy
of an enraged enemy, was insupportable. To preserve that order which was maintained during the retreat, was now
no longer practicable. As they retired through Washington and Georgetown, numbers were obtaining and taking
leave to visit their homes, and again rejoining; and with ranks thus broken and scattered, they halted at night oa
the heights near Tenlytown, and, on the ensuing day, assembled at Montgomery Court House.
I have thus, sir, given a detailed, and what will, 1 apprehend, in many respects, be deemed too minute an account,
of the short tour of service of the District troops under my c(mimand, which preceded the capture of this capital. 1
fear its length may trespass too much on the patience of your honorable committee. I thought it, however, due to
the occasion, and conformable to the spirit and purport of your inquiries. I had another object. The troops of
Washington and Georgetown have been assailed, in the public prints and elsewhere, with calumnies as unmerited
as they are cruel and wanton. They have heard of them with indignant astonishment. Conscious that in no in-
stance have they been wanting in the duty they owed to their country or to themselves, but, on the contrary, in
obedience to the call of their Government, have, with alacrity, obeyed its orders, and intrepidly fronted an enemy
vastly their superior in force, and never yielded the ground to him, but by orders emanating from superior authority,
they cannot restrain the feelings excited by such manifest, such unprovoked injustice. They have seen with satis-
faction the resolution of Congress to inquire into this subject; and persuaded of the justice and impartiality of your
honorable committee, entertain a confident assurance that the result of your investigation will afford relief to their
injured feelings. Connected with this subject, 1 beg le^ve to refer to a letter of General Winder, No. 3, in answer
to an inquiry made ot him, as to the general conduct of the brigade whilst under his command.
> I have the honor to be, &c.
W. SMITH,
Brigadier General First Columbian Brigade.
Hon. R. M. Johnson.
P. S. I ought to have mentioned that parts of two companies of the United States' twelfth and thirty-eighth
regiments were attached to the thirty-sixth regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Scott. Previous to the march to
Bladensburg, eighty men of his command had been stationed near the Eastern Branch bridge, and did not join until
after the action. His force then was less than three hundred men. W. S.
72
566 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Sir:
Brigadier General Robert Young'' s statement.
Alexandria; October 3, 1814.
In compliance with your letter of the 28th of September, written in pursuance of a resolution adopted by the
House of Representatives of the United States, requiring such information as may be in my power to give, more
especially the part assigned my commaijd, my numbers, orders, movements, and dispositions, previous and subse-
quent to the 34th of August last, and on that day; as also the conduct of my officers and men, their ideas upon the
subject of the enemy's numbers, their confidence in success, and whether any thing like a panic prevailed: with
such other views as it may be in my power to communicate, pertinent to an impartial investigation of the subject:
I have the honor respectfully to report, that, since the declaration of war, I am enabled, witli great truth, to say,
that the officers and a great portion of the privates of my command have manifested to me every disposition to de-
fend the District of Columbia from the approach of the enemy; and this disposition has been communicated to the
Secretary of War, requesting to be furnished with the necessary means of enabling the militia under my command
to do so with effect.
On or about the 25tli of July, 1814, Greneral Winder visited the town of Alexandria, and was made acquainted
with most of the officers of my brigade, and at that interview mentioned his intention of having a general inspection
of the brigade. The men were accordingly assembled, on the first day of August, under an order of General Van
Ness, when General Winder attended, and inspected the brigade, minutely, in person. And I beg leave here to
remark, that, on General Winder's first visit to the town of Alexandria, he was furnished, by an officer of my bri-
gade, with a topographical sketch of the river Potomac, from a place called Indian Head, about twenty-three miles
below Alexandria, containing the course of the rivei-, the depth of the water, width of the channel at particular
places, and pointing out Indian Head as the first proper point of defence against the approach of the enemy by
water; the White House as the second point of defence; and suggesting a plan of increasing the defence at Fort
W^arburton. This was done with an understanding that General Winder would receive any communication upon
that subject, in writing, from any of the inhabitants of Alexandria.
On the 18th day of August last, I received orders from General Van Ness to order out immediately the whole of
my brigade, to encamp at some convenient place, and report myself to General Winder; which order was obeyed.
See No. 1. ,
On the same day I received orders from the same officer, to detach two troops of cavalry attached to my brigade,
to rendezvous at Biudensburg the next day, at four o'clock in the morning, to attend Colonel Monroe, Secretary of
State, and be subject to his particular orders; which was complied with, as will appear by document No. 2.
On the twentieth of August I was directed by General Winder to hold my brigade ready to move at a moment's
warning, with ammunition, and a supply of three days' provisions, as will appear by No. 3; and, on the same day,
about four o'clock, P. M. I received orders from the same officer to cross the Potomac, without delay, at Rozier's
ferry, and take a position on the most convenient spot adjacent thereto, encamp, and there await further orders.
See No. 4. _ .... . ■ .
I accordingly the same evening took up my line of march, with the remaining part of my brigade, containing, in
the whole, officeis and privates included, four hundred and fifty -four strong. I had with me two brass six pounders,
one brass four pounder, and attempted to take two long twelve pounders, belonging to the corporation of Alex-
andria, but found them too unwieldy to move, with our means, across the river, and returned them. I was,
at first, accompanied by a company of marine artillery, composed of volunteers from the seafaring persons in Alex-
andria, but the difficulty of transporting the twelve pounders occasioned several of them to return; the others re-
mained with a brass four pounder, and joined the artillery commanded by Captain Griffith. On the twenty-first of
August I received orders to move with my detachment, at reveille next morning, and pitch my tents at the most
convenient spot, nigh Piscataway, between that place and the Woodyard, and there await further orders, which
was complied with. See No. 5.
On the twenty-second of August I received orders to fall back with my detachment, and take the most conve-
nient position on the road from Piscataway to Washington, to defend the approach from below to Fort Warburton.
This order was complied with, see No. 6; and here we received information of the approach of the enemy from the
Patuxent towards Washington, and also of the approach of the fleet coming up the Potomac, and of their having
passed the Kettle Bottoms. 1 accordingly took a strong position on a height called Hatton's Hill, near the head or
Piscataway creek, about three miles in the rear of Fort Warburton, reviewed the ground of the fort, which is favor-
able for a small number to defend against a greater, and made a disposition of the brigade in case of an attack, and
communicated the information, and marked the ground, and made known to the troops their respective posts in the
line, in case of an attack, in doing which both officers and privates exhibited to me the strongest and most deter-
mined resolution to make a proper and successful resistance. I saw no wavering or want of confidence, nor any
symptoms of panic.
On the twenty-third of August I received information from Colonel Tayloe, of the cavalry, that he had in charge
to inform me, that General Smith's brigade was retreating to Washington, and the enemy pursuing rapidly, and, in
case we were compelled to retreat, the mayor of Alexandria would send every boat that could be had to Fort
Washington, or Rozier's ferry, for the purpose of transporting the troops across the Potomac. See No. 7.
On the receipt of this letter I addressed one to General Winder, by my Brigade Major, informing him of its con-
tents, and observed, that as Colonel Tayloe did not say fiom whom he had the charge, I requested that he would please
give Major Triplett his orders on the subject. See No. 8. On the morning of the 24th August I received a mes-
sage from General Winder, by Assistant Adjutant General Hite, directing me to take up my line of march, and
move on the road from Piscataway to the Eastern Branch bridge, and take a position at the cross roads, and send out
videttes towards Marlborough and the city, to watch the movements of the enemy, then on their march, about
miles on our flank. Our position was on Oxen Hill, where Major Hite again visited us, on his return from Fort
Warburton.
On our march, and when the brigade had advanced about three miles. Major Triplett returned with orders from
General Winder, directing the brigade to cross to the Virginia shore, in the boats which were directed to be left at
the fort, for the purpose of crossing troops, and if the boats were not there to retire on to Washington; but, in case
we could cross the river, to fall into the road through which the Virginia troops would pass, and co-operate with
them, unless the advance of the enemy up the river should make it necessary to retire on Alexandria; and if there
should be no Virginia troops retiring, to fall back immediately to Alexandria, and act in the best manner for the de-
fence of that place, or, retreating to Washington, if necessary; and leaving a latitude, in case of events, to pursue
such measures as would best secure us from disaster. See No- 9. Soon after the receipt of this letter, we were
advised of the approach of the enemy up the river, above Port Tobacco, and I was also advised that the eiiemy were,
that morning, advanced of Marlborough about five miles; and, without perceiving any want of steadiness m my men,
I determined, in obedience to orders, to cross the Potomac to the town of Alexandria, at Rozier's ferry, and sent
for the boats left at the fort, and also for boats from Alexandria, which were immediately sent m a great abundance;
and, after some part of the brigade had embarked and left the shore, I received orders from General Armstrong,
dated the 24th of August, but whether written before or subsequent to that of General Winder I was unable to ascer-
tain, informing me that the most the enemy did the day. before, was to move about two miles in advance of Marl-
borough, and that the ships in (he Potomac had no troops; and directing me to hold my present post until assured
that the enemy was in force and about to attack me, or until I should receive further orders, and to keep my videttes
well posted on every road. See No. 10.
I accordingly recalled the troops embarked, and resumed my position back of Oxen Hill, on the road leading to
the Eastern Branch bridge, and near its junction with the road leading to Mariborough, and sent out my videttes on
each road. We were at this moment apprised of the enemy's being on his march to Bladensburg, and soon after,
by the commencement of the action, which was distinctly heard; the videttes soon returned, and gave rae infor-
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
56:
ination of the Eastern Branch bridge being blown up, and others, of the retreat of our troops througli Washing-
ton. I had, in this iiiterval, despatched the trooper who brought rae Genera! Armstrong's letter, with an answeT,
informing him that I had, in obedience to his letter, returned to my position on the heights back of Oxen Hill, and
should there wait further orders.
The trooper, with great despatch, returned, and informed me that he could not see General Armstrong, hut had
inquired of the President and General Winder, both of whom he met with the army, retreating through Washington
city, and they being unable to give any inlormation of him. General W inder despatched the same trooper back,
with verbal orders for my brigade to cross the P()t(miac, and form a junction with his army in Montgomery county,
Maryland. I accordingly crossed the troops over to Alexandria, on the night of the twenty-fourth of August, and
took a position a small distance in the rear of Alexandria, and during the night and next morning crossed my artil-
lery and baggage. I had sent a vidette into the city of AVashington, and learnt that tlie enemy were in possession,
and were firing the public buildings. I took up my line of march for Conns' ferry, a small distance above the Great
Falls of the Potomac, and immediately opposite Montgomery Court House, where I was informed General Winder's
army then were. The troops were, on the twenty-sixth, delayed on their march, near Carper's mills, opposite the
Great Falls of the Potomac, by an alarm of a domestic nature, which I was credulous enough to give credence to
from the respectability of the country people who came to me foi- protection, and I accordingly halted my brigade]
and sent out my light troops, and one troop of cavalry, which had joined me from Fauquier, to ascertain the°fact'
which finally proved erroneous. See letter No. 13, from the mayor of Alexandria.
On my passing the road which led to the Little Falls bridge, I was apprised by a vidette that the enemy's pickets
were still in view from Georgetown, and by several persons from the city, that I was in danger of bein" cut off
should the enemy make a sally out across the Little Falls bridge, which determined me to pursue my original inten-
tion, and not pass the bridge.
On the evening of the twenty-seventh of August I crossed my troops over the Potomac, at Conns' ferry, and the
river being rocky, and but one boat, and owing to high winds, I was unable to pass the artillery and ba^^a^e across
nntti late in the evening of the twenty-eighth of August, when 1 immediately despatched a vidette'^to^General
AVinder, informing him of my movements, and that I should continue my march to reach his camp, unless other-
wise ordered. See No. 13.
About one o'clock of the night of the twenty-eighth, I received an order from Colonel Monroe, Secretary of
State, informing me that the British squadron had passed the fort, and was approaching the city; that the fort sur-
rendered without opposition; and that the President of the United States desired that I should move with all possi-
ble despatch for Georgetown, to be in a situation to aid either Alexandria or the city, as circumstances might
require. See No. 13. I soon after took up my line of march, and reached Georgetown, distant about twenty miles,
at half past twelve o'clock, and were marched to the city, and encamped near the President's house, in full view of
the enemy's fleet lying at the town of Alexandria.
On the thirty-first of August I was ordered to march across the Potomac, and join General Hungerford, from
whence the brigade was marched to the W'"te House. See No. 14. It may be proper for me here to remark, that,
on my route to Conns' ferry, I gave directions for moving two twelve pounders, belonging to the corporation of Alex-
andria, out of the enemy's reach, and on my march to the White House I carried them with me, and caused to be re-
moved from the gun house in Alexandria, and while it was in possession of the enemy, the screws, sponges, rammers
and apparatus, belonging to the guns, as also the powder from the powder house, and, as facts are better than opinions'
permit me to bring in view the artillery so handsomely mentioned by Captain Porter. Two of the infantry killed, and
two wounded, that had been detailed under the command of Captain Janny. show the materials of the brigade from
which they were drawn; the rifle corps were also on the flank of battery, and did theirduty, and more to their honor,
from knowing that their arms had previously been condemned. Whilst the troops lay at the White House, some op-
portunity was afforded me during the bombardment of that fort, as well as on the day the enemy's fleet passed it. from
the quantity of large and grape shot and rockets which fell among them, ol' forming a correct judgment of their firm-
ness, as well as from the circumstance of the defence of a particular spot having been previously assigned to me and my
command, to which, on the first notice of the action, the remainder of the brigade repaired, with a cheerful serenity of
mind free from agitation or appearance of panic, which warranted the highest expectations from them: and, considering
that tlie brigade was called into service en masse, drawing persons from all situations in life, on so siiort a notice,
I am happy to say that they endured fatigue and privation without a murmur; and I most sincerely lament, both
for them and myself, that so fair an opportunity should have passed by— an opportunity above all others which could
have presented itself to the mind of an American freeman, the most desirable; that such an opportunity, from cir-
cumstances beyond their control, should have passed, without all the officers and privates of the brigade being
brought to a more earnest test of their professions and dispositions, both for the honor of their town, themselves,
and beloved country.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ROBRRT YOUNG.
Brigadier General second brigade, M. D. C.
The Hon. Richard M. Johnson, Chairman, ^c.
Note.— Fort Warburton and Fort Washington is the same place, it being differently called in the different
despatches received-
Brigadier General Hugh Douglases statement.
Ellicott's Mills. November 20, 1814.
Deau Sir: '
In answer to the inquiry contained in your letter of the fifteenth, I hasten to inform you, that I received the
order calling me to Alexandria, and thence to the city of Washington, on the Monday immediately preceding the de-
struction of the public buildings. This was on the twenty-second of August. It directed me to inarch my brigade
immediately to Washington. In pursuance of these orders, my brigade, or rather the greater part of it, marched
on the next day, the twenty-third; the residue overtook them on their march.
In relation to the arms, I will add, that the Loudoun regiments under my command brought on some arms from
Virginia, which were partly deposited at Ellicott's Mills, and partly delivered up, to be brought to this place from
Baltimore, the troops having met with Harper's Ferry arms, with which those were supplied whose muskets were
out of order.
The Fairfax regiment, under Colonel Minor's command, was armed at Washington, when he was detached from
me. From him you may learn. wAcn he arrived in Washington; at what hour after his arrival he applied for arms-
how long, he was delayed, and ivhat were the causes of delay. '
It is not in my power to give further information that I deem material; but, as the committee have demanded of
me all the information I possess, I feel it my duty to refer them to Colonel Minor, whose information, in relation
to the arming the regiment under his command, and the delays attending it, may be perhaps important.
I have the honor to be, dear sir, &c.
HUGH DOUGLAS.
Brigadier General sixth brigade, V. M.
568 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
Lieulenant Colonel Joseph StereWs statement.
Baltimore, November 22, ISU.
Sir:
1 havL- the hoijor to acknowledge tlie receipt of your letter of tlic lltii instant, and will, with pleasure, give
such information as i possess, relative to the unfortunate aftiiir of Ijladensburg.
On the 19(h of August last, the 3d brigade of Maryland militia was called into the service of the United States.
On the 00th, the 5th regiment, the rifle battalion, under Maj. Pinkney, and two companies of artillery, under Captains
Myer and Magruder, making, together, about eight huudred men, were ordered by General Strieker to proceed to
Bladensburg, under my command, where! was to report myself to General Winder. On the 21st, the whole took
up the line of march. At Elk Ridge Landing, I received a communication from General Winder, directing me to
proceed to Snowden's by convenient marches, and there await his further orders. As the detachment set out with-
out being completely equipped, I halted at the landing, to give an opportunity for the further supplies to come on.
However, on Monday, the 22(1, about 2 o'clock, P. M., 1 received an order from General Winder, by express, to
advance by forced marches to Bladensburg. The whole of my detachment instantly struck their tents; and, with
the greatest alacrity, took up the line of march. We arrived at the Buck, or Snowden's, at a late hour, and en-
camped for the night. Early the next morning we wfre in motion, and that evening arrived at Bladensburg, where,
by order of General Winder, I was placed under the command of General Stausbury. The whole encampment
was alarmed about 9 o'clock that night, soon after my detachment had pitched their tents, and before the men could
refresh themselves. They, however, formed with cheerfulness and aiacrityi and remained under arms until about
1 o'clock. We were scarcely dismissed before we were again called to arms, and about 2 o'clock were ordered to
strike our tents; and, finally, before daylight, we marched, and crossed the bridge at Bladensburg, and took the
road to Washington. We were occasionally halted and advanced, until about 11 o'clock, when we were counter-
marched, and formed in the orchard on the west side of Bladensburg bridge, to await the enemy, who, we were in-
formed, was advancing in full force. I knew nothing of any second line or reserve being formed to support us, and
no man of any judgment, acquainted with the fatigued, undisciplined, and inexperienced troops, under the com-
mand of General Stansbury, could, for a moment, suppose them capable of making a successful resistance to a su-
perior, brave, and veteran enemy,' conducted by officers of great experience and high reputation. In this situation,
I concurred in opinion with Colonel Ragan and Major Pinkney, that we ought to fall back, and, by uniting with
the other troops under General Winder, which were supposed to be between us and Washington, enable the Gene-
ral to make a better disposition of his whole force; and so advised General Stansbury, who, in reply, observed that
the order was positive; that he must make his stand where he was; to which, of course, we submitted.
The two companies of artillery and the riflemen, under Major Pinkney, vvere detached from me, and stationed
near the bridge at Bladensburg. The 5th was formed under the directions of Colonel Monroe, the present Secre-
tary of War, on the left, and m line with General Stansbury's brigade, from which period my attention was prin-
cipally confined to this regiment. The men beheld the gradually approaching dangers of battle with a firm and
undaunted countenance. The action commenced about one, by an attack on the redoubt, where the riflemen and
artillery were placed. These soon retired, and the 5th covered their retreat, and kept up a lively fire, and sup-
ported their place in line with firmness, utitil the enemy had gained both flanks, and the order to retreat was given
by General Winder himself. I was directed to take a road to the right, as we retired, leading to the city of Wash-
ington; but we were so annoyed by the enemy's flankers, followed by his whole force, and finding no reserve to
support us, or upon which to form, it became impossible for me, though ably assisted by my field and other officers,
to preserve order. On my arrival at Washington, I was informed that General Winder had passed thiough George-
town, and taken the Fredericktown road. We followed, and came up with him about three miles from George-
town, ami reported ourselves. By this time it was nearly dark. General Winder here informed me that he should
retire upon Montgomery Court House. 1 obtained his prermission to seek for refreshment and quarters, and discre-
tionary orders to endeavor to turn the course of the retreat towards him. This night I had the mortification of wit-
nessing the conflagration of the city of Washington, being only distant about four miles. Early the next morning,
with my field officers, I crossed the country to the Baltimore road, with a view of turning the troops we might meet
or overtake towards Montgomery. We soon fell in with numbers of General Stansbury's brigade, and those who
inarched from Baltimore under my command. But our exertions were again ineftectual, from the knowledge all
possessed of the destruction of the public buildings in the city, and that our baggage vyagons had passed into Vir-
ginia. In fine, I concluded that it would be impossible to collect any force short of this place, and so came on.
General Winder soon after arrived here, and seemed satisfied with what 1 had done.
I ought to notice, that the first line, formed on the battle ground, was changed under the direction of Colonel
Monroe. On this occasion he observed to me, "Although you see that I am active, you will please to bear in mind
that this is not my plan," or words to this ettect.
The fall of the capital must be ascribed chiefly to the insufficiency in point of numbers, and total inadequacy in
point of discipline of the troops assembled for its defence. No General, however great his talents or exertions,
with such means, against such a foe, could have saved it. The imposing front of the enemy was never disconcerted
by the fire of the artillery or riflemen; and the brigade of General Stansbury was seen to fly as soon as the action
became serious. No second line or reserve appeared to advance or support us, and we were outflanked and de-
feated in as short a time as such an operation could well be performed.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOSEPH STERETT,
. Lieutenant Colonel 5tli Regiment M. Md.
The Hon. Richard M. Johnson, in Congreas, Washington.
'■ Colonel George Minorh statement
In answer to the several interrogatories madety Colonel R. M. Johnson, chairman of the committee of inquiry
into the causes of the destruction of the public buildings In the city of Washington, as hereunto annexed, state as
On Friday, the 19th of August last, wa3 informed (not officially) of the collecting of the enemy's forces in our
waters, namely, the Potomac and Patuxent. Immediately issued orders for the regiment under ray command to
assemble at Wren's tavern on the Tuesday following, it being the nearest point of the county of Fairfax to the city;
and, on Sunday the 21st, received orders, through Brigadier General Douglas, to repair with a detachment of ninety
men, that had been previously placed in detail, to inarch at a moment's warning to the aid of General Hungertord.
whose head quarters were either in the counties of Westmoreland, King George, or Northumberland; and to make
one other requisition of one hundred and forty men, exclusive of officers, and order them to the aid of General
Winder, city of Washington. And on Monday evening, the 22d, received a verbal message from the President,
by Mr. John Graham, to hasten on the troops which had been ordered from my regiment, which will more fully
appear by said Graham's letter to General Winder, to which I beg leave to refer the committee; and, after inform-
ing Mr. Graham the purport of the orders I had received, we both concluded it would be proper tor him to return
to Washington, and have the orders, first alluded to, countermanded, so as to justify me in marching with my whole
force to the city; which consisted, as well as I can recollect, of six hundred infantry and about one hundred ca-
valry; and the said Graham returned to Wren's tavern on Tuesday evening, the 23d, with General Winder's orders,
■written on the same letter to which I have referred the committee. On the receipt of which, I took up my line of
inarch immediately, and arrived at the capitol between sunset and dark, and immediately made my way to the Pre-
sident and reported my arrival, when he referred me to General Armstrong, to whom I repaired, and informed him
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
569
as to the strensth of the troops, as well as to the want of arms, ammunition, &c. which made it as late as eailv
candle light, when I was uitormed by that gentleman the arms, &c. could not be had that night, and directed me to
report myselt next morning to Colonel Carbery, who would furnish me with arms, &c.; which gentleman, from early
next morning,.] diligently sought lor, until a late hour of the forenoon, without being able to find him, and then
went 111 search of General Winder, whom I lound near the Eastern Branch; when iie gave an order to the ar-
morer for the munitions wanting, with orilers to return to the capitol, there to await further orders
On my arrival at the armory, found that department in the care of a very young man, who dealt out the stores
cautiously, which went greatly to consume time; as, for instance, when Hints were once counted by my officers
who showed every disposition to expedite the furnishing the men, -the young man had to count them over again, be-
fore they could be obtained, and at which place I met with Colonel Carbery, who introduced himself to me, and
apologized for not being found when I was in search of him, stating he had left town the evening before, and had
gone to his seat in the country. After getting the men equipped, I ordered them on to the capitol, and waited my-
selt to sign the receipts for the munitions furnished; and, on my arrival, was informed by Major Hunter, who com-
manded in my absence, o-rders had been given to march to Bladensburg, when we took up our march for that place
and met the retreating army on this side the turnpike gate, and was ordered by one of General Winder's aids to
form the line of battle on a iieight near that place, and was soon after ordered by tiie General in person to throw
back my regiment from that position, into sections, and to wait until the retreating army had passed, and cover their
retreat; and immediately after sent his aid to direct me to countermarch immediately, and come on to the capitol.
After returning there, halted the troops, to wait further orders, until General Winder directed me to marcli
them on, without telling me where; of course I marched with the other troops until I came to the six buildin"
General Winder; met him on the road leading from Tenlytown, to where my troops lay, when iie'oidered me
to Montgomery Court House, and from thence to Baltimore. Given under my hand, city of Washington, 30th of
October. 1814.
GEORGE MINOR,
Colonel Commandant 60!li Regiment Virginia Militia.
Lieutencmt Colonel John Tayloe's statement.
Franklin House, Washington, November 4, 1814.
Sir:
In obedience to your request, as chairman of the committee of investigation, &c. I have the honor to make to
you the following statemefit: on my return from the Northern Neck army, commanded by Major General Parker,
of the Virginia militia, which I left on the 30th August, with despatches from that officer, in reply to a communica-
tion I had been charged with, concerning the Virginia draughts, I arrived at Washington on Sunday night late, (the
21st,) and reported niyself early the next morning to General Armstrong, who ordered me to meet him at the War
Office at 12 o'clock, from whom I received the following order:
f'WAR Department, August 22, 1814.— 12 o'clock.
"GENERAL ORDER.
" General Douglas will assemble his brigadeaf Alexandria, and hold it there, subject to orders.
"J. ARMSTRONG."
I immediately proceeded with all speed, and executed the above order. Having received General Douglas's
communication, I hastened to Washington, and handed it to General Armstrong on Tuesday night, the 23d; when
he instantly sent me back to Virginia, charged with the following orders, and with verbal directions to forward on
the Virginia draughts wi7/t ttWpossift/e speet/.
." War Department, August 23, 1814.
" GENERAL ORDER.
" Lieutenant Colonel Minor will repair to Washington with the regiment under his command, with the utmost
despatch. He will report, on his arrival at Washington, to Colonel Carbery, of the 36th regiment of United States'
infantry, and make a requisition for arms and ammunition.
"J. ARMSTRONG."
" War Department, August 23, 1814.
" GENERAL ORDER.
"All militia now in, and marching to, Alexandria, (besides fliat of Colonel Minor) will march immediately to
Washington.
"J. ARMSTRONG."
" These orders will be communicated by Colonel Tayloe. ''
For the purpose of executing these orders without loss of time, and after commiinicating, by a dragoon, with Col.
Minor, I proceeded down the Northern Neck, to General Hungerford's brigade, then encamped at camp Sel-
den, near Potomac creek. On the 27th August, I moved from the brigade at Occoquan, on its march to Washing-
ton, and came on with a despatch from the General to Colonel Monroe, which I delivered at two o'clock in the
morning, at Washington.
General Armstrong manifested much zeal and earnest solicitation for the defence of Washington, and instruct-
ed me to use my best exertions in hastening the troops for the attaihment of that desirable object.
I have thus made you acquainted with the orders I received from the late Secretary of War, previous to the cap-
ture of Washington by the enemy, and stated to you, as concisely and accurately as I can recollect, at this distant
period, the manner in which these orders were executed.
I am, very respectfully, &c.
JOHN TAYLOE,
Lieutenant Colonel of Cavalry, M. D. C.
Lieutenant Colonel J. LavalVs statement.
Washington City, October 31, 1814.
Sir:
I have been honored with your letter of the 2Gth instant, in behalf of the committee appointed to inquire into
the causes which gave success to the enemy in his late enterprise against this city, desiring to know the part taken
by my command; my orders, positions, and duties; number of cavalry under my command, and the ditterent corps
of cavalry, &c. ; in answer to which, I have the honor to inform you as follows :
570 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
It is necessary, first, I should beg leave to commence my narrative from Carlisle, the place which had been as-
signed me by the Secretary of War, to collect, equip, mount, and instruct, the dragoons, for whom that place was
selected as a depot, and at which I received my orders for this city; this is the more necessary, .as it is highly im-
portant to me to exhibit the true state in which I set off, and thus redress the erroneous opinion the public had
formed of my command, both in point of strength and capacity as dragoons.
I took command early in March last, of the depot at Carlisle, and as fast as the recruits arrived, they were
instructed in the sword exercise, marched through the drilling movements, and received all other instructions that
could be given them without horses, having none then. After a few months, one troop was completed, mounted,
equipped, and trained, but it was ordered to Buttalo, under command of Captain Hopkins, who carried with him all
the horses, except the lame and sick. Thus I had to begin again, and wait for men arriving from the different ren-
dezvous; and patiently wait also for horses, which came on slowly, until about the 25th of July, when I received the
following orders from the War Department, to which letter I must call your particular attention, it being an essen-
tial document to prove (he state I was in, and the condition in which I left Carlisle to meet the enemy, as it hap-
pened in ten days:
"Adjutant .\nd Inspector General's Office, Washington-. yMft/ 20, 1814.
"Sir: .
" As soon as you have assembled the recruits for the light dragoons, arrange them into tv<o troops, with the re-_
quisite number of officers, if within your command, and as soon as Lieutenant Darrah has furnished you with a suf
ficient number of horses to mount them, you will, without delay, move to Montgomery Court House, Maryland"
takins the nearest and best road to that place, &c. [ _
" The equipment, complete, cannot probably be furnished in time at Carlisle; you will, in that case, order them
to Baltimore.
" On your arrival at Montgomery, you will report to Brigadier General Winder for orders.
" By order of the Secretary of War.
"JOHN R. BELL,
'• Assistant Inspector General.
" Lieutenant Colonel Lavali,, of the Light Dragoons.''
The above orders were executed with the utmost activity and punctuality. I despatched, immediately, an ex-
press to the officer mentioned, as purchaser of the horses, (l^ieutenant Darrah) who was then at Pittsburg, upwards
of two hundred miles from Carlisle; I enclosed the tenor of my orders, in return of <vhich, as soon as practicable, he
sent what horses he had, being about twenty, and came himself some time after, with about the same number: and
, then, with all reasonable despatch, purchased what was wanted to mount what number of men, fit for duty, I then
had, being about one hundred and forty, arranged as directed, into two troops, the one commanded by Captain Burd
and two lieutenants, and the other by Captain Littlejohn and two lieutenants. The purchase of horses was com-
pleted on Saturday, the 13th of August, and I marched off with the squadron the Monday following, 15th. I arrived
at Montgomery on Thursday, the 18th. On Friday, the 19th, I came to Washington for orders, and returned to
Montgomery same day. And on Saturday, the 20th, about ten o'clock in the morning, I marched my troops through
the city. I crossed, according to orders, the Eastern Branch bridge, and encamped nearly opposite the navy yard.
There we remained until Sunday afternoon, 21 st, when we were ordered to the Woodyard, between which place
and Nottingham, and Marlborough, and the Old Fields, we were kept on constant duty, in reconnoitering, in patrol-
ing, in escorting, furnishing videttes, to and fro, until Tuesday, the 23d, when we recrossed the Eastern Branch
bridge, about eleven o'clock at night, both men arjd horses hungry, and harassed with fatigue. We remained in that
situation until about ten o'clock in the morning, Wednesday, 24th. A stack of hay had just been discovered and
directed to be purchased, when I received the following order, to wit:
" Head Quarters, Washington, Jlugust 24.
" Lieutenant Colonel Lavali will proceed immediately with his detachment to Bladensburg, and report to Briga-
dier General Stansbury.
" WM. WINDER, Brigadier General," ^c.
The men, extremely anxious to feed their horses, were in the act of fetching the hay on their heads, and it was
with much difficulty they could be persuaded to drop it before they reached their horses. The trumpet sounded,
the men ran to their horses, and in a few minutes I was under way for Bladensburg. A number of the horses were
unable to proceed; several of the men sick; and from other casualties, my command was reduced to about one hun-
dred and twenty-five. This, sir, was the total amount of the dragoons under my comnjand. The report which has
circulated, of my having, on that day, from four to five hundred dragoons, is erroneous. There were several other
troops of volunteer cavalry, but, sir, I had no command nor control over them. What might have been their orders
I know not; they did not join me, nor did I receive, at any time, any orders to take command of them, or any of
them.
I have, in compliance with your request, sir, procured the names and probable strength of each troop, which, as
near as I have been able to obtain, is herewith subjoined.
I proceeded to Bladensburg; I had never been there before; the enemy was in sight; my orders were to report to
General Stansbury; I stopped my troops in the road near the river; I looked for the General; I could not come up
with him; he was visiting his troops. Our horses being much in want of water, we marched to the river. The ene-
my was then advancing rapidly towards it; I retired without having met the General, whom I had never seen. On
my retiring from the river, I was met by Colonel Monroe, (then Secretary of S!ate;) I informed him I was in want
of orders, and being totally unacquainted with the place, I was indebted to him for the place he pointed out, which I
occupied immediately with the squadron. At the moment of my entering the ravine. General Stansbury passed by
and approved of if. I was then satisfied that the General knew my position: the action began immediately, and the
front of the ravine being too high for me to observe the movements of the enemy, I advanced in front with one of my
officers. Lieutenant Brakin, to judge better of the opportunity which might offer. Our being elevated, and in a con-
spicuous situation, the balls and rockets soon showered around us. I had no other chance to form any idea, having
never been at the place before. We were too late to form any judicious arrangements, not knowing how the troops
and batteries were disposed in Bladensburg, and we arrived too much before our own troops from Washington, to
know the disposal of them in the rear.
The engagement was but short. I will not enter into the details of it, as you have, no doubt, Sir, been furnished
by a better authority, nor is it your desire. I will only state what leads to any reference to my share. All of a sud-
den our army seemed routed; a confused retreat appeared to be about in every corner of the battle ground, and the
place we were occupying seemed to have been the one by which it was to be effected. They poured in torrents by
us; my right wing being outside of the rpine, covered, unfortunately, a gate which it appeared was much wanted.
An artillery company drove through belore we could clear it; several of my men were crushed down,Jiorses and
all, and myself narrowly escaped having my thigh broken by one of the wheels which nearly took me off my horse.
All this created much confusion in the right wing of the squadron; they, however, soon got in order, and the stream
of the running phalanx considerably abated.
In the midst of a confusion, the like of which I had never seen in a field of battle, one of my troops was carried
off the field, either through some mistaken or improper orders, as it was unknown to me, who ought to have been
first directed or consulted: the moment that so important a point of discipline is trampled upon, a commanding of-
ficer loses all responsibility as well as credit, and risks his honor for the name of having a command.
Captain Burd's troop, which then did not consist of more than fifty-five men, was all the command I was then
left with, hardly half of a captain's command. Yet it has been wondered at why I did not cut to pieces four or five
1814] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
571
thousand of the British veteran troops with fit'ty-tive men, all recruits, and upon raw horses; the most of them had
not yet been purchased two weeks; the consequences are so obvious, that I did not think myself justifiable to make
so certain, so inevitable a sacrifice, without a hope of doing any good: there is a distinction between madness and
biavery.
Regular troops never act or retreat without orders: 1 had no other orders than those I have stated above I there •
fore remained as long as I could. I consLilted with Captain Burd before we left the field, who had no more desire
to leave it than I had, but it was high time; when we saw all going, I could no longer doubt of the order bein" Ge-
neral; I could not account for its not being more generally communicated. The enemy was then advancing rapidly
under a shower of fire, besides a column ol about seven or eight hundred which had gained considerably on our rigbt-
we then, and only then, sir, marched oft' on a walk between the flanking column and our disordered army. VVc
continued in that order, walking our horses as slow as horses could walk, when we were again met by Colonel Monroe
who walked his horse with us better than a mile, until he was satisfied that the enemy on our right required to be
kept in observation. He left us and advised to proceed in the order we then were, and we did so.
The pleasing hope to meet all our forces collected at Washington, and that there we would bi; better able to re-
ceive the enemy, from various motives and resources which we could not have had at Bladensburg, filled my mind
with anxiety, and helped to comfort me in our retreat: for it was not in the power of imagination to have indulged
itself with a moment of doubt, whether we should fight or not at Washington, and defend the capitol to the last man.
I have not met a man who was notof the same opinion with me on that score; by what fatality we were made to
pass through the city and leave it unprotected I know not, nor is it within the reach of my comprehension.
Having arrived at the capitol, I torined my troop. It had been rumored or ordered (I do not remember which)
that we were all to fornii near it; but, after remaining there half an hour, I saw no troops in the neighborhood. T
was then informed that the President's house was the place before which the army was to be formed. 1 then march-
ed through the avenue, and soon arrived before the President's house, but saw no army nor symptoms of any, which
would indicate a probability of resistance. After remaining in that situation for about three quarters of an hour I
could not, nor would not, believe that the city was to be given up without a fight. When I received orders to fol-
low the army, which it appeared had passed through Georgetown two hours before us, I then, sir, with a heart full
of sorrow, grief, and indignation, ordered my troop to follow the army, and met it about three or four miles above
Georgetown. What follows that period, I presume, sir, is of little importance to you and the Committee of In-
quiry; I, therefore, will close by saying that, from that day to this, I have not ceased to lament the event, without
being able to penetrate into the cause.
I have now given you, sir, all the information in my power, relative to the several points, the subject of your re-
quest in the letter you have honored me with in behalf of the committee, of whom
I have the honor to be, &c.
J. LAVALL,
Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Squadron U. S. L. D.
The Honorable R. M. Johnson.'
Stretigth and names of the several Mounted Volunteer Corps on the ground at Bladensburg.
Lieutenant Colonel Tilghman, about ------..
Major Ridgely, ----------
Captain Graham, - - - - - --
Lieutenant Williams, - - - - - - - -
Captain Herber. - - . . -
Total, - - - '- .
Colonel William D. BeaWs statement.
Georgetown, November 22, 1814
Sir:
I have the honor to reply to your request, directed by the honorable committee "appointed to inquire into the
causes of the success of the enemy in his recent enterprises against this city," &c. that, on my march to Bladens-
burg, on the 24th August, I received General Winder's order, in reply to a letter I had written him the day before,
to join General Stansbury at Bladensburg; that, on my arrival at the mill, I was met by a gentleman (General Win-
der's aid I supposed) who informed me my ground was Veitcb's Hill; he conducted me to the ground, where I
formed and received the enemy, after he had done with the army below the hill. On our retreat, at the Capitol Hill,
I received an order to march through Georgetown to the heights above it; but we reached Tenlytown, and, from
thence, about twelve o'clock at night, were ordered to move on the river road, no point designated; the next day,
we arrived at Montgomery Court House; the next day we encamped at Gaither's heig'hts, thence to Ellicott's Mills,
thence to the two mile stone towards Baltimore.
I have been informed by a gentleman, who acted as one of General Winder's aids, that he brought nie an order
to retreat; but I do not remember it.
This is as short a statement as I can make, to comprehend the design of the committee.
I have the honor to be, &c.
WM. D. BEALL.
N. B. Having marched about sixteen miles that morning, before the battle, my men were fatigued and exhausted.
Although it is not my impression that my command gave way as early as is represented by some, I must acknow-
ledge that the contest with the enemy was not of a character corresponding with my wishes in defending the capi-
tal of the United States, and, therefore, made every exertion to rally the men, and partially succeeded; but they ul-
timately gave way, in despite of exerrions, like the other troops. My command consisted of about seven or eight
hundred men.
Major William Pinkney's statement.
Baltimore, November 16, 1814.
Sir:
I have the honor to make the following communication, in compliance with the request contained in your let-
ter of the nth of last month.
The detachment, of which my battalion of riflemen (or rather three companies of it) formed a part, marched
from Baltimore on the 21st of August, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Sterett of the 5th regiment, and
arrived at Bladensburg about sunset on the 23d, where it encamped below, and at a short distance from, the brigade
of General Stansbury, who had fixed his encampment on Lowndes' Hill, by the side of the road from Marlborough,
and between that road and the river road. The detachment was wholly from the third brigade of Maryland militia,
and consisted of the 5th regiment, between four and five hundred strong; of two companies of artillery, (with six
six pounders) commanded by Captains Myer and Magruder, amounting to about one hundred and fifty men; and
of three companies of my battalion, commanded by Captains Dyer, Aisquith, and Baden, amounting to about one
hundred and eighty rank and file.
572 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
In the night of the 23(1, (about eleven o'clock') we were culled to arms by several discharges of single muskets,
in quick succession, by General Stansbury's pickets. Our detachment, of which only I had much opportunity to
observe the- conduct, turned out with alacrity, and exhibited, during the alarm, great spirit and firmness. The dis-
positions made by General Stansbury to meet the enemy, who was supposed to be advancing by the upper road, ap-
peared to be prompt aud judicious. It was a false alarm, however, and, after a few hours, we \vere permitted to
return to quarters. - - ■ ' _
We had scarcely reached our encampment, before Colonel Sterett and myself were summoned to the tetit of
General Stansbury, where we found his principal officers assembled. The General stated to us that he had just
received intelligence from General Winder that he had, retired upon Washiagton, across'the Eastern Branch; and
he aslied our advice as to the course which, in consequence of that movement, it was proper for ,hira ,to pursue,
apprising us, at the same' time, (as I think) that General Winder expected him to ifght the enemy, if he should
take the route of Bladensburg. It appeared to be certain that the enemy would take that route, without loss.of
time, and that General Stansbury's force, fatigued and exhausted as a portion of it was, consisting altogether of mi-
litia unused to service,^amounting to little more than two thousand men, and deprived of all prospect of support
from any quarter, was in no condition to withstand nearly thrice its number of regular troops, in a position which
presented no peculiar facilities for defence, especially when it was considered that General Winder's force, more
numerous than General Stansbury's, consisting partly of regufars, high' in character and discipline, furnished with
more and heavier artillery, and with a powerful body of horse, had just been compelled to place the Eastern- Branch
between it and those troops. For these, and other reasons, the officers present were of opinion that General Stans-
bury ought immediately to break up his encampment, and, by drawing nearer to Washington, consult the safety of
the force under his command, and put it in a situation to co-operate with that of General WindiOr, and to receive
and execute the orders of that Cieueral, whatever they, might be, for the protection of the capital. General Stans-
bury was himself of that opinion; and, in conforitxity, witli it, we retired across the bridge, in good older, to a high
ground, ots the edge of the main road, about a mile and a half from Bladensburg. from whence the enemy could be
reconnoitered, if he should advance, as had been anticipated- We halted at this place, about sunrise on (he '24th,
after General Stansbury had (as he informed me) despatched his aid-de-camp(Major Woodyear) to General Win-
der, to give him notice of his march, and lake his orders upon it. While he remained here. General Stansbury
mentioned,. 01- showed to me, (I forget which) a letter just received by him from General Winder, written, I be-
lieve, before General Winder knew of his 'late marcii, from which it appeared that General Winder still calculat-
ed on liis engapng the enemy, if he should attempt to approach by Bladensburg. 1 was still of opinioi), and so
expressed myself to General Stansbury, that, although it seemeil to be his duty to prepare his 'troops to dispute,
alone, and to the last extreinily, the eiiemy's passage to the city, and it" wfts possible the military views of his su-
periors might impose such an undertaking upon him, l)e ought not, unless his orders were peremptory, (and they
were not yet understood to be so) to seek the enemy at a distance from General Winder, without whose immediate
aid he could not i'ail to sacrifice his men, already broken down by toil and fasting, and want of sleep, and thus to
produce the destruction of the capitol; that Major Woodyear would soon letmn with precise orders from General
Winder, founded upon a knowledge of his situation and the designs of the enemy; and that, even if Major Wood-
year's return should be unexpected Ijr retarded, and a removal frojn his actual position should become necessary, it
would be far more prudent that General Stansbury should proceed to occupy one of the strong grouiids yet nearer
to Washington, with whicii the road abounded,^ where he might not only encouivter the enemy to advantage, but
readily be succored by the_pommander in Cliief, than that he should go back to his old encampment, or its neigh-
borhood, while General Winder's co-operation continued to be precarious. I believe that Colonel Sterett and
Colonel Ra^an gave to General Stansbury the same opinion, in substance, and that General Stansbury concurred
in it. He did not, however, move nearer to Washington, for Major Woodyear shortly afterwards (about 9 o'clock)
brought him verbal orders from (ieneral Winder to retrace his steps, and contest with the enemy the pass at Bla-
densburg, together with an assurance that he would join him without delay. These orders ware immediately obey-
ed, and, between ten and eleven o'clock, A. M. the troops were halted in a field, where there is an orchard, on
the left of the road as you approach Bladensburg from Washington, not far from the bridge. The passage at Bla-
densburg may be effected, as I comprehend, by two routes: by the bridge, and deep ford just above it, and by the
more shallow ford in the old Baltimore road, a little above the fork made by the northeast and northwest branchesj
which ford is reached from Bladensburg, by first crossing the northeast branch in the present Baltimore road, and
then turning to tiie left; and we halted at the point from which a passage by either, or both of those routes, might
best be opposed.
While the enemy was expected, a cloud of dust announced the atlvajice of a body of troops upon the upper
road, and they soon showed themselves upon Lowndes' Hill, which they descended rapidly. As General Winder
had not yet appeared, preparations were made to receive them by General Stansbury, assisted by Colonel Monroe.
At the bottom of the field, between four and five hundred yards from the bridge, as I conjecture, was a sort of-a
battery, en barbette, which haid been hastily constructed for heavy artillery, under the direction of Colonel Wads-
worth. The Baltimore companies had been employed, from their first arrival in the field, (with such tools as they
could get) in cutting embrasures through the parapet, which was much too lofty for their sis pounders, and which
there was not time to reduce through its whole extent, and in masking thein with hi-ush wood. In this battery they
were now stationed. I was ordered to place my companies in ambush on its right, with a view to afford protection
10 it, and to annoy the enemy in his approach, if he should succeed in crossing the bridge, or in fording the stream
in its neighborhood. I conducted my battalion accordingly to the place prescribed, and there distributed them be-
hind a fence, and among the bushes, upon the slope of the bank which terminates the field, and also beyond the
slope, as near to the bridge and, ford as was practicable, taking my own station some yards in the rear, (with the
Adjutant and Sergeant Major) on the top of the bank in the field, where there was nothing to interrupt my view of
an advancing enemy. The 5th regiment was posted about fifty yards in our rear, (outstretching us of course) and
gave confidence to my companies and the artillery. Two companies of Genend Stansbury's brigade (acting as
riflemen, but principally armed with muskets) were posted near the barn, behind the battery, at a small distance
from us. The residue of that brigade was (I think) stationed to tlie left of the battery, near to and beyond the
road which flanks it, called the ^ill Road, to watch, as I suppose, that road and the upper ford, and to march, or
to supply detachments, as occasion might require, to sustain the other parts of our force. A few horse paraded on
the main road, sometimes as far as the bridge. Such appeared to be our means of resistance, and such the distri-
bution of them. It was soon ascertained, however, that the troops, whom we had believed to be foes, were a regi-
ment of Maryland militia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Beall; and my battalion was consequently
withdrawn into the field, where it rested upon itg arms. The newly arrived regiment passed on to the rear, and
took post out of my view, and (as I have since heard) on the opposite side of the main road, where ^ve had halted
in the morning, as before stated. It is but justice to the men under my command to observe, in this place, that
they went to their posts with cheerfulness, although they were about to contend, as they supposed, with veteran
troops, greatly superior in numbers.
Soon after the arrival of Colonel Beall's regiment, the enemy was discovered in full march for Bladensburg,
along the river road, and we once more prepared for battle. I had now from General Winder (who had recently
come upon the field) the same orders 1 had before received for the employment of my men; with this difference
only, that General Winder's orders imported, that it might be proper to place a portion of them upon the left of
the battery, w|iich it was undoubtedly of great importance to protect, and which the new order of battle, hereinaf-
ter in part explained, seemed to leave without protection, unless a detachment from my battalion should be so ap-
plied. In consequence, I detached Captain Aisquith, with the whole of his company, with directions to take, and
maintain as long as possible, the most advantageous position there, for the objects indicated by General Winder's
orders. ! remanded the other two companies to their former stations among the bushes; and, after visiting the bat-
tery, and remaining there until the first and second shots were fired from it, I resumed rny own station, (with the
battalion officers before mentioned) upon the top of the bank, in the field. A company of militia, under the command
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 573
of Captain Doughty, (having muskets only, but acting as riflemen) placeil itself, at my instance, on our right, near
to the main road, under cover of some bushes and a fence. The fifth regiment, which had been moved from its
first position, (where it might have contributed to repulse the enemy in his attempts to leave the vicinity of the
bridge) had now, to the great discouragement of my companies and ol the artillery, been made to retire to a hill several
hundred yards in our rear, but visible, nevertheless, to the enemy, where it could do little more than display its gal-
lantry. The two companies of General Stansbury's brigade, acting as riflemen, had changeil their station, so (hat I
no longer perceived them; but I have heard that they still continued at no great distance Irom their old ground, al-
though concealed from me by the barn or by trees: my impressicm, however, is, that they did not, and could not,
come into action there. The residue of General Stansbury's brigade ha^l been moved from the left, and made to
take ground (invisible to us by reason of the intervening orchard) on the right of the fifth regiment, with its own
right resting upon the main road, and disclosed to the enemy. A small body of troops (but under whose command
I am uninformed) were drawn up in advance of the left flank of the fifth regiment, and neaily at right ang-les with
it, but, on account of the barn, I did not see it until the two companies of my battalion, vvhicii weie stationed on the
right of the battery, retreated, as will hereafter be mentioned. Of Colonel Beall's very distant station, I have
already spoken from hearsay, but, at the time of the action, I knew only th;it it must be considerably in the rear.
Of some artillery in the rear of our right, I had no knowledge, until, during the engagement, I heard its fire, appa-
rently well maintained.
I did not know that Brigadier General Smith's brigade was in or near the field, until the action had ceased; nor
was I aware that the artillery of Commodore Barney, Major Peter, Captain Burch, and others, (which, if it had
been brought up in time to act upon the bridge, and the road at each of its ends, could not well have f;iiled to ensure
a triumph over the enemy, especially if supported by a part of the infantry, of which no use was made, and if suffi-
cient care had also been t<iken to observe the upper ford, to which, perhaps, the enemy might have had recourse,
if beaten at the bridge) was at any time near to us. In a word, I was ignorant of any reinforcements which eithei-
preceded, accompanied, or followed General Winder, except only, that I supposed that Captain Doughty's com-
pany, arid the few troops in advance of the left flank of the fifth regiment, (just before mentioned) and a large body
of horse, which was kept idle, had come from Washington.
The enemy having reached Bladensburg, descendetl the hill, about twelve o'clock, in a very fine style, and soon
showed his intention to force his way by the bridge. Assisted by some discharges of rockets, (which were after-
wards industriously continued) he made an eflbrt to throw across the bridge a strong body of infantry, but he was
driven back at the very commencement of it, with evident loss, by the artillery in the battery, which principally
acted upon the street or road near the bridge, and he literally disappeared behind the houses. The effort was not
immediately repeated; but the artillery continued its fire, with a view, as it seemed, to interrupt the discharge of
rockets, as in some degree it did, and otherwise to check the enemy's operations.
After a long pause, during which I conjectured (erroneously, as I have since been told) that the enemy, less
confident than before of the passage of the bridge, detached a corps of some strength to make its way by the ford, in
the old Baltimore road, a second attempt was made to cross the bridge, with increased numbers and greater celerity
of movement This, too, was encountered by the artillery in the battery, but not with its former success, altliougb
it was served with great spirit, and commanded by officers of acknowledged skill and courage. In consequence, a
large column of the enemy, which was every moment reinforced, either by the way of the bridge or by the ford im-
mediately above it, was able to form on the Washington side, and to menace the battery, and the inadequate force
by which it was to be supported. While the enemy was yet at a distance, the company on our right (commanded
by Captain Doughty) discharged their pieces and fled, although he appeared to do all in his power to restrain them,
as I myself did. My two companies were now (without other known aiil than the other company on the left) to
protect;the artillery, and to receive the whole force of the enemy, which was rapidly accumulating. Following the
example which had been set them by the company on their right, they too began to fire soriiewhat too soon; but in
its progress, their fire was manifestly destructive, and for a short time seemed to produce disorder and hesitation in
the enemy's ranks. The enemy, however, soon pressed forward again, and was close at hand when the artillery
discontinued its fire. Its danger had become imminent, and it was apparent that it could do nothing more in its
actual station to retard the enemy's progress. His advance, which threatened the right of my position, and had
almost reached it, was probably out of the line of any fire which the half formed embrasures of the battery would
admit; and I should presume that it would have been difficult, if not impracticable, to depress the guns in those
embrasures (the ground of the battery being- considerably elevated) so as to touch the enemy after his near approacli.
My companies were now in that situation that their right was on the point of being turned; and, as the battery
was evidently about to be evacuated, and Captain Aisquilh's company was too weak to keep the enemy in check on
the left, itfollowed that they were in that quarter exposed to the same peril. Our small force, moreover, (somewhat
more than one hundred men) could not hope to make an eftectual stand against the enemy, even if he should attack
it only in front, where there was very little in the shape of natural obstructions to break his column or impede his
march. The line of our retreat, too, to the fifth regiment, (the nearest visible rallying point) was of necessity
across the open field in our rear, and only one of my companies had bayonets. Under these circumstances of urgent
peril, both the companies began at the same instant to move towards the artillery, now in the act of limbering its
guns. The retreat of my men and of the artillery appeared to be simultaneous. The whole fell back upon the tilth
regiment, (on the left flank of which great part of my two companies were halted, and formed by Captain Dyer, by
the adjutant, and sergeant-major) and the enemy succeeded instantly to their places. I followed in the rear of this
retreat, narrowly escaping capture, and found my men in the situation above described, ready once more to act
against the enemy. It is here my duty to say, that, although the predicament in which my two companies were
placed, when they moved from the right of the battery, was almost as desperate as it could be, I had given no orders
to retire, and did not at that moment intend to do so. I cannot, and certainly do not, blame them for anticipating
such orders, when they saw their desolate condition, and discovered that the artillery, with which they had been
connected as a supporting force, could not continue its fire, or hope to maintain its ground. My justification for
withholding my orders to retreat, is, that I had none myself, and further, that having found that the enemy had
neither artillery nor cavalry, 1 thought we might venture upon another fire, which could not be otherwise than
deadly, now that the enemy was at a small distance from our muzzles. 1 have this other justification, (which I
hope I shall be pardoned for mentioning) that, as I was myself on foot, and had no horse near me, I incurred my
full share of the hazard of too long a delay. It is not improbable, however, that I was M'long, and that I owed it to
these brave men to withdraw them, even at an earlier period, from a post where, beyond all question, if they had
remained much longer, they must have been taken prisoners or cut to pieces; at any rate, I take pride in bearing
my testimony to their bravery and skill, of which I had many proofs during the severe trial to which they were
exposed on that most disastrous occasion, amidst such privations, discouragements, and hardships, as might have
subdued the spirit, and beaten down the strength of veteran soldiers.
The fifth regiment had now to receive the enemy; and, with slight exceptions, it kept its ground with exem-.
plary steadiness, and maintained a regular and spirited fire, until after it was ordered by Generar Winder to retreat,
and after the necessity of retreat was perfectly obvious. My men adhered to its left, and did their duty there, and
finally retired with it, the whole in considerable disorder. The troops of vvliich I have spoken, (in advance of its
left) appeared to behave well, but were soon withdrawn or driven from their station, which the enemy could, indeed,
reach with his shot without being seen by them.
Nothing could be more critical than the situation of the fifth regiment when it began to retire. Its right had
been thrown open to the enemy by the precipitate retreat of the greater part, if not the whole, of General Stans-
bury's brigade. Its left had nothing to protect it; and, even if the enemy had sent no force by the ford, on the old
Baltimore road, to gain its rear, that which he had pushed on by the mill road, and the ground adjacent, was suffi-
ciently formidable. Its front was singularly liable to be galled with impunity from the orchard, from the barn, and
from odier covers, within striking distance of which it had been posted, while itself was not covered by any thing,
and could hardly act upon any tiling. I speak with the more confidence of the good behavior of this legiment, be-
73 m
574 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
cause I was constantly with my men while they acted with it, except only for two or three minutes, when I was
employed in "oing to, and returning from, the mill road, immediately on their left, from whence I expected an at-
tack. I was *(Jurmg all this time, too, on horseback, (having obtained a horse after we were driven from our first
position) and' had thus the best opportunities of observation. During a part of this time I saw General Winder
zealously engaged in the dischargt- of his very anxious and arduous duties, and manifesting the courage which be-
comes a gentleman and a soldier. ,,, ,, r r ,
Of the conduct of Captain Aisquith's company 1 know no more than he and others have told me. 1 teel assured
that it did well, and that the enemy feltthe eifect of the activity and resolution which distinguished it. My batta-
lion sustained some small loss in wounded; and Captain Baden was made prisoner.
A wr)und inflicted in the field, (from which the 5th regiment and, my men retreated, as above stated) by a mvis-
ket ball, which struck my right arm in front, a little above the elbow, and passing through it broke the bone, dis-
abled me from further service, and madoit necessary that I should not long delay to obtain surgical assistance. In
this state 1 left the field, with (or a little after) the last of our friends, about five or six in number, among whom, 1
believe, was Mr. Meredith of the 5th. The enemy was then very close, and his fire was incessant but inaccurate.
J have no further knowledge of the transaction to which your tetter relates.
I have the honor to be, &c.
WM.PINKNEY.
The Hon. R. M. Johnson, &c. • - .
• Captain Burcli's statement.
Sir: City of Washington, Oc^ofier 12, 1814.
In answer to your request, I make the following statement:
On the 19th of August last, early in the day, I was ordered to call out my company for actual service, being, at
the time, informed that the whole body of the militia wore ordered into actual service, as it was ascertained that
the enemy had landed near Benedict, and were about to proceed to this city. In the evening of that day, the first
brigade was paraded, and about one o'clock, P. M. on the 20th, we marched from the city iti the direction of Bene-
dict, and encamped, for that night, about three miles beyond the Eastei-n Branch, when General Winder took the
command. On Sunday, the 21st, we marched on, and engimped that night at the Woodyard, about fourteen miles
from this place. On Monday morning it was understood in camp, that the enemy had, by rapid marches, got within
a short distance of our encampment; upon which the commanding General detached Major Peter, with his com-
pany of artillery, Captain Davidson's infantry, and Captain Stull's riflemen, as an advanced party, to reconnoitre
and hold the enemy in check. They advanced some distance, and were soon after followed by the brigade, for two
miles, when it was halted, and partially formed in order of battle. Major Peter met the enemy, who immediately
filed ofl" on the left, and took the road to Upper Marlborough. Major Peter having returned with his command,
the whole of the troops were immediately marched back to the Old Fields, where we encamped that night. On
Tuesday morning, the same party, under the command of Major Peter, was again sent out to reconnoitre and skir-
mish with the enemy; and between four and five o'clock of that evening, we learned that they were actually en-
gaged with the IBritish forces. The line of battle was then formed without delay, and we remained so until, Major
Peter came up and took his position in the line- In a few minutes orders were carried through the line, for an im-
mediate retreat to Washington, as it was said the enemy was too strong for us. I received orders to remain on the
ground upon which we were formed, until all jthe troops had marched, and then, every fifteen minutes, to send off
two of my pieces, with the proper number of men, until I had despatched all six of them. That, if the enemy ap-
peared in the mean time, (and his appearance was every moment expected) to open my battery upon him, and con-
tinue to fire as long as I could do so in safety, and then retreat as fast as possible, and join the main body. Just as I
had despatched the second division of my guns, the aid-de-camp of .Brigadier Smith, of the District militia, gave me
orders to move oft" with the whole as fast as possible. As the main body had, by this time, got a considerable dis-
tance ahead, I was unable to get up with the rear until they arrived at the Eastern Branch bridge, when my men
were so greatly fatigued, that they could scarcely stand by their guns. After we had crossed the bridge into thfe
city, and pitched our tents, between twelve and one o'clock at night, General Winder came' to my tent and called
me out: he observed, that he knew my men were worn down with fatigue and from the loss of rest; but that, in all
probability, one of the last good acts which it might ever be in my poWer to' do for my country, would be that night.
He wished me to take thirty of my men, with three of my guns, and defend the passage of the lower Eastern Branch
bridge, as he had reason to believe that the enemy would attempt the passage of it that night. General Winder
further observed, that he had some time before left directions at the navy yard, for a boat to be sent to the bridge,
with combustibles to blow it up, in case it became necessary, but that his orders had not been attended to, and that
he should not go to rest until he had sent me the boat. I took my thirty men and three guns, and proceeded to, the
foot of the bridge, with orders to open upon the enemy, if he appeared, as soon as our rear guard had come over, and
that if the enemy succeeded in getting upon the bridge, to set fire, to the boat and blow it up, and then to resume my
position and recommence my fire. A little before day break the boat arrived, and was placed under the arch next
the draw. I kept this position without rest or refreshment, until ten o'clock on Wednesday morning, the 24th,
when I was relieved by Commodore Barney. I was then ordered to leave one of my pieces and fifteen men at the
bridge, under the direction of Colonel Wadsworth, and proceed on with the balance immediately to Bladensburg.
I did so, and when I had arrived near the latter place, I was again oi-dered to leave two of my guns and a party of
men in the main road, and push on with the remaining three and the residue of my nien, and to report myself at
Bladensburg to General Winder. I proceeded until I arrived within a short distance of Bladensburg, when I found
much difliculty in finding the General. I rode up and down the whole line in search of him, and when 1 returned,
I found that my guns had been moved off to the left; I Ibllowed on and overtook them just as they were formed in
battery, near the extreme left of tlip line. 1 there discovered the General, and applied to him for directions; he re-
plied. " Captain, there is the enemy, (pointing to the British who were then in plain view) take charge of your
pieces." 1 dismounted, and took' charge of my pieces, and in a few moments we opened our fire, which proved to
be very galling to the enemy, and after firing about fifteen rounds, the 5th regiment of Baltimore advanced and
commenced their fire. By the advance of this regiment one of my guns wag masked, which rendered it useless; the
other two continued the fire with much eft'ect. 'I'he infantry, who were posted on my right as a protection to my
pieces, having given way. General Winder, in person^ ordered me to limber and retreat. I did not do so imme-
diately, but tired two or three rounds, when the General repeated his order in a peremptory manner. We retreated
a few yards, when he observed to ine that he thought I might venture to unliraber one of my pieces and give them
another fire. I was in the act of doing so, but as the enemy advanced so rapidly, he countermanded it, and again
•ordered me on. I saw no more of the General that day: the reason was, that after retreating a mile or two, I was
so exhausted from fatigue, fasting, and heat, that I was unable to keep up with my guns, and fell behind them some
yards. I fainted by the side of a fence unobserved by my men. After missing me, they supposed I had been taken
piisoner. When 1 came to my recollection, I found myself ill of a fever, notwithstanding which, I procured a
horse, and found and joined my company on the route from Montgomery Court House to Baltimore, and marched
with them to Snell's bridge, where we were halted, and afterwards countermarched to this place.
BENJ. BURCH,
Captain of the Washington Jlrtillery.
Hon. R. M. Johnson.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 575
. Captain CaldtvelPs statement.
The following is believed to be nearly a coirect estimate of tlie cavalry on the ground, at the battle of Bladeas-
burg, 24th August last:
Colonel Lavall's United States' troops, about . . . . . 120
A squadron of Colonel Tilghniaii's regiment M. M. about - .. . 75
Do. command of Major Ridgeiy, do. about ... 100
Captain Herbert's troop, do. about - - - 40
Captain Graham's troop, Virginia, about - - - 40
Total, - - 375
The Alexandria troop, under Captain Thornton, and the Georgetown troop, under Lieutenant Williams, (both
small) accompanied Colonel Monroe on the first day of the alarm, to reconnoitre the enemy, and had so many de-
tached on different duties, as left but a few scattering ones on the field.
Part of the Washington troop were attached to General Winder, and liad been generally detached in carrying
expresses or conveying orders; The remainder were on vidette duty. On the morning of the 24th, they were sent
to patrol the road between the Eastern Branch bridge and the enemy, and did not leave tlie rear of the enemy in
time to cross the bridge and join the army, till the army was on the retreat, except three or four, who were employ-
ed in conveying orders, &c. or wherever they could be useful.
E. B. CALDWELL.
Statement of General Himgerford.
On the ^Sd of July was called on by tlie Executive of Virginia, to take commaiid of the militia in the Northern
Neck. After which General Madison was called into service, and Major General Parker, to take the command of
the two brigades under Hungerford and Madison. On the eighteenth of August, General Winder wrote to General
Hungerford to march with expedition to the city, with the forces under his command. This letter was received on
the 21st, at camp Nominy Hall, in the Northern Neck, about one hundred and twenty-five miles from AVashington.
His force consisted of three regiments, under Colonels Boyd, Branham, and Parker. About fourteen hundred men
eft'ectives, marched on towards the city; and Colonels Downey and Chawning, who were in the counties of Nor-
thumberland and Lancaster, were directed to follow with their regirae.nts. .
A letter was received from Colonel John Tayloe on the 24th, dated the 23d, stating that the Secretary of War
required despatch, and directed the troops to march on by regiments,, or even companies, if necessary. On Sunday,
the 28th, was at Neabsco, about twenty-four miles from Alejtiindriaj was waited upon by a committee from Alex-
andria about two o'clock, who delivered a communication from the corporation of Alexandria, stating that the town
had no artillery or military force to protect it, and they intended to surrender at discretion to the enemy; and that
the town being under the control of the civil authority, it would be injurious to the town for any military forces to
march to Alexandria. General Hungerford informed the committee that he should move on, and be governed by
circumstances. He received a line on the same day from Colonel Monroe, directing him to march with all possible
despatch to Alexandria, and if the enemy had passed Alexandria, to march on to the city.
On the morning of the 29th, about ten miles from Alexandria, another deputation waited on General Hungerford,
with a printed order of the corporation, amounting to a request that he should not proceed on to Alexandria, and
intenupt the arrangement entered into with the enemy. To this communication General Hungerford replied, that
he was acting under the orders of the Government, and should execute those orders, and accordingly proceeded on
his march. AVhen within three miles of Alexandria, he was met by Walter Jones, Esquire, who informed him that
the President and Colonel Monroe desired him to station his forces in the rear of Alexandria; detach five hundred
men to the height just below Mason's Island, and send one hundred and fifty or two hundred to Aquia to co-operate
against the enemy. A written order was received from Colonel Monroe to the same efl'ect that evening. General
Hungerford arrived with the three first mentioned regiments in the rear of Alexandria, on the 2!)th, about five
o'clock in the evening, where he remained till the first day of September. He was then ordered to the White
House, with a part of his forces, to co-operate with the naval forces under Commodore Porter.
No. 9.
REPORT FRO.M THE NAVY DEPARTMENT, INCLUDING THE OFFICIAL REPORT OP COMMODORE BARNEY.
Navy Department, October 3, 1814.
Sir:
In compliance with your letter of the 26th instant, as chairman of the committee appointed by tlie Honorable
House of Representatives, "■ to inquire into the causes of the success of the enemy in his enterprises against this me-
tropolis, and the neighboring town of Alexandria; and into the manner in which the public buildingsand property
were destroyed, and the amount thereof;" and with your request "for such information on the subject, as may be in
my power, and more particularly in relation to the destruction of the navy yard, and the amount of public property
destroyed;'" I have the honor to present the following report of the measures adopted by this Department, and of the
facts within my knowledge, in relation to the objects of the inquiry:
In obedience to the general instructions and eiirly solicitude of the President, in anticipation of the probable de-
signs of the enemy to harass the country in this vicinity, and to attempt the invasion of this metropolis, I directed,
in the month of Maj; last, three twelve pounders to be mounted on field carriages, by the mechanics of the navy yard,
and completely equipped and furnished ibr field service. To these:the marines at head quarters were trained,
under the command of Captain Miller, and prepared to act either as artillerists or infantry, as the service might re-
quire. A short time previous to the reinforcement of the enemy in the Patuxent, I caused two long eighteen pound-
ers to be mounted on field carriages, and prepared in like manner for field Service, ready to be attached to the com-
mand of Commodore Barney, should the enemy at any time compel him to abandon the flotilla under his command
on the Patuxent, and the emergency call for the aid of his force in defence of the capital or of Baltimore.
For this eventual service that officer was instructed to prepare; and by his zeal and activity his men acquired
the expert use of their muskets, and a capacity, as well as an ardent disposition, to be useful to their country on
either element.
On the 26th of July, in consequence of the menacing movements of the enemj; near the Kettle Bottoms, in the
Potomac, which it was said they were sounding and buoying ofi', the letter A was written; but, on account of informa-
tion received on the same day, the letter B, countermanding the former, was written.
The enemy in the Patuxent was occupied in depredating upon its shores, until large reinforcements arrived at
the mouth of that river on the 18th of August, the account of which was communicated on the 19th to the Depart-
ment, by Commodore Barney, in the letter C, with a list of the naval force of the enemy annexed.
On the morning of the 19th, information was received at the Department from Captain Gordon, commanding the
United States' naval force at Norfolk, that, on the morning of the 16th, came in from sea, and proceeded up tlie bay,
twenty-two sail of enemy's vessels, viz: two seventy-fours, one sixty-four, one razee, seven frigates, seven trans-
ports, and two or three brigs or schooners; which, it appears by the letter C, joined the force at the mouth of the
576 MILITARY AFFAIRS. ' [1814.
Patuxent on the 18thj the whole of which ascended the Patuxent near to Benedict, on the 18th and 19th, and com-
menced debarking the troops. The letter marked D was immediately written to Commodore Barney; and the let-
ter E to Commotlore Rodgers; and the letter F to Captain Porter, urging the two latter to repair with their forces
towards this city, with the utmost expedition.
Commodore Rodgers had previously made the most judicious arrangeilients to transport, with celerity, the ma-
rines and the principal part of the seamen, under his command on the Delaware station, to the head waters of the
Chesapeake, or to Baltimore, upon any sudden emergency; and had organized and disciplined his men with a view
to such service. It appears, however, by his letters G and H, that, with every possible exertion, he did not reach
Baltimore until the 25th, consequently too late to participate in the defence of the metropolis, against a force, the
greater part of which came in from sea on the 16th, was first known to the Department to have arrived on the 19th,
inarched from Benedict on the 20th, and entered the capital on the 24th.
Having sent to General Winder on the 19th a copy of letter C, on the 20th I called on him at his quarters, at
M'Keowin's, to show him the letter I had just received from Commodore Baniey, and my order to that officer to join
and co-operate with the force under his command, (see letter K) also, to point out those volunteer coi-ps in his army
that comprised the mechanics of the navy yard, who, being excellent axemen, would act with great effect as pioneers.
As it was understood tiiat a strong squadron of the enemy's ships, in co-operation with his land force, had passed the
principal obstacle in the Potomac, and was only retarded in itsascentby contrary winds, against which it was warp-
ing with great exertion. I expressed to him my solicitude for the defence of Fort Washington, and proposed to
throw the marines, who had been trained to artillery exeicise, and a part of the seamen, into that f6rt,_for its defence.
The General did not conceive the state of his force such as to warrant the abstraction of so efficient a part as
that of the marines and seamen, from the main body, whicli was to oppose the direct advance of the enemy's army
on the city; and, indeed, his objection appeared to have weight. He did not, however, consider Fort Washington
as tenable.
On the 21st the letter L was received from Commodore Barney, and a detachment of about one hundred and ten
marines, with three twelves and two eighteen pounders, under the command of Captain Miller, marched from the
head quarters to join Commodore Barney, and reached the Woodyard that evening.
In the course of this day and the following, I visited the navy yard, and inquired of the commandant what were
the means of transportation, and what assistance he had in the yard.*" He stated that all the mechanics of the yard
were, and had been, with the army, from tiie first alarm; that no persons remained but the officers of the yard, three
besides himself, and a very few of the ordinary, chiefly blacks; that two of the old gunboats were the only craft for
transportation; tliat all tlie wagons in the district had been hired or impressed for the army; and that those blacks
who were usually to be had for hire, were employed on the works at Bladensburg.
I directed him to employ all the means he had, or could procure; to load the gunboats with provisions and pow-
der, and send them up to the Little Falls; employ as many wagons as could be either hired or impressed, and
convey as much of the navy powder as possible from the magazine, on the Eastern Branch, to Mr. Dulany's barn,
on the Virginia side of the Potomac, about nine miles above the city; to direct Messrs. Grayson, Stull, and Wil-
liams, to transport the public powder from their works to the same place; and to continue transporting the most
valuable and portable articles from tha yard to any place of safety, with all the means he could command.
The public vessels afloat at the navy yard were the new sloop of war Argus, with her guns mounted, her top-
masts launched, and her sails and detached equipments complete on shore in store; the new schooner Lynx, and
three new barges, one of the first and two of the second clasSj completely equipped; with the two gunboats before
mentioned.
On the sHp was the new frigate Columbia, of the largest class, caulked, ready for coppering, and nearly so for
launciiing. Her masts, spars, tops, &c. almost finished in the mast house; gun carriages nearly completed; her sails
made, and in the loft; her' rigging fitted; blocks all made; and her equipments, generally, in great forwardness.
Besides the buildings, engines, fixtures, and shop furniture, of the several mechanical branches in the navy yard,
there were about one hundred tons of cordage, some canvass, a considerable quantity of saltpetre, copper, iron, lead,
block tin, blocks, ship chandlery, naval and ordnance stores, implements, and fixed ammunition, with a variety of
manufactured articles in all the branches; seventeen hundred and forty-three barrels of beef and pork, two hun-
dred and seventy-nine barrels of whiskey, and a moderate stock of plank and timber.
Had there been a prospect of transpoiting the sloop of war Aigus to a place of safety, the representations of the
commandant will show that he had not the means of transporting her, and there appeared to be no situation in which
she could be placed in which she would nut fall into the hands of the enemy, in the event of his getting possession
of the city. It, therefore, only remained to endeavor to save all the stores that could be transported, and the small
vessels, particularly the barges, if practicable, by running them up to the Little Falls. This was directed to be
done.
On the 22d the letter M was received from Commodore Barney. In the evening of that day I accompanied the
President to General Winder's camp at the Old Fields, and passed the night in Commodore Barney's tent; the
army of the enemy at Upper Marlborough, eight miles distant. On the morning of the 23d, revievyed the seamen
and marines, whose appearance and preparations for battle promised all that could be expected from cool intre-
pidity, and a high state of discipline.
In the hope that Commodore Rodgers might ai-rive that evening at Baltimore, and not doubting that the enemy
would be retarded on his march by obstacles and annoyance, until the seamen from Baltimore could reach Bladens-
burg, I wrote to Commodore Rodgers the letter marked N, and sent it by a vidette.
About 2 o'clock, P. M. I acconjpanied the President on his return to the city, and, in the course of the evening,
was informed of the sudden retreat of our array from the Old Fields to the city, over the Eastern Branch bridge.
On the morning of the 24th, I proceeded to General Winder's quarters, at Doctor Hunter's house, near the
Eastern Brancli bridge, where the President, and the Secretaries of War, State, and Treasury, soon after arrived.
I found Commodore Bai-ney employed, by order of the General, in planting his battery on the hill, near the head
of the bridge. He was charged to defend that pass, and to destroy the bridge on the approach of the enemy; for
which purpose, scows and boats, with combustible materials, were placed under the bridge, ready to explode. At
this time the enemy was apparently advancing on the road to the bridge; but, shortly after, advice was received
that he had turned off on the road towards Bladensburg, about six miles from that place. General Winder set oft'
for Bladensburg, leaving Commodore Barney, with his seamen and marines, in charge of the bridge.
It was soon observed that a very eflicient part of the force had been left to destroy the Eastern Branch bridge,
which could as well be done by half a dozen men, as by five hundred. The subject was discussed by the Presi-
dent, Heads of Departments, and Commodore Barney, which resulted in the order for his immediate and rapid
march, to join the army near Bladensburg, which he reached just in time to form his men for battle. Captain
Creighton was left in charge of the bridge, to destroy it on the near approach of the enemy.
I here presented, for consideration, tlie subject of the navy yard, to the view of the President and Secretary of
War, in the presence of the Secretaries of State and of the Treasury. I described the situation of the public ves-
sels, and the nature of the public property, at that establishment; the vast importance of the supplies, and of the
shipping, to the enemy, particularly as there appeared to be no doubt of his squadron forming a junction with his
array, should it succeed in the conquest of the capital; (General Winder having distinctly stated on the same
morning that Fort Washington could not be defended:) and as, in this event, nothing could be more clear than that
he would first plunder, and then destroy the buildings and improvements, or, if unable to carry off the plunder
and the shipping, he would destroy the whole; and if the junction should be formed, it would be a strong induce-
ment to the enemy to remain, in order to launch the new frigate, which the force at his command would accom-
plish in four or five days. He would then carry off the whole of the public stores and shipping, and destroy the
establishment, and, in the mean time, greatly extend the field of his plunder and devastation. Thus, in either
case, whether the junction was formed, or whether the army alone entered the city, the loss or destruction of the
wiiole of the public property at the navy yard was certain.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 577
It was, therefore, distinctly agreed and determined, as the result of this consultation, that the public shipping,
and naval and military stores, and provisions at the navy yard^ should be destroyed, in the event of the enemy's
obtaining possession of the city.
I went to the navy yard about two o'clock, and ordered the cominandant to prepare the necessary trains for the
destruction of the public shipping, and of the naval and military stores, and provisions, in tlie navy yard, and to
destroy the same, so soon as he should ascertain that the enemy had taken possession of the city; first removing such
articles of most value, as might be found practicable, particularly the new barges, if possible, and then retire in his
Subsequent events prove thejustness of these conclusions, if, indeed, further evidetice had been at all wanting.
The only legitimate objects of the enterprise of the enemy to this place, were the public shipping and the naval
and military establishments,: and none can believe that these would have escaped the torch of the destroyer of our
civil edifices, of private rope-walks, and everything in the most remote degree connected with navigation; but,
above all, with the American navy.
The order for the destruction of the public shipping and property at the navy yard was not issued without serious
deliberation and great pain by him, under whose auspices and direction those noble ships had been constructed, and
a degree of activity, usefulness, and reputation, imparted to the establishment, which it had never known before.
It was given under the strongest obligations of duty. It is conceived that no military maxim is better established,
nor duty better understood, than that which enjoins the destruction of public ships, arsenals, naval and military
stores, and provisions, when they can be no longer defended, or prevented from falling into the hands of the enemy:
and that this duty becomes the more imperative, as the ratio of the value of the objects is enhanced to the enemy!
To defend the shipping or navy yard was out of the question: all the mechanics and laborers of the yard, as well as
all the seamen and marines in the District, were with the army.
The commandant of the navy yard is a captain in the navy; the vessels and property were under his charge and
command; and if no special order from the Department had been issued, and he had suffered the public shipping
and property to have fallen into the hands of the enemy, he would have committed a high military crime, for whicn
he would have been amenable before a court martial. The objects which it was proper to destroy, in order to pre-
vent their falling into the hands of the enemy, could not be separated fiom those which might have been left for his
destruction. They were in store, or in the midst of other combustible materials, and the fire from one would ne-
cessarily communicate to the other. Indeed, the whole surface of the yard was covered with ships, timber, pitch,
tar, and other combustible matter, so that to set fire to any one object, must produce the successive conflagration of
the whole.
On returning from the navy yard, towards the western part of the city, I learned that our army had retreated
by the road to Tenlytown, and that of the enemy was rapidly advancing towards the city. I soon after received
a message from the President, by Mr. Tench Ringgold, at Mr. Charles Carroll's, informing me that he had pro-
ceeded to cross the river, and requested that I would follow and meet him on the other side.
I returned to the city on the morning of the 28th, immediately on hearing of the retreat of the enemy, and wrote
the letter 0 to Commodore Rodgers.
The paper P is a copy of the detailed report of the commandant of the navy yard, of the manner in which he
carried into execution the order I had given.
The barge he states to have been saved was sent to Alexandria, and, it appears, remained there until the enemy
took possession of her.
One gun boat was sunk near Foxall's, laden with salted provisions, and has since been recovered. The other was
laden with provisions and gunpowder, but ran aground in the Eastern Branch, in attempting to transport her to the
Little Falls, and was plundered by the inhabitants near the navy yard; the powder ana part of the provisions have
since been recovered.
The new schooner Lynx escaped the flames in an exti'aordinary manner, and remains entiie.
The metallic articles have nearly all been saved, including a vast quimtity of iron work, which, with little labor,
will answer the original purpose .
The timber that was in the ,dock is saved; and a great deal of that which was partially consumed, will still be
useful. ,
Almost the whole of the machinery of the steam engine is reported to be in good condition; the boiler is perfect.
The buildings, with the exception of the houses of the commandant and lieutenant of the yard, the guard -houses,
and gateway, and one other building, have been destroyed. The walls of some appear to be entire, and but little
injured; of others they are destroyed.
The monument was but slightly injured.
Paper Q is a list of the cannon remaining perfect in the yard, and of those which were injured by the enemy.
The issuing store of the yard, and its contents, which liad escaped the original conflagration, were totally
destroyed by the enemy.
Orders have been issued to the oflicers of the yard to prepare their statements and estimates of the value of the
public property destroyed, which shall be furnished as soon as possible.
With the circumstances attending the abandonment and destruction of Fort Washington, and the fate of Alex-
andria, I am no otherwise acquainted than by the accounts which have been published.
After the capitulation of Alexandria to the enemy's squadron, a considerable force, in seamen, was ordered from
Baltimore, (see letter R) under the command of Commodore Rodgers, with Captains Porter, Perry, and Creighton.
The foimer attacked and annoyed the enemy in his rear, in boats and with fire vessels, whilst the other com-
manders planted their batteries on White House Point and Indian Head.
Those measures precipitated the departure of the enemy, and greatly annoyed him in descending the river; but
there was not time sufficient to prepare the means to render that annoyance effectual. All that the jimited means
employed could possibly etttict, was accomplished, by the gallantry, skill, and patriotism, of those distinguished offi-
cers, and the brave seamen, marines, and volunteers, uhdei- their comniand.
The measures pursued by this Department, in order to co-operate in the defence of the metropolis, were not, in
their nature, strictly sanctioned by the regulations and usages of the naval service, but were adopted with an ardent
desire that they might prove effectual; with a certain knowledge that the zeal and patriotism of the naval corps
would induce them to seek the enemy, with equal vigor and cheerfulness, in the field as on the main; and a. convic-
tion that the emergency fully justified any step which could contribute to the defence of the national capital.
Whether more or less has been done than duty required, is cheerfully and respectfully submitted.
I have the honor to be, &c.
W. JONES.
The Hon. Richard M. Johnson, Chairman, ^c.
Navy Yard, Washington, October 18, 1814.
Sir:
On a review of the consequences which emanated from the retreat of our army, and the entrance of that of
the enemy into this city, on the twenty -fourth August last, so far as relates to this establishment, I respectfully sub-
mit the following general statement:
After receiving repeated contradictory reports, relative to the strength and position of the enemy, during the
afternoon and evening of that day, at twenty minutes past eight, P. M. I received incontestable proof (by Captain
Creighton, and Mr. M; Booth, my clerk, both of whom had been voluntarily active to obtain me positive informa-
tion) that the enemy was in complete possession of the city, having themselves been within the range of, and ex-
posed to, the fire of his musketry.
578 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
The boats tor oui- conveyance fiuni the yard being stationed according to order, we immediately repaired down
the yard, applying fire to the trains leading to the store houses, the principal of whicli were almost iystantly in irre-
sistible Hamcs. , '
Advancing towards the. boats, those to the new frigate Essex,* and to the sloop ot war Argus, wei-e touched, and
they also immediately enveloped in a sheet of inextinguishable fire.
From a momentary impulse, a.m\ faint hope of recovering the uev/ schooner Lynx, I directed her not to be fired,
and have the satisfaction to say, that, by an almost miraculous escape, she is still " ours."
The frigate Essex's hull, in the shipwright's department, was very near complete, her bottom ready for copper-
ing, and she eould have been launchea in ten days," her masts and spars were nearly finished, with timber sufiicient
oi"the wharf to complete them; all her blocks, dead-eyes, and the major part of her gun carriages, ready; two suits
of her heavy sails, and nearly the same quantity of her others, were finished in the sail loft, ready for bending; her
standing rigging, &c. fitted in the rigging loft, and sufiicient running rigging in store for her complete equipment;
her largest Ijoats nearly ready for launching; all her water casks, and every material of cooper's work, ready to go
on board.
The sloop of war Argus lay at tlie wharf, with all her armament and equipment on board, except her sails, which
were in the sail loft, and bei- provisions in the stores, anil therein consumed; and except her powder, which had not
been shipped.
A large quantity of timber, plank, knees, &c. were in dift'erent parts of the yard, and the seventy-four gun ship
timber, stored in tlie appropriate sheds, all fell a prey to the devouring element; also one large and one smaller row
galley, both aimed, rigged, and prepared for service; and three heavy armed scows, with their guns, &c. on board,
also ready.
The buildings destroyed by the tire from the frigate, &c. were, the mast shed and timber shed; the joiners' and
boat builders' shops, and mould loft; all the oflices; the medical store; the plumbers' and smiths' shops, and block-
makers' shop; the saw mill and block mill, with their whole apparatus, tools, and machinery; the building for the
steam engines, and all the combustible parts of its machinery and materials; the rigging loft; the apartments for the
master and the boatswain of the yard, with all their furniture; the gun-carriage makers' and painters' shops, with
all the materials an(l tools therein at the time; also, the huljs of ,the old frigates Boston, New York, and General
Greene.
The storehouses first tired were the provision stores, gunner's and ordnance store, cordage store, and sail loft;
which, with all their perishable contents, were consumed.
The navy storekeeper's detail issuing store, containing, in its different departments, a large quantity of new
canvass, twine, lines, bunting, and colors; together with all our stocks of mathematical instruments, and nautical
apparatus, appertaining to navigation; ship chandlery, tools, nails, oils, paints, &c. had escaped through the night
the effect of the fire, but was fired by tlie enemy on the succeeding morning, the twenty-fifth, and entirely con-
sumed, with all its contents; as were also the coopers' shop, two small frame timber sheds, and that in which our
tar, pitch, rosin, &c. were deposited.
The general loss of our papers prevents the possibility of forming a just estimate of the loss in the mechanical
departments heretofore enumerated. Of that relative .to the stores on hand, in the navy storekeeper's peculiar charge,
it is presumed a tolerable accurate estimate may be formed, and will be the subject of a future communication,
which shall be transmitted as soott as it is possible to effect. . . . '
On my return to the yard on the twenty-sixth, I had the mortification to observe, that the provisions which had
been laded on board the old gunboat, No. 140, (and with which she had grounded in endeavoring to get out of the
branch, on the twenty- fourth) had become a prey to numerous unauthorized persons, some of whom, however, in-
stantly ofiired to deliver up all in their possession, which was subsequently done, but several barrels are yet to be
accounted for.
A subject of still greater regret is the loss of upwards of two hundred barrels of powder, which were wantonly
and unauthorizedly takeii out of the magazine, and chiefly thrown into the water, the cause of which, however, being
under investigation by a court martial, on the corporal of the marine guard then there, I forbear to enlarge on the
subject as my feelings would dictate.
I have the honor to be, &c.
THOMAS TINGEY.
Honorable William JoNr;s.
Navy Yard, Washington, August 27, 1814.
After receiving your orders of the twenty-fourth, directing the public shipping, stores, &c. at this establish-
ment to be destroyed, in case of the success of the enemy over our army, no time was lost in making the necessary
arrangements for firing the whole, and preparing boats for departing from the yard, as you had suggested.
About four P. M. I received a message by an ofiicer, from the Secretary of War, with information that he
" could protect me no longer." Soon after this I was informed that the conflagration of the Eastern Branch bridge
had commenced; and. in a few minutes, the explosion announced the blowing up of tiiat part near the "draw," as
had been arranged in the morning. , • , ,. , , . . . , . , , ,
It had been promulgated, as much as in my power, among the inhabitants ot the vicinity, the intended iate of the
yard, in order that they might take every possible precaution for the safely of themselves, families, and property.
Immediately several individuals came, in succession, endeavoring to prevail on me to deviate from my. instruc-
tions, which they were invariably informed was unavailing, unless they could bring me your instructions in writing,
countermanding those previously given. A deputation also of the most respectable women came on the same errand,
when I found myself painfully necessitated to inform them, that any further importunities would cause the matches
to be instantly applied to the trains; with assurance, however, that, if left at peace. I would delay the execution of
the orders as long as 1 could feel the least shadow of justification. Captain Creighton's arrival at the yard, with the
men who had been with liim at the bridge, (probably about five o'olock) would have justified me in instant opera-
tion, but he also was strenuous in the desire to obviate the intended destruction, and volunteered to ride out and
"ain'me positive information as to the position of the enemy, under the hope that our army might have rallied and
repulsed them. I was myself, indeed, desirous of delay, for the reason that the wind was then blowing fresh irom
the south southwest, which would most probably have caused the destruction of all the private property north and
east of the yard, in its neighborhood. 1 was of opinion, also, that the close of the evening would bring with it a
calm, in which happily we were not disappointed. Other gentlemen, well mounted, volunteered, as Captain Creigh-
ton had done, to go out and bring me positive intelligence of the enemy's situation, if possible to obtain it.
The evening came, and I waited with much anxiety the return of Captain Creighton, having almost continual in-
formation that the enemy were in the neighborhood of the marine barracks; at the Capitol Hill; and that their "ad-
vance" was near Georgetown. I therefore determined to wait only until half past eight o'clock, to commence the
execution of my orders, becoming apprehensive that Captain Creighton had, from his long stay,'fallen into the hands of
the enemy. During this delay I ordered a lew marines, and other persons who were then near me, to go oft" in one
of the small galleys, which was done, and the boat is saved. Colonel Wharton had been furnished with a light
boat, with which he left the yard probably between seven and eight o'clock. At twenty minutes past eight Captain
Creighton returned: he was still extremely averse to the destruction of the property, but having informed him that
your orders to me were imperative, the proper disposition of the boats being made, the matches were applied, and
in a few moments the whole was in a state of irretrievable conflagration.
* The Columbia, as designated in my report of the tliird instant, .but called tlie Essex, by the commandant, upon the presump-
tion that her name was to have been changed.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
579
When about leaving the wharf I observed the tire had also commenced at the works at GreenleaPs Point, and
in the way out of the Branch we observed the capitol on fire. It had been tny intention not to leave the vicinity
of the navy yard with my boat, during the night; but, having Captain Creighfon and other gentlemen with me, she
was loo much encumbered and overladen to render that determination proper. We therefore proceeded to Alex-
andria, in the vicinity of wiiich I rested till the morning of the e5th, when, having also refreshed the gig's crew, vve
left Alexandria at half past seven o'clock, and proceeded again up to the yard, where I landed, unmolested, about
a quarter before nine.
It appeared that they had left the yard about half an hour when we arrived. 1 found my dwelling house, and
that of Lieutenant Haradan, untouched by fire; but some of the people of the neighborhood had commer.ced plun-
dering them; therefore, hastily collecting a few persons known to me, I got some of my most valuable materials
moved to neighbors' houses, out of the yard, who tendered me their offers lo receive them; the enemy's officer hav-
ing declared private property sacred. Could I have staid another hour, I had probably saved all my furniture and
stores; but being.advised by some friends, that I was not safe, they believing that the admiral was, by that time, or
^yould very speedily be, informed of my beiiig in the yard; he having expressed an anxious desire to make me cap-
tive; but had said that the officers' dwellings m the yard should not be destroyed.
1, therefore, again embarked in the gig. taking along, oiit of the Branch, one of the new launches, which lay safe,
although alongside of a floating stage enveloped in flames. I had no sooner gone than sueli a sceneof devastation
and plunder took place, in the houses, (by the people of the neighborhood) as is disgraceful to relate; not a move-
able article from the cellars to the garrets has been left us, and even some of the fixtures, and the locks of the doors,
have been shamefully pillaged. Some of the perpetrators, however, have been made known to me.
From the number and movements of the enemy, it would have appeared rash temerity to have attempted return-
ing again that day, though my inclination strongly urged it; therefore, reconnoitering their motions, as well as could
be eliected at a convenient distance, in the gig, until evening, I again proceeded to Alexandria for the night.
Yesterday morning, the 26th, it was impossible to form (from the various and contradictory reports at Alexan-
<lria) any sort of probable conjecture, either of the proceedings or situation of our army, or that of the enemy.
Determining, therefore, to have a positive knowledge of some part thereof, from ocular demonstration, I again
embarked in the gig, proceeding with due caution to the yard, ivhere I learned with chagrin the devastation and
pillage before mentioned, and found, also, to my surprise, that the old gunboat, which had been loaded with provi-
sions, and had grounded, in endeavoring to get out of the Branch, on the evening of the 24th, was nearly discharged
of her cargo, by a number of our people, without connexion with each other.
Having landed in the yard, I soon ascertained that the enemy had left the city, excepting only a sergeant's guard,
for the security of the sick and wounded. Finding it impracticable to stop the scene of plunder that had commenc-
ed, I determined instantly on repossessing the yard, with all the force at my command; repairing, therefore, imme-
diately to Alexandria, Lieutenant Haradan, the ordinary men, and a few marines there, were ordered directly up,
following myself, and got full possession again at evening.
I am now collecting the scattered purloined provisions, ready for your orders, presuming they will now become
very scarce indeed; the quantity suved, you shall be informed of, when known tome.
The I/ynx is safe, except her foremast being carried away, in the storm of the 25th, about four P. M. We have
also another of the gunboats, with about one hundred barrels of powder, and one of the large yard cutters, nearly
full with the filled cylinders, for our different guns, previously mounted; the powder of those, however, is probably
much wetted by the storm. I would most willingly have an interview with you, but deem it improper to leave my
station without some justifiable cause, or in pursuance of your instructions, under which I am ready to proceed,
•wherever my services may be thought useful.
I have the honoi' to be, &c.
THOS. TINGEY.
Honorable W. Jones.
P. S. Sunday morning, iSlh. — After terminating the foregoing, last evening, I had scai:cely laid down my pen,
when a smart cannonading commenced at, or from. Fort Washington; whicli continued from heavy cannon, until
after seven o'clock, during which it appeared as if tvvo or three severe explosions had taken place. No doubt that
it was between the enemy's frigates and the fort; but as to the result, I am entirely without information; nor have
I at command the means of obtaining if; the wind blowing too fresh up the river, for a light boat to make any pro-
gress down. I shall hire sufticient hands, as soon as practicable, and collect all the materials unhurt by the fire;
which shall be suitably deposited and protected.
T.T.
Farm at Elk Ridge, August 29, 1814.
Sir:
This is the first moment I have had it in my power to make a report of the proceedings of the forces under
my command, since I had the honor of seeing you at the camp at the " Old Fields." On the afternoon of that day,
we were informed that the enemy was advancing upon us. The army was put under arms, and our positions taken;
my forces on the right, flanked by the two battalions of the 3Gth and 38th, where we remained some hours; the ene-
my did not make his appearance. A little before sunset. General Winder came to me, and recommended that the
heavy artillery should be withdrawn, with the excepticm of one twelve pounder to cover the retreat. We took up
our line of march; and, in the night, entered Washington, by the Eastern Branch bridge. I marcherl my men, &c.
to the Marine barracks, and took up quarters for the night; myself sleeping at Commodore Tingey's, in the navy
yard. About two o'clock General Winder came to my quarters; and we made some arrangements for the morning.
In the morning I received a note from General Winder, and waited upon him: he requested me to take command,
and place my artillery to defend the passage ol' the bridge, on the Eastern Branch, as the enemy was approaching
the city in that direction. I immediately put my guns in position, leaving the marines and the rest of my men at
the barracks, to wait further orders. I was in this situation when I had the honor to meet you, with the President
and Heads of Departments; when it was determined I should draw off my guns and men, and proceed towards Bla-
densburg, which was immediately put into execution; on. our way, I was informed the enemy was within a mile of
Bladensburg; we hurried on. The day was hot; and my men veiy much crippled from the severe marches we had
experienced the days before; many of them being without shoes; which I had replaced that morning. I preceded
the men; and when I arrived at the line, which separates the District from Maryland, the battle began. I sent an
officer back to hurry on my men; they came up in a Irot; we took our position on the rising ground; put the pieces
in battery; posted the marines, under Captain Miller; and the flotilla men, who were to act as infantry, under their
own officers, on my right, to support the pieces; and waited the approach of the enemy. During this period the en-
gagement continued, and the enemy advancing; our own army retreating before them, apparently in much disorder.
At length the enemy made his appearance on the main road, in force, and in front of my battery, and on seeing us,
made a halt. 1 reserved our fire. In a few minutes the enemy again advanced, when 1 ordered an eighteen poun-
der to be fired, which completely cleared the road; shortly alter, a second and a third attempt was made, by the
enemy, to come forward, but all were destroyed. They then crossed over into an open field, and attempted to flank
our right; he was there met by three twelve pounders, the marines under Captain Miller, and my men, acting as
infantry; and again was totally cut up. By this time not a vestige of the American army remained, except a body
of five or six hundred, posted on a height, on my right, from whom I expected much support, from their fane situa-
tion.
580 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
The enemy from this period never appeared, in force, in front of us; they pushed forward their sharp shooters;
one of which shot my horse under me; who fell dead between two of my guns. The enemy, who had been kept in
check by our fire, for nearly half an hour, now began to out-flank us on the right: our guns were turned that way;
he pushed up the hill, about two or three hundred, towards the corps of Americans stationed as above described;
who, to my great mortification, made no resistance, giving a tire or two, and retired. In this situation we had the
whole army of the enemy to contend with. Our ammunition was expended 5 and, unfortunately, the drivers of my
ammunition wagons had gone oft' in the general panic. At this time, I received a severe wound in my thigh; Cap-
tain Miliei- was wounded; Sailingmaster Warner killed; Acting Sailingmaster Martin killed; and Sailingmaster
Martin wounded; but, to the honor of my officers and men, as fast as their companions and messmates fell at the
guns, they were instantly replaced from the infantry.
Finding the enemy now completely in our rear, and no means of defence, I gave orders to my officers and men
to retire. Three of my officers assisted me to get oft' a short distance, but the great loss of blood occasioned such a
weakness that I was compelled to lie down. 1 requested my officers to leave me, which they obstinately refused;
but, upon being ordered, they obeyed; one only remained. In a short time I observed a British soldier, and had
him called, and directed him to seek an officer; in a few minutes an officer came, and, on learning who I was,
brought General Ross and Admiral Cockburn to me. Those officers behaved to me with the most marked attention,
respect, and politeness, had a surgeon brought, and my wound dressed immediately. After a few minutes^ conver-
sation, the General informed me (after paying me a handsome compliment) that 1 was paroled, and at liberty to
proceed to Washington or Bladensburg; as, also, Mr. Huffington, who had remained with me, ott'ering me every
assistance in ids power, giving orders tor a litter to be brought, in which I was carried to Bladensburg. Captain
Wainwright, first Captain to Admiral Cochrane, remained with me, and behaved to me as if I was a brother. Dur-
ing the stay of the enemy at Bladensburg, 1 received every marked attention possible from the officers of the navy
and army.
My wound is deep, but I flatter myself not dangerous: the ball is not yet extracted. I fondly hope a few weeks
will restore me to health^ and that an exchange will take place, that I may resume my command, or any other that
you and the President may think proper to honor me with.
Yours, respectfully,
JOSHUA BARNEY.
Hon. W. Jones.
. No. 10.
LETTERS FROM GENERAL VAN NESS, DOCTOR CATLETT, AND JDHN LAW, ESQUIRE.
General Van Ness's statement.
Washington, November 23, 1814.
Sir: . .......
To your request to me to " report to the committee appointed to inquire into the causes wnich led to the suc-
cess of the enemy against this city, &c. such information, facts, and views, as are in my power," I would have an-
swered sooner, making such report, but for a very severe and protracted nervous attack, and a consequent consi-
derable accumulation of indispensable private business. In the narrative which I have now the honor to transmit
you, I shall, from the very nature of the case, be drawn into an egotism, which, I trust, the committee will be good
enough to excuse.
In the campaign of 1813, we had a call from the War Department, produced by the approach of the enemy in
the Potomac, for a part of the militia of the District of Columbia, which was promptly attended to on our part; but,
owing to the great want of preparation by the Government, in respect to arms, ammunition, camp equipage, pro-
visions, and the consequent delays and confusion, the troops would have been inadequate to an efficient resistance,
until after they had been out some days: that fact, and those circurnstances, were then evident to all. The incom-
petency of Fort Washington, on the East bank of the river, a few miles below Alexandria, and the necessity of its
improvement, were then seen, and freely spoken of by Secretary Armstrong. Indeed, the importance and neces-
sity of erecting a new fortification or battery, at some one of the several favorable sites on the river, so as com-
pletely to shut out from the upper part of it, or repel, a hostile fleet, was strongly and repeatedly suggested and
admitted by the Secretary. He frequently told me, then and afterwards, substantially, that he had " such a pro-
ject, and was about to execute it; that he was only balancing between several differeTit points which had been pro-
posed or presented to his view, and he believed he must go down himself to reconnoitre and select." After the
lapse of some time, not seeing or hearing of any step towards the execution of this project, 1 several times reminded
him of it, and he, as often, still encouraged me, by words, to expect it, whilst he, generally otherwise, appeared
rather indift'erent, and expressed an opinion that the enemy would not come, or even seriously attempt to come, to
this District.
About the opening of the present campaign, I pressed again upon the Secretary the subject generally of our de-
fence; suggesting, in addition to the occlusion of the river, the convenience and importance of a central camp, in-
termediate between Baltimore, Annapolis, Washington, Alexandria, Georgetown', and the neighboring towns and
country. And in frequent interviews, (in number, to be sure, very much increased by the importunate applications
and solicitations tome, of both the civil and the military branches of the community, whose confidence in the Secre-
tary appeared, at an early period, at best wavering, if not declining,) sometimes official, at other times not so,
which 1 had with him, as the campaign progressed, I did not fail to repeat the suggestion. I still received assur-
ances, generally verbally, favorable, accompanied by an otherwise apparent indifference, and confidence in our se-
curity. In April last. Colonel Clinch, with about one hundred men, (I believe recruits) arrived in this city, where
he, with those troops, together with a few hundred who had been garrisoned through the winterat Greenleaf 's Point,
remained encamped for a few weeks. This was the only force of a regular character, excepting a small marine
corps attached to tlie navy yard, which I recollect had been at all stationary in the place; and even the greater part
of that was here only at a season when there was no actual danger, or even apprehension of it, and the whole was
presently sent to the Northern frontiers.
Sometime in June last, the enemy appearing in or about the mouth of the Patuxent, the Secretary of 'NYar called
on me for a detachment of militia. Several companies of light troops were immediately, in conformity with his in-
structions, ordered and marched to that river. After a short period of service, and the departure of the enemy,
they were discharged.
Thus had the campaign progressed, without any visible steps towards works of defence, either permanent or
temporary, either on the land, or the water side, (I never having heard of a spade or an axe being struck in any such
operation) or towards forming a rendezvous or camp of regular troops in the neighborhood, to the great anxiety,
inquietude, and alarm, of the District and surrounding country; the Secretary generally treating with indiftierence,
at least, if not with levity, the idea of an attack by the enemy.
When the conclusion of European hostilities, and the rumors and accounts of expeditions fitting out for this
country by England, excited apprehensions more general and more serious than before, I again renewed the subject
of our defence, and it was still treated by him as before- I had occasionally, though seldom, introduced it person-
ally to the President himself, who, without going much into particulars, referred me, generally, on that subject, to
the War Department, on which he seemed fully to rely for the proper arrangements- in my anxiety and solicitude,
I also occasionally mentioned this business to Secretary Monroe, who always appeared to take a warm interest in
it, and gave me strong assurances that he would do " every thing that he could with propriety do." At length,
nothing visible having yet been done, and the danger being supposed constantly to increase, about the latter end or
June, or beginning of July last, I inquired of Secretary Monroe whether it was the intention of Government to
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 581
abandon and sacrifice the District or not, adding, that if it were so, it would be well for us, at least, to know it.
He answered me, that, so far from that, every inch of ground about it was deterinjiied to be contested, and the last
drop of blood to be spilt in its defence. He said it was decided (I then understood, or inferred, that there had been
a recent cabinet consultation on th,e subject) to form a camp of regular troops, say between two and three thousand,
at a central position, such as I have before spoken of; who, together with the local troops, would constitute an ade-
quate defence for the surrounding points, to either of which they might be promptly and conveniently drawn. When
1 saw Secretary Armstrong again, soon afterwards, 1 expressed my s<itisfaction at what I had thus understood. He
confirmed the information, and added that there would also be drawn from Carlisle, about two hundred cavalry,
commanded by Colonel Lavall. In answer to my inquiry, when we might expect them, he said the troops were
ordered on, and would begin to assemfde in a few days' time, and that orders had been given to procure horses for
those of the cavalry corps who were not yet mounted. This period, however, elapsed witbout the arrival of any of
them. There appeared not to be tiken into the calculation, a small detachment, or fragment or two, of a regiment
or two of the regular army, who were in some part of the neighboring country, and who, at best, were supposed to
be very inefficient. I afterwards, several times, reminded Secretary Aimstrong of our disappointment, consider-
ing the strong assurances given us, &c.; and I suggested the utility and propriety of ordering out our militia in suc-
cessive or alternate detaclunents. 1 further informed him (which 1 was authorized to do, by the pressing, voluntaiy
ofi'ers of many of my fellow-citizens) that both the citizens and troops of the District cf Columbia were ready and
aTixious to be made use of, in any way that the Government might prescribe or direct, for the public good. He con-
tinued to tell me that the troops wcmld soon be on. To my inquiries about the cavalry, more than once, he replied
that he had sent orders for purchasing horses to mount the corps, and that it would soon be here. Colonel Lavall
did not, however, arrive here until a day or two after the enemy had landed at Benedict.*
Some time in July last, the Secretary of War told me that General Winden,whowas in the neighborhood of the
Patuxent) had informed him that the enemy were ascending that river in force, and that he (General Winder) re-
quired that a.s many of the militia of the District of Columbia as could be procured should be immediately sent to
him; and the Secretary directed me to order out three companies to satisfy this call, which was immediately done.
After having been in service nine days, they were discharged.
A few weeks before the incursion of the enemy here, a project .was originated among the banks, generally, of
the District, toofter the Government a loan for its defence. The Secretary was informed of it in its progress, and
appeared to approve it, observing that the arrangement must be made with the Treasury Department. Although,
owing to the necessity of some formalities at the offices, and the tedious delays in collecting the general sentiment
of the different banks, as to certain arrangements and terms among themselves, this project was not matured until
about a week before the capture of the city, the Secretary of War was before informed that the money would cer-
tainly be raised. This was done without any intimation or suggestion from any branch of the Government, of the
w.lnt of means for an adequate defence, although I recollect the Secretary of War had, some time before, in a con-
versation I introduced relative to the purchase of some more ground about Fort Washington, for an extension of the
works, observed, substantially, that the proprietor asked too much for it, considering how poor the Government was,
and that, if we found it was really wanted in any pressing emergency, it would, of course, be taken and used.
At length, in August last, when the increased and remforced fleet, with the troops, ascended the ((Chesapeake,
and were known, fi-om authentic information, to have entered the Patuxent, I called on Secretary Armstrong again,
and expressed, as usual, my apprehensions, arising from want of means and preparations, adding that, from the
known naval and reputed land iorce of the enemy, he probably meant to strike a serious blow. His reply was,
" oh yes! by G — d, they would not come with such a fleet without meaning to strike somewhere, but they certainly
will not come here; what the d — I will they do here," &c. After remarking that I differed very much from him, as
to the probable interest they felt in destroying or capturing our seat of Government, and that I believed a visit to
this place would, for several reasons, be a favorite object with them, h^ observed, "no, no! Baltimore is the place,
sir; that is of so much more consequence."
The public confidence in the Secretary of War had, for some time, been evidently rapidly declining, and the
frequent and unreserved expressions by individuals to that effect, sometimes temperate, and sometimes otherwise,
were really disagreeable and troublesome to me. The President must, I presume, have been aware of the fact of
this want or decline of confidence, as well from the ordinary sources of information, as from that which I have
understood (from one of the members themselves) he received from a joint committee or deputation of the munici-
pal authorities of the city and Georgetown, who had, sometime before, a formal interview with him, relative to the
general state of the District.
On the 18th of August last, I furnished Secretary Monroe, at his request, and by instructions of Secretary
Armstrong, with two sniall troops of horse, to accompany him to the Patuxent. On the same day. General Win-
der (after a conference with me, in which lie was hesitating and undecided as to the force he might want from
the District of Columbia, and in which I advised him, unequivocally, to call for all its militia) required my whole
division of troops. They were accordingly immediately ordered out. Beginning to suspect, from circumstances,
that some difficulty might arise between General Winder and myself, on the score of command, and not meaning
to create any not absolutely necessary, I determined not to raise the point until it should become certain that my
troops were to go into actual operation. It soon became «o, by the near and direct approach of the enemy to the
city. I then called on General Winder, and, after observing to him that, all my troops being in service, 1 consi-
dered myself so also, (as I was a part of, or inseparably connected with, the division). I informed him that I
should, of course, expect to take the command the law had assigned to me — of the whole — which I was prepared to
do. He replied that I would certainly be entitled to the command, if I were really in service; and that he would,
in such case, yield it to me cheerfully, and without hesitation: but he said he did not consider ine necessarily in
service, because the two brigades (which composed the whole) of my division had been required, and were in the
field; and, inasmuch as this military district had been committed to him, he was compelled to retain the command,
until he should be regularly notified by the Government that an officer of superior rank was aclttally in service within
the district. General Winder, in a conversation of some minutes between us, made a distinction (which I could
not comprehend) between calling or having //te ^wo firjg-arfes of my division in service, and calling or having fAe
f/iDisJoni/se//", which consisted wholly of those two brigades. In support of this claim to the command of my di-
vision, he instanced the case of General Smith, of Baltimore, who, although a considerable part of his troops were
in requisition and service, had not claimed the command, although he said he had, at firsts made some intimation
to that effect. I observed, that General Smith's conduct might be explained by the circumstance of his whole divi-
sion not being in service. I concluded my interview with General Winder by informing him that I would imme-
diately apply to the Secretary of War to detei'mine the principal fact on which the case rested — wliether I was or
was not in service, and thus to decide the question between us, in which he appeared cordially to concur. Had
there been as little confidence <Aen in that gentleman's generalship as there is now, ray course would have been
different. I accordingly instantly called on the Secretary of War, who expressly declared it was "'an embarrass-
ing case;" and, after;sonie minutes' general and indecisive conversation on the subject, concluded by assuring rae
that he would immediately state it to the President for his decision, and would, without delay, advise me ot the
result. This was early in the morning of (I think) Saturday, immediately preceding the Wednesday of the affair
of Bladensburg.
After leaving Secretary Armstrong, dissatisfied as I was with the general tenor of his language and conduct,
relative to the business, during the interview, I also called on the President, stating to him substantially. the case,
and adding, as! had before done to both the other gentlemen, that, if it were the particular wish and determina'
tion of the Executive (which I began to think not improbable) that General Winder should have the principal com-
' Colonel Lavall has since informed me, that no effectual means were taken to mount liis men, notwithstanding his frequent
applications to the War Department for that purpose; and tliat, learnings that the enemy was actually apprpaching- us, he, on
his own respoosibility, adopted means for procuring hones, on the spur of the occasion, or he could not have been on at all for
the particular service.
74 m
582 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814
mand, in meeting the column of tlie enemy marching directly on the city from the Patuxent, that probably some
separate station or command might be assigned me, as theie were said to be other menaces and approaches. The
President declined a decision until after the Secretary of War should have been consulted. I returned to my
house, where I waited impatiently with ray aids, Majors Brent and M'Kenny, who were ready and anxious to ac-
company me to camp, until half after twelve o'clock; and, although, upon reflecting on what had passed between
the Secretary, General Winder, and myself, I was suspicious that it was predetermined, and arranged or under-
Stood between them, that I was not to have the command, or, at least, that an attempt should be made to withhold
it from me, still, not hearing from the Secretary, I sent a messenger to him requesting a decision. After detaining
the servant about two hours, he sent me, by him, a written communication, giving me to understand that I was not
considered in command or service. I determined not to attempt to create any discordance or schism at a moment
of iniraineiit peril, and when the cordial co-operation of all was so important; and, at the same time, whilst I hfeid
my commission of Major General, not being able to serve under General Winder, I instantly sent ray resignation
to the Secretary, taking an early opportunity ot assuring General Winder that, although I felt the injury done me,
there was nothing personal in ray motive, and, further, offering and pledging myself to hini for any service in ray
power, either civil or military, which the public exigencies might require.* I continued to see General Winder
occasionally, as before, and to be astonished at the apparent sluggishtiess or pi-ocrastination in the preparation for
the reception of the enemy, who was on his advance. I recollect well that, even after he had, accoraing to authen-
tic and undoubted information, ascended to the head of the ship navigation of the Patu:sent, and had, for about
twenty-four hours, been debarking. on the hither bank of that river, and marching his troops to their encampment
on the heights of Benedict, (about forty miles from this, on the usual route) General Winder, in answer to an in-
quiry of mine, whether he had ordered on any troops from Baltimore, and whether he thought they would be here
in time, said that they were ordered on, and that all his fear was, that they would be here too somi. Expressing to
him my astonishment at the apprehension, he said he thought it very probable that the enemy would suddenly turn
about, and make a blow at Baltimore. Having been surprised, for several days, at not having seen or heard of any
actual attempt or movement towards throwing up works, of any description, in this \'icinity, from behind which
the enemy might be resisted with great advantage ar^d efiect, I proposed, at a meeting of our citizens, on the Satur-
day evening (after I had resigned) next preceding the day of the affair at Bladensburg, that a committee should be
appointed to wait on General Winder, and suggest to him the importance of some such works at Bladensburg, through
which village the enemy would certainly pass; and, in case the General should approve the proposition, to request
him to assign an engineer or officer to prescribe or superintend the work, the citizens furnishing the laborers, &c.
gratis. A committee accordingly waited on him: he approved the idea, assigned or procured Colonel Wadsvvorth,
of the ordnance department, to locate, superintend, &c. and, according to that officer's project and directions,
(after having reconnoitered nearly a day, an operation in which, at his request, T accompanied him) were the worJcs
completed by the citizens, although, to the universal astonishment, not a man occupied, during the action, the prin-
cipal one; and most advantageous parts of the ground, also, which had been reconnoitered, (and where the ^nemy
might have been cut up and slain by hundreds) were not even occupied by our troops! Owing to accident and
misinformation, I was not in the commencement of the action; but the whole scene, during my advance towards
the right front, where Commodore Barney, with his men and the marine corps, did themselves so much honor,
whilst I continued there, and afterwards, in retii-ing from one point to another as far as Georgetown, contained dis-
gusting and inglorious circumstances. How what was called the first line of our troops, on their left, generally,
was formed, I do not know. In that part of the field on which I moved, and afterwards, during the retreat, I
could discover or learn nothing like a system or an order of battle, of retreat, or of rallying, or reforming; and se-
veial of the officers of the militia of the city and Georgetown, (General W. Smith's brigade) whom I met with in
the course of the aftair, (and who, with their men, were generally in good order, and deeply regretted the want of
opportunity to act efficiently) appeared, in this respect, to be in the same predicament with myself.
A cardinal error in this whole business was, in ray opinion, thafthe great body or raass of the Baltimore forcef
was not ordered on this way so soon as the direction of the enemy's movement was ascertained, with instructions,
whilst fhey (the Baltimore force) were advancing, always to keep themselves between Baltimore and the enemy,
so that they might, and would, have been ready, as the two branches of our army and the enemy approached each
other, always to co-operate, either before or after a junction, with the troops assembling here, (who would, of course,
have followed the enemy had he wheeled towards Baltimore) in case of an attempt either on this place or Balti-
more; and thus an overwhelming and operative force would have been collected. Another very great error, I think,
was, that the enemy were suffered undisturbedly to encamp on the heights of Benedict, where the local circumstan-
ces are well calculated for resistance, and to advance from thence to Bladensburg, without having been harassed
or annoyed in their progress; this was probably, in part, and perhaps principally, owing to the vvant of a central
camp, and, generally, of means and preparations, on our part, when the enemy landed.
Another error was, that our men were, for a short period before the action, unnecessarily harassed and worn
down by fatiguing and ill-timed marches; which, in addition to the fatigue rnany of them underwent from running,
as it were, from their homes (from which they were hurried and dragged at the moment, instead of having been or-
dered out in proper season) to this city, almost exhausted them. Another, a want of attentioii and promptness in
having the reinforcements, as they arrived in the city, supplied with arms, ammunition, provisions, &c. and in ac-
customing them to the familiar use of the former. Another, that the enemy were suffered to advance too far, even
at Bladensburg, before they were met; owing, doubtless, to the absence of our troops, who had been encamped the
preceding night within about three or four miles only of the field of battle. Another, a want of the most advantage-
ous order or arrangeinent in the battle itself; one of the causes of which doubtless was, that the enemy were suf-
fered really to anticipate us in the occupation of the ground intended for ourselves. Another, the evident want of
a concerted plan of retreat to, or rallying at, some one or more of the advantageous positions between the battle
ground and the capitol. Another, a premature order (as generally understood) of retreat. Another, that a respecta-
ble body of apparently excellent troops, (the Fairfax regiment of militia) who had been in the city since a late period
of the preceding day, were not in the action. I understand, from a gentleman who was present, that, early in the
evening of the preceding day, after the arrival of those troops in the city, their commander made application to the
Secretary of War, for arms and ammunition for them; and that, owing to objections made by the Secretary, he did
not obtain them until the morning, which probably was a principal cause of his detention from the engagement.
Another error, I think, was, that General Young's brigade of Alexandria, which was encamped on the east side of
the Potomac, opposite to Alexandria, within a few miles of the Eastern Branch bridge, was not sent for immedi-
ately (if not before) when it was ascertained that the enemy was rapidly approaching Bladensburg. If this had been
done. General Young mig-ht either have marched towards that place by the road South of the Eastern Branch, where
he inight have distracted and annoyed the enemy in flank or rear, or he might, (crossing the Eastern Branch bridge)
if he could not have reached the held of battle, have met our retreating troops at sorae point in the city, and might
thus have been very instruraental in restoring the fortune of the day; and in either case, he might, in a few hours'
time, have returned to his former station: whereas, he remained, in obedience to an order (as he has himself informed
me) that day given bv the Secretary of War, at his position, not an enemy near him, or in sight, whilst his men dis
tinctly heard the aflair at Bladensburg, and were raortified at their absence from it. Another error was, that the
woods, fences, ravines, &c. by the sides of the turnpike road were not lined with our light troops, to annoy the
enemy in his advance from the battle ground. At all events, on the rising ground southwest of the turnpike gate,
if not before, our troops ought to have made another stand. By the extraordinary exertions of private gentlemen,
as well as officers, and by the opportune arrival at this favorable spot of the Fairfax troops, (I think about six hun-
dred) who had not yet been engaged, a body of about ten or twelve hundred men was already formed, including
several pieces of artillery, well planted, and their number was rapidly increasing, by the rallying of fugitives, the
•Annexed are copies of my resignation, a subsequent letter from the War Department, and my answer thereto,
f A part oiUy of the Baltimore force came this way.
583
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF M^\SHINGTON.
arrival of fresh troops, &c.,- and I am confident that, had they remained there, (in a position as well coverin? the
navy yard as the city generally) the British would not have advanced that night, they being at least two or three
miles oft; wearied, and, partially, severely handled; and, by the morning, such advantages of system, arrangement,
rest, increase of numbers, confidence, &c. might have been improved by us, as would have led to the discomfiture
and defeat of the enemy; but, unfortunately, even from here those troops were ordered to retreat towards the Capitol
Square, and thence to a more distant place; against both of which movements I took the liberty, at the time of re-
monstrating to General Winder. Another unfortunate error was, that our troops, after it was determined to aban-
don the city itself, were not halted on some of the commanding heights around it, from which they might constantly
have operated with eft'ect, either by detachment, or otherwise, on the enemy, during his continuance here: and from
which, if it had become necessary to retire, we might, at all times, have retired with safety. Another error was.
that a considerable and unnecessary number of wagons and carts were in the field, or its immediate vicinity, from'
which, at an early period of the engagement, they fled, and in their flight contributed much to the dismay and con-
fusion of the day. Another error was, that the enemy was not pursued and annoyed, in his precipitate departure
to his ships. Many of those errors, doubtless, arose from the want of correct information relative to the enemy:
which, in itself, was an extraordinary circumstance, as, for some days before they (the enemy) entered the city!
there were several hundred cavalry among our troops. Many of the evils of the day also, unquestionably, arose
from the rawness of a considerable part ol our militia force: indeed, considering what the description of the great
mass of our troops was, and that they had to contend with about an equal number of veterans, nothing but judicious
and skilful management, added to our decided superiority of artillery and cavalry, the native valor of our men.
fighting'for all they held dear, and the local advantages, within our reach, could have authorized the expectation of
success.
Although I cannot think the means we had on the spot were used to the b^st advantage, still I think Genera!
Winder was by no means furnished with sufficient or timely means; which I always considered it the special duty
of the War Department to have attended to.
From a certain degree of delicacy, sir, in my situation, as regards both the late Secretary of War and General
Winder, it is not without some reluctance that I have given the committee the above view: but, considering youi-
call as imperative, and having always been of opinion that it was due to the American people that the facts and
circumstances connected witli the fall of the capital should be fully developed, I transmit it to you, after having
necessarily prepared it in great haste. Possibly other circumstances relative to the subject may hereafter occur h>
me; should that be the case, I will take the liberty of communicating them. I presume, also, that I shall have the
privilege hereafter of correcting any errors, either in form or substance, that may have crept into ,the statement.
„ K, D »f T \ -^^"N P. VAN NESS.
Honorable B. M. Johnson, &c.
City of Washington, Awunt 20, 1814.
Sir: . .
Give me leave hereby to resign the command which I have for some time past had the honor to hold, as Major
General of the militia of the District of Columbia. My commission would have been enclosed, had I been able to
lay my hands upon it. A principal regret which I feel upon this occasion, is, that my resignation occurs at a mo-
ment when I would have been happy to have been pennitted to participate in the defence of my country, and parti-
cularly of the District.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN P. VAN NESS.
Honorable Johh -Armstrokg, Secretary of War,
War Department, iVoi>em6er 13, 1814..
Sir:
I am instructed to state, that your resignation of the command of the militia of this District, as Major General
has not been accepted, and that it would be satisfactory to the President that you should resume it.
That you were not called into service with the troops of the District did not proceed from a want of respect for
your merit, which is acknowledged, but from the impossibility of doing it, at the time, without displeasing the com-
mander of the district, from which the most serious injury was apprehended, the enemy having just landed at Bene-
dict, and being on his march for this city. Great confidence is entertained in your patriotism, zeal in support of the
cause of your country, and fitness for the; trust, regarding your comparative experience, with that of others of qur
fellow-citizens, in active service. I add, with pleasure, that your conduct, after presenting your resignation, and
particularly at Bladensburg, after joining our troops as a volunteer on the preceding day, has increased these favor-
able impressions.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JAMES MONROE.
Major General John P. \ AN Ness, CtVj/ q/" ?f^«/!ira^<o;!. ,
Washington, November 14, 1814.
Sir:
On my return to the city, after a few days' absence, I had the honor of receiving your communication of the
twelfth instant, advising me that my resignation of the command of the militia of this District, offered some time
since, has not been accepted, and that it would be satisfactory to the President that I should resume it.
Injured as I felt by the treatment I received, in relation to my military command, I adopted, as a proper expres-
sion of that feeling, what I considered the only course which, whilst it was just' to myself, was not inconsistent with
the public service — a course which I am gratified that my friends, both public and private; have universally approved.
At tne same time, sir, without at present hazarding an opinion, or going into any argument as to the sufficiency of
the reason for disregarding my claim to the command, or to service, on the approach of the enemy to the metropo-
lis, permit me to state, that I am perfectly satisfied that the President was actuated solely by a regard for the pub-
lic good.
For the general politeness of your letter, for acknowledging the correctness of my conduct subsequent to my re-
signation, and particularly in the unfortunate affair at Bladensburg, although I have due sensibility, and fully ap-
preciate the honor done me by the intimation of the President's wishes, it is out of my power to comply witli them
upon this occasion; which, I presume, cannot be regretted, inasmuch as other gentlemen, better qualified for the
purpose, must be within the view of the Government.
I have- the honor to be, &c.
JOHN P. VAN NESS.
To the Hon. James Monroe, Esq. Secretary of War.
Doctor Catletfs statement.
Sir:
In compliance with your request. I will endeavor to make as concise and correct a statement of the circum-
stances, which came within my view, of the late campaign in this neighborhood, as is in my power.
On the evening of the 21st, (being attached to the suite of General Winder, as staff surgeon) we were met by
Colonel Monroe at the Woodyard, who had left Nottingham about sunset, where he saw the advance of the enemy
584 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
withtheirbargesand smallivessels. Nextmorliing Colonel Monroe. General Winder,and suite, proceeded down and
met them within three or four miles ol' Nottingham. Af(er taking such positions as would afford the best view of
the enemy, and remaining under cover of the woods until they advanced within three or four hundred yards of us,
those o-entlemen retired with Colonel Lavall's troop, which waS also in advance, until we met an advanced detach-
ment of our troops, about four or five hundred, which were immediately ordered to retreat to the main body at the
Woodyard. Major Hite had been ordered to remain Hear the forks of the road,' to observe whether the enemy took
that leading to Marlborough, or the other we were on to the Woodyard. The country here, from the heights and
fields, was admirably calculated to afford observations of the enemy. Their entire want of cavalry was observable,
from their being none with their advance, to which we had been so near. Videttes were placed in our rear. General
Winder proceeded towards the Woodyard: Colonel Monroe took a direction across the country towards Marlbo-
rough; I accompanied him. We soon (about twelve o'clock) began to iiear the explosion and see the smoke from the
flotilla. We were overtaken by some'of the videttes, who stated that there were fifteen or twenty horsemen on our
left, supposed to be of the enemy, attempting to cui us oft'. We immediately shaped our course towards the Wood-
yard; met General Winder, who returned; passed a number of our troops, and, arriving at the Woodyard, found
the main Isody moving off towards the Long Old Fields, Where the army encamped in the evening. Next morning,
23d, the President and all the Heads of Departments were in camp, having (I understood) come down that night.
The President reviewed the troops, supposed about three thousand live hundred, having been joined at the Wood-
yard by Commodore Barney's men, and other corps, at this place. About two th(msand five hundred Baltimore
troops were at Bladensbur^. This day an advanced detachment, I believe under the command of Major Peter, met
the advance of the enemy in the neighborhood of Marlborough, som« firing took place, and our troops retreated.
General Winder was some miles .over to the left, observing on the direct road from Marlborough to Bladensburg.
Towards evening we returned to the Old Fields, and found our army advantageously posted to receive the enemy.
A retreat was soon after ordered to this city, leaving some flour anil vvhiskey destroyed on the camping ground.
This nieht I slept within a mile of the field, and at daylight sent a nian over in that direction to learn whether the
enemy were there. He reported in the negative, and 1 vvent directly into the road and came on to the city, before
eight o'clock, believing that the enemy could not reach Bladensburg until late in the day. The upper bridge was
on fire, and the other prepared to be blown up as I crossed it. The first news I heard on entering the city, was,
that the enemy were within two and a half mUes, coming towards the bridge, and there appeared to be a continual
succession and industrious circulation of false reports and false alarms. The enemy were pertinaciously represent-
ed to be at least nine tiiousand, and many were disposed to believe their number greater, although several prisoners
taken yesterday could oidy enumerate four regiments, and name but one General, and one Colonel, acting as
Brigadier. I examined several myself, with all the address I could, and would certainly have risked my life upon
thei'i' almost entice want of artillery and their want of cavalry. There appeared to bean impression with our troops,
generally, that the enemy were much more formidable than appearances could justify. Abou.t 11 o'clock the main
body of our troops moved off from near the Eastern Branch bridge towards Bladensburg, and, by a necessarily ex-
traordinary effort, for men immediately from ship board, the British reached the opposite side of the village nearly
at the same time with our troops, about 1 o'clock. They halted in front about twenty minutes, until their rear got
up. Some officers were seen observing us from the opposite heights. The two armies were about three fourths of
a rnile apart, pretty much in view of each other. The position of our troops will be better described to you by
otiiers. A few minutes before the action commenced, by request of General Winder I delivered an order to Major
Pinkney, in front, t<i take the most judicious position withhis riflemen to protect the ijrtillery at the battery, within
two hundred yards of the Bladensburg bridge, and three or four hundred in advance of our first line. The enemy
were now coming down a street in the village, in thick column. This battery, of about seven pieces, commenced a
destructive fire upon them, which immediately threw their advance out of the street, among the houses, but they
were very soon crossing the bridge in great numbers, notwithstanding an additional' cross fire from several pieces
from our right. They advanced with great steadiness towards the battery. The artillery retreated; the rifles re-
ceived them handsomely, but soonretreated also. They began by firing a few rockets about the time that our fire
commenced, which passed a considerable distance over our first liite, immediately in the rear of which were the
President, and several other gentlemen of the cabinet. It was suggested to them, I think by General Winder, to
take a more I espectful distance, and they did so. General Winder rode along the line, encouraging the men to
disregard the rockets. The enemy having carried the battery in tront of us, began to flank irregularly, but a con
siderable number, also, advaJieing directly upon this line,; (through an orchard) which soon commenced a fire npon
them, fiom an elevated position, and too soon after, before they came within point blank shot, retreated. They
were, however, a number of them, easily rallied by another oflicer and myself; but on part of the line giving way,
which had stood fast, further on the leit, they all broke off again. The fire now became very hot in the centre,
from our musketry and artillery: the musketry too distant, although with gi-eat advantage of position, but the ar-
tillery evidently with great execution. The musketry continually, and successively (without being rallied) retreat-
ing as the enemy advanced upon them; and as soon as they closed up with Commodore Barney's command, a gene-
ral retreat took place, before they had reached a considerable portion of our infantry. Being in the rear, I observed
that the enemy seemed to halt when the firing ceased, about a mile and a half on this side of Bladensburg; there was
nothing like pursuit. When [ got to Capitol' Hill, there were no troops formed ther«i As I passed through the
city, it was reported that the enemy were coming in frimi towards the race ground. I observed that it was false,
and only ihtended to produce panic. The few citixeiis I saw at their houses, appeared as 'if resigned to meet an
awful fate. "The main body of our army were now retreating through Georgetown, where I met a deputation, tlie
Mayor and several others, going out to meet the e'nemy. They can best tell, but I do not think it probable that
the enemy were advancing, or knew the extent of our letreat before this deputation met them, for I had seen them
halting; artd the next day, when 1 came in with a flag, to attend our wounded, I learned from some of their officers
that they suspected our troops were still on the heights above Georgetown, though they were at Montgomery Court
House, from which place General M'inder had ordered me back to Bladensburg, with permission of the British
commander, for the purpose mentioned. 1 met the advance of the British army on Capitol Hill, supposed to be
about seven hundred, and passed their main body, supposed about two thousand, on the hill this side the turnpike.
They appeared to be preparing to move; had about forty miserable looking horses haltered up, ten or twelve carts
and wagons, one ox cart, one coachee, and, several gifes, which the officers v/ere industriously assisting to tackle up,
and which were immediately seiit on to Bladensburg, to move oft" their wounded. A drove of sixty or seventy cat-
tle preceded this cavalcade. On our arrival at Bladensburg, the surgeons were ordered to select all the wounded
who could walk, (those with broken arms and the like) and send them off immediately. The forty horses were
mounted with such as could ride, the carts and wagons loaded, and ninety odd wounded left behind. I estimated
their wounded at three or four hundred, besides forty or fifty left in this city. One of the British surgeons informed
me they had buried that day about one hundred on the field; and the men who were sent out next day after the
retreat of the enemy, to bury three or four Americans, reported that they also buried fifty or sixty red -coats, or
British. I found at Bladensburg Commodore Barney, Captain Miller, of marines, and seventeen other Americans,
badly wounded. I estimate our whole loss at ten or twelve killed on the field, and thirty odd wounded; though
others, who had less opportunity of judging, estimate it at more than double. About midnight (being up all night)_
I heard the sound of a bugle, and vt-as informed that the whole British army were passing through the lower end of_
the village. In the morning, early, I saw them still going oft' in small squads, and some stragglers were moving off
till noon, about which time we learned that their main body were halted about eight miles on the road to Maribo-
rough. About sunset Captain Burd came down from Montgomery Court House, and informed Commodore Barney
and myself, that our troops were marchitig on to Baltimore, and about the same time we were informed by several
persons, that the British were within a few miles of Marlborough. The Commodore expressed a wish that General
Winder could be immediately informed of the certainty and manner of their retreat; and, not being able to findany
6he else, to be depended on, to go for one hundred dollars, having engaged Doctors Martin and M'CuUoch to at-
tend to«ur wounded until Wiy retufn, with the advice of Commodore Barney, I set out. about dark, with one dra-
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 535
tended, about this hour, to march on to Baltimore. General W inder was gone on; Generals Smith, Stansbury, and
others, held a council on my information, and it was determined to send off (I think) the principal part of the caval-
ry in pursuit of the enemy, immediately; the tmops to remain until daylight, and the militia of the District of
Columbia to return to the District. I have never been able to learn what cavalry were actually sent off, or the suc-
cess of their enterprises. After this I was, and have ever since been, confined to the attendance of a hospital, and
can relate little further from my own observation.
I have the honor to be, &c.
HANSON CATLETT,
Surgeon 1st Regiment Infantry.
Respecting tlie condition of the enemy's troops, I was informed by Several of the British officers, that,jiist pre-
vious to their reaching Bladensburg, (with excessive fatigue or entire exhaustion) they were dropping off in con-
siderable numbers; that, in the action, it was only by the most extraordinary exertions that the main body could be
goaded on. Although 1 observed some of their flankers at times advance on the run a small distance, these were
said to be only the most active of their light companies of, and attached to, their 85th regiment, commanded by
Lieutenant Colonel Thornton, acting as Brigadiei-; they appeared to me to halt, as if exhausted with fatigue, at or
near the place where the firing ceased on our part, about a mile and a half on this side of Bladensburg, about two
o'clock, P. M. Their advance, however, reached the capitol about dark or eight o'clock; the main body, I am in-
formed, never'came further than the height on this side the turnpike. You ask further for information as to their
numbers. Although I had a better opportunity of observation after the battle than any other of our officers, I can-
not pretend to state, with any degree of confidence, on this subject; but my estimate was, on Capitol Square, 700;
Turnpike Hill, 2,000; wounded at Bladensburg, 300; attendants and guard, 300; wounded and attendants in the
city, 60; and from information, killed at Bladensburg and city, 180; total, 3,540. However incorrect these esti-
mates may be in the detail, they are corroborated, in the aggregate, by the best information I could get from the
surgeons, sergfeants, and men left in hospital.
Respectfully,
H. CATLETT.
Mr. John Law'' s. statement.
Washington, November 10, 1814.
Sib:
In compliance with your request, I beg leave to submit to yoii the following statement of the movements and
operations of the troops to whom I was attached, from the period of their march against the enemy, who had landed
at Benedict, until their return on the 27th of August.
On Friday, the 19th of August, the militia of this county were mustered near Mr. Ringgold's rope-walk, and, on
being dismissed, were ordered to equip and hold themselves in readiness to march the next morning. The second
regiment, under Colonel Brent, accordingly assembled near the capitol; and, by nine o'clock, A. M., were prepar-
ed to take up the line of march. About one o'clock, the first regiment, under Colonel Magruder, arrived at the
Capitol Hill. Shortly after, the whole force, collected from this county, commenced its march; and, after proceed-
ing about five miles from the Eastern Branch bridge, encamped that night on the road to Upper Marborough. The
next morning the troops were again mustered, and the articles of war read to them. About twelve o'clock, the
detachment of marines, under tlie command of Captain Miller, passed our encampment with five pieces of artil-
leiy, and shortly after, our two regiments of militia again took up the line of march, and, after advancing about
seven rhiles, encamped on a field belonging to the Woodyard estate. We here joined the regulars of the 36th and
38th regiments. The main body of the enemy stayed that night at or near Nottingham, having an advance party
stationed at a church about three miles this side of that town. About one o'clock the same night, our troops were
beat up and ordered to strike their tents; although the principal part of the force did not move until nine or ten
o'clock the next morning. About sunrise the regulars, together with a small ^detachment of about three hundred
men, consisting of Captain Peter's company of artillery, Captain Stull's rifle corps, and Captain Davidson's light
infantry, were sent in advance on the road to Nottingham. About nine or ten o'clock the same day, the remainder
of our force marched about a mile, to an elevated position near the dwelling house of Mrs. West, and remained
there about two hours, under the.expectation that the enemy would take that road on his way from Nottingham to
Washington. It was, however, ascertained that the enemy had taken the road to Upper Marlborough, and that the
detachment of our troops, who had been sent that morning iu advance, were retreating. All the troops were then
ordered to retreat; and, instead of being marched towards Upper Marlborough, where the enemy remained that
night, (waiting, it is presumed, to be joined by the detachment which had been sent against Commodore Barney's
flotilla) we were marched to the Battalion Old Fields, about eight miles distant from Upper Marlborough, and
about the same ilistance from Washington. The same day we were joined by the crews of Commodore Barney's
flotilla. On Tuesday, the 23d of August, the troops were drawn up in three or four lines, and reviewed by the
President of the United States. The most contradictory reports .prevailed at this time in our camp, respecting the
strength and movements of the eneiny. Oar force at this place, from the best information I could collect, consist-
ed of about four hundred horse, the flotilla men amounting to about four hundred and fifty, one hundred and teh
marines, about four hundred regulars of the 36th and .38th regiments, and about eighteen hundred militia from
Maryland and the county of Washington. The militia of Alexandria county never joined us. About 12 o'clock
the same day, the detachment of three hundred militia, which had been sent on the day before, were again Ordered
to advance towards the enemy. They met him on his march, about six miles in advance of our encamprnent, but
with so great a disparity of force, that it was impossible for them to make a stand. After Captain Stull's rifle com-
pany had fired about four rounds, the detachment was compelled to retreat, to prevent being sunounded by the
enemy. About five o'clock, P. M., after having remained some time in line of battle, we were ordered to retreat
to Washington, and, although our march on the retreat was extremely rapid, yet orders were occasionally given to
the captains of companies to hurry on their men. The inarch, therefore, literally became a run of eight miles, and
the propriety of this rapid movement, which unnecessarily fatigued and dispirited the men, may be tested by the
fact, that the main body of the enemy bivouacked that night on the Melwood estate, more than three miles distant
from the ground we had left. • ■ 1
On our arrival at the city, we encamped about half a mile from the Eastern Branch bridge. About midnight,
a detachment of Captain Burch's company, to which I was attached, was called up and ordered to move with three
pieces of artillery to an eminence near the bridge, which was done. During the night, a boat, containing eight bar-
rels of powder, was stationed underneath the bridge, under the charge of Mr. Forrest, of the navy, with orders to
blow it up on the approach of the enemy. About sunrise, the remainder of our company joined us. We were
shortly after ordered to pull down the rails of a neighboring fence, and place them on the bridge, in order that it
might be effectually burnt, in case the explosion of gunpowder should not succeed in preventing the enemy Irom
passing it. For the same purpose, the toll house was ordered to be pulled down, and the planks placed on the
bridge. About ten o'clock the same day, our company was ordered to give up its position to Commodore Barney,
who had a number of heavier guns with him, and who immediately after took possession of the eminence we had
occupied. About eleven o'clock, we were ordered to march, and on arriving at the boundary line of the city, we
halted a short time, until we were joined by the remainder of the troops, when we continued our march to Bladens-
burg. At the distance of about a mile and a quarter from that town, the troops were halted, and shortly after
Captain Burch, with three of his pieces of artillery, was ordered to advance and report himself to General Win-
der. Captain Burch immediately advanced with three of his pieces; and, on reaching the left of the line ot Balti-
more militia, halted the men in the road, in order that he might look for General Winder and receive his orderf
586 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
At this time the advance of the Britisli was just entering the outskirts of Bladensburg, and the arms of a large body
of them were seen glittering in the sun, about a mile from the town. Finding that Captain Burch did not return
as soon as might have been reasonably expected, and hearing that General Winder was a short distance from us, I
marched our detachment of artillery towards the spot where he was, and, on coming up to him, inquired what posi-
tion I should take with our artillery. He addressed me as Captain, and ordered me to place our pieces in battery
on the left of the Baltimore line of infantry, which was immediately done. Shortly after he came up to us, and,
again addressing me, said, " When you retreat, take notice you must retreat by the Georgetown road;" at the same
time he pointed to a road which led from Digges's mill into the country, and passed near tlie position we had taken.
Captain Burch soon after joined us. The time occupied in taking our position was sufficient to have enabled us.
and also the troops that marched from the city, to take any position on the fields this side of Bladensburg. About
a quarter of an hour after we had taken our position, the Baltimore artillery, which was posted in advance near the
mill, (and shortly after, the Baltimore riflemen) commenced firing on the enemy. The artillery fired about ten
rounds, as far as 1 could judge, and then retreated, with some of the Baltimore riflemen, towards our left. A few
scattering British soldiers were soon after visible in the orchard before us, and they appeared to be forming behind
a barn, which was about three hundred and fifty yards from our guns. We immediately commenced our fire upon
them; and, shortly after. General Winder came beiiind our guns, and ordered us to direct our shot at the barn.
We had scarcely fired three rounds, when the line of the Baltimore militia began to break; several of the 5th Bal-
timore regiment also fled. After we had fired about five rounds from our pieces, General Winder ordered us to
retreat, in consequence, I presume, of the flight of the militia on our right. The Britisli column had just then be-
gan to advance from the barn. Not a man of our company had been touched by the fire of the enemy, and I thought
that the battle was only then seriously commencing. After retreating about a hundred yards, we were again or-
dered to unlimber our piefces; but this order was immediately alter countermanded, and we were directed to con-
tinue our retreat. Our pieces were never after ordered into action; nor were we, at any time, told where to rally.
The road, by which we had been directed to retreat, and by which the principal part of the Baltimore troops also
retreated, forked, some miles from the battle ground, in three directions; one branch led by Rock Creek Church
to Tenlytown and Montgomery Court House; another branch led to Georgetown; and the third tothe c^ty of Wash-
ington. Each individual, on the retreat, took the road that suited his inclination. For myself, having been separated,
together with several of Capt. Burch's company, from our guns, which were before us, and presuming that the prin-
cipal part of the force had gone to Washington, I took the road leading to this place. On arriving at the capitol, I
understood that the city had been abandoned by our troops, without further struggle, to the enemy. Our forces en-
camped that night at Tenlytown, about three miles back of Georgetown. The next day they marched to Mont-
gomery Court House; and, on the 26th of August, to Sriell's bridge, on the road to Baltimore, where I joined them,
having never had it in my power before to do so. On Saturday, the 37th, the troops belonging to this District re-
turned here. The enemy left the city on the night of the 25th.
From what I could discern of the line of the enemy's inarch on his entrance into Bladensburg, before the battle,
I conjectured that his force amounted to about five thousand men. I'afterwardscollected, from conversations with
British prisoners, and from comparing together the several accounts they gave me, that it did not exceed four tliou-
sand four hundred men, including about one hundred or one hundred and fiftj sailors, who were armed only, with
cutlasses. The enemy's artillery consisted of one howitzer, and two small pieces, drawn by men; and his whole
force actually engaged in the battle did not exceed twelve hundred men, as I was informed by two British officers
and some prisoners. Our force, on the other hand, consisted of the troops that were with us on the Battalion Old
Felds, amounting, in my opinion, to about three thousand one hundred and sixty men, together with about t\Vo
thousand troops from Baltimore, and about five hundred militia under Colonel Beall, who joined us on the field of
battle. Our artillery consisted of eighteen six pounders, under Captains Peter, Burch, and Magruder, and two eigh-
teen pounders and three twelves under Commodore Barney. The enumeration which I have given of our troops
may, in some instances, be incorrect, as it is merely the result of general observation and inquiry. I would beg
leave further to state, that the distance bet^yeen Benedict and Washington, by the way of Bladensburg, is at least
fifty miles, and that the whole of the intervening country is admirably calculated for every species of military opera-
tion. I shall refrain, sir, from expressing any opinion on the manner in which our force was conducted and employed;
but, injustice to General Winder, I will add, that he evinced no deficiency of personal courage or military cool-
ness during the action. • ,
With respect, I am, &c. JOHN LAW.
No. U, ' . • '
Reports from the Ordnance Department.
United States' Ordnance Department,
i Washington, Novenfther ^Sth, 1814.
Sir: ...
In addition to the information which I have had the honor to give to the committee of investigation upon, the
subject of the late invasion of this District by the enemy, I have to state:
That I have perused letters recently written by Colonel D. Wadsworth to Daniel CaiToll, Esq. of this District,
respecting the burning of the Potomac bridge, and the destruction of the military stores deposited on the Virginia
side thereof; which in substance contain a specific denial of either circumstance having taken place by his orders
or advice. He explicitly states, that the latter was occasioned by the corporal or non-commissioned officer com-
manding the guard, who, on the draws of the bridge having been broken by a violent tornado, and perceiving a body
of the British ready to pass over, concluded the surest and best measure to prevent it, was to destroy, by fare, that
end and part wliere he was posted; and that the other end, on the Washington side, was fired by the enemy.
The military stores which had been placed at the end of the bridge were destroyed by the event of firing that
end.
I beg leave to' take this occasion to repeat what I had the honor to state to you verbally, that, having been person-
ally conversant with Colonel Wadsworth on the evening of the day of the battle of Bladensburg, and on the subse-
quent invasion of the city, the colonel at no time suggested to me (though the next officer in command) the necessity
or expediency of firing the Potomac bridge; and I have, consequently, no belief that such was his intention or order.
Lieutenant Baden^ wlio was directed to post the guard at the Virginia end of the bridge, and for the protection
of the military stores, unequivocally and explicitly denies having given any similar order.
1 beg leave to transmit here a more particular account of the stores furnished to Fort Washington; rendered,
however, by the late decision of a court martial, less necessary than before.
1 have the honor tobe, &c. „„.^
JOHN MORTON,
Captain and Deputy Commissary, acting for the Commissary GeneraL
Hon. Col. R. M, Johnson.
Ordnance Department, Washington, October 21, 1814.
Sir: ■ r ,
In the absence of the Commissary Genei-al, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter to this
department, of the 15th current, requesting, jn behalf of the committee of which you are chairman, "all the infor-
mation in its power on the subject of their inquiry; more especially tp state what was the quantity and situation ot
the munitions of war within the District of Columbia, previous to, and at the time of, the invasion of the enemy in
his recent enterprises against this metropolis."
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 537
The hurry with which many of those munitions were distributed, previous to. and at the time of, the invasion,
and the dispersion and loss of some papers which gave some details thereof, necessarily render the reports frohi the
several persons having charge of them, somewhat imperfect, and will render it difficult to give from this department
more than (as follows) a general statement. This statement, however, will be substantially correct; and will, per-
haps, tend to answer or satisfy the committee on tlie leading objects of the inquiry made of this office.
Presuming that the expression, "munitions of war," was intended to include the ordnance within the District. I
shall commence therewith, by stating, that there were, at the period alluded to, the following mounted cannon, viz:
Eight 24 pounders, cannon, mounted on garrison carriages, and forming the batteiy, Greenleaf's Point.
One 50 ditto, columbiad, do. do. do. do.
One 18 ditto, do. do. do. ' do. do.
Two 18 pounders, cannon, complete for the field, on travelling carriages, •
Five 12 ditto, . do. do. do. do.
Six 6 ditto, do. do. do. do.
Three 24 howitzers, do. do. do. do.
These last were in charge at the United States' arsenal, Greenleaf's Point; but occasionally distributed previous
to the actual invasion of the city, as ordered; for instance, two eighteen pounders, on travelling carriages, were
placed in front of the capitol, for its defence; two twelve pounders in front of the President's House, and two near
the General Post Office, for the same purposes.
In addition to the foregoing, there were twelve six poundfers, field artillery, furnished by the order of the late
Secretary of War, to, and in the service of, the District corps of ar.tillery; and two twelve pounders loaned to the
marine corps of the United States.
The number of field artillery attached to the brigade of .Alexandria, is not known to me; but it is presumed to
have been four or six pieces.
Of ordnance stores, there were on hand at the United States' laboi-atory, exclusive, of course, of what had before
been distributed, viz: ' ■
140 bbls. (14,000 lbs. ) gun powder of different kinds,
5 tons lead,
7,180 cannon cartridges, filled and empty (the empty are soon filled.) '
8,650 rounds of round grape and canister shot.
150 ten inch shells, with other stores of ordinary consumption, or expenditure, too numerous to detail.
In the military store and laboratory, viz: '
Stands of arms complete, - - - , - - . - . 2,993
Cartridge boxes and belts, ----.... 1^595
Bayonet scabbards and belts, , - - - - - - - - 2,584
Flints, ------.-.. 13,700
Musket cartridges of different kinds (single ball, and ball and buck shot,) - - -271,000
The foregoing were on hand immediately preceding the invasion, after considerable distributions had been occa-
sionally made to the regular troops and the militia, employed in different situations or parts of this section of the
country; and equal, it is believed by me, to all their requisitions.
Of rifles it was impossible, though every exertion was made by this department, to procure a seasonable supply.
What is here offered to the honorable committee embraces, perhaps, all which is expected from this department;
but, if any additional objects of inquiry should occur, the undersigned will hold himself in readiness tolfurnish, either
personally or in writing, whatsoever may be required and remain further within his means of information.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN MORTON.
Deputy Commissary United States^ Ordnance.
Hon. Col. R. M. Johnson.
Ordnance Department, November 4, 1814.
Sir:
In compliance with your verbal request, I have the honor to state to you that, by an ordnance return, bear-
ing date the 30th June, ultimo, received at this office, there were at Fort Washington, on the Potomac —
Two 32 pounders on fixed carriages (cannon.)
Eight 24 pounders do. do.
Two 50 pounders (columbiads) on fixed carriages, do. ' '. ■
Three 6 pounders on travelling carriages, do.
Of ordnance stores there were —
132 rounds, 32 pounders, i-ound shot.
432 do. 24 pounders, do. >
564 rouod shot.
; 99 fiannel cartridges, 32 pounders, tilled.
86 do. 24 pounders, do.
88 do. 32 pounders, empty.
405 do. 24 pounders, soon filled.
44 paper cartridges, 32 pounders, empty. '
177 do. 24 pounders, do.
: ;. 899 cartridges, filled and empty. •
3,100 pounds cannon powder.
246 pounds musket powder.
100 musket cartridges.
891 pounds lead.
200 pounds junk.
137 musket balls.
31 stand small arms.
From the 30th June to August 27, there were furnished at Fort Washington the following:
Four 18 pounders (columbiads) July 16.
Forty-eight stands of arms, complete.
117 rounds ammunition for 18 pounders, columbiads.
18 pounders, cannon.
18 pounders, grape shot.
18 pounders, round shot.
6 pounders, strapped shot.
6 pounders, case shot.
18 pounders, case shot.
205
do.
48
do.
200
do.
240
do.
60
do.
48
do.
332 tubes.
34 portfires
33 pounds slow match.
588
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1814.
The number of men stationed at Fort Washington is not precisely known at this office, but it is supposed by me
not to have exceeded sixty. , , , . „ , . - .- . ^
1 rcret that circumstances nave delayed your receipt of this communication; but, as your lormer written request
confined my report to tlie District, more time has been required to ascertain the facts here stated, (particularly the
supplies since tlie 30th June) than would otherwise have occurred.
" I have the honor to be, &c.
JNO. MORTON,
Captain, and J)ep. Com. United States^ Ordnance.
Hon. Colonel Johnson, i
Return of Fixed Ammunition and Ordnance Stores delivered to Fort Washington, in themdnth of August, 1814,
previous to the 2ith of that month.
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Greenleaf's Point, Novennher 9, 1814.
N. BADEN, Zte«<. Com. at Greenleaf^s Point.
No. 12.
Sentence of the Court Martial in relation to Captain Dyson, and the correspondence between, him and the Secretary
of War.
War Department, August 29, 1814.
Sir:'
I send Captain Manigault with orders to receive your written or verbal report of the causes ynder which you
left the post committed to your charge. In this you will state the orders under which you acted, arid from whom
received.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
Captain Dvson, Coips of Artillery. .
Camp at Mason's Island, August 29, 1814.
Sir: . ... ( .
I ha^ the honor to receive your communication of the 29th instant. The orders received from Brigadier Ge-
neral Winder, through Major Hite, verbally, on the 24th instant, were, in case I was oppressed by, or heard of, an
enemy in my rear, to spike our guns, and make my escape over the river. The enemy approached by water on the
27th, and we had learnt on that day, through several channels, that the enemy had been reinforced at Benedict
two thousand strong, and that they were on their march to co-operate with the fleet, in addition to the force which
left the city. Under all these circumstances, the officers under my command were consulted, and agreed it was
best to abandon the fort, and effect a retreat. The force under my command was thought not equal to a defence of
the place.
I have the honor to be, &c.
SAM. T. DYSON, Captain Corps of Artillery.
Hon. JpHN Armstrong, Secretary qf War, Washington.
Head Quarters, Tenth Military District, Baltimore, Nov. 17, 1814.
GENERAL ORDERS.
At a general court martial, whereof Brigadier General Smith, of the militia of the District of Columbia, was
president, whicli met at Washington city, and continued its sittings, by divers adjournments, until the 12th instant.
Captain Samuel T. Dyson, of the United States' corps of artillery, was tried on the following charges and specifi-
cations:
Charge First. Violating the fifty-second article of the rules and articles for the government of the armies of
the United States.
Was!
Specification First. In that the said Samuel T. Dyson, being commanding oflicer of the United States' Fort
ishington, did, on or about the 27th of August, 1814, when an enemy was approaching said fort, misbehave him-
self before the enemy, run away, and shamefully abandon the fort, post, and guard, which he then and there com-
manded, and which it was his bounden duty to defend, and speak words inducing others to do the like.
Specification Second. In that the said Samuel T- Dyson did, on or about the 27th day of August, aforesaid, at
the post called Fort Washington, aforesaid, cast away and destroy his arms *nd ammunition, contrary to the said
fifty-second article of the rules and articles of war, aforesaid, and to his du^y ^5 commanding officer.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 539
Charge Second. Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.
Specijfication First. In that the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson, being commanding officer of the United Stales'
tort and garrison, at a place called Fort Washington, did, on or about the 27th day of August, 1814, misijehave him-
self, by (lismantling and destroying said fort, which it was his bounden' duty to preserve and defend.
. Specification Second. In that the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson did, on or about the 27th day of August.
aforesaid, quit his post, called Fort Washington, without any attempt to defend, the same; and, without any neces-
sity therefor, from the presence of an enemy did march oft the garrison of the same, in viftlation of his duty, and
contrary to his orders.
Specification Third. In that the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson, on or about the 27th day of August, 1814, be-
ing commanding officer of the galrison at Fort Wasliington, and an enemy being then in his vicinity, was so drtink
and intoxicated, while on duty, that he abaiidoned and destroyed the fort which had been entrusted tp his defence,
and sufiered the garrison of the same to disperse, without being pressed to the measure for the safety of himself and
the garrison aforesaid. ~ ■ '
R. H. WINDER, Army Judge Advocate.
The court having heard all the .evidence adduced, whether on the part of the prosecuti.on -or the defence, and
after due deliberation thereon, pronounce the following sentence: , . , .
On the first specification of the first charge, the court find that Captain Samuel T. Dyson, of the United States'
corps of artillery, being comjnanding officer'of the United States' fort. Fort Washington, did, on or about the 27th
day of August, 1814, when an enemy was approaching said fort, misbehave himself before the enemy, and shame-
fully abandon the fort and post which he then and there commanded, and which it was his bounden duty to defend.
The court find the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson guilty of the second specification of the first charge. -
The court find the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson guilty of the first charge.
In like full and deliberate manner, the court took into consideration the second charge, and the three specifica-
tions attached to that charge.
The court find the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson guilty of the first specification of the second charge.
■ The court find the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson guilty of the second specification of the second chairge.
The court acquit the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson of the third specification of the second charge.
On the second charge the court find the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer,
but do not find him guilty of conduct unbecoming a gentleman.
The court do sentence the said Captain Samuel T. Dyson to be dismissed the service of the United States.
The Major General commanding the district approves of the proceedings and sentence of the general court
mailial in the foregoing case, and accordingly pronounces Samuel T. Dyson dismissed the service of the United'
States.
The general court martial, whereof Brigadier General Smith is President, is hereby dissolved.
, . ■ W. SCOTf .
By command. ' •
FRANCIS S. BELTON,
• ^ ^ 'Assistant Adjutant General lOth Military District.
No. 13.
Report from the Corporation of Alexandria, including the capitulation, and letter from General John Mason.
Albkandria,' September 28, 1814.
Sir: *
I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 26th instant, by this day's mail, and hasten to comply with
your request therein contained. The enclosed printed statement is an official act of the Common Council of Alex-
andria, and contains a full and true account of the occupation of this town by the enemy, and of the circumstances
connected with that event, and a copy of the terms imposed by Captain Gordon, the commander of the British
squadron, on the town of Alexandria. There was no correspondence between the Common Council and the enemy',
other than that mentioned in the statement.
As you request a statement of any other proceedings of the town of Alexandria, in a corporate capacity, touch-
ing the inquiry embraced in the resolution enclosed in your letter, I think it proper to state that, orv the 8th of
May, 1813, the Common Council appointed a deputation to wait on the President of the United States, and apprrize
him of the defenceless state of the town of Alexandria: accordingly, the persons appointed waited on the President*
and represented to him the defenceless state of the town, and the fears of the citizens that the navy yard, public
buildings, and cannon foundry, would tempt the enemy to make an attack on the District He observed, that the
representation of any respectable body of men was entitled to attention; and that the subject should be taken
under consideration, or words to that effect.
On the 11th of May, in the same year, the Common Council appointed a committee to confer and co-operate with
committees appointed by the constituted authorities of the city of Washington and Georgetown, relative to the
defence of the District Those several committees soon afterwards met in the city of Washington, and appointed
a sub-committee to wait on the Secretary of War, and on the Secretary of the Navy, and to solicit them to take mea-
sures for the defence of the District, and application on that subject was accordingly made to them by the sub-commit-
tees. The common council of Alexandria has appointed a committee to attend the committee of Congress, appointed
to inquire into the causes of the success of the enemy in his recent enterprises against the metropolis and Alexan-
dria, who will give every information which may be required, of the proceedings of the Common Council, and of the
citizens of Alexandria, in relation to the enemy.
I have the honor to be, &c.
CHARLES SIMMS.
A Report of the Committee of Council on the late occupation of Akxt^dria,' by a British squadron, Ufider the
, command of Captain James A. Gordon.
In Council, September 7, 1814.
Present: Thomas Herbert, President, John Gird, Andrew Fleming, Henry Nicholson, J. B. Paton, John
Cohagen, James Millan, John Hunter, Reuben Johnston, R. I. Taylor, William Veifch, Anthony Rhodes.
The following narrative of the occupation of this town by the enemy, and of the circumstances connected with
that unfortunate transaction, having been submitted to council, and duly considered and examined, the council do
unanimously concur therein; and it is thereupon ordered, that it be published in both of the papers printed in tliis
town. • •
THOMAS HERBERT, President.
At a meeting of the committee of vigilance, this 7th of September, 1814,
Present: Charles Simms, Mayor, Joseph Dean, Matthew Robinson, Jonah Thompson, William Herbert, Thos.
Vowell, Edmund I. Lee.
The following narrative of the occupation of the town of Alexandria by the British squadron, was submitted to
the committee, who, upon examining the same, unanimously concur in it.
CHARLES SIMMS, Chainnan.
Thomas Vowell, Secretary.
75 wi
J/gO MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
A cespect for the opinions of others, and a due regani for the character of the citizens of Alexandria, have in-
duced the niunicipat authorities of the town to exliibit to the public a faithful narrative of the occupation of Alex-
andria, by the British squadron, undel- the command of Captain Gordon, together with the causes which led to that
distressing event. .
To those who are unacquainted with the situation and condition of Alexandria, in regard to its means of defence,
it will be proper to state that it is situate in the District of Columbia, upon the west bank of the river Potomac,
about six niil^s below fhe city of Washington, the depth of water admitting large frigates to come to the very
wharves of the town. ' ■
It is totally destitute of fortifications of any kind, and its protection against invasion by water depended Entirely
upon a fort about six miles below the town^ commonly known, by the name of Fort Warburton, which was exclu-
sively under the control of the Government of thelJnifed States. • • : ■ ■
About the month of July last, it was announced that Geneial Winder was appointed to the command of tlie
lOth military district of the United States, comprehending the District of Columbiai and a portioti of the adjoining
Statesof Virginia and Maryland, including the city of Baltimore. '
In consequence of reports that the enemy contemplated an attack upon the city of Washington, the municipal
authority of Alexandria thought it advisable to appoint a committ'ee of vigilance, for the purpose of procuring
informatiou of the approaches of the enemy, and of obtaining assistance and advice as to the measures which it
might be proper to pursue for protection and defence. As soon as this committee was appointed, they caused repre-
sentations to be made to General Winder, of the defenceless fcondition of the town,;ind earnestly entreated that
some measures should be taken for its protection. General Winder was called on, because it had been distinctly
understood that the Secretaiy of War would receive our coinmunications through this channel only. From Gei\eral
Winder every assurance was made that'could have been wished, that every thing in his power should be done, for
the protection of .the town. His means, however, were very inconsiderable: he had no money to expend in fortifi-
cations, or even in the erection of batteriesj and unless some defence of this sort could be obtained, the town vvoul(J
be exposed to the mercy of the enemy if he should approach by water, and should succeed in passing the fort. The
committee of vigila,nce was duly impressed with the necessity of providing some adequate defence against an attack
by water, and some of its members, under the authority of the committee, 'had repeated interviews with General
Winder on this subject; in one of them, the President of the United States was present, and he was distinctly
given to understand tbat? unless there was provided an adequate defence. for the town, it would be at the mercy of
the enemy, and would be compelled to make the best terms in its power. These representations and requests pro-
duced no other effect than the repetition of the assurance of an earnest desire, on the part of General Winder, to
afford every assistance in his power. ' . ^ " •
On the I9th of August a levy en masse was made of the militia of the town and county of Alexandria, and on
the 20th and 21st they were ordered to cross the Potomac, and stationed between Piscataway and Fort Warburton.
They took with them all the artillery wliich had been mounted at the expense of the corporation, except two twelve
pounders, which were left without ammunition, and nearly all the arms belonging to. the town. They left iio
men but the exempts from age and other causes, and a few who had not reported themselves, or had fountl substi-
tutes, and it is not believed that, after their departure, one hundred effective armed men could have been mustered
in town. The two iron twelve pounders reniained until the ?5th, when Alexandria being open to the enemy, then
in full possession of .Washington, they were removed at some distance from the town, by orders received from General
Young.
On the night of the 24th the Alexandria militJa were ordered to recross'the Potomac; they did so, and were
marched through town, without halting, into the country, and without giving information to the authorities or in-
habitants of the place of their. destination; and on the evening of the 27tn, when the tieet approached, the municipal
authorities of the town knew not where they were. It has since appeared, that they were then stationed about
nineteen miles from to\'ifn, by the orders of General Winder. It is here proper to state, that General Winder, on
the morning of the 34th, infoi'med the members of the cornmittee of vigilance, who waite'd on him, that he could
send no part of the forces with him to Alexandria, but that he had ordered General Young to cross oyer to Alex-
andria, if practicable, if not, to fall do\vn the river. The committee of vigilance, on receiving this information,
sent boats over to the Maryland shore, sufficient in number to bring over the whole of General Young's force at
once; but when the boats reached liim, he had received orders from the Secretary of War to retain his position, as
General Yoiing, in a communication to the Mayor, stated. ,
The committee of vigilance, tlespairing of obtaining any assistance from the General Government, and having
information of the rapid approach of the enemy towards the capital by land, and that their squadron ^vas approach-
ing Alexandria by water, deemed it their duty to recommend to the common council a resolution to the following
effect: "That, in case the British vessels should pass the fort, or their forces approach the town by land, and there
should be no sufficient force, on our. part, to oppose them, with any reasonable prospect of success, they should ap-
point a committee to carry a flag to the officer commanding the enemj^'s force, about to attack the town, and to pro-
cure the best terms for the safety of persons, houses, and property, in their power." This recommendation was
made on the day of the battle at Bladensburg, and, on the same day,i was unaiiimously adopted by the Common
Council. • ' ■ :
The battle of Bladensburg having terminated in the defeat of our troops, and General Winder having been
obliged to retreat from the capital towards Montgomery Court House, about fifteen miles to the west of it, the city of
Washiiigton was left in the entire possession of the enemy. The citizens of Alexandria saw nothing to impede the
march of the British to their town; saw nothing to restrain them from committing the most brutal outrages upon the
female portion of the society, having iieither arms nor men to make defence with. The President of the United
States and the Heads of the Departments were absent, and it was not known where they were to be found; no mi-
litary commander or officer of the General Government was present to direct or advise.
In this state of things, it- was considered by the Common Council as their duty to send a flag to the British com-
mander at Washington, to know what treatment might be expected- from him, in case his troops should approach
Alexandria, and should succeed in obtaining possession of the town. Admiral Cockburn, to whom the communi-
cation was made, assured the very respectable gentlemen who bore that flag, that private property, of all descrip-
tions, should be respected; that it was probable that fresh provisions and some flour might be wanted, but that,
whatever they did take, should be paid for.
While these tilings were going on in the city of Washington, the British squadron had been gradually ascending
the Potomac, and on the 27th of August, three days after the battle at Bladensburg, it reached Fort Warburton. No
change had taken place in relatioii to the means of the defence of the town of ATexandria. Upon the fort did the
safety of Alexandria now entirely depend. The citizens looked with great anxiety to this point for protection; but,
to their great surprise and maitincation, and without the concurrence or the wish of the municipal authority of the
town, or of any member of it. the fort was abandoned, and the magazine blown up, by the United States' garrison,
on the evening of the 27th, without firing a single gun. The following correspondence between the Secretary of
War and the commander at the fort, shows by what authority he acted:
Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to Captain Dyson, dated
Sir: August 29/A, 1814.
I send Captain Manigault with orders to receive your written or verbal report of the causes under which you
left the post committed to your charge. In this you will state the orders under which you acted, and from whom
received.
I am, sir, your most obedient servant, , „ „
^ J. ARMSTRONG.
Capt. Dyson, Corps of Artillery.
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
591
Camp at Macon's Island, August 29, 1814
Sir: '. ' . 5 . >
I had the honot to receive your communication of the 29th' instant. The orders received from Brigadier
General Winder, tiirough Major Hite, verbally, on the 24th instant, were, in case I was oppressed by, or heard of
an enemy in my rear, to spike our guns and make my escape over the river. The enemy approached by water on
the 27th, and we had learned that day, through several channels, that the enemy had been reitiforcetl at Benedict
two thousand strong, and that they were on their march to co-operate with the fleet, in addition to the force which
left the city. Under all these circumstances the officers under my command were consulted, and agreed it was
best to abandon the fort and effect a retreat. The force under my command was thought not equal to a defence ot
the place.
I have the honor to be, with great consideration, your obedient servant,
.., .r T A ' ^AM- T. DYSON,
The Hon. John Armstrong, ■ ' , Captain Corps of Artillery
Secretary of IVai; Washington. , • ./ »
This relinquishment of the fort decided the fate of Alexandria. Nothing was left to oppose the progress of the
squadron, and on the morning of the 28th it passed the ruins of the fort on its way to the town; their bar-'es^had sound-
ed a considerable distance above. About ten o'clock of the morning of the 28th, after the squadron was'above the fort
the committee appointed by the' Council to bear the flag to the enemy, in case they should pass the fort, set out upon
their mission, and proceeded to the ship commanded by Captain Gordon. They requested to know what his mten-
tions were in regard to the town of Alexandria. They were informed by Captain Gordon that he would commu-
nicate his terms when he came opposite the town. But he assured them that, in the mean time, if the squadron was
not molested by the inhabitants, the persons, houses, and furniture, of the citizens, should not be injured. One of
the gentlemen who attended the flag was the mayor. Upon his return from the squadron, he was informed that a
small detachment of cavalry, from the army of General Hungerford, had been in town, probably for the purpose of
reconnoitering the enemy; that it had remained but a short time. Upon inquiry, it was understood that the armv
of General Hungeribrd was at that time about sixteen miles from Alexandria, on its march to that place havin'=' fol-
lowed the British squadron along the shores of the Potomac a great part of its way up. The force of Ge'neral ftun-
gerford was composed of infantry and cavalry, with two or three small pieces of artillery, riot calculated to afford
any protection to the town.
The municipal authority of the town had received no advice of the' approach of this army; and after'the return
of the flag, it was too late to enter into any arrangement with General Hungerford for defence: he was too distant
to afford relief. ■■
The squadron having suspended its approach to the town, did not reach it until the evening of this day. On the
morning of the next day, to wit, the 29th of Aggust, it arranged itself along the town, so as to command it' from one
extremity to the other. The force consisted of two frigates, to wit: the Seahorse, rating thirty-eight "uns and
Euryalus, rating thirty-six guns; two rocket-ships, of eighteen guns each; two bomb-ships, of eight guns each- and -a.
schooner, of two guns, which were but a few hundred yards from the wharves, and the houses sq situated that they
might have been laid in ashes in a few minutes. About ten o'clock in the morning of the 29th, Captaia-Gordon sent
to the Mayor the following terms: . .
Gentlemen:
His MjyESTv's ship Seahorse,
Off Alexandria, August 29, 1814.
In consequence of a deputation yesterday received from the city of Alexandria, requesting favorable term's foi
the safety of their city, the undermentioned are the only conditions in my power to offer:
The town of Alexandria, with the exception of public works, shall not be destroyed, unless hostilities are com-
menced on the part of the Americans; nor shall the inhabitants, be molested in any manner whatever, or their dwell-
ing houses entered, if the following articles are complied with':
Article 1. All naval and ordnance stores, public and private, must be immediately delivered up.
Article 2.' Possession will be immediately taken of all the shipping, and their furniture must be sent on board
by the owners, without delay.
Article 3. The vessels that have been sunk must be delivered up in the state they were in on the 19th of
August, the day of the squadron passing the Kettle Bottoms.
Article 4. Merchandise of every description must be instantly delivered up; and, to prevent any irregu-
larities that might be committed in its embarkation, the merchants liave it in their option to load the vessels gene-
rally employed for that purpose, when they will be towed off' by us.
Article 5. All merchandise that has been removed from Alexandria, since the 19th instant, is to be included in
the above articles.
Article 6. Refreshments of every description to be supplied the ships, and paid for at the market price by biljs
on the British Government
Article 7. Officers will be appointed to see that the Articles Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, are strictly complied with; and
any deviation or non-compliance, on the part of the inhabitants of Alexandria, will render this treaty null and void.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JAMES A. GORDON,
Captain of his Mqjesty's ship Seahorse, and
Senior Officer of his Majesty^s ships btfore Alexandria.
To the Council cfthe town of Alexandria.
Upon the mayor's receiving them, he sent for the members of the committee of vigilance. These terms were
borne by one of the officers of Captain Gordon's frigate, who stated but one hour was allowed him to wait for a reply
to them. Upon their being read by the mayor and the committee, it was observed to the officer by the mayor and
one of the committee, that it would be impossible that the Common Council could accede to several of them; that the
municipal authority of the town had no power to recall the merchandise that had been sent out subsequent to the 19th
of August. The reply of the officer was, in that case it would not be expected.
He was further informed, that it would not be in the power of the Common Council to compel the citizens to
assist in getting up the sunken vessels. The officer answered, that their sailors would then do it. He was required
to explain what was intended by the term merchandise, as used in the fourth article. He answered, that it was
intended to embrace that species of merchandise only which was intended for exportation, such as tobacco, flour,
cotton, bale goods, &c.
The Mayor, and one of the committee, requested to know whether the Commodore intended to require a de-
livery of any more of the merchandise than he could take away with him. He answered, it would not be required.
This explanation was afterwards recognized by Captain Gordon. With these verbal explanations, the preceding
terms were submitted to the Common Council. It will be here proper to remark, that, when these terms were pro-
posed and submitted to the Common Council, General Hungerford had not arrived with his army, nor did it reach
the suburbs ot.the town until the night of that day. The- town was still without any means of defence, and it was
evident that no defence could avail, but that species of force which would be calculated to drive the ships from
their moorings. No communication had been received from the officers of the General Government, and the
town appeared to be abandoned to its fate. Under these circumstances the Common Council could have no
hesitation as to the course to be pursued. The citizens of the town, of all descriptions, with an immense value
592 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
of property, were entirely in tlie power of the enemy, whose naval commander, according to the proclamation of
the President of the United States, dated on fh^ first of September, has declared his " purpose to he to employ
the force under liis direction in destroying aiid laying waste such towns and districts upon the coast as may
be-found assailable." A similar declaration had been made by Captain Gordon to the committee who bore the
fla". Against the^attack of such an enemy was the tbwn of Alexandria without any means of defence whatever.
Tlfe' people of tlie town were at his mercy, and compelled to yield to such terms as the " victor" might think tit to
prescribe, if the members of the municipal authority, and citie.ens of the towii, had given loose to the feelings of
indignation which the occasion had excited, and had sacrificed the town, and exposed their wives and daughters to
the wanton iqsults of an uflrestrained eneiuy, they would have'betrayed their trusts, and have deplored the conse-
quences.
The Commoii Council, therefore, were obliged to yield submission to the terms as explained, and did, thereupon,
pass and publish the following resolution:
•' Resolved, That the Common Council of Alexandria, in assenting to the conditions offered by-the commander
of the British squadron, now oft'tlft town, has acted from the impulse of in-esistible necessity, and solely from a
regard to the welfare of the town; that it considers the issent by it given as only formal, inasmuch as the enemy had
it already in tiieir power to enforce a compliance with their demand by a seizure of the property required from us;
and believing the safety of the persons of the inhabitants, of their dwellings', and of such property as is not compre-
hended withm the requisition, to depend entirely on the observance of the terms of it, the Common Council recom-
mends to the inhabitants an acquiescence, at the same time that it does expressly dis'claim the power ol doing any
act on its part to enforce compliance, its authority, in this particular, being limited to recommendation only."
in the executioii of the terms imposed by the enemy, it is proper to state, that the verbal explanations made by
the officer to the Mayor, were generally adhered to. No merchandise was required to be brought back to the town;
no assistance was required of, or offered by, the citizens, in getting up the sunken vessels. The depredations of the
enemy, with a few exceptions, were confined to flour, cotton, and tobacco, which they carried oft' in some of the
vessels then at the town. Ordy one vessel was burnt; no private dwelling was visited or entered iii a rude or hos-
tile manner, nor were citizens personally exposed to insult.
■ The loss sustained from the enemy, it is believed, will not exceed the following: three ships, three brigs, several
bay and river craft, thp number of which has not been ascertained; all of which were carried away, and one ship
burnt. The quantity of flour carried away, it is .believed, will not exceed sixteen thousand barrels; aboutone dvou-
sand hogsheads of tobacco, and one hundred and fifty bales of cotton; and of wine, sijgar, and other articles, not
mare than five thousand dollars'worth. ■■ * ' • " .
I, Israel P. Thompson, clerk of the Common Council of Alexandria, do certify that, the above is a trnecopy
from the original. ■ • ,
. ■ . ISRAEL P. THOMPSON, C. C.
October 6, 1814. . " ' , k'
• ; Alexandria, October 7, 1814.
■Sir: ■ ■ '' • . ■ ■
In pursuance of the enclosed resolutions' of the Common Council of Alexandria, dated the 27th September,
1814, marked A, appointing us a comniittee, on the part of the town, for the purpose therein mentioned, we beg
leaw to lay before the committee of Congress the following statement' and accompanying documents-
Misrepresentations of the conduct of the citizens of Alexandria, when the British squadron approached this place,
having been circulated through the Union, the Commoii Council have deemed it their duty to lay before Congress a
true history of the steps which the citizens have, from time to time, taken, in order to guard against that misfortune
which has come upon them — a misfortune they deplore as much on the national, as on their own individual account.
The citizens of Alexandria rejoice that an opportunity has been afforded them to lay before Congress a faithful nar-
rative of the proceedings which self-preservation compelled them to adopt. It will show that they did all in their
power to avert the blow.
In the month ofOctober, 1813, a volunteer company was raised in' Alexandria, and stationed at Fort Washing-
ton, in the manner stated in the letter of Captain M'Guife, marked B. In the monfii of March, 1813, the artillery
company of Alexandria, then fcommandfed By Captain Marsleller, was stationed at Fort Washington. See Captain
Griffith's certificate, marked C. OiVthe 21st March, 1813, the Common Council appointed the Mayor of the town,
and the President of the Council, to wait upon the Secretary of War, in company with the Colonel of the second
legion, to request a supply of arms and ammunition for the use of the militia, in the defence of the town. See docu-
ment D. On the 8th of May, 1813, the Common Council appointed four 'respectable citizens to wait upoii the Pre-
sident of the United States, and apprize him of the defenceless state of the town; which order is marked E. That
committee, in compliance with the wishes of the Corporation, did wait on the President. The result of the inter-
■ view they had with him will be found in the paper marked F. On the 8th of May, 1813, the Council appropriated
$1,500, out of the funds of the Corporation, for mounting the cannon belonging to the town. See document marked
D. On the 11th May, 1813, the Common Council appointed a committee of vigilance, to confer and co-operate
with the committees of Washington and Georgetown, in requiring assistance from Government, for the general de-
fence of the District of Columbia. See document E. A deputation from the committees of the three towns waited
upon General Armstrong; the result of their conference was such as is stated in the certificate of Colonel George
Deneale. one of tlie persons who waited upon the Secretary of War. See his certificate, marked G.
The Secretary of War did send an engineer, as he promised, vmIi'o made a report to him, a copy of which is hereto
annexed, and is marked H. The Common Council, on the 23d of July, 1814, passed two resolutions, and appoint-
ed a committee of vigilance, for the purposes in said resolution expressed-, See E. In pursuance of these last re-
solutions, the committee of vigilance proceeded to take such measures as they could, towards complying with the
object of their appointment; they passed the resolutions which are marked I. In pursuance of the first resolution of
the committee of vigilance. General Winder was waited upon, and, a few days after, he visited Alexandria, had an
interview with some of the committee of vigilance, and Colonel Deneale, as will appear by the certificate of Co-
lonel Deneale, marked K. ■ •
The banks of Alexandria and Potomac, on the 6th and 13lh of August, loaned to the General Government, the
one ten thousand, and the other, twenty-five thousand dollars, upon the conditions that the same should be applied
to the erection of fortifications for the District of Columbia south of Alexandria. See the letters of the Presidents of
those banks, marked L and M. The corporation, on the fifteenth of September, 1814, appropriated out of the funds
of the town twelve hundred dollars, for the purpose of paying the expenses of laborers and carts to be employed in
the erection of fortifications for the defence of thcDistrict. See document D.
The commifteehaving laid before you the documents which exhibit the efforts of the citizens of Alexandria to
have the town defended trom invasion, beg leave to lay before the committee a report of the Common Council and
committee of vigilance, dated on the 7th of September last, of the conduct of the citizens, when the British squadron
approached Alexandria. See document marked N. When the first attempt vyas made, on the 25th of August, to
blowup the Southend of the Potomac bridge, six hundred stand of- arms were blown up, about two hundred of
which remained uninjured, and fit for use; these were collected together by Mr. Joseph Dean, one of the committee
of vigilance, and sent to the Little Falls of Potomac for safety. When General Hungerford's army arrived in the
neigliiborhood ot Alexandria, these arms were ordered to be delivered to General Hungerford. See Mr. Dean's cer-
tificate, 0. On the 30th of August, the Mayor apprised General Hungerford where two twelve pounders, which had
been, by the order of General Young, removed from town, could be found. See the Mayor's letter, marked P, and
the reply of General Hungerford, signed by James Mercer, his aid, marked Q.
The day on which the enemy left Alexandria, a letter, purporting to be from Admiral Codrington, dated 38th
August, 1814, addressed to the commanding officer of the British squadron in the Potomac, with the cover which
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 593
now encloses it, was handed from the post uiEce in this place to Mr. Joseph Dean, one of the committee oFvigi-
lance; how it got into the post office we know not; we can refer the committee to Mr. Thomas P. Gilpen, the
deputy postmaster here, and to Mr. Basil Spalding, of Maryland, who, \\^e have reason to believe, can give 'some
account oftiie route the letter came to Alexandria; this document is maiT^c^ R. If the committee shouFd require
any further information, or explanation, we shall be ready, at all time.«, to^^ it as far as we can. • ^
We are, with great respect, ^'. '•■.', ., . '
' ' WM, >iEV^^ON,
. . ■ . EDM.l. LEE;
,. JOSEPH DEAN.
Honorable R. M. Johnson, &c. • .' .' G. DENEALE.
' • . . ^t'^
• .Alexandria, iVb«e»«6er 20^ 1814.
Sir: ■ . '^vi - •
From the appearance of the enemy's (squadron in sight of Alexandria, 011 the evening .of the'27th August List.
until its departure on the 8d of September, I remained in town, with the exceptroh of an absence of a few hours on
the day last mentioned'. . ^ '' -^
Amongst the many base caltimnies propagated respecting our unfortunate town, by men more profligate tiian the
enemy who plundered us, there is none more cruel and unfounded than the charge of the inhabitants having sur-
rendered the property of strangeis to procure Safety for their own. \ .
The printed narrative of the Common Council contains all thb mateiiill fads coniiected with the capture of the
town, and it is not in my power to add any thing of impol'tance. The charge above mentioned, which you' have,
particularly noticed in your letter of the 19th instant, I can assure yen, is totally destitute of truth. Tlie people of
Alexandria did not aflord the enemy any assistance in removing or shipping the plundered property; nor did any
instance, to my knowledge, occur of any individual having attempted to save his own property by turning the atten-
tion.of the enemy towards that of another. la respect to persons, the plunder was indiscriminate. The enemy not
having tlie aid ot horses or carriages for the removal of the property, from a regard to their own convenience, and noi
from the suggestions of others, confined their depredations to the warehouses on the water, in which large quantities
of produce were contained, belonging to the inhabitants as well as to strangers; all sufferers alike.
After the Common Council had passed their resolution of the 29th of August, declaring their want of authority to
require the observance of the terms to which they had. been compelled to accede, apd recommending submission,
they did no other act at all connected with tlie seizure or sun-ender of property.
1 remain, with respect, &c.
R. I. TAYLOR.
T^e Honorable R. M. Johnson.
Toike honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
the memorial of the sKbscribers, citizens of the town of Mexandria, respectfully represents:
That the. late capture by the British squadron of their to\vn has afforded a pretext to wanton detiimers to
brand the citizens of Alexandria with every epithet of ignominy and disgrace. Not content with proclaiming their
slanders through the papers of the day, some have been so unprincipled as to whisper in the ears of some of the hono-
rable members of your body, the. most illiberal accusations; one of which is, that the property of the citizens, taken
from them by the violence of the invading enemy, had been voluntarily parted with by the inhabitants, and an equi-
valent received for it; a charge totally unfounded in fact, and without the smallest ground of truth for its support';
as your memorialists can venture to assert that not a solitary instance of the kind can be produced. When, there-
fore, your memorialists find the reputation of the town assailed in public and private, by those dark and restless
spirits whose delight it is to devour reputation, every virtuou%and honorable mind must feel it a solemn duty to
solicit, as a right, from their constitutional governors, a strict and just investigati(m into the whole of their conduct.
The citizens of Alexandria, in the aggregate, can fear the result of no inquiry which may be made into their con-
duct on the occasion alluded to. They know their motives have been pure, and that the course they toolc can be
justified by those immutable principles of self preservation, for the exercise of which no just Government will con-
demn them, and the surrender of which cannot of right be demanded. Your memorialists cannot forbear, on this
occasion, to express their indignant surprise to find their town traduced for a conduct which every citizen in the
nation would have pursued had they been abandoned, as Alexandria was, to the mercy of a victorious and powerful
enemy. In this situation, what alternative had we but to tell the enemy we could not resist, because we had. not
the means? This is all we did. We yielded to superior power. Our weakness has been" our crime. Our reliance
upon the protection of our Government has been our misfortune. For this misfortuiie have the citizens of Alexan-
dria been publicly charged as traitors to their country. To submit to calumny of this nature without a murmur
is more than could be calculated upon. To ask an investigation is what ought to be expected from the virtuous and
innocent. This request is the more reasonable when it is recollected that the President of the United States has
deemed it proper, in his public proclamation, to state that Alexandria had, in yielding to the terms imposed upon
them, "inconsiderately" surrendered to the enemy. Your memorialists deem it a dgty which they owe to the repu-
tation of the town, concisely to state what have been the efforts, at different times, of the citizens, to obtain an ade-
quate defence of the town and District.
In the month of October, in the year 1812, a few months after the declaration of war, a company' of about seventy
volunteers was raised in Alexandria, and equipped at the expense of some of the citizens. This company was
under the orders of the General Government, who had them stationed at Fort Washington, where they continued
for some months, and from thence removed to Annapolis, at which place they were disbanded.
In the month of March, in the year 1813, the artillery company, forming a part of the militia of the town, con-
sisting of about seventy men, rank and file, was stationed for about three months at Fort Washington. The muni-
cipal authority of the town, conscious of its unprotected state, and justly considering it the duty of the General
Government to defend every portion of that territory which was placed under its exclusive authority, on the 21st of
March, 1813, appointed the Chief Magistrate of the town, the President of the Common Council, together with the
commanding officer of the. second legion of the militia of the District, to wait upon the Secretary of War, antl request
a supply of arms and ammunition for the use of the militia in the defence of the town. Your memorialists have
reason to believe that arms were furnished a short time alter this request.
In the month of May, 1813, the Common Council sent four respectable citizens to the President of the United
States, to apprize him of the then defenceless state of the town. These gentlemen did wait upon and communicate
to hmi what was the condition of Alexandria as to the means of defence; that the citizens felt great anxiety on ac-
count of the dangers with which they were threatened from the vicinity of the enemy in our waters, and the defence-
less state of the District, and requested him to have some measures of defence and protection adopted as speedily
as possible. To this request the President stated, that every portion of the community was entitled to the protec-
tion of the Government, and that representations of any respectable body of men had a claim upon its attention,
and gave the gentlemen who waited upon him to understand that their representation would be properly-attended
to; he also stated it was impossible to extend protection to every assailable point of the country. The committee
urged upon him the various circumstances which would invite the attack of the enemy upon the city of Washington
in particular, which would of course involve the whole District in its dangers. The committee, at the same time^
assured him of the perfect readiness of the citizens of Alexandria to co-operate, by their personal services, or in
any other way, with the Government, in any measure of defence which it might adopt for the security- of the
District.
594 MILITARY AFFAIRS. .[1814.
The Common Council, solicitous to provide for the defence of the town and. District, as far as their limited
powers and means would permit, did, in the month of May, 1813, appropriate, out of the funds of the corporation,
fifteen hundred dollars, to pay for mounting some cannon which were in the town, and had been in the use of the
militia wliile under the State Government. In the month-of May, 1813, a deputation fi-om Alexandria, Washing-
ton, ancl Georgetown, had aji interview with the Secretary of War, relative to the defenceless situation of the Dis-
trict. This c(mimjttee did urge that a more efficient defence might be afforded for the District than then.existed.
It was particularly urged upon the Secretary that the. fortifications at Fort Washington, commonly known by the
name-of Port Warburtou, should be increased. In consequence of this representation, the Government sent an
engineer to examine the fort, who. On the 38th of May, 1813, reported to tjie War Department, as the result of his
examination, that " an additional number of heavy guns at Fort Warburton, and an additional fort in the neighbor-
hoocl, are both to be considered unnecessary." Notwithstanding the repeated solicitations of the citizens of Alex-
andria, in the year 1813, nothing was done towards its defence, except sending an engineer to examine the fort. In
silence did Alexandria submit to this neglect of their safety, until the month of July, 1814, when the Common
Council again endeavored to procure an aclequate defence. Gentlemen, acting under the authority of the corpora-,
tion, in the month of July, waited upun the military commander of the tenth district, with the view of ascertaming
whai measures of defence had been taken, or were intended tt) be adopted, for the defence of the town of Alexan-
dria and District. The General, who seemed to be anxious to do his duty, as far as the ml»ans within his control
would enable him, stated to those gentlemen the number of militia he expected would join him, and which seemed
to be all the defence he calculated upon. This was a species of defence which certainly could be of no use against
an attack by water. It is too obvious, that the town of Alexandria coiild not be defended in any other manner than
by a proper fort or forts below it, with a competent garrison. The General commanding the tenth military district
. visitert^ Alexandria. The mode of defending it from a water attack was pointed out to mm. To adopt if, required
money; tljfs he was not furnished with. This difficulty, however, was removed by the oft'er of three of the banks
in Alexandria, to loan the Government fifty thousand dollars, for the purpose of erecting proper defences for the
District: which loan was accepted, and the money paid to the Government. No steps were taken towards secur-
ing the town from attack by water, but it was left to be defended at the fort by a garrison not exceeding eighty-
men, raitk and file. On the 94th of August, a few hours before the battle at Bladensburg, the Commanding General
and President of the United States were, by the authority of the committee of vigilance of Alexandria, reminded
of the destitute ^tateof the town as to the means of defence, and informed what would be the deplorable alternative
the citizens wpuld be rediiced to if the British squadron, which was approaching the- town, and was then from
twenty to thirty miles below, should find their town unprotected as it was at that time. In the afternoon of the
37th of August the sijuadrun arrived at the fort, (the magazine having been blown up, and it abandoned by the few
-troops of the United States which had been stationed there) without opposition. On the morning of the 28th, after
the fort had been destroyed by the enemy, and after their vessels had passed it, and were in full view of the town,
«nd not brfore, no officer, military or civil, of the United Slates, being, on this emergency, in the town or District
to defend or direct, (the military of the town having been previously marched off, en masse, by public authority)
the municipal authority of the town were, from extreme necessity, compelled to take such steps as were best calcu-
lated to save the town from conflagration. They authorized a flag to meet the advancing foe. The result of that
interview was, that the town, and a certain part of the property, was saved from destruction and plunder, upon
condition that the enemy, during their continuance before tlie town, should not be molested. It is due to the citi-
zens of Alexandria, who were in it, during that distressing period, to state, that no aid or assistance was offered by
them to the enemy. They remained passive but indignant spectators of that plunder which they had not the
means of preventing. In support of the various allegations, stated in the preceding part of this memorial, your
memorialists beg leave to refer to documents laid before the committee of the House of Representatives, upon the
subject of the capture of Alexandria and Washington. Your memorialists feel it their duty, more particularly, to
call the attention of Congress to a subject connected with the capture of Alexandria, and which is enveloped in a
mystery, that can be dissipated only by the power of your honorable body.
On the 29th of August, the British squadron commenced taking off from the warehouses the flour and tobacco.
'Phey continued until Friday morning, the 2d. of September, when the last loaded vessel was sent down the river.
The post office in Alexandria had, during the time the fleet lay opposite the town, been removed into the country
some miles. On Friday, the 2d of September, the Postmaster found in the letter box of the. house which had been
used as the post office, the follo"wing letter, to wit: -
*^ IvHiGEmA, 28th August, 1814. ' , .
'' The object of the expedition being accomplished, and the inhabitants of the country upon the banks of the Poto-
mac being alarmed for- their property, on account of the presence of the British squadron in that river, the Corn-
niander-in-chief has directed me to forward openly, by the hands of one of the inhabitants, this order, for the ships in
tJie Potomac to retire and rejoin his tfag.
. . EDWARD CODRINGTON,
Rear Mtniral, and Captain of the Fleet."
This letter is directed as follows: , '
"■'On H. b. M. service, to the commanding officer • " ■'
ofH. B. M. ships in the river Potomac."^
The preceding letter was found in the post office, enclosed in a letter witfiout name, daite, or post mark, ad-
dressed " to the committee of vigilance or safety of the town of Alexandria," which is in the following words:
" Gentlemen: Motives of a personal nature prevent my delivering the enclosure. You will best judge of the pro-
priety of doing it in your official character, without loss cftime.-'
The above did not come to the knowledge of the committee of vigilance until after the squadron had left the town
with their plunder. Your memorialists have been enabled to ascertain, that the letter from Admiral Godrington was
in the Office of State, early in the morning of the 31st of August, and that it was there read. Among those who saw
it there was a member of your honorable body. How or when it was sent from the Department of State, or why it
was sent in the manner it was, or by whom it was deposited in the deserted post office at Alexandria, your memo-
rialists have not been able to ascertain, nor is it in their power to do so. Your memorialists have deemed it their
duty to lay the transaction, so lar as it has come to their 1<nowledge, before your honorable body. It remains for
Congress to take such further steps for the development of the transaction as in their wisdom shall seem to be
proper, and which justice to the citizens of Ale.xandria demands.
All which is most respectfully submitted.
Jacob Hoffman, William Newton, William N. Mills,
Bathurst Daingerfield, Chades J. Catlett, William H. Brown,
John Roberts, John Hooff, ■ Grafton Cawood,
George Coleman, Henry T. Compton, Joseph Rowen,
W. Veitch, John Muncaster, Sandford Reid,
R. F. Degge, John Gird, Henry B. Deager,
A. Faw, John B. Paton, Mark Butts,
Thomas Steel, Joseph Smith, Robert N. Windsor,
-' J,ames Keith, Thomas Laurason. Jm. Pluminer,
Thomas Moore, Nehemiah Carson. Peter Saunders,
Charles Simms, C. P. Thompson, Thomas Neill,
Ephraim Gilman, Isaac Gibson, John Violett,
William S. Moore, John D. Brown, Gerrard Plummer.
1814.]
CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.
595
Jacob Curtis,
John Potter.
Cli. Whiting,
Jonathan Ross,
Barnard Croojc,
Philip G. Marsteller,-
Thomas Preston,
Alexander MoICenzic,
J. Laurason,
William Fovvle,
John Lloyd,"
Jdfin Harper,
/rovvnshendWaugh, "
/Matijiias Snyder,
" IsaacEntwisle,'
Samuel Harper,
Thomas M. Davis,
William Harpei, ^
Joseph Harris,
S. Snowden. . • .
Henry Bayne, '
Thomas Jacobs,
Thomas Vowell,
Thomas Herbert,
William Smith,
Jacob Leap,
Ebenezer Vowell,
Anthony Rhodes,
Matthew Robinson,
Bryan Hampson,
James Kennedy, sen.
Silas Reed,
Giiy Atkinsoji,
Benjamin' Baden,
Jbseph Mandevi'lle,
Samuel B. Larmour,
' Joseph Fowler, Jr. •
A Newton,
N- Herbert,
John Jackson,
William Bartleinan,,
•William Tilhan),
Thomfis F. Herbeit.
J. D. Simms,
J. B. Nickolls,
C. T. Chapman,
Samuel Smith,
Charles M'Knigiit^
Israel P, Thompson,
William Herbert, .
JameS Campbell, '
Jaifies Fleming,
Robert -Anderson,
William Harper, Jr- '
Thomas Janney &Co.
Samuel Mark,
Thomas Brocchus,
Jacob Morgan,
William Gregory,
Thomas K.. Beall,
Andri?w Fleming,
John H. Phillips, .
" Henry Nicholson,
John D. Longdon,
Daniel M'Clean,
Frederick Koons,
David Koons, , "
'Charles Bennett,
James Sliethar,
Jolui H Cfease,
Josepk Cowing,
• Newton Keepe,
• William Fox, '
Thomas White,
William Ramsay, of' D.
Jghn Ross,
John F. Smith,
James Allison.
Sir
Georgetown, October 31, 1814.
' all the
atate
In reply to. your letter of the 28th instant, requesting, on the part ot the committee of investigation, " a
loionuation I have on tlie subject of a letter from Admiral Codriugton toCdptain Gordon," I have the honor to
that on the morning of the 31st August, some hours before day, I was called up by.a dragoon, e^xpress from one ol our
camps below who delivered a packet addressed to me by Admiral Cochrane; while I was opening and examining
the despa'ch the dragoon, who seemed to be an intelligent man, remarked to me that the British sups before Alex-
andria had been ordered down the river by the Admiral in the Patuxent. ■ On questioning him, he stated that an
ooen note to that eff'ect, addressed to the British commander at Alexandria, had been brought to the camp from
which he came, by the same messenger who had charge of the despatch I had just received from him; that he had
understood both had been put into the hands of a countryman, on the shores of the Patuxent, by the enemy, horn
which countryman they had been taken by an American officer, and conveyed to the camp; that hehearcithe ofhcer
who had given him charg? of the packet for me, speak of the manner in which they came, and mention the contents
of the open note to other officers then near him; that the officers, as he heard them say, intended to send the note
across the coutftrv, and have it put on board the British fleet by a citizen. „ ^^ , ,
The letter addressed to me by Admiral Cochrane was dated onthe 29tli of August. Under the same envfjlope
was a letter directed to the Secretary of State. Believing that it might be of importance he should receive this without
delay I immediately, although not yet day, called on Colonel Monroe, then acting as Secretary of ^^ar, delivered
the letter, and informed him of what the'dragoon had reported to me relative to the open note, said to be on its way
to the enemy's fleet before Alexandria. This, I am confident, was the first information received at ^^'ashington of
the note in question. During the latter part of the same day, being at Colonel Monroe'^ quarters, (I think about
and signed- by Cudiington, I think, as captain ot the tleet, and Dy oraer oi Aomirai yoc.iraue. i ne .u.«.«uuc, ,. wci.
recollect, was to direct Captain Gordon to descend the Potomac, lest alarm for their property should be given to the
inhabitants by the prfesence of his squadron. , ... r-i i- i c u-
The contents of this note, as well as the manner chosen by the enemy for its conveyance, if it did come from him,
were thought not a little singular and suspicious. The communication by water was open to him; and to express
hinnxTety for the fears of the inhabitants about the safety ot their property from a force winch had been for wo
vear^in the constant habit of burning and carrying it off in every direction on these waters, and u'h.ch was at that
years in consiau^ ^^^^^^ ^^. ^,g^^'=^j,.^,^f {^^^^ property to an immense amount, could hardly be considered ear-
arly when this expression was contrasted with his determination to destroy and 1.W waste every district
years in
moment emptyiU;
some dou
be disposed
bl^rV^Sd'^r^mp^^ofpermiVd^^^
de disposed of- in such a way as to let the citizens of Alexandria have the benefit of it, it benefat there was and at
the same time o keep the enemy in ignorance that the Government had any know edge ot it, He requested ine to
take charge of the note to deliver it to a gentleman of Alexandria, and to ask of him to give it such a course imme-
diately fdfd accordingly, in about an hour after, put it into the hands of a highly respectable citizen of that town,
accoiiiDanied by the r^^^^^^ enjoined on me. He undertook the charge with great cheerhilness, and suggested as
?Kst°nodfofansw\"fngthi purpose intended, that he would plape it n the post office at Alexandria, under
cover^ad dressed to one of tfe acting committees t.f the town, remarking that it would reach them in that vyay almost
Llpeedily as"f he were to deliver itiiimself, and .that by this iV-"^the committee and him
'''whetS\h\1nim;rerei?Ss nte Vr" 1^^ and, if received, what influence it may have had on his con-
duct I have nevei learned; but there is one fact notorious on this subject-tliat he ceased to levy con ributions on
t^'own^AT^andria about the -ddle of the^ day on wliich Commo^^^^ the White
House, (the pi
after began to
IxSition^rtttommeSln'of'Te^
on the nexfday anTiSt^r^^^^^ his Sevastations at Alelcandria, I have never had he slightest doubt. As
?ott time and cfrcumstanc^^ the movement, I cannot be mistaken, as I was with both the corps dunns. that
night, one at their encampment, and the other on their march.
596 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
In relation to the remaining part, of your letter, there are no particular facts within my knowledge, that I am aware
of, pei-tiuent to the inquiry of the honorable committee into the cause of the succes^of the enemy in his recent enter-
prises against AVashiiigtou -and Alexandria.
With very great respect. &c.
. • . . J. MASON.
The Hon. Richard M. Johnson. ' .
. " . • No.M4.
Report-from the Superintendent (if the JPublic Buildings.
' ■ Office OF SuPURiNTpNDENT OF THE, GiTT OF Washiisgtok, Oc<. '29, 1814.
Sir: " , ' , ' , ' "'
III answer to the inquiries you made of me yesterday, I have the honor to state that the whole cost of the
under mentioned public buildings, from the commencement to the burning by the enemy, appears as follows:
North wing of the capitol, includiiig the foundation walls of both wings, and of the centre or main
building, and of alterations and repairs, - - ■ - . - - -,$457,388 36
Soiith wingofthe'capitol; - - - ■ - - . -. ' - ! - - 329,774 92-
Presuient's house, -' - ' - '"'.'-'. "• " - 334,334 OOj
Public ofBces, •-•_-.. - - - - . - - .93,613 82
• . . ■ • $1,215,111 lo's
At -the instance of a Committee of the Senate, the-remains of'those buitdings have been examined by architects
and master builders, all of whom report it as their opinions, that the walls of the President's house, and both wings
of the capitol, vvitb, same inconsiderable repairs, will be safe and sufficient to rebuild on. The walls of the two
offices, particularly of the upper stories, are deemed insufficient to bear liew roofs, and will require taking down and
renewing, as -far as shall be found necessary. The amounts of the estimates for repairing and rebuilding the five
edifices, making the offices fire proof, with some other improvements suggested, are from three hundred and fifty
thousand dollars to upwards of sis Imndred thousand dollars. The largest estimate, however, embraces an expense
of considerable amount, for completing the west part of the north wing for a library, which none of the lower esti-
mates includes. The average amount estimated, of putting all the buildings in the state the enemy found them,
■appears, by dividing tlie aggregate amount of the estimates by the number of them,, to be about four hundred and
sixty thousand dollars, allowing for the materials of the burnt buildings, which may be used in rebuilding.
I have the honor to be, &c.
• ^ . . , THOMAS" MUNROE.
The Hon. R. M. Johnson. - • ', " .• ^
', ' . ■ v.No.is:. ; ■ -',.'■', ... .
■ ■ ffvaiiain Si7nmohs's Lelttr. - ' , , .
■ tVAsHiNGTON CiTY, November i%, 1814,
In answer to your note of to-day, I have to state, that, on the morning- of the 24th August last, when the
alarm was given that the enemy were on their march to this city, and it vvas expected that theywotild come by the
way of the Eastern Branch bridge, being myself well armed, and mounted on horseback, I rode there under the
wish to render all the service in my power to oppose them. When I arrived near the Eastern Branch, I found a
few of the city and Georgetown uniform companies there, laying upon their arms, and understood that the President,
the Secretary of War, and other officers, were at the house of a Mr. Minnifee, (where I observed, their horses at the
door) and that they were holding council. I then rode down to the bridge, where there were a few sailors, with a
piece or two of cannon in front of the bridge, who, I understood, were to destroy the bridge in case the enemy ap-
proached. After but little delay, I rode back to the uniform troops, who, I found, were getting in motion to march
to Bladensburg, to which way it was then said that the enemy were coming. I immediately rode on towards Bla-
densburg with all expedition. When I arrived upon the hill, on this side of the Bladensburg bridge, I observed
Colonel Monroe, the then Secretary of State, just in the rear of our troops, which were posted on both sides of the
road, between theie and Bladensburg; the cry was, that the enemy were coming, but no person appeared to be able
to give any correct account of them. I then observed to Mr. Monroe, that I would go on aiid see the enemy, and
would let them know when they were coming. I accordingly rode into Bladensburg, and halted a few minutes at
Ross's tavern, where there were afeXv militiamen, from whom I could get no other information than that the enemy
were coming on the river road. I then-proceeded to a height, a little west of Ross's tavern, called Lowndes' Hill,
which had a commanding prospect of the river road for a considerable distance, and which was almost fronting the
hill. After remaining there for some time, I observed, at a considerable distance, a great cloud of dust rise to a
great degree, which satisfied me that they were coming in great force. Sometime after, I observed a few horsemen,
not in uniform, on the road, who appeared to be reconnoitering, and were soon followed by troops that filled the
road. They appeared to march very slow, and in close order, not less than twenty-four or thirty abreast in front,
and the horsemen before spoken of, sometimes in front, and at other times a little to the right of the front; which
position they marched in until they nearly approached the foot of the hill, and not more than a gunshot from me.
where I was sitting oh my horse, and the road in full sight for near a mile, and that filled with British troops, and
still approaching. At this time there was not a person in sight of me, other than the enemy, except one dragoon,
who appeared to have been posted there a little to my Left, upon the same hill, where I left him, and have since
understood he was taken by the advance party of the enemy. When they approached to the foot of the hill, and I
expected they might attempt to cut off my letreat to the bridge, I fell back, and descended the hill in the front of
Mr. Lowndes' house; and, immediately after I crossed the bridge, I looked back, and found that the advance party
of horse had got into the Annapolis road, to the east of Lowndes' house, and about twenty -four of them went up a
lane in Bladensburg, towards the Baltimore road, leaving six or eight at the entrance of the lane.
I then was proceeding to our troops, to give information, when I met the President, General Armstrong, Colonel
Monroe, and Mr. Rush, the Attorney General, considerably in advance ofall our troops, going immediately into Bla-
densburg. I observed, on meeting them, " Mr. Madison, the enemy are now in Bladensburg." He exclaimed, with
surprise, " the enemy in Bladensburg!" and, at the same moment, they all turned their horses and rode towards our
troops with considerable speed. I called out aloud, " Mr. Madison, if you will stop I will show them to you; they are
now in sight." He paid no attention. They all rode ofT very fast, except Mr. Rush, who halted, and I observed to him
that there are part of the enemy stopping at that lane; he said, that cannot be the enemy, they are not in unifonu.
I told him that they were a part of the advance party, that the others had gone up the lane, and that not any of them
were in uniform. At this moment the red-coats began to heave in sight, in two sections, some in the rear, and'
others in the front, of Lowndes' house, and were forming in the Annapolis road. Mr. Rush, on seeing them, ob-
served, " I am satisfied;" and turned his horse very suddenly to ride away, when his hat fell oil", and he rode some
distance without it, when I called out to him, " Mr. Rush, come back and take up your hat;" which he did, and then
pursued liis company with all speed. Our troops, before I could get up to them, began to fire, from the left of the
1814.] CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 597
line, with cannon and small arms, into the town of Bladensbuig. I supposed, at the time, it was (rom the informa-
tion communicated by Mr. Madison from me, as I was the last person from Bladensburg. I immediately rode up
the hill, expecting to find some of the Heads of Departments, to endeavorto get them to stop the firing, till it could
be more etlectual. I could not see the President or any of the gentlemen that were with Inm when 1 gave him the
information. But 1 observed General Winder in the rear of the line, who I found to be the commanding officer. I
immediately addressed him, and informed him that I was just from Bladensburg, and that there was but a very
small party of the enemy in the town; that they had commenced firing too early; and that, if they would reserve
their fire for a few minutes, the British troops were then coming down the hill, and were about to form on the Anna
polis road, when they would be able to do some execution; for tliey were then heaving their fire away. I found that
General Winder appeared to pay but little attention to what I had said. I remained upon the battle ground for some
time, and until the retreat was ordered, and every thing and every body appeared to be in the greatest confusion, no
point fixed for rallying, or bringing the enemy to action, and the greater part of our troops were retreating in the
greatest disorder. I returned to the city, and stopped at the President's house, which I found entirely abandoned,
excepting one white servant, who informed me that the President had returned from the battle ground, and that he
had gone out of the city. I observed at the President's door two pieces of cannon, well mounted on travelling car-
riages, which had been fixed there for the defence of the house, under a guard of soldiers, for some time, which was
also abandoned. Thii5 being late in the day, and the most of the retreating soldiers having passed by, there was, how-
ever, still some coming on, very much fatigued, and worn down with hunger and thirst. I stopped a number of
them, and plied them with plenty of brandy, which I got the President's servant to bring forward from the house. I
then prevailed upon the soldiery to remove the cannon, by hand, towards Georgetown, where they were saved from
falling into the hands of the enemy, who took, possession of the house soon after. This now being near night, and
not seeing a single military man in the city, I retired afew miles in the country, where I soon was a spectator to the
conflagration of the capitol. President's house, &c.
I remained in the vicinity of the city until after the enemy had abandoned it, when I returned; and in a day or
two after, when stopping at the door of Colonel Monroe, who was present, as well as Mr. Maaison, Mr. Rush, and
several other gentlemen, Mr. Rush observed to me, sir, we consider ourselves under obligations to you for prevent-
ing our falling into the hands of the enemy at Bladensburg; observing, at the same time, that they were going imme-
diately into Bladensburg, understanding that part of General Winder's troops were there, and that they should
have supposed the advance part of the enemy, not in uniform, were a part of General Winder's troops. The fore-
going is as correct a narrative of facts as 1 can at this time recollect.
I am, sir, with great respect, &c.
WM. SIMMONS.
The Honorable R. M. Joihnson, &c.
supplementAhy documents.
Georgetown, December 16, 1814.
Sir:
I had the honor to receive yours of yesterday. My statement shall be concise as possible. On perusing, in
the National Intelligencer, of the 10th instant, the report of the committee of which you are chairman, the following
passage arrested my attention: " From early in the morning till late in the afternoon. Colonel Minor sought Colo-
nel Carbery diligently, but he could not be found. He rode to head quarters and obtained an order from General
Winder upon the arsenal, for arms, &c. — marched to the place with his regiment. Colonel Carbery arrived at the
moment, and apologized for his absence, and informed Colonel Minor that he had, the evening before, ridden out
to his country seat."
Without adverting to the information on which the committee may have thought proper to rely, for what is stated
in the above extract, I shall merely proceed to state some facts, supported by respectable testimony, which, it is
believed, will, in the opinion of the committee, completely invalidate what is there set forth.
1. It will appear that, on the night of the 23d of August, between the hours of nine and eleven, I was seen be-
tween Capitol Hill and the camp. See the certificate of Major Marsteller, Deputy Quartermaster General, No. 1.
That, late at night of the 23d, I arrived at Mr. Semmes' hotel, in Georgetown; that I lodged there that night; was
seen about sunrise next morning, near M'Leod's hotel, on the Pennsylvania avenue; and that afterwards I returned
to my quarters in Georgetown, and breakfasted. See Nos. 3 and 4, given by Mr. Semmes, my landlord, and Cap-
tain Cassin, of the District militia. That, on the morning of 24th August, between seven and nine, I signed requi-
sitions for arms, &c. for Colonel Minor, and gave them to the surgeon of his regiment. See Lieutenant Hobbs,
No. 2. That Doctor Jones, who was with our troops when the action commenced, returning to his hospital to
attend to his duties there, saw Colonel Minor's troops halted on Capitol Hill, and thinks they were getting their
dinners. See his certificate. No. 5. That, in the opinion of Lieutenant Baden, of the ordnance department. Colo-
nel Minor's troops, from the time they arrived at the arsenal, had sufficient tinie to have got their arms, &c. and
have marched to the battle ground before the action commenced. See his certificate, No. 6.
These certificates being in your hands can easily be referred to.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
HENRY CARBERY, Colonel 3&th U. S. Infanli-y.
The Honorable Richard M. Johnson,
Chairman of a Committee of Congress.
George W. CampbeWs letter.
Nashville, (Ten.) December 7, 1814.
Sir:
I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 29th October last. You request that I should give the
committee, of which you are chairman, such facts and views as may be in my power respecting the proceedings of
a cabinet council on the 1st of July last, in relation to the defence of military district No. 10; and on the subject
of a conversation that took place between the President and mjself, on the 24th of August, respecting the part
General Armstrong was to take at Bladensburg; and also any other facts and views that may be thought pertinent
to a fair and impartial inquiry into the causes of the fall of the capital of the United States.
The information requested by the committee shall be given without reserve so far as my recollection and state
of health will enable me. I deem it, however, proper, previously, to state, that, according to the views I entertain
of the relations existing between the Executive and the other members of the Government, usually called on to as-
sist in council, I should not consider myself bound, on such application as the present, to disclose, in all cases, the
proceedings which may have taken place at such council, or wljat may have passed at a conversation held with the
President individually, such as that above referred to, as such disclosure might justly be considered as restrained;
in the former case, on the ground of official, and in the latter, on that of personal confidence; and, without taking into
consideration the effect ot the restraint that would naturally be imposed on such deliberations and interchange ot
sentiments, by establishing the precedent that they were liable to public disclosure whenever called for, there might
be cases in which the public interest would be compromitted by such development. I do not, however, consider
the present such a case; and I have no motive for withholding the information required on account of any bearing
76 m
598 MILITARVAFFAIRS. [1814.
it might be supposed to have on my own conduct on that occasion, or on that of any other member of the Govern-
ment, as I am perfectly satisfied it is the desire of the ExecutJA'e, and presume it is so also of the other members,
that every circumstance calculated to throw light on the subject before the committee, and develop the real causes
which led to the late events at the Seat of Government, should be disclosed without reserve. Under these impres-
sions, therefore, I act, in giving the information desired.
At the cabinet council referred to, held on the 1st of July, by the members of the Government, convened by
request of the President, I was present. Despatches had been received, a few days previousJy thereto, from two
of our ministers (Messrs. Gallafm and Bayard) in Europe, the consideration of which, according to my present
impressions, was the principal object of the conference. They were accordingly taken up for deliberation, and
the changed aspect of aftairs in Europe, as unfolded by them, as well as by information derived from other sources,
was brought into view. The subject of our foreign relations, generally, was taken into consideration, and the
effect the late great events on the continent would be likely to produce upon them was freely spoken of. It was
stated as probable, first, I believe, by the President, that England, considering her own relative power and influ-
ence greatly increased, would be disposed to employ a considerable portion of her military and naVal forces, lately
disengaged from the great European contest, in prosecuting the war against this country; that she might be expected
to strengthen herself in Canada, and carry on her depredations against our Atlantic coast on a scale more extend-
ed than lieretofore. Some general remarks were also made on the propriety of adapting our measures to that state
of things an increase of the enemy's forces would produce; and there appeared a concurrence of opinion among
the members as to the importance of providing the means, and making the requisite arrangements, for defending
not only district No. 10, including the Seat of Government, but, as far as practicable, every other portion of the
Union, against which an attack might reasonably be expected; but I do not at present recollect any specific propo-
sition, made while I was present, in relation to the defence of that district, or any other place in particular. I can-
not, however, undertake to state in detail all the proceedings that took place in relation to this subject on that oc-
casion. The state of my health was very imperfect, and some official duty, according -to my present recollection,
requiring lo be attended to at a certain hour, occasioned me to withdraw before the subject of the defence of the
Seat of Government was formally taken up for decision; nor do 1 now recollect of being present when the question
on that subject was decided. The President, either on my return the same day, or shortly after, informed me it
had been determined to call forth and organize a force deemed sufficient for the defence of the district, and particu-
larly the Seat of Government, of which measure I approved; and, from the Secretary of War, I afterwards un-
derstood the number to be called on for that purpose was fifteen thousand men, which appeared to me amply suffi-
cient. Nothing further occurs to me, at present, in relation to what passed at that conference, while I was present,
on the subject of the defence of the Seat of Government. I recollect that, about this time, the President, in con-
versation, stated his impressions to be, on the fullest consideration he had been able to give the state of affairs in
Europe, in connexion with the disposition of Great Britain, as far as it could be ascertained from the late despatch-
es of our ministers, as well as from other sources of information, that we ought to calculate she would direct a con
siderable portion of her numerous forces, liberated from the late great conflicts on the continent, and left entirely at
her disposal, against this country, either to produce a favorable efl'ect on the pending negotiation, and, if disposed to
peace, close the war with some brilliant achievement calculated to give her arms the air of eclat; or, if not, so dis-
posed, for the purpose of prosecuting the war more vindictively, and possibly with a view to other more ambitious
objects; and that, whatever might be her ulterior views, we ought to expect that Washington city, being the seat of
the National Government, and, from its local situation, more accessible, as well as less capable of defence, than
most other places, would be among the first objects of her attack, and that we ought, therefore, to make the requi-
site preparations to meet such everrt. With this view, I understood, General Winder was appointed to the com-
mand of the district, and orders given for concentrating, in the neighborhood of the city, such force, to consist ol
regulars and militia, as was deemed sufficient for its defence.
The conversation between the President and myself, on the 24th August, respecting vi^hich the committee re-
quests information, having taken place incidentally, and under peculiar circumstances, it will not be expected that
1 should recapitulate it at length; and it may be difficult to communicate its substance with precision, or the causes
that led to it, without going more into detail than would be acceptable to the committee, or accord with my own in-
clination.
When it was known, on the evening of the 23d of August, that the troops under General Winder had retired
across the Eastern Branch, and encamped in the city, it occasioned, as may be readily supposed, considerable agita-
tion in the minds of the citizens. It appeared to have been expected, that, in case our force was not considered
sufficient to meet and repulse the enemy on his landing, his advance would be opposed, and his progress, at least,
retarded as far as practicable, by harassing him on his march, erecting defensive words at suitable positions, and
throwing such other obstructions in his way, as was best calculated to check his movements; for all which opera-
tions the nature of the country through which he must pass was said to be very favorable; when, therefore, it was
stated that he was near the city, without such means having been either at all, or but partially resorted to, it pro-
duced some surprise, as well as inquiry into the causes that led to such a result. Falling in conversation with the
Secretary of War, on this subject, I expressed my apprehensions that suffering the enemy to approach so near (if
his progress could by any possible means have been checked) as to make the fate of the city depend on a single bat-
tle, to be maintained, on our part, principally by raw, inexperienced troops, was hazarding too much. He appeared
to concur in this opinion. And when I inquired whether the late movements of the troops were made pursuant to
his advice, or with his approbation; and what plan of operations was determined on to oppose the further progress of
the enemy; and, also, whether our army would have the benefit of his suggestions and advice, in directing its future
movements; he gave me to understand that the movements which had taken place were not in pursuance of any
plan or advice given by him; that General Winder, having been appointed to the command of the district, including
the city, and the means assigned for its defence placed at his disposal, he was considered as having the direction of
their application; and it was to be presumed he had formed such plans for defending the city, as he deemed best
suited to the emergency and the means he possessed; and that interposing his opinion might be considered indeli-
cate, and perhaps improper, unless he had the approbation of the Executive for so doing; ni which case, any assist-
ance that his suggestions or advice could render, should be afforded.
It appeared to me an occasion so highly important and critical demanded the united efforts of all the military
skill and ability within the reach of the Government; and that feelings of delicacy, if their cause could be removed,
should not be allowed to come in collision with the public interest; and, I believe, I so expressed myself to General
Armstrong.
On the following morning, I set out with the Secretary of War for General Winder's head quarters, then near
the bridge on the Eastern Branch. When we proceeded as far as the President's house, we learned he had gone
on before. Some other company joining us, I proceeded in advance, and arrived there before the Secretary; where
I found, with General Winder, the President, the Secretary of the Navy, and, I believe, the Attorney General ot
the United States, with some military officers. Some conversation took place in relation to the route the enemy
would be most likely to pursue in approaching the city; when a messenger arrived, bringing the commanding gen-
eral information, considered by him decisive, that they would advance Dy Bladensburg, and he immediately pro-
ceeded with the troops to that place. At this time the Secretary of War had arrived. All the members of the
Government, that were present, left the house. Falling in conversation with the President, I took occasion to state
to him the impressions ot the Secretary of War, as to the line of conduct his duty required him to observe on that
occasion; and added, in substance, according to my present recollection, that the very critical situation of affairs
appeared to me to require all the aid that military skill and ability could afford; that, on so important an occasion,
considerations of delicacy, as to conflicting authority, should not, I presumed, be allowed to jeopardize, in any de-
gree, the public interest; that I regretted the reserve apparently observed by the Secretary ot War; but under-
stood from him, he acted on the ground that, as General Winder was appointed to the command of the district.
and the means designed for its defence placed at his disposal, he was considered as possessing the right to direct the
18)5.] SUBSISTING THE ARMV. 599
manner of their applicationj'and that, in interposing his opinion, without Executive approbation, might be consider-
ed indelicate, and perhaps an improper interference with the commanding general's authority; but that, if it was
known to be the President's pleasure, he would afford any aid in his power, by his presence and advice; and I be-
lieve I also stated that, considering the extraordinary and menacing aspect of our affairs, I thought it my duty
to make him this communication, that, in case he should think proper, the ground on which the Secretary acted
might be removed. The President replied, as I understood him, that General Armstrong might have known, any
proper order given by him would readily meet with the Executive sanction; and that there was no doubt, any sugges-
tions from him would be duly attended to by General Winder. Upon my remarking I had reason to believe, with-
out his approbation, the Secretary would not interpose his opinion, or take any part in the business of the day, the
President observed, he would sneak to him on the subject. The President, the Secretary of War, and myself, were
then on horseback. The President joined the Secretary, and some conversation took place between them, the pur-
port of which I did not hear.
The President, after parting from the Secretary, observed to me he had spoken to General Armstrong on the
subject I had named to him, and that no difficulty, he presumed, would occur in the case; that any suggestions,
made by the Secretary, would, without doubt, receive due attention from the commanding general, and, should any
objection be made on the ground of authority, the matter mightreadily be adjusted, as he would not himself be fardis-
tant; and the Secretary's order, (I presume it was meant in writing) given on the field, if necessary, would be
considered as carrying with it the Executive sanction.
The foregoing is, according to the best of my recollection, the substance of what the President communicated to
me after conversing with General Armstrong. It, however, occurred in the midst of much bustle, and where various
other subjects presented themselves for consideration; it is therefore possible I may not have understood him cor-
rectly, or may not now recollect all that passed.
Some general conversation took place about this time respecting the probable force, movements, and objects, of
the enemy; also respecting the direction to be given to certain portions of our own troops, particularly those under
Commodore Bai;ney, who had not then been put in motion, and v/hom the Commodore appeared very desirous should
be permitted, with himself, to take a share in the expected battle. Mention was also made of the precautionary
measures proper to be taken, in the possible event of the enemy's success against the city, respecting the public pro-
perty at the navy yard, &c.; and, also, the propriety suggested in such case, of the members of the Government
convening at some suitable place, to determine o« ulterior arrangements; and Fredericktown was agreed on as best
calculated for that purpose.
After parting with the President, I joined the Secretary of War, then on his way to Bladensburg; he observed
tlie President had spoken to him respecting the operations of the day; that he would proceed to the scene of action;
and, if there should be occasion, would suggest, to the commanding general, whatever occurred to him as likely to
be useful; and, should it become necessary, he would, on the field, give a written order that would carry with it, of
course, official authority. He did not, however, state to me the particulais of the conversation that passed Ijetween
the President and himself. Near the turnpike gate I parted with the Secretary; the state of my health required that
I should return to my lodging.
The foregoing contains all that occurs to me at present, in relation to the specific inquiries of the committee.
On the subject of their general inquiry, respecting the causes of the capture of the seat of Government, it is not
probable I can add any thing to the information they already possess, derived from other sources. A combination
of circumstances, not easily accounted for, some of which could not probably have been anticipated, and others
against which it might have been difficult to provide by any precautions that could have been adopted, led, it is be-
lieved, to that event.
The sudden advance of the enemy, after his arrival on our coast, so considerables distance into the country;
destitute as"he wasjknownto be of cavalry, and, in a great degree, of artillery, as well as of the means of transport-
ing provisions; without delaying to establish garrisons, or otherwise to provide for keeping open his fcominunica-
tion with his shipping and supplies; was a measure that could not, it is presumed, be justified on any military
principle, and may not, therefore, have been anticipated in time to provide effectually against its consequences. On
the other hand, the tardy movements of the militia, called on from the neighboring States for the defence of the city,
and their consequent failure to arrive in time, at the scene of action, whatever may have occasioned it, may un-
doubtedly be considered as the principal cause of the catastrophe that followed.
How far the troops who had arrived, and were present, might, under the guidance of different management, have
succeeded in retarding the enemy, and, with the aid of the reinforcements hourly expected, in finally repulsing him,
is not for me to decide: and it is a question on which even military men may not perhaps agree.
I have the honor to be, &c.
G. W. CAMPBELL.
Honorable R. M. Johnson, &c.
I3th Congress.] ' No. 138. [3d Session.
SUBSISTING THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 25, 1815.
House of Representatives, November 12, 1814.
.Sir:
I am instructed by the Committee on Military Affairs to ask information on the following points:
1. What is the present mode of subsisting the army?
2. If by contracts, what are the defects, if any, and the remedy?
3. Whether any other mode can be adopted, combining, in a greater degree, certainty and promptitude with
economy and responsibility?
4. Whether the alternative offered by law, of substituting commissaries to contractors, has been adopted; and
if yes, what has fjeen the general result?
I have the honor to be, with high consideration and respect,
G. M. TROUP.
War Department, December 23, 1814.
Sir: , . .....
Not wishing to rely altogether on my own judgment in replymg to your inquiries relating to the best mode of
subsisting the troops of the United States, I have consulted the officers of greatest experience who were within my
reach, on the presumption that I should best promote the views of the committee, by collecting all the light that I
could on the subject. I have the honor now to submit to you a letter from General Scott, one from General Gaines,
and one from Colonel Fenwick, which meet fully those inquiries in every circumstance. These officers give a de-
600 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815,
cided preference to the system of supply by commissaries, in preference to that by contractors; and I have reason
to believe that the officers generally concur with thern in that preference. It has my unqualified assent.
•Should the proposed plan be adopted, it will readily occur to the committee that the commissaries to be ap-
pointed should be placed on a very respectable footing; so high a trust should be committed to such of our citizens
only as are most distinguished for their abilities, their patriotism, and integrity. I shall be happy to furnish details
on this subject, should the honorable committee desire it.
1 have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
JAMES MONROE.
Hon. Mr. Troup.
GENERAL SCOTT'S REMARKS.
Observations on the mode of subsiiling- an Army by Contract and by Commissariat.
The first method is believed to be impolitic, and is vicious in time of war; also liable to many objections in a
state of peace. In time of war, contractors may betray an army; they are not confidential and responsible agents,
appointed by the Government. The principal only is known to the War Office, and therefore may be supposed to be
free from this objection; but his deputies and issuing agents are appointed without the concurrence or knowledge of
the General orthe Government. The deputies or issuing agents are necessarily as well acquainted witli the numerical
strength of the army to which they are attached, as the Adjutant General himself. For a bribe they may communi-
cate this intelligence to the enemy, or fail to make issues at some critical moment, and thus defeat the best views
and hopes of the commander-in-chief. The movements of an army are necessarily subordinate to its means of sub-
sistence; or, as Marshal Saxe expresses it, to considerations connected with the belly. The present mode of sub-
sisting our armies, puts the contracftor above the General. If a contractor corresponds with the enemy, he can only
be tried by the civil courts of the United Spates, as in the case of other persons charged with treason; (courts mar-
tial having decided that contractors do not come within the meaning of the 60th article of the rules and articles of
■war;) and if a contractor fails to make issues, he can only be punished by civil actions. I speak of cases arising
within the limits of the United States. In the enemy's country, f suppose, a General, who knows his duty, would
not fail to hang a contractor who should, by guilty neglect or corruption, brnig any serious disaster upon the army.
A sudden event frequently obliges a General to order troops to a distant and new station; notice is given to this con-
tractor to supply, &c.; but the latter, finding that prompt arrangements will diminish his profits, pleads a want of
reasonaljle notice. This term is indefinite, and if the General and contractor differ, it can only be settled by a court
of common law. It is no reply to his objection to say, that, on a sudden emergency, like that supposed, the Ge-
neral may appoint a special agent to supply the troops, by purchases on account of the United States. This would
only show the superiority of a commissariat.
The interests of the contractor are in precise opposition to those of the troops. The checks provided by the con-
tract may be sufficient to prevent abuse, if the officers are vigilant and have leisure to resort to those checks; but
when the army is on a forced march, or is manoeuvering in the face of the enemy, the contractor has it in his power
to practise many impositions with impunity, as in the case of an army or detachment ordered to march on short no-
tice, to take with it subsistence for a given time. In such case, there is no time for a formal survey or minute in-
spection of the rations offered by the contractor, according to the mode pointed out in the contract. The contractor
avails himself of the hurry of the moment, and issues provisions deficient in quantity and quality. Unless the rations,
before they are received by the regimental quartermaster, are surveyed and condemned, there is no remedy except
by a civil action on the case, as between citizen and citizen. Contractors, as before observed, are not amenable to
courts martial. Every option given to the contractor under the contract, operates to the prejudice of the troops, and
frequently embarrasses tlie General: as in the case of bread or flour, either of which the contractor may issue at plea-
sure. Eighteeh ounces of flour will yield twenty-seven of bread; therefore, when the soldier finds it convenient to
bake his own bread, or to commute his flour for twenty or twenty -two ounces of bread, the contractors will not
choose to issue flour, because he too finds the same convenience, and reserves to himself the profit. Under other
circumstances, when both the soldier and contractor find it inconvenient or impossible to bake bread, the latter avails
himself of his option, and issues flour. Under this uncertainty, it is impossible for the General to calculate any
inarch with precision. When the troops receive flour instead of bread, more time must be allowed for cooking. It
is this option which prevents the General from obliging the contractor to provide magazines of hard bread for prompt
movements and expeditions, in which bread wagons cannot follow the troops. Hard bread occupies, comparatively,
but little space. To attain an important object, every soldier may very well carry in his haversack five or six
days' bread (without meat) and thus march more than one hundred miles independent of ovens, wagons, or con-
tractors. Our armies have sometimes been supplied with hard bread in the following manner: The contractor de-
livers flour, and has credit fiir so many rations of that article as are contained in the barrels delivered at once. The
quartermaster general causes the flour to be converted into hard bread, at the expense of the United States. The
bread is then turned over to the contractor, who issues it to the troops, receiving a certain per centage for his trou-
ble, is^othing can more clearly demonstrate tlie necessity of appointing commissariats to supply the army in the
place of contractors. It is almost impossible for the General to compel the contractor to supply the troops regu-
larly with soap and vinegar (component parts of the rations) because the trouble of procuring them generally ex-
ceeds the contract prices of these articles; and yet, nothing can be more essential to the cleanliness and health of
troops. The contractor generally endeavors to give whiskey in the way of commutation, which costs the officers
much exertion to prevent. If the contract system is continued, I would recommend diminishing the allowance for
•whiskey, and the reverse for vinegar, soap, and candles.
It would be endless to trace the petty villanies which contractors are daily tempted to commit, to the prejudice
^ of the troops, arising out of this opposition of interests before noticed. The interests of the contractor put him per-
petually on the alert. The vigilance of the officer is sometimes necessarily relaxed. There is no such opposition
between duty and interest in the case of commissariats, who purchase and issue on account of Government. A com-
missary, if destitute of character, might be disposed to charge the government more for a barrel of whiskey, or a
bullock, or flour, than the article cost him; but it can never be his interest to impose unsound provisions on the
troops. It is presumed that, if a commissariat be resorted to, the officers composing it will be appointed on the usual
evidences of character, and subjected to martial law. It will not be necessary to give them rank, except as it re-
spects each other, as commissary general, deputy and assistant commissary general. Such is the practice in the
French and English armies.
W. SCOTT.
General Gaines^s remarks on Contracts for Provisions, ^c.
Sir:
I regret to be under the necessity of troubling you with complaints, but my own exertions to enforce the con-
tract, and ensure regular supplies of rations, having failed, I am compelled to resort to this mode of seeking a
remedy.
The sub- contractor at Wilmjngton has not furnished a day's rations for near two weeks past. The sub-con-
tractor at Billingsport, New Jersey, as well as the one at Marcus Hook, our principal encampment, have, in defi-
ance of my frequent orders and threats, and contrary to their contract, contrived to palm upon the troops the coarsest
and cheapest provisions, and such as are often damaged. To effect this criminal species of speculation, they keep
1815.] SUBSISTING THE ARMY. 601
in store little more, and often not as much, as is necessary to meet the returns from day to day; hence the troops
are often compelled to draw damaged provisions, or draw none at all. This conduct, on the part of the sub-con-
tractors, occasioned yesterday, at Marcus Hook, such serious disorders in some of the corps, that it became neces-
sary to confine two young officers, and some twenty men; and I this evening received a report from Billingsport,
that the troops there have been all day without provisions, the rations offered for issue in the morning being so
much damaged as to require their condemnation. I have just now purchased and forwarded a supply. The New
Jersey militia are very orderly.
I have uniformly given the best attention in my power, ever since the commencement of the war, to the supply
ot rations, and the conduct of contractors; and if I were called before Heaven to answer, whether we have not lost
more men by the badness of the provisions, than by the fire of the enemy, I should give it as my opinion that we
had; and if asked what causes have tended most to retard our military operations, and repress that high spirit of
enterprise, for which the American soldiers are pre-eminently distinguished, and the indulgence of which wouUl
not fail to veteranize our troops, by the annoyance and destruction of the enemy, I should say, the irregularity in
the supply, and badness of the rations, have been the principal causes.
Original contractors seem to be a privileged order of men, who, by virtue of the profits of the contract, aVe ele-
vated above the drudgery which a common sense view of the contract would seem to impose on them. They take
care to secure to themselves at least one cent per ration, leaving a second, and sometimes a third order of miserable
under contractors to perform the duties, and each of these must calculate on making money. Thus the contract,
after being duly entered into at Washington, is bid off, until it falls into the hands of men who are forced to bear
certain loss and ultimate ruin, or commit frauds, by furnishing damaged provisions; they generally choose the latter,
though it should tend to destroy the army. I know the opinion of no officer on this subject, who does not think
with me.
It is true, that, in most cases where purchases have been ordered by the General, on the failures of the contractor,
the provisions have cost more than the ordinary contract price; but this proves nothing in favor of the contract sys-
tem; but, on the contrary, proves that the contractor, when unable to purchase below the contract price, withdraws
himself from the service, and leaves the troops to suffer, or be supplied by order of the General, v/ith little or no
previous notice, so that the purchasing officer is obliged to take what can be got, at the highest prices; and these
failures generally take place when near the enemy, and where regular supplies are most wanted. The purchases
are ordered by the General, and made by the Officers when their time is most precious, and their attention constant-
ly called to their regular duties; under these circumstances, it is vain to expect purchases at very low prices. But
if, instead of a contractor, a commissioned officer should be authorized to supply the rations at the original cost of
the provisions, and should be allowed a little time to look out for the best markets, and be enabled, by punctual
payments, to support the public credit, I have no doubt that the supplies would not only be good and regular, but
even lower than they can be under any contract system. Commissioned oflicers only should be employed in this
duty; men who stand most solemnly pledged to serve the United States honestly and faithfully, and to obey orders;
men who may be cashiered or capitally punished by military law, for neglect of duty, or for fraudulent practices.
I feel persuaded that I could, with the assistance of one of the general staff, and the regimental quartermasters,
supply the troops altogether and completely, without being more frequently called from my other duties than the
neglects in the contractor's department have usually called me. If you should deem an experiment desirable, I will
most cheerfully undertake it, and pledge myself that the rations shall not cost more than eighteen cents, and, pro-
bably, not so much.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, sir, your obedient servant.
Hon. James Monroe, Secretary of War.
E. P. GAINES.
Colonel Femokk^s remarks on supplying the army with Provisions.
Washington, December 23, 1814.
In conformity with your commands, I have the honor of reporting to you the present means of victualling our
anny by contract, the impositions and danger attending such a mode ot supply, and the necessity of destroying the
evil, by substituting a commissariat. Contracts are never fulfilled to the letter, and never will be so long as avarice
exists; and where so many opportunities present themselves to the military^ contractor for imposition and fraud, we
must expect he will avail himself of them; that his fortune may be made with too great rapidity for the comfort and
health of the soldier, eveiy expedient is resorted to, to increase their profits. Bread half baked, sour flour, damaged
meat, are amongst the many resources they employ; more than half the issues are made without the smaller parts of
the rations; vinegar, soap, and candles, are retained under the most frivolous excuses; and you are, sir, sensible,
how conducive to the soldier's health must be both soap and vinegar; these evils I have witnessed in every part of
the country. Seldom could the wrong be redressed, because the commanding officer had not the means; the abuse
could not be punished; the contractor was beyond his control. Discontent was excited amongst the men, but com-
plaint is often found unprofitable, for, if the provisions are condemned, the agent is so dilatory in replacing them,
that the men get no food for the greater part, if not the whole, of that day.* These are the causes of complaint with
the army, and the best planned operations may be frustrated by the perverse or tardy contractor, or his dishonest
agent, who, if base enough to defraud the soldier, would be equally so in communicating with the enemy. The his-
tory of all the wars in Europe is big with treachery, whenever a Power depended for its supplies on contractors-
Numerous are the instances of failures of expeditions in the wars of Marlborougli and Frederick. Contractors, or
their agents, were the principals in the mischief. In our own campaigns! we have already experienced this evil.
Many other reasons might be adduced how, and why, supplies will fail, if this system of contract is continued; it
does not exist in any army of Europe; it has proven itself fallacious and expensive in a high degree. Even the British,
riveted as they are to old habits, have been compelled to abandon it, and assume the commissariat of the continent.
Lord Wellington speaks of the impossibility of supplying his army in Spain by any other means. There is not an
officer or soldier in the army who would not petition you to do away this destructive system, and substitute com-
missaries, who would be actuated by feeling, honor, and the fear of disgrace.
I have the honor to be, sir, with very great respect and consideration, your obedient servant,
JOHN R. FENWICK.
• Occurred at New York, -j- At BlaclL Creek, Upper Canada.
(3Q2 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1814.
13th Congress.] ' No. 139. [3d Session.
DEFENCE OF THE CITY OF BALTIMORE.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 1, 1816.
To the President of the United States, and the Senate and Home of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, the memorial of the Committee, of Vigilance and Safely of the city and precincts
of Baltimore.
Your memorialists beg leave to draw your attention to the necessity of providing a force adequate to the defence
(if the city of Baltimore, during the next campaign, and, in doing so, they would take the liberty to submit the follow-
ing statement and reflections for your consideration.
Nothing has so strikingly illustrated the easy accessibility of the city of Baltimore to an invading enemy, as the
demonstration made upon it during the last summer. It then appeared that large frigates, and any number of bomb
vessels, could, without molestation from the shore, approach and lie within shell range of Fort McHenry. the chief
strong hold of the city; and that, unless the channels should be seasonably and efliectually obstructed, they might
approach within reach of the city itself along a prong of the Patapsco, called Ferry Branch. It also appeared that
any number of troops may with ease be landed on that long narrow slip of land, called Patapsco Neck, the most
remote point of which is about twelve miles from Baltimore, and that, when landed, unless checked or repelled by
an equal or superior force, they may, in a very short time, be marched to the assault of any part of the city. Thus
much has been clearly evinced by the late attack of the enemy. The other directions from which assaults were
seriously apprehended^ it might be highly imprudent to point out and explain in a paper, with the contents of which
the enemy may hereafter become acquainted; and the more especially since that enemy, every where barbarous and
malignant, may well be supposed to cherish a peculiarly rancorous spirit of hostility against a city from which he
has been driven back with disappointment and disgrace, and to be anxiously attentive to all the means by which he
may best explore every avenue to assault, and be enabled to select the weakest and most vulnerable.
The people of Baltimore, apprized of the power and temper of the enemy with whom they had to contend, have,
during the last summer, exerted every means in their power to render their city as strong and as defetisible as possi-
ble. They hold in readiness obstructions prepared to be thrown into the channels of the river leading to the city,
at the shortest notice; have, chiefly by then- own personal labor or contributions, caused forts, redoubts, or breast-
works, to be thrown up, and nearly completed, under the direction of the military authority, round about the whole
extent of the city; and they have aided, as far as in their power, in procuring and mounting the ordnance necessary
and suitable to the works so erected. When those lines and forts shall be well and fully manned, Baltimore will
ieel perfectly secure; its citizens may then with confidence set the enemy at defiance; but not till then.
Your memorialists deem it unnecessary to state the strength of the regular force now stationed here, because the
most correct sources of information upon this subject are at the seat of Government. It is, however, confessedly
very inferior, and inadequate to the defence of the city. Your memorialists have not been able to ascertain with
precision the number of men requisite for the defence of Baltimore; but from a consideration of the ease with which
the city may be approached, both by land and water, as manifested in the late attack; of the various points to be de-
feuded; of the reportetl threats and disposable force of the enemy; and also of information obtained from some of
the most experienced and intelligent military characters, they are strongly impressed with a belief that a considera-
ble permanent force of regulars is indispensable to the safety of the city. Whether such a foi'ce can be detached
from the military establishment now on foot, is more than your memorialists can undertake to say; but every expec-
tation that it would be done, has thus far been withheld from them, and they have uniformly been given to under-
stand that their reliance must be placed, during the next campaign, as heretoibre, on the militia to be called together
as occasion may require. Against such an arriangement your memorialists, on behalf of their fellow citizens, the
people of Baltimore and its precincts, must beg leave warmly to remonstrate and most decidedly to protest. The in-
efficiency of militia alone tor any regular or (important operation of war, has been so often and so fully tested tfiat
it cannot now be necessary to adduce either proofs, or arguments, to show what has been so long and universally
admitted. The experience of this, as well as that of the Revolutionary war, shows that, to repel the hasty preda-
tory incursions of an enemy, militia may often be brought to act with much eft'ect, and that they are a useful, and
often powerful auxiliary force in partisan warfare; it also shows that it would be e.xtremely unsafe to rely upon them
solely for the defence of the extensive lines of a large city against any very considerable invading regular force.
An army of militia, to be equal in strength to that of a regular one, must always be vastly superior in numbers; yet,
however, the history of military affairs in all times has shown, (hat a mere mass of armed men, or undsiciplined
militia, beyond a certain number, brings with it little or no additional strength. Taking this principle as correct,
your memorialists do humbly conceive th^t scarcely any militia force that could be hastily collected about their city,
could secure it against a large inVading army of well disciplined regulars. Your memorialists have no reason to
doubt the courage of their fellow citizens composing the militia; far otherwise; they insist only that, without the
combined movement, concert, and discipline, of a regular army, courage can do nothing, and numbers produce only
confusion and disorder. A militia force, hastily assembled, isnot only flie most unsafe, it is also the most expensive.
They are not, itis true, usually retained in service during a whole campaign; but being necessarily far mure numerous
than regulars, and infinitely more wasteful of all the munitions of war, they are in the end much more costly and
burthensome. But the exclusive use of a militia force brings with it other evils, of a nature so striking and fatal,
as, even if it were not liable to the charge of prodigality and insecurity, might induce us to avoid it. It interrupts .
the pursuits of husbandry, and embarrasses every branch of industry, to the impoverishment of individuals and the
ruin of the State. It draws into the field men who are not prepared, either in mind or body, for its hazards or
fatigues; possessing little capacity to annoy the enemy, and yet less to endure the privations and hardships of a
camp. It is known to destroy by disease and to break down the constitutions of more than double the numbers of
those who perish or are permanently injured by sickness in a regular army; and to augment the sum of human
misery, iar more than enlistments could, by diftusing more widely anxiety among families in proportion to the supe-
rior numbers of the militia force, and the superior importance of the greater part of it to those who are connected
with or depend upon them. . ., . , r ■ i- ■
Your memorialists are aware that it may be difficult, perhaps impossible, to provide a body ot regulars, enlisted
upon the terms of the existing laws, in season for the defence of their city during the next campaign, but they flat-
ter themselves that a law might be framed and passed, by virtue of which the necessary number ot able bodied men
might be called into the field for local, stationary, or limited service, during one campaign, at the least, if not longer.
Your memorialists would here beg leave to observe that, as among the most important of the powers ot the General
Government is that of the right to declare war, so the providing supplies, and all the means for its active prosecution,
and the superintending its faithful and vigorous management, are among its most sacred trusts and binding ob-
ligations. The rapid and decisive movements of war imperatively require, to ensure even safety, much more suc-
cess, a corresponding promptitude and decision of the Government by which it is waged; a war of enterprise and
vigor not only drives danger from the door of every citizen, calls forth a bold manly spirit of patriotism, and adorns
the nation with rays of imperishable glory, but is also the least costly, the least wasteful of hunian life, the least tedious,
and almost always terminates in the most sure and lasting peace. While, on the other hand, the shrinking policy of
bare defence paralyzes the powers of the nation, imperceptibly wastes its resources, and invites the aggressions of an
enemy. Under such impressions, it would be the earnest wish of your memorialists that the energies of their coun-
1815.] VETERINARY SURGEONS.
603
try should be so actively and forcibly exerted as to drive their present enemy, with his barbarous system of warfare,
far from their homes; but, since that seems to be at present impracticable, owin^ to iiis greatly superior powers, they
do, therefore, humbly beg and entreat that the means for their defence may be provided by a timely and adequate
exercise of the legitimate and wholesome powers of the nation. Unless the General Government does, by a season-
able and vigorous ettbrt, provide for the common defence along the Atlantic border, your memorialists are very se-
riously apprehensive that they will be amongst the first, and, perhaps, the most signal, of the victims of the ruinous
policy ot relying altogether upon an inefficient militia ibrce, or of leaving every State to defend itself according to
Its ability: lur a crisis has now arrived, when not only the city of Baltimore, but the State of Maryland itself, can
only hope lor protection and safety through the powers and means of the National Government. Exposed and vul-
nerable as Maryland is, to its centre, harassed and plundered as it has been, it feels, with the most lively sensibi-
lity, that it is now, indeed, wholly dependent upon the Union for salvation; for, alone, it is utterly unequal to the
contest. The present war has, however, clearly shown that the most potent of the States is not altogether equal to
its own defence, and that one of the smallest has compelled the enemy to fly from its territory, when aided by
the powers of the Union. When your memorialists consider how very obvious it must be to the mind of any one,
who will reflect only for a moment upon the subject, that a single campaign, undertaken by Maryland alone, in de-
fence of its own shores would not only prostrate its finances, but, perhaps, mortgage its resources for ages to come,
without, in the end, effecting any valuable purpose; they feel inspired with the highest degree of confidence that
their National Government, so eminently characterized for its impariial and liberal justice, will, with alacrity and
promptitude, afford them the succor so necessary to their safety; nor do they feel less confident that there is not a
single citizen of Maryland, so lost to a just regard for his own best interests, as to hesitate one moment in co-operat-
ing with the General Government in the lawful and vigorous exercise of those powers of conducting war, by which
alone they can be protected, defended, or even saved, tiom absoluteruin.
Your memorialists, in speaking of the merits of Baltimore, and her pretensions to the special consideration and
regaixl of the Government, feel very sensibly the delicacy and embarrassment of the undertaking. The relative
commercial importance of this city is best known at the Seat of Government; it will, therefore, be sufficient barely
to refer to official documents there, by which it will appear that, in this respect, it ranks as the third city of the
Union. But the commercial loss and ruin, consequent upon the lall of Baltimore, certainly is not the only, nor is
it, perhaps, the greatest evil to be apprehended. It is the loss of a post, the relative position of wliich woulcl be so
highly advantageous to the enemy, that will produce in the mind of every impartial and thinking man the greatest
alarm. The prodigious extent of country commanded by B;iltimore, and the facility with which the enemy might,
from thence, push his predatory incursions in every direction, are obvious, and may more properly be left to the re-
flections of Government, than, under existing circumstances, be strongly urged or fully explained. Lest the people
of Baltimore should be numbered among those who forget the duty of a citizen, when every man should struggle to
be foremost in discharging it, vour memorialists will take leave to say a few words of their patriotism. What they
have to say shall be comprised, in a small compass, and shall be no more than what they believe will be the award of
an impartial world. The people of Baltimore have dearly earned the privilege of speaking in the most frank and
unreserved terms to the representatives of the nation. Yet they feel too tenderly for the honor and welfare of their
country, even if they could be so indulged, publicly to rebuke and reproach the rulers of their choice for any errors
that are past; they had rather aid than weaken, applaud than condemn. Let the following unequivocal acts and
sufferings speak their ardent love for their Government and country. The metropolis of the nation was threatened:
a portion of the militia of Baltimore was called on; at a very few moments' warning, they marched, with alacrity, to the
aid of their country, and, on the unfortunate 24th August, they were posted in front; the loss sustained by the enemy
was produced, in a great degree, by its militia, and some amongst the best of its citizens bled or fell. The enemy next
threatened Baltimore itself, upon which its people, old and young, of all classes, exerted themselves to the utmost,
and with the most uncommon energy, in erecting works of defence, and making preparations to meet him, and, by
the most unremitting and indefatigable labors, their city was* put into a tolerable state of defence by the time he ap-
peared before it. And the city feels great pride in the recollection that, on the day so memorable to it, the 12th of
September, the constancy, fortitude, and courage of its citizens-soldiers will bear a comparison with those of any
other people on earth. Its citizens, some of whom had borne arms in their country's defence in the war of the Re-
volution, and her youth, met the enemy in advance, and were every where the first among the foremost in every
perilous encounter- The banking institutions and the citizens of Baltimore, it is believed, nave been as prompt and
as liberal in their loans to the Government as those of any other portion of the Union.
Such are the people for whom your memorialists beg and entreat aid, protection, and defence. The Government
may yet provide means in time, it prompt and vigorous measure? are adopted; but there is no time to be lost. And
your memorialists cannot, for a moment, entertain the painful thought that the constituted authorities of their coun-
try will turn with apathy from the earnest entreaties of a people so highly deserving their regard, and leave them to
the mercy of a brutal enemy, whose hostility against them, in particular, has been so lately manifested, and so
strongly excited.
EDWARD JOHNSON,
Chairman of the Committee of Vigilance and Safety.
Baltimore, January 26, 1815.
13th Congress.] No. 140. [3d Session.
VETERINARY SURGEONS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 9, 1815.
Mr. Giles, from the Committee on Military Aftairs, to whom was referred the resolution of tlie Senate of the 7th
instant, relative to veterinary surgeons, reported the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is inexpedient to provide for the appointment of veterinary surgeons, to be attached to the
army of the United States.
604
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1815.
ISthCoNGRESS.]
No. 141.
[3ii Session.
NATIONAL ARMORIES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 24, 1815.
War Department, ,/e6rMan/ 20, 1815.
Sir:
In conformity to the 5th section of the act ot the 2d ot April, 1794, I liave the honor to tiansmit to Congress
a statement of the amount of expenditures on account of the national armories at Harper's Ferry and Springheld,
during the year 1814, and of the number of arms m?ide and repaired at each place, during the same period.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES MONROE.
The Honorable Langdon Cheves.
Slatement shoiuing the expenditures on account of National Armories, and of the number and kinds of arms
manufactured and repaired at.the same, in the year 1814.
PLACES.
Expenditures.
Muskets and
Bayonets ma-
nufactured.
Muskets
repaired.
Rifles
(short)
manufac-
tured.
Rifles
repaired.
Pattern
Rifles
(short.)
Total
manufac-
tured. ■
Total
repaii-ed.
Harper's Ferry,
Springfield,
$170,122 03
73,500 00
10,400
9^585
548
5,190
1,600
16
4
12,004
9,585
564
5,190
Total, -
$243,622 03
19,985
5,738
1,600
16
4
21,589
5,754
13th Congress.]
No. 142.
[3d Session.
RELATIVE POWERS OF THE GENERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS OVER THE MILITIA.
communicated to the senate, FEBRUARY 28, 1815.
Mr. Giles made the following report:
The Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs, understanding that serious differences of opinion existed be-
tvi^een the Executive authority of the United States and the authorities of some of the individual States, respecting
the relative povi-ers of the General and State Governments over the militia, deemed it an incumbent duty on them
to call for information upon that highly interesting subject, with a view of interposing, if found practicable, some
legislative provisions for the mutual accommodation of such differences. For this purpose^ on the 7th January last,
in virtue of instructions from the committee, a letter was addressed to the honorable Secretary for the Department
of war, a copy of which accompanies this report; and, in reply thereto, tlie committee received from him the letter
ami documents which also accompany this report.
Although the return of peace has, for the present, relieved the committee from the necessity of providing a legis-
lative remedy for these unfortunate differences, yet tjie committee conceive that the points in question are of vital
importance to the essential rights and powers of the Government of the United States, and that the pretensions of
the authorities of the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut,, and Rhode Island, setup in opposition thereto, if now ac-
quiesced in, might be resumed by the State auihorities in the event of a future war, and thus deprive the Govern-
ment of the United States of some of its most efficient legitimate means of prosecuting such vvar with vigor and ef-
fect; the committee have therefore thought proper to present the papers concerning this subject to tlie Senate, for
consideration. . ^ -^ i i i ■ i i-. •
Whilst the committee will refrain from entering into arguments to fortiiy the grounds taken by the Executive
Government on this subject, and explained in the letter of the Secretary for the Department of War, they feel
themselves impelled by a sense of justice to express a decided approbation of its conduct, in supporting and pre-
serving the constitution of the United States against the effects of the pretensions of the State authorities aforesaid,
which, after full consideration, the committee believe not warranted by the constitution, nor deducible from any
fair and just interpretation of its principles and objects. The direct and inevitable tendencies of those pretensions,
in the opinion of the committee, would be, to deprive the Government of the United States of powers essentially
necessary to ensure the common defence, one of the great objects committed to its charge; to introducfe discordant
and contradictory counsels into the national deliberations, upon a point, too, of all others, most requiring union of
thought and of action; to change the fundamental character of the constitution itself, and thus eventually to produce
its destruction, by debilitating the Government, and rendering it incompetent to the great objects of its institution;
and to substitute in its stead Uie dismemberment of these United States, with all the horrible consequences respec-
tively resulting from disunion.
Committee Chamber, January 7, 1815.
The Committee of the Senate on Military Affairs having observed that differences exist between the authori-
ties of the United States and of some of the individual States, respecting the relative command of the officers of
the regular army and of the militia, when called to act together in certain cases, has instructed me to ask tor such
information upon that subject as may be in possession of your Department; and to inquire, whether, in your judg-
ment, some legislative provisions might not be adopted, which would tend to heal such diffi^rences, to prevent the
recurrence of others from the same cause, and to fiicilitate the operations of your Department in that respect?
Be pleased, sir, to accept assurances of my high consideration, &c.
WM. B. GILES, Chairman.
The Honorable James Monroe,
Secretary for the Department of War.
1815.] THE MILITIA.
605
Department of War, February 11, 1815.
hiR:
I liave had the honor to receive your letter of the 7th ultimo, stating that the Military Committee of the Senate
had observed that diiBculties had arisen between the authorities of the United States and some of the individual
States, respecting the relative command of the officers of the regular army and of the militia, when called to act
together, and were desirous of such intormation on the subject as this Department might possess, and of its- opinion
whether some legislative provisions might not be adopted which would tend to heal such ditterences, to prevent the
recurrence of the like for the same causes, and to facilitate the operations of the Department in other respects.
My late indisposition will, I trust, explain satisfactorily to the committee the cause of the delay of my answer
which I have much regretted. '
In complying with the request of the committee, it has appeared to me advisable to communicate all the docu-
ments in this Department relating to the objects of its inquiry. By a detailed view of the several measures which
have been adopted by the President, since the war, for the defence of the country, in discharge of the duties imposed
on him by the constitution and laws of the United States; of the objections to those measures by the Executives of
some of the States; and of the correspondence between this Department and the military authorities actin" under it,
with the Executives of such States, the committee will see the grounds of the differences which have attracted atten-
tion, and be enabled to judge how far any legislative interposition may be useful or proper.
The paper A contains a copy of the letters of the Secretary of War to (he Governors of the several States de-
tailing their respective quotas of militia, under the acts of Congress. '
B IS a copy of a report of the Secretary of War to the Military Committees of^the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, bearing date on the 21st day of December, 1812, communicating a division of the United States into
military districts, then contemplated by the Department of War, with the reasons for it; which division with cer-
tain modifications, was afterwards adopted. This report treats on some subjects not immediately within the scope
of the call of the committee, yet, treating in all its parts on tlie important subject of defence, and thereby intimately
connected with the object of the call, I have thought that a view of the whole paper, at this time, would not be
unacceptable.
C is a copy of the answers of the Governors of several of the States to the Department of War, on the requisi-
tions- made for parts of their quotas of militia under the several acts of Congress, and of the correspondence which
passed between them and the Department of War, and the commanders of the hiilitary districts, acting under it
within which those States were. ° '
D is a copy of a correspondence between the Governor of New Jersey and the Department of War, relatin" to
the appointment of the Governor of New York to the command of the military district No. 3; a copy of this cor-
respondence is presented, to communicate to the committee every circumstance that has occurred relating to the
command of the militia in the service of the United States. "
It appears by these documents, that the Governors of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, have ob-
jected to the requisitions made on their several States, for parts of their respective quotas of militia, on the followin"
grounds: 1st. That the President has no power to make a requisition for any portion of the militia, for eitlier of the
purposes specified by the constitution, unless the Executive of the State, on whose militia such call is made, admits
that the case alleged exists, and approves the call. 2d. That, when the militia of a State should be called into the
service of the United States, no officer of the regular army had a right to command them, or other person, not an
officer of the militia, except the President of the United States in person. These being the only difficulties which
have arisen between the Executive of the United States and the Executives of any of the individual States, relative
to the command of the militia, known to this Department, are, it is presumed, those respecting which the commit-
tee has asked information.
By these documents it is also shown, that certain portions of tlie militia were called out by the Executives of
these States, and a part ot them put into the service of the United States. These doctrines were nevertheless ad-
hered to. I do not go into a detail on these points, ileeming it unnecessary, as all the facts will be found in the
documents.
■Respecting, as I do, and always have done, the rights of the individual States, and believing that the preserva-
tion of those rights, in their full extent, according to a just construction of the principles of our constitution, is ne-
cessary to the existence of our Union, and of free government in these States, I take a deep interest in every ques-
tion which involves such high considerations. I have no hesitation, however, in declaring it as my opinion, that the
construction given to the constitution, by the Executives of these States, is repugnant to its principles, and of dan-
gerous tendency.
By the constitution. Congress has power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union,
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for
governing siich part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States, respec-
tively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according, to the discipline prescribed
by Congress.
The President is likewise made commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili-
tia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States.
The power which is thus given to Congress by the people of the United States, to provide for calling forth the
militia, for the purposes specified in the constitution, is unconditional. It is a complete power, vested in the
National Government, extending to all these purposes. If it was dependent on the assent of the Executives of the
individual States, it might be entirely frustrated. The character of the Government would undergo an entire and
radical change. The State Executives might deny that the case had occurred which justified the call, and withhold
the militia from the service of the General Government.
It was obviously the intention of the framers of the constitution, . that these powers, vested in the General Go-
vernment, shoul|d be independent of the States' authorities, and adequate to the ends proposed. Terms more com-
prehensive than those which have been used cannot well be conceived. Congress shall have power to provide for
calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union. What laws.' AU laws which may be constitutionally
made. Whatever laws are adopted for that purpose, within the just scope of that power, which do not violate the
restraints provided in favor of the ^reat fundamental principles of liberty, are constitutional, and ought to be obeyed.
They have a right to provide for calling forth the militia to suppress insurrections. This right is also unqualified.
It extends to every case of insurrection against the legitimate authority of the United States. It may be said that
the Government may abuse its authority, and force the people into insurrection, in defence of their rights. I do
not think that this is a probable danger under our system; or that it is the mode of redress, even if such abuse should
be practised, which a free people, jealous of their rights, ought to resort to. The right which they have to .change
their representatives, in the Legislative and Executive branches of the Government, at short intervals, and, thereby,
the whole system of measures, if they should think proper, is an ample security against the abuse, and a remedy for
it, if it should ever occur. Congress have also a right to provide for calling forth the militia to repel invasions.
This right, by fair construction, is, in my judgment, an exemplification of the power over the militia, to enable the
Government to prosecute the war with ett'ect, and not the limitation of it, by strict construction, to the special case
of a descent of the enemy on any particular part of our territory. War exists; the enemy is powerful; his prepa-
rations are extensive; we may expect his attacks in many quarters. Shall we remain inactive spectators of the dan-
gers which surround us, without making the arrangements suggested by an ordinary instinctive foresight, for our
defence? A regular army, in sufficient extent, may not exist. The militia is the principal resource. Is it possible
that a free people would thus intentionally trammel a Government which they had created for the purpose of sus-
taining them in their just rank, and in the enjoyment of all their rights, as a nation, against the encroachments of
other Powers, more especially after they had experienced that reliance could not be placed on the States individually,
and that, without a General Government, thus endowed, their best interests would be sacrificed, and even their in-
dependence insecure? A necessary consequence of so complete and absolute a restraint on the power of the Ge-
77 m
506 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
neral Government over the militia, would be to force the United States to resort to standing armies for all national
purposes. A policy so fraught with mischief, and so absurd, ought not to be imputed to a free people in this enlighten-
ed a^e. It ought not, more especially, to be imputed to the good people of these States. Such a construction of the
constitution is, in my opinion, repugnant to their highest interests, to the unequivocal intention of its framers, and
to the just and obvious import of the instrument itself.
The construction given to the constitution by the Executive is sanctioned by legislative authority, by the prac-
tice oftiie Government, and by the assent and acquiescence of all the States, since the adttption of the constitution,
to the period of the late unhappy differences, respecting which the committee has desired to be informed. By the law
of 1795. the President is authorized to call forth the militia, for the purposes mentioned in the constitution, by a
diiect application to the militia officers, without any communication with, or reference to, the Executives of the
individual States, and penalties are prescribed for carrying the law into effect, should resort to them be neces-
sary. It merits attention, in regard to the qiiestfon under consideration, that the power given to the President to
call forth the militia, is not made dependent, by this law, on the fact of an invasion having actually occurred, but
takes effect in case of imminent dangerof it. In the year 1795, the President of the United States, on the certi-
ficate of a Judge of the Supreme Court, that an insuirection existed in tlie western parts of Pennsylvania, called
out the militia of several of the States, inckiding the militia of Pennsylvania, to suppress it; which call was obeyed.
In this instance, the assent of the Governoi'of Pennsylvania to the existence of an insurrection was not asked..
General AVashington, who then held the ofKce of Chief Magistrate, relied exclusively on the powers of the General
Government for the purpose. The opinion of the same Chief Magistrate, of the power of the General Government
over the militia, was also made k'nown by another distinguished act of his administration. By a report of General
Knox, the then Secretary of AVar, to Congress, this doctrine is maintained to the utmost extent,' and exemplifica-
tions of it insisted on, which prove, that, from the natuie of our population, the militia was the force which, in his
judgment, ought principally to be relied on for all national purposes.
In the instances under consideration, powers are granted to Congress for specified purposes, in distinct terms.
A right to carry powers, thus granted, into effect, follows of course. . The Government to whom they are granted
musfjudgc of the means necessary for the purpose, subject to the checks provided by the system. It.adopts a mea-
sure authorized, supervises its execution, and sees the impediments to it. It has a right to amend the law to carry
the power into effect. If any doubt existed on this point, in any case, on general principles, and 1 see cause for
none, it cannot in the present — a power having been explicitly granted to Congress, by the constitution, to pas:; all
necessary and proper laws for carrying into execution the powers which are vested in the General Governinent.
Equally unfounded, in my opinion, is the other objection of the Executives of the States above mentioned, that,
when the militia of a State are called into the service of the United States, no officer of the regular army, or other
person, not a militia officei", except the President of the United States, in person, has a right to command them.^
When the militia are called into the service of the United States, all State authority over them ceases. They
constitute a part of the national force, for the time, as essentially as do the troops of the regular army. Like the re-
gular troops, they are paid by the nation. Like them, their operations ^re directed by the same Government. The
circumstance, that the ofiicers of the militia are appointed by, and trained under, the authority of the State, indi-
vidually, (which must, however, be done according to the discipline prescribed by Congress) produces no effect on
the great character of our political institutions, or on the character and duties of the militia, when called into the
service of the United States.
• That the President, alone, has a right to command the militia in person when called into the service of the United
States, and that no officer of the regular army can take the command in his absence, is a construction for which I
can see nothing in the constitution to afi'ord the slightest pretext. Is it inferred from the circumstance, that he is
appointed commander-in-chief of the militia, when called into the service of the United States.'' The same clause
appoints him commander-in-chief of tlie land and naval forces of the United States. In construction of law he is
commander-in-chief, though not present. His presence is not contemplated in either case. Equally necessary is it
in the one as in the other. What has been the practice tinder the constitution, commencing with tlie first chief Ma-
gistrate, and pursuing it under his successors, to the present time.' Has any President ever commanded, in person,
either the laud and naval forces, or the militia.' Is it not known that the power to do it is vested in him, principally,
for the purpose of giving him the control over military and naval operations, being a necessary attribute of the exe-
cutive branch of the Government? That, although he might take the command of all the forces under it, no Presi-
dent has ever done it.' That a provision for the actual command is an object of legislative regulation, and the selec-
tion of the person to whom committed, of executive discretion. . ■...
Under the commander, all the ofiicers of every species of service and corps, regular and militia,, acting together,
take rank with common consent, and perfect harmony, according t(i an article of war, sanctioned by the constitu-
tion. By this article, die officers of the regular army take rank of those of the militia of the same grade, without
regard to the dates of their commissions, and officers of any and every grade of the militia take rank of all officers
of inferior grade of the regular army, AVhen these troops serve together they constitute but one national force.
They are gov,ei«ed by the same articles of war. The details for detachment, guard, or any other service, are made
from them equally. They are, in truth, blended together, as much as are the troops of the regular army when act-
ing by themselves only. .
The idea advanced by the honorable Judges of Massachusetts, that, where the regular troops and militiaact toge-
ther, and are commanded in person by the President, who withdraws, there can be no chief commander, of right,
of either species offeree, over the whole', but that the regulars and militia, as implied, may even be considered as
allied forces, is a consequence of the construction tor which they contend. It pushes the doctine of State rights fur-
ther than I have ever known it to be carried in any other instance. It is only in the case of Powers who are com-
pletely independent of each other, and who maintain armies, and prosecute war, against a common enemy, for ob-
jects equally distinct and independent, that this doctrine can apply. It does not apply to the case of one indepen-
dent Power who takes into its service the troops of another: for then the command is always at the disposal of the
Power making war, and employing such troops, whether regular or militia. How much less does it apply to the
case uniler consideration, where there is but one Power, and one Government, and the troops, whether regular or
militia, though distinguished by shades of character, constitute' but one people, and are, iu fact, countrymen, friends.
The President is in himself no bond of union in that respect. He holds his station as commander-in-chief of the
land and naval forces, and of the militia, under a constitution which binds us together as one people, for that .and
many other important purposes. His absence would nut dissolve the bund. It would not revive discordant latent
claims, or become a signal for disorganization. ' ' . r . ■ ,
Tlw judicious selection of the chief commander, for any expedition or important station, is an object of high
interest to the nation. Success often depends on it. The right to do this appears to me to have been explicitly
vested in the President, by the authority given to Congress to provide for calling forth the militia, tor organizing,
armin" disciplining, and governing them, when employed in the service of the United States, and by the powers
vested in him as Ciiief Executive of the United States. The rights of that highly respectable and virtuous body of
our fellow-citizens, are, I am persuaded, completely secured, when the militia officers commanding corps are re-
tained in their command— a Major General over his division, a Brigadier over his brigade, a Colonel over his regi-
ment, and the inferior officers in their respective stations. These rights are not injured or affected by the exercise
of the right of the Chief Magistrate; a right incident to the Executive power, equally applicable to every species
offeree, and of high importance to the public, to appoint a commander over them, of the regular army, \yhen era-
ployed in the service of the United States, if he should deem it expedient. The rights of the niilitia officers and
those of th.e General Government are strictly compatible with each other. There is no collision between them.
To displace militia officers for the employment of regulars, or to multiply commands of a separate character,
especially of small bodies, for that purpose, would be improper.
In dividing the United States into military districts, and placing a General of the regular army in command m
1815.] THE MILITIA. qqj.
each, with such portion of the regular force, artillery, and infantry, as could be spared from other service, it was
the object of the President to afford the best protection to every part of the Union that circumstances would admit
of, with the least burthen which might be possible to the people. These commanders were specially charged with
the defence of their respective districts. It was enjoined on them to watch the movements of the enemy, to com-
municate them to the Government, and to execute its orders in summoning to the field, on menace of invasion,
such portions of the quotas of the militia of each State, within their respective districts, as had been provided for by
act of Congress, and detailed by this Department, as were thought necessary.
When this arrangement was entered into, it will be observed that there was no menace of immediate invasion,
and but (ew nulitia in the field. It was intended as a measure of precaution, to guard against possible, but, as was
hoped and presumed, distant dangers.^ The Executive had then no alternative between that arrangement and a:ny
otiiei-. The militia ofticers of rank afforded none. They were at home; for the Executive has no power, under
existing laws, to call them into the field, without a command of men suited to their rank; and even when thus
called forth, their term of service must expire with that of the men wham they command. These facts show, that
nothing was more remote from the intentions of the Government, than to disregard the just claims of our fellow-
citizens of the militia. They show, also, how difficult it is to provide, by any arrangement which can be adopted,
for a general and permanent defence of our principal cities and seaboard, without employing officers who are always
in service, in the principal commands at least, for the purpose.
It is admitted that, by the increased pressure of the vyar, in consequence of which much larger bodies of militia
have been called into service, and with them many general oflicers of experience and merit, these difficulties have
proportiqn.ably diminished. Of these officers, several have been already advanced to distinguished commands, with
great satisfaction to their fellow-citizens, and advantage to their country. The committee may be assured that
opportunities of this kind, regarding the obligation of a just responsibility, will be seized by the Executive with
pleasure.
How far these differences may be healed, or the recurrence of the like in future be prevented, by legislative
provisions, the comniittee, on a full view of these documents, arki on a due consideration of the whole subject, will
be able to decide, ft is proper, however, to remark, that the divisions of the country into military districts, so far
as relates to that special object, requires no legislative sanction, if indeed it admits of one. The definition of boun-
dary was intended fi)r the purpose of prescribing a limit to the civil duties, if they may be so called, rather than
the military, of the commander of each district; rather to the period preceding an invasion, with a view to the ne-
cessary preparatory measures for repelling it, than after it should take place. An invasion by a large force would
probably require' the concentration of all our troops along the sea coast, who might be brought to act in it. In such
an event, all limitations of boundary, to the several commanders, would .cease. The march of the enemy would
regulate that of our armies, who would from every quarter be directed against them.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your most obedient and very humble servant,
JAMES MONROE.
A.
Copy of a letter froin TVUliam Eustis, Secretary ofTVar, to the Governors of States, dated
War Department, ^pril I5th, 1812.
I am instructed by the President of the United States to call upon the Executives of the different States to take
effectual measures to organize, arm, and equip, according to law, and hold in readiness, to march at a moment's
warning, their respective proportions of one hundred thousand milit:ia, officers included, by virtue of an act of Con-
gress, passed the 10th instant, entitled " An act to authorize a detachment from the militia of the United States."
This, thei-efore, is to require your Excellency to take effectual measures for having of the militia of
(being her quota) detached and duly organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divi-
sions, within the shortest periods that circumstances will permit, and, as nearly as possible, in tjie following propor-
tions of artillery, cavalry, and infantry, viz: one-twentieth part of artillery, one-twentieth part of cavalry, and the
residue infantry.
There will, however, be no objection, on the part of the P^sidentof the Uniteii States, to the admission of a
proportion of riflemen, duly organized in distinct corps, and not exceeding one- tenth part of the whole quota of
the States, respectively. Each corps should be properly aimed and equipped lor actual service.
When the detachment and organization shall have been effected, the respective corps will be exercised under
the officers set over them, but will not remain embodied, or be considered as in actual service, until, by subsequent
orders, they shall be directed to take the field.
Your Excellency will please to direct that correct muster rolls and inspection returns be made of the several
corps, and that copies thereof be transmitted to this Department as early as possible.
Copy of a letter from WilUam Eustis, Esq. Secretary of War, to the Governor of Massachusetts, dated
War Department, June 13, 1812.
Sir:
I am directed by the President to request your Excellency to order into the service of the United States, on
the requisition of Major General Dearborn, such part of the quota of the militia of Massachusetts, detached con-
formably to the act of the 10th April, 1812, as he may deem necessary for the defence of the seacoast.
I am. &c.
Note. — I^ similar letter addressed to the Governors of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.
Copy of a letter from William Eustis, Secretary of War, to His Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachu-
setts, dated
Sir: July 21, 1812.
By information received from Major General Dearborn, it appears that the detachment from the militia of
Massachusetts, for the defence of the maritime frontier, required by him under the authority of the President, by
virtue of the act of the 10th April, 1812, have not been marched to the several stations assigned them.
Inasmuch as longer delay may be followed with distress to a certain portion of our fellow-citizens, and with
injurious consequences to our country, I am commanded by the President to inform your Excellency that this
arrangement of the militia was preparatory to the inaich of the regular troops to the Northern frontier. .The exi-
gencies of the service have required, and orders have accordingly been given, to Major General Dearborn, to move
tiie regular troops to that frontier, leaving a sufficient number to man the guns in the garrisons on the seaboard.
The execution of this order increases, as your Excellency cannot fail to observe, the necessity of hastening the
detached militia to their several posts, as assigned by General Dearborn; in which case they will, of course, be
considered in the actual service and pay of the United States.
The danger of invasion, which existed at the time of issuing the order of the President, increases, and I am
specially directed by the President to urge this consideration on your Excellency, as requiring the necessary order
to be given for the immediate march of the several detachments, specified by General Dearborn, to their respective
posts.
I have the honor to be, &c.
g08 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
Extract, of a letter from John Armstrong, Secretary of War, to the Governor of Connecticut, dated
August 9, 1813.
Whenever militia are called out, the contractor»or his agent should be required to supply according to the con-
tract.
Circular letter from John Armstrong, Secretary of War, to the Governors of the respective States, dated
... July 4, 18U.
Sir:
The late pacification in Europe offers to the enemy a large disposable force, both naval and military, and'
with it the means of giving to the war here a character of new and increased activity and extent.
AVithout knowing, with certainty, that such will be its application, and, still less, that any particular point or
points will become objects of attack, the President has deemed it advisable, as a measure of precaution, to strengthen
ourselves on the line of the Atlantic, and (as the principal means of doing this will be found in the militia) to in-
vite the Executives of certain States to organize and hold in readiness, for immediate service, a corps of ninety-
three thousand five hundred men, under the laws of the 28th of February, 1795, and 18th of April, 1814.
The enclosed detail will show your Excellency what, under this requisition, will be the quota of —. As
far as volunteer uniform companies can be found, they will be preferred.
The expediency of regarding (as well in the designations of the militia, as of their places of rendezvous) the
points, the importance or exposure of which will be most likely to attract the views of the enemy, need but be sug-
gested. . .
A report of the organization of your quota, when completed, and of its place or places of rendezvous, will be
acceptable.
I have tite honor to be, &c.
Extract of a letter from John Armstrong, Secretary of War, to Nathaniel Searle, Jun. Adjutant General of
Militui, State of Rhode Island, dated
July 9, 1814.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th instant, accompanied by sundry documents
in relation to the defence of the Atlantic frontier of the State of Rhode Island.
The State troops, if considered part of the militia, or as substitutes therefor, will be taken into the service of
the United States as the quota of Rhode Island, under the requisition of the 4th instant, and will be designated for
the defence of that State.
B.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe, acting Secretary of War, to the Chairman of the Military Committee, datfd
Department of War, December 23, 1812.
I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 21st instant, requesting such information as this Department
may possess, respecting the defects in the organization of the general staft' of the army, and in the laws relating .to
volunteers; and requesting, also, the opinion of this Department, as to the propriety of augmenting the present
military force, and, in case of augmentation, of what description of troops it ought to consist.
The committee of each House of Congress having called on the Department of War for information on the same
points, I shall have the honor to make to each committee tlie same report. The enclosed remarks go to several ol'
the inquiries suggested in your letter, and contain the views of the Department on the several subjects to which
they relate- The pressure of business has forced me to give them a shape rather informal. A copy of them I have
sent to-day to the Committee of the House of Representatives, and hasten to forward a like copy to you.
EXPLANATORY OBSERVATIONS.
To make this war eftectual, as to its just obj|ects, so much of the physical force of the country must be brought
into activity as will be adequate. The force exists in an abundant degree, and it is only necessary to call it forth,
and make a proper use of it. This force must be employed alike in defensive and oflensive operations. The ex-
posed parts of our own country claim a primary attention. After providing for their defence, all the remaining
force may be employed in oflensive operations. I will begin with that part which requires protection.
Defence of tjie Coast.
The whole coast, from our Northern limits to St. Mary's, should be divided into military districts.
Boston, including New Hampshire and Massachusetts, to constitute one.
Newport, including Rhode Island and Connecticut, another.
New York, including the State of New York and Jersey, a third.
Philadelphia, including Pennsylvania and Delavi'are, a fourth.
Norfolk, including Maryland and Virginia, a fifth.
Charleston, Including North and South Carolina, and Georgia, a sixth.
At Boston, and at each of the other posts, let a company of artillery, or more than one, according to circum-
stances of the regular army, and a small portion of its infantry, be stationed. Let them be placed under the com-
mand of a Brigatlier, in the following manner, and let him have attached to him an engineer. This force will con-
stitute the nucleus of a little army, to be formed in case of invasion of the militia, volunteers, or such other local
force, as may be specially organizefl for the purpose.
This apportionment is intended to give an idea. It would be carried into detail by the Executive.
At Boston, including a suitable proportion of artillery, and at Eastport, and other ports eastward, - 600
At Newport, with a company of artillery, - - - -- - - - 350
At New York, with a suitable proportion of artillery, ------- 1,000
At Philadelphia, with a company of artillery, - - - - - - - - 200
Norfolk, with a company of artillery at Annapolis, ------- 300
North Carolina, one company of artillery, --....--- lOO
Charleston, with a company of artillery, - - - - - - -- 300
By placing a general officer of the regular army, of some experience, in command, at each of these stations,
charged with the protection of the country, to his right and left, to a certain extent suitable provision will be made
for the whole. The country will have confidence, and, by degrees, a system of defence, suited to any emergency,
may be prepared for the whole coast. This may be done by the local force with economy, and vvhat is also of great
importance, without drawing at any time for greater aid on the regular force of the nation, which may be employed
1815.] THE MILITIA, - 609
in offensive operations elsewhere. There shouhl be some flying artillery at each station, ready moiftited, and pre-
pared to move in any direction which may be necessary. An engineer will be useful, to plan and execute any
works which may appear proper for the defence of the principal station, or any other within each military district.
It may be said that it is not probable that the enemy will attempt an invasion of any part of the coast described,
with a view to retain it, and less so for the purpose of desolation. It is nevertheless possible, and, being so, provi-
sion ought to be made against the danger. An unprotected coast may invite attacks which would not otherwise be
thought of. It is believed that the atrangement proposed will be adequate, and that none can be devised, to l)e so,
whicli would prove more econoinical.
For Savannah and East Florida, special provision must be made. Whether East Florida is left in possession oi
Spain, or taken immediate possession of by the United States, in either case, it menaces the United States witli
danger to their vital interests. While it is held by Spain, it will be used as a British province, for annoying us in
every mode in which it may be made instrumental to that end. The ascendancy which the British Government
has over the Spanish regency, secures to Great Britain that advantage while the war lasts. We find tliat, at pre-
sent, the Creek Indians are excited against us, and an asylum afforded to the slaves of the Southern States who
seek it there. To guard the United States against the attempts of the British Government, in that vulnerable
qiiarter, the province remaining in the hands of the Spanish authorities, a force of about two thousand regular troops
will be requisite. It will require no more to hold it, should possession be taken by the United States.
For New Orleans and Natchitoches, including the Mobile and West Florida, about two thousand five hundred
men will be necessary. A local force may be organized in that quarter in aid of it, which, it is believed, will be
adequate to any emergency.
The next object is Detroit and Maiden, including the protection of the whole of our Western frontier. For
these, it is believed that two thousand regular troops, with such aids as may be drawn from the States of Kentucky
and Ohio, will be amply suflicient.
The following, then, is the regular force requisite for the defence of those places:
Boston, -..-.--- 600
Newport, Rhode Island, - - - - - - 350
New York, - - - . - - . - - 1,000
Philadelphia, - - - - - ' - - 900
Norfolk, - - ■ - - - - , . - - 300
North Carolina, - - ... . ' ... iqo
Charleston, - - - - - - - 300
Savannah and East Florida, . ' - - - - - - 2,000
New Orleans, Mobile, &c. - - , - - - - 2,500
Detroit, Maiden, &c. - - - - . - - - 2,000
9,350
This leaves a force of about twenty-six thousand regular troops, consisting of infantry, artillery, and cavalry,
provided the whole force contemplated by law is raised and kept in the field, to be employed in offensive operations
against Niagara, Kingston, Montreal, and all Lower Canada, and likewise against Halifax. This whole force, however,
even if raised, cannot be counted on as effective. The difference between the force on the muster rolls, and the
effective force in the field, through a campaign, is generally estimated at a deficiency in the latter of one-fourth,
with troops who have already seen service. With young troops, it may be placed at one-third. Take from the no-
minal force ten thousand, and it would leave about sixteen thousand for these latter purposes.
Will this force be sufficient? This will depend of course on the number of the Britisii force which may be
opposed to us. It is believed that the British force at Niagara, and its neighborhood; at Kingston, Montreal, Que-
bec, and in all Lower Canada, ought to be estimated at twelve thousand regulars, and several thousand militia:
say, in all, sixteen or eighteen thousand, and at Halifax, at three thousand.
To demolish the British force, from Niagara to Quebec, would require, to make the thing secure, an efficient
regular army of twenty thousand men, with an army of reserve of ten thousand. The commander ought to have
power to dispose of them as he thought tit. The movement against Niagara and Lower Canada ought to be in
concert, and of course under the control of the same commander, who, alone, could be a competent judge of the
suitable time and manner. A corps of reserve is indispensable to guard against casualties, especially with raw
troops. Nothing should be left to hazard. The expedition should be of a character to inspire a certainty of suc-
cess, from which the best consequences would result. Our troops would be more undaunted, and those of the
enemy proportionably more dismayed. In the interior, on both sides, the effect would be equally salutary; with
us, it would aid in filling our ranks with regular troops, and drawing to the field such others as occasion might
require; with the enemy, the effect would be equally in our favor. It would soon drive from the field the Canadian
militia, and, by depressing the spirits of the people, interrupt and lessen the supplies to the British army.
If the conquest of Canada should prove to be easy, a part of this force might be directed against Hahflrx; but
for that purpose a force should be specially provided, to consist of not less than six thousand men. Before this
time next year, the honor and interest of the United States require that the British torses be driven into Quebec
and Halifax, and be taken there, if possible. They must, at all events, be excluded from every foot of territory
beyond the reach of their cannon. This may be done, if timely and suitable measures are adopted for the purpose,
and they be executed with vigsr and skill.
If the Government could raise and keep in the field thirty -five thousand regular troops, the legal complement
of the present establishment, the deficiency to be supplied, even to authorize an expedition against Halifax, would
be inconsiderable; Ten thousand men would be amply sufficient; but there is danger of not being able to raise
that force, and to keep it at that standard. The estimate, therefore, of the force to be raised for the next campaign,
in addition to the legal complement, should cover any probable deficiency in it, as well as the addition which ought
to be made to it. My idea is, that provision ought to be made for raising twenty thousand men in addition to the
present establishment. How shall these men be raised? Shall new regiments be added to the standing army to
constitute a part of it; the volunteer acts be relied on; or any other expedient adopted?
The first question to be answered is, can more than the force contemplated by the present military establisii-
ment be raised in time for the next campaign, and that force be kept in the field by new recruits to supply losses
produced by the casualties of war? Will the state of our population, the character and circumstances of the people
who compose it, justify a reliance on such a resource alone?
The experiments heretofore made, even under the additional encouragement given by the acts passed at the last
session of Congress, and the excitement produced by the war, though great, torbid it. Abundant and noble proofs
of patriotism have been exhibited by our citizens in those quarters where the approach and pressure of the enemy
have been most felt. Many thousands have rallied to the standard of their country; but it has been to render
voluntary service, and that for short terms. The increase of the regular army has been slow, and the amount raised,
compared with the number sought, inconsiderable. Additional encouragement may produce a more important
result; but still there is cause to fear that it will not be in the degree called for by the present emergency. It, then,
there is cause to doubt success, that doubt is a sufficient motive for the Legislature to act on, and to appeal, m aid
of the existing resource, to another, not likely to fail. i. ■ cc
In rejecting a reliance on the regular military establishment alone, for the force necessary to give ettect to the
next campaign, tlie alternative is too obvious to be mistaken by anyone. The occurrences of the present year
designate it m the most satisfactory manner. The additional force must be raised fur a short terra, under every
encouragement to the patriotism of the people which can be given consistently with the circumstances of the coun-
try, and without interfering with enlistments into the old corps. The volunteer acts of the last session may be the
basis on which this additional force may be raised; but those acts must be radically altered to enable the President
610 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
to raise the force. Experience has not been less instructive on this very important point. Although whole sections
of our country, and among them many of our most distinguished and estimable citizens, have risen in arms and
volunteered tlieir services, and marched in the ranks, it has not been done under the volunteer acts. Those acts
contemplate a beginning at the wrong end, and require too long an engagement to produce the desired effect. They
contemplate a movement in no particular quarter, and by no particular person; they require that the people shall
take the affair up of their own accord, enrol themselves into companies, and then recommend their officers to the
President; and that the President shall not appoint the field officers untit a sufficient number of companies are
formed to constitute a regiment. Thus it may happen that companies from different States, all strangers to each
other, may be thrown into a regiment, and that the field officers appointed to command them may be strangers alike
to all the company officers and men. They contemplate, also, an enrolment for thi-ee years, with a service only
of one; conditions, which, in themselves, could not fail to defeat the object, as they enlist on their side not one
motive to action. The patriot citizen, who really wished to serve his country, would spuni the restraint imposed
on him of two years of inactivity out of three, and enter the regular army, where he would find active eijiployment
for the whole term of his enlistment. And the farmer, the merchant, and the artist, willing to make a sacrifice of a
certain portion of their time to the urgent calls of their country, would find a check to that impulse by the obliga-
tion they must enter into for so long a term; and by allowing no bounty, no pecuniary inducement nor aid to ena-
ble a man to leave home is offered. It is impossible that such a project should succeed on an extensive scale. The
ardent patriotism of a few, in detached circles of our countiy, may surmount these obstacles; but such e.xamples
will be rare.
To give effect to such a measure the President alone should have the appointment of all the officers under the
rank of Colonel, and it should be made in the following manner: He should first select such prominent men as had
merited, and acquired, by a virtuous conduct, the confidence of their fellow-citizens, and confer on them, with the
advice and consent of the Senate, the rank of Colonel, and then confide to them the selection and recommendation
of all their officers, to be approved by the President. These men would go to their homes, look around the country
where they were known, and where they know every one, select the prominent men there, such as enjoyed the
esteem and confidence of their fellow-citizens, and recommend them, according to their respective pretensions, as
field officers, captains, and subalterns under them. Thus the service would be tiidy voluntary, as every man
would act under officers to whose appointment he had essentially contributed. The several corps would consist of
neighbors, friends, and brothers; example would animate to action; generous motives would be excited; patriotism
roused; and the ties of kindred would unite with the love of country and of free government to call our young men
to the field.
The first object is to complete the regular establishment to its legal complement, and to keep it there. The pay
of the soldiers has already been raised during the present session of Congress; but this, it is feared, will not afford a
sufficient inducement to fill the ranks within the requisite time. Let the bounty be raised to the sum of forty dol-
lars to each recruit, and let the officers receive the sum of five dollars per man, for all whom they may lecruit.
These additional encouragements will, it is presumed, secure the desired success. When filled, how keep the
regiments full.'' The presence of all the officers will be necessary, in that state, for their command; none could be
spared to recruit. Different expedients have occurred to supply supernumerary officers for the recruiting business.
It has, for example, been proposed to add a certain number of regiments, from fifteen to twenty, to the present mili-
tary establvshinent; but this would be to rely on that establishment alone; which, as is presumed, it would be highly
improper to dc. This plan is further objectionable, on account of the expense attending it; and likewise, as it would
create delay in the organization of the corps and appointment of the officers. The same objections are applicable to
the addition of a company to each battalion, not to mention others. On much consideration, the following expedient
has occurred as most eligible. Let one field officer, a major, be added to each, regiment, and a third lieutenant to
each company. This will allow a field officer and ten company officers from each regiment, for the recruiting ser-
vice, which would be sufficient. .
The additional force proposed for one year is intended to supply the probable deficiencies in the present military
establishment. This force being to be raised for a shorter term, and for a special purpose, it is presumed that much
aid may be drawn from that source, and with great despatch, for the purposes of the next caftnpaign. It is probable,
also, that it may be done without essentially interfering with enlistments into the old corps, as most of the men who
may enter into this, might not be willing to engage in them.
If a lingering war is maintained, the annual disbursements will 'be' enormous. Economy requires that it be
brought to a termination with the least possible delay. If a strong army is led to the field early in thg spring, the
British power on this continent must sink before it; and when once broken down, it will never rise again. The re-
conquest of Canada will become, in the opinion of all enlightened men, and of the whole British nation, a chimerical
attempt. It will, therefore, be abandoned: but if delay takes place, reinforcements may be expected, and the war
be prolonged. It is to save the public money, and the lives of our people, and the Ironor of the nation, that high
bounties and premiums, and the most vigorous exertions in other respects, are advised. The prolongation of the
war, for a single campaign, would exceed these expenditures more than ten-fold. ''
Boston. August 5, 1812.
Sir: ^ • '
I received your letter of the 21st of July, when at Northampton, and the next day came to Boston. The
people of this State appear to be under no apprehension of an invasion. Several towns, indeed, on the sea coast,
soon after the declaration of war, applied to the Governor and Council for arms and ammunition,.similar to the arti-
cles of that kind which had been delivered to them by the State in the course of the last war, and in some instances
they were supplied accordingly. But they expressed no desire that any part of the militia should be called out for
their defence; and, in some cases, we were assured that such a measure would be disagreeable to them.
You observe, in your last letter, that the danger of invasion, which existed at the time of issuing the orders of
the President, increases.
It would be difficult to infer, from this expression, that, in your opinion, that danger is now very considerable;
as the President's order must have been issued before war was declared, your former letter being dated the 12th of
June, and General Dearborn's, who was then at Boston, on the 22d of that month; besides, it can hardly be sup-
posed that, if this State had been in great danger of invasion, the troops would have been called from hence to carry
on offensive operations in a distant province; however, as it was understood that the Governor of Nova Scotia had, by
proclamation, forbid any incursions or depredations upon our territories, and as an opinion generally prevailetl that
the Governor had no authority to call the militia into actual service, unless one of the exigencies contemplated by the
constitution exists, I thought it expedient to call the Council together, and having laid before them your letter, and
those I had received from General Dearborn, I requested their advice on the subject of them.
The Council advised, " That they are unable, from a view of the constitution of the United States, and the letters
aforesaid, to perceive that any exigency exists which can render it advisable to comply with the said requisition;
but, as upon important questions of law, and upon solemn occasions, the Governor and Council have authority to re-
quire the opmion of the Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court, it is advisable to request the opinion of the Supreme
Court upon the following questions, viz. :
" f *^u ^^'^^t'i'^''<he commanders-in-chief of the militia of the several States have a right to determine whether
any ot the exigencies contemplated by the constitution of the United States exist, so as to require them to place the
mditia, or any part of it, in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by
him pursuant to acts of Congress.?
" 2d. Whether, when either of the exigencies e.xist, authorizing the employing the militia in the service of the
1815.] THE MILITIA.
611
United States, the militia, thus employed, can be lawfully commanded by any officer but of the militia, except bv
the President of the United States.'" ' '
I enclose a copy of the answers given by the judges to these questioHS.
Since the Council were called, a person deputed by the towns of Eastport and Robinston, on our eastern bound-
ary, at Passamaquoddy, applied to me, representing that they had no apprehensions of invasion by an authorized
British force, but that there were many lawless people on the borders, from whom they were in danger of predato-
ry incursions, and requesting that they might be furnished with some arms and ammunition, and that three compa-
nies of mihtia might be called out for then; protection. The Council advised that they should be supplied with such
arms and ammunition as were necessary for their present defence, which has been ordered. They also advised me
to call into the service of the United States, three companies of the detached militia, for the purpose above men-
tioned. I have this day issued an order for calling out three companies of the detached militia, to be marched forth-
with to Passamaquoddy, and to be commanded by a major; two of the companies will be stationed at Eastport, and
one company at Robinston, until the President shall otherwise direct.
I have no intention officially to interfere in the measures of the General Government; but, if the Piesident was
fully acquainted with the situation of this State, I think he would have no wish to call our militia into service in the
manner proposed by General Dearborn.
It is well known that the enemy will tind it difficult to spare troops sufficient for the defence of their own terri-
tory, and predatory incursions are not likely to take place in this State: for, at every point, except Passamaquoddy
which can present an object to those incursions, the people are too numerous to be attacked by such parties as gene-
rally engage in expeditions of that kind.
General Dearborn proposed that the detached militia should be stationed at only a few of the ports and places
on the east; from the rest, a part of their militia were to be called away. This circumstance would increase their
danger; it would invite the aggressions of the enemy, and diminish their power of resistance.
The whole coast of Cape Cod is exposed as much as any part of the State to depredations; part of the militia
mxist, according to this detailin" order, be marched from their homes; and yet no place in the old colony of Ply-
mouth is assigned to be the rendezvous of any of the detached militia.
Every harbor or port within the State has a compact settlement; and, generally, the country around the harbors
is populous. The places contemplated in General Dearborn's specification, as the rendezvous of the detached mi-
litia, excepting in otie or two instances, contain more of the militia than the portion of the detached militia assigned
to them. The militia are well organized, and would undoubtedly prefer to defend their firesides, in company with
their friends, under their own officers, rather than be marched to some distant place, while strangers mi-'ht be intro-
duced to take their places at home. '^
In Boston the militia is well disciplined, and could be mustered in an hour, upon any signal of an approachin"
enemy; and in six hours, the neighboring towns would pour in a greater force than any invading enemy will bring
against it.
The same remark applies to Salem, Marblehead, and Newburyport; places whose harbors render an invasion
next to impossible. In all of them there are, in addition to the common militia, independent corps of infantry and
artillery, well disciplined and equipped, and ready, both in disposition and means, to repair to any place where in-
vasion may be threatened, and able to repel it, except it should be made by a fleet of heavy ships; against which
nothing, perhaps, but strong fortifications, garrisoned by regular troops, would prove any defence unt'il the enemy
should land, when the entire militia would be prepared to meet them.
Kennebunk is unassailable by any thing but boats, which the numerous armed population is competent to resist.
Portland has a militia and independent corps, sufficiently numerous for its defence; and the same is the case with
Wiscasset and Castine.
Against predatory incursions, the militia of each place would be able to defend their property, and in a very short
time they would be aided, if necessary, by the militia of the surrounding country. In case of a more serious inva-
sion, whole brigades, or divisions, could be collected seasonably for defence. Indeed, considering the state of the
militia in this commonwealth, I think there can be no doubt that, detaching a part of it, and distributing it into
small portions, will tend to impair the defensive power. "^
I have thus freely expressed to you my own sentiments, and, so far as I have heard, they are the sentiments of
the best informed men. I am fully disposed to afford all the aid to the measures of the National Government which
the constitution requires of me; but, I presume, it will not be expected or desired that I shall fail in the duty which
I owe to the people of this State, who have confided their interests to my care.
I am, sir, with respect, your most obedient and humble servant,
CALEB STRONG.
The Hon. Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War.
To his Excellency the Governor and the Honorable the Council of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the un-
dersigned. Justices qf the Supreme Judicial Court, have considered the questions proposed by your Excellency
and Honors for their opinion.
By the constitution of this State, the authority of commanding the militia of the commonwealth is vested ex-
clusively in the Governor, who has all the power incident to the office of commander-in-chief, and is to exercise
them personally, or by subordinate officers under his command, agreeably to the rules and regulations of the con-
stitution, and the laws of the land.
While the Governor of the commonwealth remained in the exercise of these powers, the Federal constitution
was ratified; by which was vested in- the Congress a power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions, and to provide for governing such part of them as may
be employed in the service of the United States, reserving.to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers.
The Federal constitution further provides, that the President shall be Cominander-in chief of the army of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States \yhen called into the actual service of the United States.
On the construction of tiie Federal and State constitutions must depend the answers to die several questions
proposed. As the militia of the several States may be employed in the service of the United States, for the three
specific purposes of executing the laws of the Union, of suppressing insurrections, and of repelling invasions, the
opinion of the judges is requested, whether the Commanders-in-chief of the militia of the several States have a
right to determine whether any of the exigencies aforesaid exist, so as to require them to place the militia, or any
part of it, in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by him, pursuant to
acts of Congress.
It is the opinion of the undersigned, that this right is vested in the Commanders-in-chief of the militia of the
several States.
The Federal constitution provides that, whenever either of those exigencies exist, the militia may be employed
pursuant to some act of Congress, in the service of the United States; but no power is given, either to the President
or to Congress, to determine that either of the said exigencies do in fact exist. As this power is not delegated to
the United States by the Federal constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, it is reserved to the States, respec-
tively; and from the nature of the power, it must be exercised by those with whom the States have respectively en-
trusted the chief command of the militia.
It is the duty of these commanders to execute this important trust, agreeably to the laws of their several States,
respectively, without reference to the laws or officers of the United States, in all cases, except those specially pro-
vided in the Federal constitution. They must, therefore, determine when either of the special cases exist, obliging
them to relinquish the execution of this trust, and to render themselves, and the militia, subject to the command oT
the President. A different construction, giving to Congress the right to determine when these special cases exist,
authorizing them to call forth the whole of the militia, and taking them from the Commanders-in-chief of the several
(512 MILITARY AFFAIRS. £1815.
States, and subjecting thetn to the command of the President, would place all tlie militia, in effect, at the will of
Congress, and produce a military consolidation of the States, without any constitutional remedy, against the inten-
tions of the people when ratifying the constitution. Indeed, since passing the act of Congress of February 28th,
1795, chapter 101, vesting in the President the power of calling forth the militia, when the exigencies mentioned in
the constitution shall exist, if the President has the power of determining when those exigencies exist, the militia of
the several States is, in effect, at his command, and subject to his control.
No inconveniences can reasonably be presumed to result from the construction which vests in the Commanders-
in-chief of the militia in the several States, the right of determining when the exigencies exist, obliging them to
place the militia in the service of the United vStates. These exigencies are of such a nature that the existence of
ihem can be easily ascertained by, or made known to, the Commanders-in-chief of the militia; and when ascer-
tained, the public interest will produce prompt obedience to the acts of Congress.
Another question proposed to the consideration of the judges, is, whether, when either of the exigencies exist,
authorizing the employing of the militia in the service of the United States, the militia thus employed can be law-
fully commanded by any officer but of the militia, except by the President of the United States? '
The Federal constitution declares, that the President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army of the United
States. He may, undoubtedly, exercise this command by officers of the army of the United States, by him cornmis
sioned according to law. The President is also declared to be the Commander-in-Chief of the militia of the several
States, when called into the actual service of the United States. .The officers of the militia are to be appointed by
the States, and the President may e'xercise his command of the militia by officers of the militia duly appointed; but-
we know of no constitutional provision, authorizing any officer of the army of the United States to command the
militia, or authorizing any officer of the militia to command the army of the United States. The Congress may pro-
vitle laws for the government of the militia, when in actual service; birt to extend this power to the placing them
under the command of an officer, not of the militia, except the President, would render nugatory the provision, that
the militia are to have officers appointed by the States.
The union of the militia in the actual service of the United States, with troops of the United States, so far as to
form one army, seems to be a case not provided for, or contemplated in the constitution. It is, therefore, not within
our department to determine on whom the command would devolve, on such an emergency, in the absence of the
President. Whether one officer, either of the militia or of the army of the United States, to be settled according
to military rank, should command the whole; whether the corps must be commanded by their respective officers,
acting m concert, as allied forces; or what other expedient should be adopted, are questions to be answered by
others.
The undersigned regret that the distance of the other justices of the Supreme Judicial Court renders it imprac-
ticable to obtain their opinions seasonably upon the questions submitted.
THEOPHILUS PARSONS,
SAMUEL SEWALL,
ISAAC PARKER.
Extract of a letter from General Dearborn to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District No. 1, Head Quarters, Boston, July 14, 1814.
From the exposed and unprotected situation of the military posts in this harbor, and the seaboard of this State
generally, and the threats and daily depredations of the enemy, I have concluded it my duty to exercise the au-
Siority vested in me by the President of the United States, by requesting the Governor to order out a detachment of
artillery and infantry. , „,. , ,
A copy of my letter to Governor Istrong, and of his answer, are enclosed:
Com of a letter from General Dearborn to his Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of the Stale of Massachusetts,
dated
Military District No. 1, Head Quarters, Boston, July 8, 1814.
The existing state of alarm on the seaboard of this commonwealth, arising from the daily depredations com-
mitted by the enemy on our coast, renders it desirable to afford some additional protection to the citizens generally
on the seacoast, and especially to the principal towns and villages; and, by virtue of authority derived from the Pre-
sident of the United States, I deem it my duty, at this time, to request that your Excellency will be pleased to give
the necessary orders for having detached, as early as circumstances will permit, armed and equipped as required by
law one major of artillery, two captains, eight lieutenants, thirteen sergeants, eleven corporals, six musicians, and
two'hundred privates; and one lieutenant colonel of infimtry, twojnajors, ten captains, thirty subalterns, one adju-
tant one quartermaster, one paymaster, one sergeant major, one quartermaster sergeant, two principal musicians,
fifty'serfeants fifty corporals, twenty musicians, and nine hundred privates, to remain in the service of the United
States for the term of three months, unless sooner discharged by order of the President of the United States. As it
will be necessary to have the artillery and infantry placed at the different posts on the seaboard of this State, it
would be desirable that, as far as practicable, they would be detached from the vicinity of the respective posts. The
intended distribution of^the detachment will be communicated to the Adjutant General of the State, previous to his
issuing the necessary orders. The proportion of officers, non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, is in
conformity with the present regulations of the Department of War, from which I am not authorized to admit of any
material deviation.
Copy of a letter from his Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of the State of Massachusetts, to General Dearborn,
dated
Northampton, July 12, 1814.
This morning I received your letter of the eighth instant. As you propose to communicate to General Brooks
your views, concerning the particular destination of the militia to be called out for the defence of the towns on the
seacoast of 'this State, I have written to him on the subject. ..•••. f .. \- * t
Your su-^eestion that the men should be detaciied, as far as may be, from the vicinity of the respective posts, 1
think is perfectly proper, and I have no doubt you will be able to make such arrangements with General Brooks as
will be satisfactory.
Extract of a letter from General Dearborn to the Secretary qf War, dated
Military District No. 1, Head Quarters, Boston, Sept. 5, 1814.
Sir"
Having received such information as is entitled to full credit, that the enemy, with a formidable naval and
land force, has arrived in Penobscot bay, and taken possession of Castine; and presuming his force, after forming a
place of arms at Castine, will, with such reinforcements as he may receive from Halifax, in addition to the naval
1815.] THE MILITIA. (313
force now in Boston Bay, attempt the destruction of the public sliips, and other public and private property on the
seaboard, I have deemed it necessary to request the Governors of tliis State and New Hampshire to order out, for
the defence of Boston harbor, Portsmoutii, Portland, and that part of the District of Maine between Kennebec river
and Penobscot, five thousand two hundred infantry and fi\'e hundred and fifty artillery, for the term of three
months, unless sooner discharged.
Extract of a letter from H. Dearborn to the Secretary of IFar, dated
Head Quarters, District No. I.Boston, October 15, 1814.
Sir: . ' ' '
In obedience to the direction in your letter, of the 27th ultimo, on the 2d instant I made a formal requisition
on Governor Strong for three hundred militia, to guard the prisoners at Pittsfield, and I enclosed to him a copy of
your letter, for the purpose of showing him the necessity of his compliance. Having waited until yesterday morn-
ing without any answer from his Excellency, I directed one of my aids to call on the Adjutant General of the State,
to ascertain whether he had received any order for making out the detachment for Pittsfield. The answer was,
that no direction had been received fiom the Governor to make su-ch delachuient.
Cop!/ of a letter from his Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of the State of Massachusetts, to the Secretary of
War, dated
Boston, September 7,- ISli.
The troops of the United States which, at different periods, were stationed on the seacoast of this State, have
been afterwards ordered to join the army on the Western frontiers, so that very few have remained in the State.
We have, therefore, (bund it necessary, in the course of the last and present year, to call out small bodies of the
militia, as guards to the towns most exposed. As the danger has increased, the number of detached militia has
been augmented, and I have now issued the enclosed general order for the protection of Boston, and the towns and
property in its neighborhood, and shall immediately issue an order of a similar kind for the security of the District
6f Maine.
A few weeks since, agreeably to the request of General Dearborn, I detached eleven hundred militia, for three
months, for the defence of our seacoast, and placed them under his command as Superintendent of this military
district; but such objections and inconveniences have arisen from that measure, that it cannot now be repeated.
The militia called out on this occasion will be placed under the immediate command of a Major General of the
militia.
I will thank you, sir, to consult with the Pi-esident. and inform me whether the expenses thus necessarily in-
curred for our protection will be ultimately reimbursed to this State by the General Government; and I shall be
particularly obliged if you will favor me with an answer as soon as may be, as the I^egislature of the State will
meet on the 5th of the next month.
GENERAL ORDERS.
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Head Quarters, Boston, September 6, 1814.
The war between the United States and Great Britain having lately become' more destructive, in consequence
of violations of our territory, by the forces of the enemy, which continue to menace our cities and villages, the ship-
ping in our harbors, and private property on shore, his Excellency the Commander-in-chief orders the whole of
the militia to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's warning, with arms, ammunition, and accoutre-
ments, as the laws of the United States, and of this State, require. Every man must likevvise be provided with a
good knapsack and blanket. Captains of companies must realize it to be one of their most solemn and imperious
duties to see the law respecting arms and equipments eOicaciously executed: but the Commander-in-chief relies
on the concurring aid of all the general and field officers, in encouraging the company officers in the discharge of
their duty. The Major Generals, and commanding officers of divisions, will give tjie necessary orders for an im-
mediate inspection of their several regiments, by companies. Every instance of deficiency of arms or equipments
should be forthwith supplied by the delinquent individual, or by the town to which he may belong, agreeably to the
requirements of the militia law.
The officers commanding regiments, battalions, and companies of artillery, will pay special attention, at this in-
teresting moment, to the state ot their field pieces, their carriages, and tumbrils, and see that every thing appertain-
ing to them is in the most perfect order for marching, and tor action, and, particularly, that suitable horses are
always engaged, and ready, at any moment, to be attached to their pieces, that they may be moved to any point
required, with celerity. All the companies of artillery now to be called into immediate service, besides the requi-
site supplies of fixed and other ammunition, will be furnished by the Quartermaster General, with prolonges and
bricoles. The Legislature of this State, always proud of its militia, has been particularly liberal in its artillery
establishment: antl the Commander-in-cliief promises himself, that, emulating the brilliant example of Knox, and
his heroic associates, in the artillery of the Revolution, they will be equally distinguished for their discipline as sol-
diers, and for their gallantry in the field. ....
Under possible events, the cavalry of the several divisions may be in requisition. Every motive, therefore, of
love of country, of honor, and sympathy for their fellow-citizens who may be suftiiring the perils of v.ar, will prompt
them to maintain the most perfect state of preparation, and to move, when called to the scene of action, with all
tlic rapidity of which cavalry is susceptible. The general officers, and the field officers of cavalry, as well as the
company officers, will direct their attention to the quality of the horses, and suffer no man to be mounted but upon
a horse sound and fit for actual service. A few had horses may occasion irretrievable disaster-
The Commander-in-chief having thus called tlie attention of all officers and soldiers of the militia to the obser-
vance of their several duties, at this eventful crisis, the more effectually to meet impending danger orders that all
the flank companies, whether of light infantry, grenadiers, or riflemen, of the 1st and 2d brigades of the 1st divi-
sion; two companies, viz: the one at Andover, and the other at Haverhill, of the 2d division; all the companies of
the 3d division, excepting the two companies in Charlestown; four companies of the 4th division; five companies of
the 5th division; eight companies of the 7th division; and two companies of the 9th division, do laimcduitely inarch
to the town of Boston, unless (in the mean time) otherwise directed. Each company will march to its place of des-
tination by itself, without waiting for any other corps.
These companies, when assembled, will be arranged into regiments, or othervvise, as circumstances inay dictate;
and, with the addition of twelve companies of artillery, will form the elite, or advance corps ot the M.-issachusetts
militia. The field officers to command the regiments, and a general officer to command the whole, will. hereafter
be designated in general orders. The several companies of artillery, to be annexed to the advance corps, will be
furnished by the following divisions, viz: two companies from the 1st brigade, and one company from the 2d bri-
gade of the 3d division; four companies from the 4th division; one company from the 5th division; and four compa-
nies from the 7th division. . . ...
Besides the abovementioned companies, the Commander-in-chief orders a detachment ot sixteen c(mipanies ot
infantry to be immediately made from the fourth division, properly officered, and arranged into two regiments,
which will march to Boston without the least unnecessary delay. Major General Mattoon is charged with the ar-
rangement of the regiments.
78 m
614 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
From the 9th division, the Commander-in-chief orders eight companies of infantry to be detached, properly offi-
cered, formed into a regiment, and marched to Boston. Major Generals Mattoon and Whiton will assign field
officers for (lie troops to be detached from their respective divisions; and the Commander-in-chief relies on their
experience and zeal to carry this order into tiie most prompt and energetic effect. As soon as the troops shall com-
mence their march, each Major General will give notice of it to the Adjutant General.
All the troops must be well armed, accoutred, and equipped, and provided with ammunition, provisions, knap-
sacks, and blankets, as the law requires. The men will be supplied with rations when they arrive at the place of
destination, and will receive pay from the time of their being embodied.
The security of the town and harbor of Boston being an object of primary importance, the Commander-in-chief,
while he wishes to direct the principal energies of the state to the attainment of this end, is solicitous to render the
militia of Boston itself as efficient as possible. With this view he orders the infantry of the 3d brigade of the 1st
division, commanded by Brigadier General Welles, to be called out by regiments, in rotation, two days successively,
for tiie purpose of improving their discipline, already respectable, and of enabling them to practise the higher du-
ties of the field. This order is committed to Brigadier General Welles, whose knowledge in tactics, and animated
zeal in the service of his country, must ensure to his exertions the highest effect. The order will be continued in
operation until revoked. The flank companies of this brigade will be reserved for other service.
The troops called into actual service by this order, will serve three months after they arrive at their ultimate
rendezvous, unless sooner discharged. By his Excellency's command.
, Adjutant General.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe, Secretary of War, to his Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor of Massachu-
setts, dated
Sir: September 17, 1814.
I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 7th instant.
The attack of the enemy on Baltimore, and probable eventual attack on other 'places, with the heavy duties in-
cident thereto, pressing on this Department, have prevented my answering it at an earlier day.
It may be satisfactory to your Excellency for me to explain the views and principles on which this Government
has acted, in regard to the defence of our Eastern frontier.
It was anticipated, soon after the commencement of the war, that, while it lasted, every part of the Union, es-
pecially the sea board, would be exposed to some degree of danger, greater or less, according to the spirit with
which the war might be waged. It was the duty of the Government to make the best provision against that danger
which might be practicable, and it was proper that the provision should continue while the cause existed.
The arrangement of the United States into military districts, with a certain portion of the regular force, artille-
ry, and infantry, under an officer of the regular army, of experience and high rank.in each district, with power to
call for the militia as circumstances might require, was adopted, with a view to afford the best protection to every
part that circumstances would admit.
It was presumed that the establishment of a small force of the kind stated, constituting the first elements of an
army, in each district, to be aided by the militia, in case of an emergency, would be adequate to its defence. Such
a force of infantry and artillery might repel small predatory parties, and form a rallying point for the militia at the
more exposed and important stations, in case of more formidable invasion. A regular officer, of experience, station-
ed in the district, acting under the authority, and pursuing the will, of the Government, might digest plans for its
defence; select proper points for works, and supenntend the erection of them: call for supplies of ordnance, for
tents, and camp equipage; for small arms, and other munitions of war; call for the militia, and dispose of the
whole force. These duties, it was believed, could not be performed with equal advantage by the officers of the mi-
litia, whoj being called into service for short terms, would not have it in their power, however well qualified they
might be in other respects, to digest plans, and preserve that chain of connexion and system in the whole business
which seemed indispensable. On great consideration, this arrangement was deemed the most eligible that could
be adopted under the authority of the United States; indeed, none other occurred that could be placed in competi-
tion with it. In this mode the National Government acts, by its proper organs, over whom it has control, and for
whose engagements it is responsible.
The measures which may be adopted by a State Government for the defence of a State must be considered as its
own measures, and not those of the United States. The expenses attending them are chargeable to the State, and
not to the United States.
Your Excellency will perceive that a different construction would lead into the most important, and, as is be-
lieved, into the most pernicious consequences. If a State could call out the militia, and subject the United States
to the expense of supporting them, at its pleasure, the national authority would cease, as to that important object,
and the nation be charged with expenses, in the measures producing which the National Government had no agen-
cy, and over which it could have no control. This, however, though a serious objection to such a construction, is
not the most weighty. By taking the defence of the State into its own hands, and out of those of the General Go-
vernment, a policy is introduced, on the tendency of which I forbear to comment. I shall remark, only, that, if a
close union of the States, and a harmonious co-operation between them and the General Government, are, at any
time, necessary for the preservation of their independence, and of those inestimable liberties which were achieved
by the valor and blood of our ancestors, that period may be considered as having arrived.
It follows, from this view of the subject, that, if the force which has been put into service by your Excellency
has been required by Major General Dearborn, or received by him, and put under his command, the expenses
attending it will be defrayed by the United States. It follows, likewise, as a necessary consequence, that, if this
force has been called into service by the authority of the State, independently of Major General Dearborn, and be
not placed under him, as commander of the district, that the State of Massachusetts is chargeable with the expense,
and not the United States. Any claim which the State may have to reimbursement must be judged of hereafter.
by the competent authority, on a full view of all the circumstances attending it. It is a question which lies beyond
the authority of the Executive.
Your Excellency will perceive that this Government has no other alternative than to adhere to a system of de-
fence, which was adopted, on great consideration, with the best view to the general welfare, or to abandon it, and
with it a principle held sacred, thereby shrinking from its duty, at a moment of great peril, weakening the guards
deemed necessary for the public safety, and opening the door to other consequences not less dangerous.
By these remarks it is not intended to convey the idea that a militia officer, of superior grade, regulariy called
into service, shallfnot command an officer of the regular armv of inferior grade, when acting together. No such
idea is entertained by the Government. The militia are relied on essentially for the defence of the country: in
their hands every thing is safe- It is the object of the Government to impose on them no burthens which it may be
possible to avoid, and to protect thsm, in the discharge of their duties, in the enjoyment of all their rights.
The yarious points which are attacked and menaced by the enemy, especially in this quarter, where they are
waging, in considerable force, a predatory and desolating warfare, make it difficult to provide immediately for all
the necessary expenditures. Any aid which the State of Massachusetts may afford to the United States to meet
those expenditures, will be cheerfully received, and applied to the payment and support of the militia of that State
jn the service of the United States.
It will be proper that the money thus advanced should be deposited in some bank in Boston, that the disburse-
ment of it may be made under the authority of the Government of the United States, as in similar cases elsewhere.
Credit will be given to the State for such advances, and the amount be considered a loan to the United States.
I have the honor to be, &c.
[A similar letter was written to the Governor of Connecticut.]
,815.] THE MILITIA.
615
Sharon, Connecticut, July 2, 1812.
Sir:
His Excellency Governor Griswold has received from Major General Henry Dearborn a letter, under date
of the 22d of last month, requesting that five companies of the militia of this State, detached conformably to the
act of Congress, of April 10, 1812, may be ordered into the service of the United States, to wit: two companies
of artillery, and two companies of infantry; to be placed under the command of the commanding officer at Fort
Trumbull, near New London; and one company of artillery, to be stationed at the battery at the entrance of the
harbor of New Haven.
Impressed with the deep importance of the requisition, and the serious consideration it involves, his Excellency
deemed it expedient to convene the Council, at Hartford, on Monday, the 29th ultimo. He has taken their advice
upon this interesting subject, and has formed his own deliberate opinion; but, as he is under the necessity of leaving
the State, on a journey, for the recovery of his health, it becomes my duty, as Lieutenant Governor, to communi-
cate to you the result. The assurance contained in the Governor's letter of the 17th June last, in answer to yours
of the 12th of the same month, was necessarily given in full confidence that no demand would be made by General
Dearborn, but in strict conformity to the constitution and laws of the United States. His Excellency regrets to
perceive that the present requisition is supported by neither.
The constitution of the United States has ordained that Congress may "provide for calling forth the militia to
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." Accordingly, the acts of Congress,
of February, 1795, and of April, 1812, do provide for calling forth the militia, in the exigencies above mentioned.
The Governor is not informed of any declaration, made by the President of the United States, or of notice by
him given, that the militia are required " to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, or repel
invasions," or that " the United States are in imtninent danger of invasion." As, therefore, none of the contin-
gencies enumerated in the constitution, and recognized by thelaws, are known to have taken place, his Excellency
considers that no portion of the militia of this State can, under existing circumstances, be withdrawn from his au-
thority.
Further, if the call had been justified by either of the constitutional exigencies already recited, still, in the view
of his Excellency, an insuperable objection presents itself against placing the men under the immediate command
of an officer or officers of the army of the United States.
The appointment of the officers of the militia is, by the constitution, expressly reserved " to the States, respec-
tively." In the event of their being called into the actual service of the United States, in the cases before speci-
fied, the laws of the United States provide for their being called forth as militia, furnished with proper officers by
the State. And, sir, it will not escape your recollection that the detachment from the militia of this State, under
the act of Congress of the 10th of April last, is regularly organized into a division, consisting of brigades, regi-
ments, battalions, and companies, and supplied, conformably to law, with all the necessary officers. His Excellen-
cy conceives, then, that an order to detach a number of companies, sufficient for the command of a battalion offi-
cer, and place them under the command of an officer of the United States, cannot, with propriety, be executed,
unless we were also prepared to admit that the privates may be separated from their company officers, and trans-
ferred into the anny of the United States; thus leaving the officers of the militia without any command, except
in name, and. in effect, impairing, if not annihilating, the militia itself, so sacredly guarantied by the constitution
to the several States.
Under these impressions, the Governor has thought proper, by and with the advice of the Council, to refuse a
compliance with the requisition of Major General Dearborn.
His Excellency is sincerely disposed to comply promptly with all the constitutional requests of the National Ex-
ecutive— a disposition which has ever been manifested by the Government of this State; and he laments the occa-
sion which thus compels him to yield obedience to the paramount authority of the constitution and laws of the United
States. He trusts the General Government will speedily provide an adequate force for the security and protection
of the sea-coast. In the mean time, his Excellency has issued the necessary orders to the general officers command-
ing the militia in that quarter, to be in readiness to repel any invasion which may be attempted upon that portion of
the State, and to co-operate with such part of the national forces as shall be employed for the same purpose.
With gre^t respect, I am, &c.
JOHN COTTON SMITH.
The Hon. William Eustis^ Secretary of War.
.Extract of a letter from His Excellency John Cotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
New London, June 7, 1813.
I arrived at this place on the 5th instant, and found about six hundred of the militia of this State stationed on the
two sides of the river, who had been assembled under the circumstances mentioned in my letter from Hartford, of
the 2d instant.
I shall not disband any part of the militia until a communication is received from Commodore Decatur, being
heartily disposed to assist his views in aftbrding all possible protection to the squadron and harbor. I will address
you again before my departure from this place, and, in the mean time, am desirous of receiving the instructions of
the President as to the course proper to be pursued.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency John Cotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
New London, June 12, 1813.
On a consultation with Commodore Decatur, as proposed in my last, it was concluded to retain the whole of the
militia then assembled, until their places could be supplied by two regiments to be drawn from the neighborhood.
Orders were issued accordingly.
But, on the arrival of the two regiments, information was received that a bomb ketch had been added to the ene-
my's squadron, and that preparations were evidently making for an attack. At the instance of Commodore Deca-
tur, who knows best his own capacity of meeting the exigency, and on whose opinion, therefore, I must greatly rely,
the whole force was directed to remain, excepting such individuals as were under a pressing necessity of returning
to their homes. The number of militia now here is about fifteen hundred, including officers.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency John Cotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
New London, June 16, 1813.
Your favor of the 12th instant is received, and has afforded me much pleasure.
The details in my letter of the 12th instant, I trust, will fully justify, in the view of the President, the additional
force it was then thought necessary to employ. After closing my despatches on that day, the hostile fleet got under
sail, approached the harbor, fired several shots at the guards, and, to all appearance, were meditating an attack.
QjQ MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
Whether the display of so respectable a body of troops, or some other cause, discouraged them from tlie attempt,
is not known. The enterprise was, for that time, abandoned, and, on the 14th, two of their ships passed eastward,
out of the Sound. ^ , . - . . ^ , , ■ ■ , ■ .
As soon as informatmn of this diminution ot the squadron was received, orders were issued to disband the two
regiments which were first brought into the field , and a further reduction of the troops is this day made, to the num-
ber mentioned in your letter.
Extract of a letter from Bis Exeellency John Cotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
State of Connecticut, Sharon, August 1, 1814.
Your letter of the 4th July last reached tne on the 16th of the same month.
Although there appears to be no act of Congress expressly authorizing a detachment from the militia, for the
purpose mentioned in your communication, yet the respect due to a recommendation from the President, having for
its object the defence of the country, induced me, without necessary delay, to convene the Council of the State, and
to submit the proposition to their consideration.
That honorable body having advised the Executive to detach the number of militia suggested, as the proportion
of Connecticut, orders were immediately issued to that' effect, and you will be speedily informed, by the proper offi-
cer, of their execution.
Copy of a letter from General Cashing to His Excellency Governor Smith, dated j
Military District No. 2, Head Quarters, New London, August 1, 1814.
Sir:
1 have been notified by the Secretary of "War, that, on the 4th day of July last, a requisition was made on
the Executive of the State of Connecticut for a body of militia, tQ be organized and held in readiness for immediate
service; and I am instructed by him, '^ in case of actual or menaced invasion of the district under my command,
to call for a part or the whole of the quotas assigned to the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island, which shall
have been organized and equipped under the aforesaid requisition." But, in the performance of this duty, I am
charged " to avoid all unnecessary calls; to proportion the calls to the exigency; and to have inspected, without de-
lay, all corps entering on the service, to the end that men, who, from any cause, are unfit therefor, be promptly
discharged, and that a due proportion, in all cases, be maintained between officers and privates."
It is not deemed necessary to call any part of the quota of Connecticut into the service of the United States at this
time; but it is desirable that the draught be made, and the men held in readiness for immediate service, whenever
circumstances may indicate an intention on the part of the enemy to invade any part of the State. And 1 have,
therefore, to request your Excellency to inform me whether the quota of militia required of this State by the afore-
said requisition, has been, or will be, "organized and held in readiness for immediate service?" whether, on my
requisition, the whole or any part of the said militia, will be ordered into the service of the United States, for the
purposes before mentioned? whether my requisition, for this purpose, must be made to your Excellency, in the first
instance, or to such general and field officers as may have been detailed for this service? and, generally, that your Ex-
cellency would be pleased to favor me with such information and opinions, in relation to the objects and designs of
the enemy, and to the defence of this State, as you may think proper to communicate.
I have only to add, that, as commanding officer of this military district, it will be my constant endeavor to pre-
serve the strictest harmony and good will between the national troops and the militia; and that the rights of the
latter, as secured by the constitution and laws of our country, shall be duly respected by every officer and soldier
under my command.
Extracts cf a letter from John C. Smith to General Cushing, dated
State of Connecticut, Sharon, August 4, 1814.
" I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant,
" The Adjutant General is directed to send you a transcript of the general orders, issued on the 281h'ultimo, for
organizing and holding in readiness a body of militia, pursuant to a recommendation from the President of the United
States. To that document I must refer you for answers to most of your inquiries."
" The militia, whenever their services are required, will expect to inarch under orders received from their com-
mander-in-chief; and such orders as the exigency demands, you may rest assured shall be promptly given."
GENERAL ORDERS.
State of Connecticut, Hartford, July 28, 1814.
The Commander-in-chief has. received a communication from the President of the United States, inviting the
Executives of certain Slates to oiganize, and hold in readiness for immediate service, a corps of ninety-three thou-
sand five hundred men, " as a measure of precaution to strengthen ourselves on the line of the Atlantic," and assign-
ing as the quota of Connecticut, three hundred artillery, and two thousand seven hundred infantry, with a detail of
general and staff officers. .
The Commander in-chief having thought proper, by advice of the Council, to comply with the recommendation,
directs that dispositions be immediately made for carrying the same into eftect.
/Accordingly, the number of artillery and infantry above mentioned, including the usual regimental officers, will
be detached from the militia of the State, exempting from the draught such ashave,eitherin person w by substitute,
performed a tour of duty the present season. Volunteer uniform companies will be accepted. The whole to be
formed into four regiments, and duly officered. Their places of rendezvous as follows, to wit: for the first regi-
ment, Hartford; for the second. New Haven; for the third, Norwich; and for the fourth, Fairfield. One Major
General and one Brigadier General will be detailed in the usual manner; also, one Deputy Quartermaster General;
and, instead of an assistant Adjutant General, (there being no such officer in the militia ot this State) there shall be
detailed one Division Inspector. j -i i • i-
The troops thus detached are to be completely armed and, equipped according to law,and until otherwise directed,
will be held in readiness to inarch at a moment's warning, for the purpose of repelling invasions of the enemy,
under such orders as they shall receive from the Commander-in-chief.
1815.] THE MILITIA. 657
Notwithstanding this arrangement, it is confidently expected that the whole body of militia, and every other
description ot military force, will bear in mind the general uiders issued on the 19th of April last, and will stand
in complete readiness for the defence of the State, at this unusual period of difficulty and danger.
By order.
EBEN. HUNTINGTON, Mjutanl General.
. Norwich, August 11, 1814.
Sir:
By desire of His Escell«ncy Goyernot Smith, I have forwarded a copy of his general order, of 28th July, for
your information, on some points of inquiry made to him,
I am, &c.
„ . ,. ^ EBEN. HUNTINGTON, Adjutant General.
Brigadier General Gushing.
Copy of a letter from General Gushing to the Governor of Connecticut, dated
■ District, No. 2, Hej
New London, August 10, 1814
Military Distri^ct, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
Sir: -
By Major General Williams's communication of this date, your Excellency will be fully informed of the state
of things in this quarter; and by the enclosed district order, that the militia ordered out by him, at my request, are
to form a brigade, in the service of the United States, under the command of Brigadier General Isham.
Your Excellency's communication of the 4th instant was received this morning, since which General Williams
has furnished me with your general order of the 28th of July; but I have heaVd nothing from the Adjutant General
on this subject.
It is my opinion that the safety of this State requires that fifteen hundred infantry, and two companies of artil-
lery, duly officered, and to be commanded by a Brigadier General of this State's quota of ninety-three thousand
five hundred men, required by the President of the United States " to be organized and held in readiness for imme-
diate service," should be immediately detached from the said quota, and ordered to this place, for the purpose of
relieving the militia now on duty here, if circumstances should justify the measure, or to increase our means of
defence, in the event of more formidable and vigorous operations on the part of the enemy. And 1 have the honor
to request your Excellency to make and place the said detachment under my command. It is desirable that the
Brigadier j&eneral to be detached on this service should be instructed by your Excellency to report himself to me,
by letter, immediately after he shall have been so detached, to inform me of his route to this place, and the proba-
ble time of his arrival; and to receive and obey any orders he may receive from me, while on his march.
Copy of Adjutant General P. P. Schuyler^s orders, dated
District, N
New London, August 10, 1814
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
DISTRICT ORDERS:
The militia of this State, ordered into service yesterday, by Major General Williams, at the request of the
Commanding General of the district, are to be considered in the service of the United States, and will forma
brigade, under the command of Brigadier General Isham, who will furnish a return, by regiments, to the Adjutant
General of the district, the soonest possible.
Until the proper returns of General Isham's brigade can be obtained, the contractor vnll issue provisions on the
requisitions of Major Goddard, countersigned by the Commanding General; and the Major will be held responsible
for the proper application of all provisions so received, and which must be covered by regular returns, so soon as
the strengtn of the brigade can be ascertained.
By order of the Commanding General.
P. P. SCHUYLER, Adjutant General.
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General T. H. Gushing to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
New London, August 12, 1814, 10 o'clock, P. M. 5
" By the letter of the 11th instant, from Governor Smith, of which I enclose a copy, you will see that he has
ordered the militia called for on the 10th; but, for the reasons therein stated, claims the right of placing a Major
General at their head. I shall endeavor to satisfy him that, with the number of men called for, a Major General
cannot be received; but, if he should persist, how is the difficulty to be gotten over?"
Extract of a letter from John Cotton Smith to General Gushing, dated
State 01
Sharon, August U, 1814, 9 o'clock, A.M.
State of Connecticut, 7
"• Your communication, by express, is this moment received. ,,,,,.,
"Major General Williams is directedto retain the mditia now on duty until they shall be relieved by the force
ordered out, conformably to your request, or unless circumstances shall justify an earlier dismission.
" It is probable the draught for the new detachment is not completed; but Brigadier General Lusk, detailed under
the orders of the 28th ultimo, is instructed, by the return of the express, to hasten it as fast as possible, and to march,
without a moment's delay, with the first and third regiments, whose places of rendezvous are Hartford and Nor-
wich. Their numbers will make the compliment you require, including artillery.
" As the force requested by you will constitute a majority ot the detachment, there is an evident propriety that
it should be commanded by the Major General detailed pursuant to the recommendation of the President. He will
accordingly be directed to enter the service, as soon as the necessary arrangements will permit. In the mean time.
Brigadier General Lusk is ordered to report himself to you, agreeably to your desire."
618 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General T. H. Gushing to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District, No. 3, Head Quarters, ?
New London, August 29, 1814. 3
" I deem it proper, at this time, to lay before you a copy of my correspondence with Governor Smith, from the
14th to the 28th, inclusive. Unwilling to relinquish his project for introducing a Major General of militia into the
service of the United States, the Governor has attempted to prevail on me to accept a command of six hundred
men, to be posted at New Haven, under the command of Major General Taylor, who, it appears, must be provided
for.
" I have agreed to accept the men, if properly officered, because it will enable me to discharge an equal number,
which must otherwise be' marched from this neighborhood; but I have pointedly refused to recognize the Major
General, or to have the men mustered and supplied, on any other consideration but that of their being subject to
my orders."
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General Gushing to His Excellency John Cotton Smith, Governor of the Stale
qf Connecticut, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
New London, Mugust 14, 1814. 5
"A brigade in the army of the United States should consist of two thousand men, and the detachment of militia
required of your Excellency, by my letter of the 10th instant, does not exceed one thousand seven hundred, which
is probably less than any brigade of militia in the State of Connecticut. In asking for a Brigadier General to com-
mand this force, I have certainly gone as far as I am authorized by my instructions from the War Department;
which are, " that a due proportion, in all cases, be maintained between officers and privates;" and I trust that,
on reflection, your Excellency will relinquish the idea of ordering a Major General to assume the command of
less than a complete brigade.
" Should circumstances require a further call for men, to an extent equal to a Major General's command, in-
cluding the one thousand seven hundred, I shall not fail to include that officer in my requisition."
Copy of a letter from Brigadier General Gushing to His Excellency John Cotton Smith, Governor qf the Stale of
Connecticut, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
New London, August 24, 1814. 3
A copy of your Excellency's letter to me of the Ufh instant, has been transmitted to the Secretary of War, and
I have the honor to enclose an extract of a letter from him on the subject of militia draughts, and a copy of the rules
referred to in his letter.
In acting on the late requisition of the President, for three thousand men, to be organized for the service of the
United States, I had presumed that your Excellency would have pursued the course suggested by that requisition,
and formed the State's quota into three regiments, of one thousand men each; and, under that impression, in my
letter of the 10th instant, I did not express the number of privates, non-commissioned and commissioned officers,
required. It now appears that a different course has been adopted, and the quota of the State formed into four
regiments; but, although, in point of form, there is considerable difference between the three thousand men, as
organized by your Excellency, and the same number, as organized in the army of the United States, yet, as a due
proportion between officers and privates will be maintained, and no additional expense incurred, I shall consider
the spirit and intention of the rule as having been fully complied with, by the organization which your Excellency
has been pleased to direct.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency John Cotton Smith, Governor of the State of Connecticut, to Brigadier
General Gushing, dated
Hartford, August 25, 1814.
" As you seem, sir, not to have understood, correctly, the views of this Government, with respect to the late
detachment, it is fit that I state them to you distinctly.
" The communication from the War Department, under date of the 4th July last, relative to a detachment from
the militia, for the purpose therein mentioned, did not assume the style of a "requisition," and for the obvious
reason, that there existed no law to authorize it. The invitation (for such was its purport) was accepted by the
Executive of this State, from a desire to co-operate in what appeared to the President a proper measure of defence
for the Atlantic Coast. The terms of compliance are contained in the general orders issued on the 28th July, a
transcript of which you have received. In organizing the regiment, I conformed as nearly as possible to the act of
Congress, passed the 8th May, 1792. I am not informed that there is now in operation any other act of the National
Legislature on that subject. If your instructions from the War Department materially interfere with the require-
ments of this act, it is indeed a subject of regret, but not of doubt, as to the authority which ought, in such case, to
prevail. _ ,
" I am happy, however, to perceive, that you do not consider the difference as essentially varying the result."
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General Gushing to His Excellency John Cotton Smith, Governor qf the State
qf Connecticut, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
August 28, 1814. S
" Your Excellency's letter of the 25th instant was received last evening, and shall be submitted to the Secretary
of War by the next mail.
" Not having the communication from the War Department, under date of the 4th July, before me, when my
letter to your Excellency, of the 24th instant, was written, I inadvertently used the term requisition, when I should
have employed that of invitation; and I beg leave to assure your Excellency that this was done without any inten-
tion or desire of giving to the invitation of the President, or the acceptance of your Excellency, a different under- .
standing from that originally intended."
1815.] THE MILITIA.
619
Extract qfa letter from Brigadier General T. H. Gushing to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, \
New London, September 2, 1814. i
"I have the honor to enclose a copy of a letter from Govei-nor Smith, of the 30th of Aiieust, with my leplv of
this date. ' j i- /
"It is now pretty evident that the Governor and Council have determined that their militia shall not be com-
manded by an officer of the United States; and it is possible an attempt may be made to withdraw the brigade now
in service. I am, however, of opinion, that this will not be done before the meeting of the Legislature."
Copy of a letter from His Excellency John C. Smith to Brigadier General Gushing, dated
^"'' r^ 1 , -..r • . 1 ■ ,. , , „ , . . Hartford, Jiugust 30, 1814.
Colonel Waid has delivered me your letter of the 28th instant.
In referring you to the views of this Government respecting the detachment lately oi-ganized, it was my design
not to criticise your language, but to point your attention to the precise conditions upon which that detachment was
formed. The right of command, you will perceive, is expressly resei-ved. The detachment thus constituted is
accepted; and with a knowledge of the reservation just mentioned, you requested a large portion of the troops for
public service. Whatever sentiments, therefore, may be entertained as to the right of the Executive of the State
to direct its military force, when ordinarily employed in the national service, it surely cannot be questioned in the
present instance. If, at your particular desire. Brigadier General Lusk was ordered to report himself to you in
the manner suggested in my letter of the 11th instant, I trust it evinces a spirit of accommodation which will' be
duly appreciated.
1 think, sir, you will be satisfied, upon reflection, that you should have requested the Major General, when vou
called for a majority of the detachment; especially if you consider that another brigade of militia was at that t'ime
on duty; and, from appearances, the services of both might become necessary. That a Brigadier General of the
regular army, with no troops in the field, should insist on the command of two entire brigades of militia, whose
Brigadier Generals held senior commissions, would have produced a case which neither precedent nor principle
could justify- To avoid so unusual and embarrassing a state of things, it became my duty to order the Major Gene-
ral into service. Having been properly detailed, no casual diminution of numbers can affect his right of command.
I enclose you the opinion of the Council in relation as well to this point as to the employment~of a larger force
at New Haven and Bridgeport. Their opinion is in perfect accordance with my own, and, therefore, wilF be car-
ried into effect. The troops destined for these posts will arrive at New Haven on the 8th, and at Bridgeport on
the 13th, of September next. If no officer of the United States appears to muster them, that duty will be performed
by an officer of the militia, agreeably to the late act of Congress. If supplies are withheld by your order, they will
be furnished by the proper officers of the State, and charged over to the United States.
It is hoped the services of the third regiment may be dispensed with for the present.
From tne harmony with which the service was conducted the last season, under an arrangement not essentially
dissimilar, I flattered myself that a temper equally conciliatory would distinguish the present campaign. Whilst f
lament that any difference of opinion should exist as to the particular mode of defending our country, at a moment
when its dearest interests are in jeopardy, I cannot lose sight of the high duties which I am solemnly bound to dis-
charge.
Extract from the proceedings of the Governor and Gouncil, at a meeting held at Hartford, the 24th day of August,
A. D. 1814.
His Excellency the Governor laid before the Council a correspondence between him and Brigadier General
Cushing, in regard to the command of two regiments of the militia oi this State, now in service, ana requested the
advice of the Council thereon.
The Council, on mature deliberation, cannot doubt the right or expediency, under existing circumstances, of
having in service, from this State, a Major General, authorized to command such portions of the military force as
is, or may be, in service for its defence.
Extract of a letter from General Gushing to John G. Smith, Governor of Gonnecticut, dated
Military District No. 9, Head Quarters, New London, September 2, 1814.
Your Excellency's letter of the 30th of August was received this morning by the Southern mail.
Whether I have understood " the views of the Government, (Connecticut) respecting the detachment lately or-
ganized," or not, is, in my estimation, a question of no importance at this time, since, by referring to my letter of
the 10th of August, your Excellency will there find the conditions on which the draughted militia, now in service,
were asked for, and have been received into the service of the United States. If these conditions did not accord
with the "views of this Government," it is not for me to assign the motive which induced your Excellency to make
the detachment; but, while I regret that any misunderstanding should exist on this subject, I feel confident that my
communications have been too explicit to leave a doubt as to the course authorized and enjoined by the Govern-
ment of the United States.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency John Gotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
State of Connecticut, Hartford, September 3, 1814.
In consequence of the exposed and defenceless situation of the town of New Haven, and borough of Bridge-
port, I have thought proper, by the advice of the Council, to order into service six hundred men, for the protec-
tion of these places.
The general officer of the United States, located at New London, has been advised of this procedure, and has
also been requested to cause the troops to be duly mustered and supplied.
He admits the propriety of the measure, but, as I understand, refuses to comply with the request, and on grounds
which, in my view, are wholly inadmissible.
It IS my duty, sir, to inform you of these circumstances, and to express the assurance I feel that you will order
the requisite supplies to be immediately furnished.
Extract of a letter from his Excellency John Cotton Smith to the Secretary of War, dated
State of Connecticut, Hartford, September 14, 1814.
I am informed the agent of the United States, at New London, has refused any further subsistence to the
militia now on duty in that vicinity, upon the unfounded pretext, that they are withdrawn from service by my
620 • MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815,
authority. Unwilling to hazard the safety of those posts, and the national property in the river, by disbanding the
troops, I have directed the Commissary General of the State to provide for them, until the pleasure of the President
shall be known. . ^ . .
You will perceive the importance, sir, ot apprising me, without delay, whether the agent is to be countenanced
in the course he has thought proper to adopt; and, also, how far I am to rely on the General Government for assist-
ance, in the necessary defence of the State.
[Note. — A letter was written to the Governor of Connecticut, in reply to these letters to the Department of War,
to the same effect with that to the Governor of Massachusetts, of September 14, 1814.]
Copy of a let tr from James Monroe, Secretary of War, to his Excellency John C. Smith, Governor of Connec-
ticut, dated
Sir: . October 17, 1814.
I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's communication of . The letters mentioned in it
had been before received.
The regulations of this Department, in conformity to the laws of the United States, having designated com-
mands for dift'erent grades of general officers of the militia — two thousand men fdr a Brigadier General — and Gene-
ral Gushing not having called, for more than two thousand men at any time, and there not being more than that
number of militia in the field, it was thought that the command of them ought not to be comniitted to a Major Ge-
neral of the militia.
The tendency of such an arrangement would be to take the force assembledfor the defence of the military dis-
trict No. 2, out of the hands of the officer to whom the President had entrusted it. It was on this principle that
my letter to your Excellency, of the 17th of September, was addressed, and with intention to explain the principles
on which the arrangements ot this Government were made, for the defence of every part of the United States;
which explanadon I gave on a belief that it would be satisfactory, and that it was particularly my duty to give it
at this very important crisis of our affairs. . •
It is, however, distinctly to be understood that, if the whole quota assigned to Connecticut had been called into
service, it would have been proper to have committed the command to a Major General of the militia, who,
in cases where he and a Brigadier General of the army of the United States acted , together, would take the com-
mand of him.
I have the honor to be, &c. '
Copy of a letter from T. H. Gushing, Brigadier General, to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District No. 2, Head Quarters, New Ijoj^dos, September 12, 1814.
Sir:
The enclosed copies, marked (a.) (b.) (c.) and (d. ) will show you the situation in which I am placed, with re-
spect to the militia in the State of Connecticut, and that it will be impossible for me to repel any attack of the
enemy within its limits, not directed against the forts in this harbor, or the very small and inconsiderable battery
in the neighborhood of New Haven.
The letter of Governor Smith was delivered to me yesterday morning, by the aid of Major General Taylor. I
inquired whether his General had been ordered into service by the Government of the United States, and assured
him, if this was the case, I would, most cheerfully, resign to him, not only the command of the draughted militia,
but of this military district. He replied that General Taylor had no such orders; but that he had been ordered by
Governor Smith to take command of the draughted militia of Connecticut, in the service of the United States, and
would immediately assume the command, and issue his orders agreeably to the Governor's instructions.
Finding that the usual report of the brigade was not furnished by Brigadier General Lusk, I sent for him to in-
quire the reason for tliis neglect, and to admonish him of the consequences which would ensue, in the event of his
failing to discharge the duties of his station, as an officer in the service of the United States, and, as such, not ac-
countable to Governor Smith, or any of his militia Generals.
The Brigadier requested a short time to make up his mind, as to the course he should pursue; and I heard noth-
ing more from him until two o'clock this day, when his answer to ray note was received, and the enclosed district
order immediately issued.
I understand that General Taylor is making arrangements for the supply of Lusk's brigade at this place, and
in its neighborhood; and it will readily occur to you that the power to call militia into service, vested in me by the
President's proclamation, cannot be exercised to any beneficial result, since, the moment such militia shall have
assembled, in pursuance of my requisition, they will be taken from me by State authorities.
(a.)
Copy of a letter from his Excellency John Cotton Smith, Governor of the Slate of Connecticut, to Brigadie/
General Cushing, dated
Hartford, September 9, 1814.
Sir:
Conformably to the original arrangement. Major General Taylor now goes to take the command of the
militia on duty at New London and its vicinity.
He will rptain or reduce their present number, according to existing circumstances. Upon this and other sub-
jects, connected with the safety of those posts, he is instructed, and will be disposed to confer with you freely, and
to promote, by all means in his power, that concert of operation on which the success of the service must essentially
depend.
ib.)
Copy of a letter from Brigadier General Cushing to Brigadier General Lusk, commanding militia, dated
Military District No. 2, Head Quarters, New London, September 12, 1814.
Sir:
The usual reports of the brigade of draughted militia under your command, in the service of the United
States, were not delivered to the Adjutant General of the district yesterday, and report says that you have received,
and are acting under , the orders of a militia officer, not in the service of the United States.
It has, therefore , become necessary that you assign a reason, in writing, for withholding your reports, and con-
tra,dict or admit the fact of your having received, and actually executing, the orders of an officer not in the ser-
vi ce of the United States.
V,
1815.] THE MILITIA. g21
(e.)
Copy of a letter from Brigadier General Lusk, of the militia, to Brigadier General Gushing, dated
New London, September 12, 1814.
Siu:
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of this morning. The following is an extract of the
order of his Excellency the Captain General, dated the 28th of July, 1814:
•' The troops thus detached, are to be completely armed and equipped according to law, and, until otherwise
directed, will be held in readiness to march at a moment's warning, for the purpose of repelling invasio7is of the
enemy, under such orders as they shall receive from the Commander-in-chief''
The following is an extract of a letter of instruction to me, from Governor Smith, dated Sharon, 11th August
1814. " You will inform General Gushing, by letter, of your state of readiness, and take his directions as to the
mute, and place or places of destination, and to conform to his instructions, until the arrival of Major General
Taylor, ivho will take the command as soon as his health and the necessary arrangements will permit.''''
In addition to the above. Major General Taylor issued his orders to me, under date of the 11th of September
1814, directing rne to discontinue calling at the office of the Commanding General of the district for orders and to
obey no orders excepting such as shall be issued under the authority of this State.
He has also required of me regularly to make report to him of the forces under my command.
From a perusal of the foregoing extracts, you will readily infer the only answer to your interrogations which 1
have the power to make.
id.)
Copy of District Orders, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
New London-, September 12, 1814. S
The brigade of draughted militia from the state of Connecticut having been withdrawn from the service of the
United States by his Excellency Governor Smith; and Brigadier General Lusk, the commanding officer of the said
brigade, having refused to receive and obey the orders of the Brigadier General commanding this military district,
no further supplies, of any description, are to be delivered to him, or his brigade, for and on account of the United'
States, without an express v\ritten order from the Brigadier General commanding, or from his superior officer
actually in the service of the United States.
By order of the commanding General.
P. P. SCHUYLER, Adjutant General.
Copy of a letter from liis Excellency William Jones to the Secretary of War, dated
Providence, ^pril 22, 1812-
Sir:
I have had the honor to receive your letter, under date of the 15th instant, requiring me to take effectual
measures to detach five hundred of the militia of Rhode Island, and that they be armed and equipped for ac-
tual service within the shortest period that circumstances will permit.
The General Assembly of this State will be in session in a few days, when I shall embrace the earliest opportu-
nity to lay the request before them.
Copy of a letter from His Excellency William Jones to the Secretary of War, dated
Providence, Ju7ie 18, 1812.
Sir:
Your communication of the 12th instant came to hand by last evening's mail; and, in reply, permit me to
state, that, for the quota of militia required by the act of Congress of April 10, 1812, the General Assembly of this
State, at their session, in May last, ordered a return of our militia made on or before the 4th of July next, and that
therefrom a draught of the number required will be made, as soon as practicable, and ready for service.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency William Jones to the Secretary of War, dated
Providence, August 22, 1812.
I have not been able to obtain an entire return of the men draughted, as this State's quota of militia, alluded
to in my last, until the 11th instant. It is now done, and the detachment organized, as per enclosed roll, and will
be held in readiness to act, when, in my opinion, any of the exigencies provided for by the constitution, and referred
to by the late act of Congress, under which they are detached, exists, agreeably to the opinion and advice of the
Council of this State, given me on the occasion.
Extract of a letter from His Excellency JVilliam Jones, Governor of the State of Shode Island, to the President of
the United Stales, dated
Providence, June 29, 1314.
The views of the General Assembly, the Council of AVar, and niyself, will be discovered from the act of the
Assembly, passed at their late session, a copy of which Mr. Searle will present to you, with whom I request you
will make all the necessary arrangements for carrying it into full effect.
He will discuss the subject of his mission fully, and, I trust, to your satisfaction, so that the State will, by the
assistance of the United States, be placed in a posture of defence, at least, against the predatory incursions of the
enemy.
Extract of a letter from Nathaniel Searle, junior, to the President of the United States, dated
Washington Citv, July 6, 1814.
The views of the General Assembly, of the Council of War, and of the Governor, will be clearly discovered,
in relation to this subject, from an act of the Assembly, passed at their late June session, a copy of which I herewith
present.
79 »»
g22 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1815.
I beg leave, therefore, in behalf of the State by whose authority I am deputed, to solicit the peculiar attention of
the President to her perilous and calamitous situation; to request of him a reimbursement of the expenditures
already made, and the prompt provision of a military force for her protection^ or that he will furnish, herewith,
pecuniary means by which she can place herself in an attitude of defence.
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PEOVIDENCE PLANTATIONS.
In General Assembly, Jime Session, A. D. 1814.
AN ACT providing; for the defence of the State.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the General Jlssembly, and by the authority thereof it is eiwcted, That his Excellency
the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Council of war, be, and he is hereby, authorized and
requested to order into immediate service, according to the provisions of the constitution, and of the laws of the
United States, such portion of the militia and chartered companies of this State as he may think necessary for the
defence of the most exposed parts thereof.
Sec. 2. ^nd be it further enacted. That his Excellency the Governor may draught or detach the said militia and
chartered companies as he may think expedient; and that any private soldier of the militia, draughted or detached,
may furnish an able-bodied man as a substitute.
Sec. 3. .5?irf be it further enacted. That each and every non-commissioned officer and private soldier shall
receive two dollars per month, out of tire general treasury, in addition to the pay allowed by the United States.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby, requested to cause
the draughted or detached militia and chartered companies to be relieved as often as the nature of the service will
permit.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That all process, for the recovery of debt or taxes, against the non-commis-
sioned officers and private soldiers, draughted or detached as aforesaid, shall be stayed during the time they are in
service.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted. That his Excellency the Governor be authorized and empowered to raise a
State corps, and to appoint officers therefor, as soon as the President of the United States consents to receive them
into servive for the defence of this State; and that the officers, appointed as aforesaid, be commissioned by his Ex-
cellency the Governor in the usual manner.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted. That his Excellency the Governor and Council of War be authorized and
requested to furnish to the towns most exposed, such ordnance, on travelling carriages, and such equipments and
ammunition, as they shall think proper; and to furnish the militia with tumbrils for transporting their ammunition.
Sec. 8. And be'it further enacted. That his Excellency the Governor be authorized to draw on the general trea-
sury for any sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars, for the purpose of carrying this act into effect.
A true copy-
Witness, SAMUEL EDDY, Secretary.
Extract of a letter from Brigadier General T. H. Gushing to the Secretary of War, dated
Military District, No. 2, Head Quarters, 7
Providence, July 21, 1814. 5
Your letter of the 11th instant, with enclosures, reached me at this place on the evening of the 15th, and on
the next morning I had an interview with Governor Jones, who is, at this time, deliberating with his Council as to
the mode of selecting the State's quota of 500 men, which he assures me shall be raised, either by enlistment or
draught, in a very few days.
Extract of a letter from his Excellency TVilliam Jones, Governor of the State of Rhode Island, to the Secretary of
War, dated
Providence, August 15, 1814.
Since the arrangement was entered into with you, relative to raising a State corps, rendezvous have been
opened in different parts of the State, officers appointed, and the recruiting service progresses in a manner and with
a rapidity that promises success.
Should we be disappointed, however, in raising the number proposed by enlistment, the militia will be detached
to make up the deficiency, for the defence of the State, according to the invitation of the President of the United
States of the 4th of July last.
Extract of a letter from his Excellency William Jones, Governor of the State of Rhode Island, to the Secretary of
War, dated
Providence, September 8, 1814.
Sir:
I am ready, as I have by letter, and through the Adjutant General, Colonel Searle, repeatedly expressed to
your Department, to call out the militia, and particularly the five hundred men ordered by the President, on the 4th
day of July last, as our quota of the ninety-three thousand five hundred men; but we are destitute of almost every
necessary for the comfort and subsistence of those men, and for making them effective, as soldiers. We are with-
out tents, equipage, and'provisions, and have a very inadequate supply of cannon, muskets, and ammunition. I have
attempted to raise a corps of five hundred men, to be accepted as substitutes for our quota of the militia. In this I
have not yet succeeded, having been able to enlist only about one hundred and fifty men. notwithstanding a bounty
was offered by the State. I have also detached four companies of militia for the defence of Newport, who have been
called into actual service, one company at a time, and who were agreed to be mustered under the authority of the
United States, as appears by the letter of General Armstrong, dated July 9, 1814. Five companies of mditia were
also called out by General Stanton, of Washington county, to assist in the defence of Stonington, in Connecticut.
In the actual state of affairs, the militia must be draughted or detached to make up the five hundred men; and it
may very probably be necessary to call out a much larger force; but you must be perfectly sensible of the ineffi-
ciency of any force, without further supplies of the munitions of war.
1815.] THE MILITIA. 623
D.
Copy of a letter from His Excellency William Pennington, Governor of the Stale of New Jersey, to the Secretary
of War, dated
Trenton, October 29, 1814.
Sir:
I am informed that Governor Tompkins, as Governor of the State of New York, has taken command of the
third military district of the United States: this district comprehends the principal part of New Jersey, and between
two and three thousand Jersey militia are now in actual service in this district, at Sandy Hook, in the State of New
Jersey. It might certainly appear, on first view, novel, at least, that a Governor of a State, as such, should have
the command of the militia of a neighboring State, within theactual territory of that State. I am far from entertain-
ing a disposition, especially in the present state of our country, to throw the least obstruction in the way of the
operations of the General Government in any measure of defence which it may think proper to adopt, but I conceive
it my duty to inquire as to the fact, and the views of the War Department on the subject.
Copy of a letter from James Monroe, Secretary of War, to His Excellency William Pennington, Governor of New
Jersey, dated
November 23, 1814.
Sir:
I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's letter of the 29th ultimo, requiring information whether
Governor Tompkins, as Governor of the State of New York, has been appointed commander of the third military
district, comprehending a part of the State of New Jersey. Your Excellency seems to doubt whether the Governor
of one State can have command of the militia of another State, within the limits of the latter; and it is to ascertain
the views of the General Government on that point that the inquiry has beeh made.
The patriotic and national sentiments which you have expressed on this subject have afforded much satisfaction
to the President, who desires that all the information which you have sought should be fully communicated.
Governor Tompkins has been appointed commander of the military district of the United States, No. 3, by vir-
tue of which, his command extends to that part of the State of New Jersey, and to such of her militia, as have been
called into the service of the United States within that limit.
The city of New York being menaced by the enemy with a formidable invasion, and the United States not having
a regular force sufficient to repel it, a large body of the militia were called into their service for the purpose. It
was this circumstance which led to the appointment of Governor Tompkins to the command of the military district
No. 3, he being, in the opinion of the President, well qualified for the trust.
It is a well established principle, that, when any portion of the militia are called into the service of the United
States, the officers commanding it ought to retain their command, and enter with it into that service: a Colonel with
his regiment; a Brigadier with his brigade; a Major General with his division. On the same principle, when several
divisions of the militia of any State are called into the service of the United States, the Governor of the State may
be authorized to take the command of them, he being the highest officer of the militia in the State. In such a case
the Governor of a State is viewed in his military character only. He becomes, it is true, the military commander,
by virtue of his office as Governor; but every other feature of that character is lost in the service of the United
States. They relate to his civil functions, in which the State alone is interested. The militia of one State, when
called into the service of the United States, may be marched into another State. VVe have seen the militia of Penn-
sylvania and Virginia serving in Maryland, and of North Carolina in Virginia, with many other examples of a like
kind. In all these instances, the militia officers go with their respective corps, and, as such, no discrimination can be
made to the exclusion of the Governor of a State, commanding the militia of a State; like other militia officers he
may march with the troops of his State into another State, and retain there his appropriate command, either as com-
mander of the district, or acting under another Governor, to whom the President has already given the command.
Your Excellency will find these principles fully illustrated, and more than fully established, by an example which
took place soon after the adoption of the present constitution. In the year 1794, when President Washington
thought it proper, on the certificate of a judge that an insurrection existed in the western parts of Pennsylvania, to
order the militia of other States there, to aid the militia of that State in suppressing it, he committed the command
of the whole force to the Governor of a rieighboring State, who commanded the Governor of Pennsylvania. The
relative rank and command of the Governor employed in the service was settled by the President himself.
In general it is not desirable to impose on the Governors of States the duty of commanding the militia of their
respective .States, when called into the service of the United States, where they supersede the officer of the latter,
commanding the military district in whioh such State is, because, as Governors, they have other duties to perform,
which might interfere, if they did not conflict, with those incident to such command. A Governor, for example,
under the influence of local feeling, might think the danger more imminent than it really was, and call into the ser-
vice of the United States a greater force than would be necessary. He might even set on foot expeditions, which
the General Government could not approve. It would be improper that the charges incident thereto should be de-
frayed by the United States. The constitution contemplates the exercise of the national authority, in contradis-
tinction to that of the State, whenever the militia of a State are called into the service of the United States. The
call must be made by the President, or by his authority, to be obligatory on the nation. If made by the Governor of
a State it is the act of the State, and obligatory on it only. These objections, however, to the union of both trusts
in the same person, did not apply to the employment of the Governor of New York. All the force necessary for the
defence of that State had already been called for, by order of this Government, and put into the serviceof the United
States, and although the Governor is authorized to dismiss a part of the militia, in certain cases, he is instructed
not to call out any without a special sanction from this Department.
Your Excellency will observe, that the objection to the command of the militia of a State by its Governor, whea
called into the service of the United States, does not apply except to cases in which the command of the military
district of the United States is superseded. In every other case, even in those having that effect, under similar cir-
cumstances with that under consideration, such active, patriotic service, by persons so highly entrusted by their coun-
try, will be seen by the President with great interest and satisfaction. Its example could not fail to produce the
happiest effect.
I have the honor to be, &c.
624
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
14th Congress.]
No. 143.
[1st Session.
MILITIA CLAIMS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 11, 1816.
Mr. Wright, from the committee on that part of the President's message, which relates to an arrangement of the
expenses of militia incurred by States without the authority of the General Government, made a report on the
petition of P. Andrews and otiiers; and on the petition of the Legislature of the Mississippi territory, relating
to the pay of Nixon and Hind's cavalry, as follows:
That, although they are satisfied that the cases so referred to them are not within the purview of the original
reference, yet they have taken the same under their consideration, and have come to the conclusion that no legis-
lative act is necessary for the relief of the petitioners.
In the first case, the committee were satisfied that the muster-rolls of the militia, by their own officers, was
legal evidence of their claims, particularly' when remote from any regular corps; in which opinion they were con-
firmed, by an inquiry of the Secretary of War, who informed the chairman of the committee, that the regulation
requiring the militia being mustered by a regular officer, proceeded from an order of the Secretary of War, which
had been recently superseded; and that the necessary order had been given to effect the payment of these militia,
on their muster-rolls by their own officers; whereby the benefits required will be had without an act of Congress
for that purpose-
The committee were also of opinion that the militia of a territory, called out as sanctioned by the executive au-
thority of a territory, were to be considered as acting under the authority of the United States, and that the laws
sufficiently provided for their payment, on the requisite evidence of their services; in which opinion, also, they
were confirmed by the concurrent opinion of the Secretary of War.
On the last case, to wit, the propriety of paying the holders of the due bills or certificates of soldiers^ claims, to
their assignees, the Legislature of Mississippi admits the wisdom of the policy that interdicted it, in the case of the
regulars, but suggests the different characters of the militia and regulars as a principle to induce the excepting the
case of the militia out of the law. The committee are not sufficiently impressed with the suggestion of the memo-
rialists to induce them to concur in that opinion, but are satisfied that if it was a wise policy in the case of the reg-
ulars, it can be fraught with but little mischief in the case of the militia. Tnat it will introduce different rules of
evidence in the case of the claims of the militia and the regulars, inconsistent with the equanimity of sound legis-
lation, and contrary to the opinion of the Secretary of War.
All which is submitted, &c.
Uth Congress. ]
No. 144.
[1st Session.
CONTRACTS FOR 1815.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, JANUARY 25, 1816.
Sir:
Department of War, January 23, 1816.
In compliance with an act concerning public contracts, passed April 21, 1808, I have the honor to transmit
to Congress a statement of the contracts that were made by this Department in the year 1815.for supplyingrationsto
the troops of the United States; and statements showing the contracts that were made by the purchasing and ord-
nance departments for the same period; excepting two contracts made by the purchasing department in 1814, that
were reported too late to this Department to be reported to Congress beifore the close ot the last session.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM H.CRAWFORD.
The President of the Senate of the Untied States.
.Z? statement of contracts entered into by individuals with the War Deparfment,for the supply of rations to the troops
of the United States, from the 1st of June, 1815, to the 31st of May, 1816.; both days included.
Date of
Contract.
Contractors.
Where to be delivered.
Price of Ration.
1815.
January 1,
Robert M. Penoyer,
Within the State of New Jersey,
16 cts. 8 mills
" 1,
James Morrison,
Within the Illinois, Missouri and Indiana Territories,
17 to 36 cents.
" 10,
Peter H. Green,
Within the State of Massachusetts.
19 cents.
" 14,
John Swartwout,
Within the State of Vermont and its northern vicinity
19 cents.
" 14,
Ditto,
Within that part of the State of New York, north of
West Point and its northern and western vicinities,
19 cts. 5 mills.
" 16,
Matthew L. Davis,
Within that part of the State of New York, South of.
the Highlands, including West Point,
16 cts. 7 mills.
" 20,
John Byers,
Within the State of Connecticut and Rhode Island,
17 cents.
" 20,
Ward and Johnson.
Within the Mississippi Territory and State of Lou-
isiana, - . - .
15J to 17| cents.
February 13,
Peutland, Hegins& Steele,
Within the Michigan Territory, the vicinity of the
Upper Lakes and State of Ohio,
I6i to 25 cts.
" 13,
Ditto,
Within the State of Pennsylvania,
17 to 18 cents.
March 1,
Charles Tyler, Junior, -
Within the State of Virginia,
15 cents.
" 1,
James Roddey,
Within the State of South Carolina,
20 cents.
'• 9,
Polk, Walker and Wil-
liams,
Within the States of Kentucky and Tennessee,
Within the State of New Hampshire, District of
14 to 15 cents.
- " 22,
Peter H. Green, -
Maine and their northern vicinities.
18 cts. 7^m.
May 1,
Benjamin G. Orr, -
Within the States of Delaware and Maryland and
the District of Columbia,
16 to n^cts.
" 25,
Joseph Hutchinson,
Within the State of Georgia and its southern vicinity.
17 cts. 74 m.
'■ 25,
Jarvis and Brown,
Within the State of North Carolina,
174 cts.
1816.]
CONTRACTS FOR 1815.
625
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g26 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
14th Congress.] No. 145. [1st Session.
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1816.
communicated to the house of representatives, january 27, 1816.
Department of War.
In obedience to the resolution of the honorable the House of Representatives of the 22d instant, I have the
honor to transmit the enclosed documents; which, it is believed, contain all the information required, which it is in
the power of this Department to give.
I have the honor to be, your most obedient, humble servant,
WM. H. CRAWFORD.
The Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, January 25, 1816.
Sir:
I have the honor to lay before you such copies of the records as contain all the information in this ofifice,
relative to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the United States, of January 22d, 1816, viz:
A register of the army, corrected on the 1st of January last, together with a resolution of the Senate of the
United States, of March 2d, 1815, containing a list of all the promotions which have been made in the army since
the peace.
No officer is retained on the peace establishment who was not in service during the war, and none have been
promoted since the passing of the act for reducing the army.
I have the honor to be, sir, with perfect respect, your obedient servant,
D. PARKER,
Adjutant and Inspector General.
The Secretary of War.
January 25, 1816.
Sir:
In addition to the official report which I had the honor to lay before you this morning, I take the liberty to
state, that there being no third lieutenants provided for in the peace establishment, (except in the corps of artil-
lery,) it appears to have entered into the views of the Board of Officers, who reported a selection, to retain all of
that rank who had been promoted from cadets of the military school; and, it appears, that none, except those, were
brought in from other corps. One third lieutenant, however, declined remaining in the army on the peace estab-
lishment; and third lieutenant W. H. C. Wright was brought in with his original rank in the regiment of light
artillery. He would have ranked all the cadets who were appointed on the 2d March, after the peace. The pro-
motion and selection of cadets seems to have been considered an exception to the general rule, as well by the
Board of Officers as by the War Department.
I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, your obedient servant,
D. PARKER.
Hon. W. H. Crawford.
In Senate of the United States, March 2, 1815.
Resolved, That the Senate do advise and consent to the following appointments:
Cadet Henry Middleton, to be second lieutenant in the Cadet Michael F. Van Deventer, do. do.
corps of engineers. ' Milo Johnson, do.' do.
Henry R. Dulany, to be third lieutenant of light Aaron G- Gano, do. do.
artillery. Robert M. Forsyth, do. do.
John R. Sloo, do. do. Thomas W. Lendrum, do. do.
Henry Griswold, do. do. William W. Rigal, to be third lieutenant of ord-
James Monroe, do. do. nance.
Robert C. Brent, do. do. James Simonson, do. do.
Abraham Wendall, do. do. John Hill, do. do.
George A. Washington, to be third lieutenant in James R. Stubbs, do. do.
the corps of artillery. Simon Willard, do. do.
Robert J. Scott, do. do. John Symington, do. do.
Alonzo Brower, do. do.
Francis W. Berrier, do. do. Note. — Cadet Stubbs declined the promotion, and re-
George Cooper, do. do. mained a cadet at the Military Academy.
Henry Smith, do. do. D. PARKER,
Alexander F. Cochrane, do. do. Adjutant and Inspector General.
Attest: CHARLES CUTTS, Secretary.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, /ara/ar;/ 25, 1816.
A true copy of the original on file in this office.
D. PARKER.
Mjutant and Inspector General.
Residence of the within officers when they were appointed cadets.
Middleton, South Carolina. Brewer, Vermont. Lendrum, Alexandria, D. C.
Dulany, Maryland. Berrier, New York. Rigal, New York.
Sloo, Ohio. Cooper, do. Simonson, do.
Griswold, do. Smith, do. Hill, Massachusetts.
Monroe, Virginia. Cochrane, Washington city, Stubbs, Ohio.
Brent, Maryland. Van Deventer, New York. Willard, Massachusetts.
Wendall, New York. Johnson. do. Symington, Maryland.
Washington, Maryland. Gano, Ohio.
Scott, Virginia. Forsyth, Georgia.
1816.]
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1816.
627
ARMY REGISTER.
General Staff.
Names and Rank.
Date of
appointment.
Brevet and former
commissions.
Jacob Brown, major general,
Andrew Jackson, do. - . - .
Alexander Macomb, brigadier general,
Edmund P. Gaines, do.
Winfield Scott, do.
Eleazer W. Ripley, do.
Daniel Parker, adjutant and inspector general,
Robert Butler, adjutant general, - - -
Arthur P. Hayne, do. . . .
Robert Swartout, quartermaster general, -
S. Champlain, deputy quartermaster general,
Samuel Brown, do- - . -
William Linnard, deputy quartermaster, -
N. B. Four brigade inspectors, and four brigade
quartermasters, to be taken from the line.
Ordnance Department.
Decius Wardsworth, colonel, . . .
George Bomford, lieutenant colonel,
John Morton,
A. R. WooUey,
George Talcot, jun.
James Dalaby,
JohnH.Margart,
R. D. Richardson,
Thomas L. Campbell,
Edwin Tyler,
J. H. Rees,
J. D. Hayden,
captain,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
M.I. Magee,
1st lieutenant,
William Wade,
Rufus L. Baker,
William C. Lyman,
David T. Welsh,
James Baker,
Neheni Baden,
Christopher Reiser,
Thomas L. Hawkins,
J. Livingston,
James Hall, 2d
Thos. T. Stephenson,
J. C. De Hart,
James Wilson,
R. C. Pomeroy,
Charles F. Morton,
iEneas McKay,
J. W. Phillips,
0. 0. Bangs,
James Elsinore,
William F. Rigal, 3d
James Simonson,
John Hills,
Simon Willard,
John Symington,
W. E. Williams,
W. B. Davidson,
W. H. Sass,
James Howard,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
lieutenant,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
lieutenant,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Medical Department.
David C. Kerr, hospital surgeon,
Samuel Shaw, do.
Benjamin Waterhouse, do.
Tobias Watkins, do.
James C. Bronaugh, do.
Joseph Loveli, do.
James Stevenson, hospital surgeon's mate,
William H. Buckner, do.
Edward Purcell, do.
William W. Hazard, do.
Joseph Wallace, do.
William Williams, do.
William Stewart, do.
Jan. 24, 1814,
May 1,
January 24,
March 9,
Do.
April 15,
November 22,
March 5,
April 12,
March 21, 1813,
March 1,
March 26,
April 12,
Jiily 2, 1812,
Feb'y 9, 1815,
Sept. 11, 1812,
December 4,
August 5, 1813,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Feb'y 16, 1814,
May 17, 1815,
August 14, 1812
March 12, 1813
Do.
April 19,
April 30,
August 6,
Do.
Do.
Do.
March 5, 1814,
May 1,
July 21,
August 1,
December 26,
Do.
Do.
December 2,
Do.
Do.
Do.
March 2,
Do.
Do.
March 2, 1815,
Do.
December 2,
Do.
Do.
Do.
April 30, 1812
April 6, 1813.
June 29.
March 30, 1814,
April 15.
June 30.
May 27,1812.
July 6.
May 2, 1813.
May 14.
July 15.
August 1.
March 30, 1814.
September 11, 1814,
Maj. Gen. brev.
August 15, 1814,
Maj. Gen. brev.
July 25,1814,
Maj. Gen. brev.
July 25,1814,
Maj. Gen. brev.
Brig. Gen. brevet.
Colonel brevet.
Do.
Brig. Gen. brevet.
Major brevet.
Do. -
Do. -
Colonel brevet.
Lieut. Col. brevet,
Dec. 22, 1814.
Captain brevet.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Brevet March 13,
1813.
Captain brev. March
17, 1814.
1st Lieut, brevet.
Do.
Do.
Captain brevet.
June 20, 1814.
1st Lieut, brevet
Do.
Do.
Do.
2d Lieut, brevet.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
3d Lieut, brevet.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Division of the north.
Division of the south.
Detroit.
Augusta, Georgia.
Boston.
Divis. of the sou.
Divis. of the nor.
Divis. of the sou.
Divis. of the nor.
Divis. of the nor.
1 S
Provisionally retained.
628
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
ARMY REGISTER— Continued.
Names and Rank.
Date of appoint-
ment.
Brevet and former
commission.
William Marshall, hospital surgeon's mate,
Joseph Eaton, do.
Robert Archer, do.
Hugh F. Rose, do.
James Trimble, do.
Thomas Russell, do.
Tobias P. Cambridge, do.
Isaac Foot, do.
Foster Swift, garrison surgeon,
James H. M'Culloch, do.
John F. Heilman, garrison surgeon's mate,
George W. Maupin,
Joseph Goodhue,
Abraham Stewart,
James H. Sargent,
Charles Slocum,
Lemuel B. Clark,
William T. Davidson,
Cornelius Cunningham,
Jonathan S. Cool,
William Ballard,
Alexander Wolcott,
William Turner,
John H. Sackett,
William M. Scott,
John Trevett,
P. Macauley,
Solomon Wolcott,
Arnold Elzy.
W. C. Lane,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Apothecary's department.
Francis Le Baron, apothecary general,
Christopher Backus, assistant apothecary,
James Cutbush, do.
Judge Advocates.
James T. Dent,
Henry Wheaton,
Chaplains.
Robert Elliott,
C. Tarrant,
Fay departmetit .
Robert Brent, paymaster of the army,
Washington Lee, deputy paymaster general,
Jonathan Bell, assistant deputy do.
Ambrose Whitlock, deputy paymaster general,
Thomas Hempstead, assistant deputy do.
Purchasing department.
Callender Irvine, commissary general,
John M'Kinney, deputy commissary,
Darby Noon, do.
Robert Irvine, assistant commissary,
James E. Herron, do-
Maurice Prevost, do.
Joseph W. Pinder, do.
Edwin Starke, do.
William Carson, do.
Archibald Steel, military store-keeper.
Samuel Devans,
Lynott Bloodgood,
John Fellows,
Jonathan Snowden,
Thomas Martin,
Robert Wilson,
John Chaffee,
Lloyd Beall,
Thomas B. Rutter,
James Gibson,
George Hackett,
Samuel Lane.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Augustus H. Putman, do
March 30, 1814.
April 15.
May n.
May 21.
July 17.
July 21.
September 12.
November 22.
February 18,
July 17,
June 2, 1802,
November 5,
Feb. 8, 1803,
March 6, 1806,
Do.
March 25, 1807,
January 4, 1808,
June 13,
Oct. 15, 1810,
Feb. 8, 1811,
March 24, 1812,
March 25,
September 29,
March 22,1813,
April, 8, 1814,
Do.
Do.
Do.
April 15,
September 15,
June 11, 1813,
August 12, 1814
Do.
July 19, 1813,
August 6,
May 20, 1813,
Dec. 10, 1814,
July 1, 1808.
April 13, 1813,
August 1, 1814,
May 17, 1815,
June 15, 1814,
Augusts, 1812,
Provisionally retained.
Do. do.
Do. Fort Mifflin.
Do. Norfolk.
Do. Portsmouth.
Do. St. Louis.
Do. Boston.
Do. Natchitoches.
Do. Norfolk.
Do. Fort Stodderf.
Do. New London.
Do. Fort Osage.
Do. Castine.
Do. New York.
Do. .New London.
Do. New York.
Do. Detroit.
Provisionally retained.
Do. Fort Washing-
ton.
Do. Charleston.
Do. Washington.
Do. Vincennes.
Provisionally retained.
Southern division.
Northern division.
Southern division.
Northern division.
Northern division.
Southern division.
Northern division,
provisionally ret'd.
Do. do.
Southern division,
provisionally ret'd.
Do. do.
Philadelphia.
Southern division.
Northern division.
Detroit.
Brownsville, N. Y.
New Orleans.
Savannah.
Norfolk.
St.' Louis.
Philadelphia.
Boston.
Albany.
New York.
West Point.
Newport, Ky.
Charleston, S. C.
Springfield, Mass.
Harper's Ferry, Va.
Baltimore.
Pittsburg.'
Carlisle.
Washington.
Savannah.
1816.]
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1616.
629
ARMY REGISTER— Continued.
Names and Rank.
Date of appoint-
Brevet and former
Remarks.
ment.
commission.
Military Academy.
Senior officer of engineers, superintendent military
academy.
.Tared Mansfield, professor of natural and experi-
mental philosophy, - - - .
Oct. 7, 1812.
D. B. Douglass, assistant do.
Andrew Eflicott, professor of mathematics,
Sept. 1, 1813.
J. Wright, assistant do.
Alden Partridge, professor art of engineering,
Do.
William Evilyth, assistant do.
Samuel Walsh, surgeon, - - - -
Augusts, 1813.
Adam Empie, chaplain and professor of ethics.
Claudius Beraud, teacher of French language,
Jan. 3, 1815.
C. E. Zoeller, teacher of drawing.
Pere Thomas, sword-master.
Lineal rank of Begiments and Corps.
COLONELS.
Moses Porter,
Thomas A. Smith,
Hugh Brady,
John Miller,
.Joseph G. Swift,
Daniel Bissell,
William King,
James Miller,
Henry Atkinson,
R. C. Nicholas,
James M'Donald,
1 artillery, brig, general brevet,
rifle, brigadier general brevet,
2 infantry.
3 infantry.
engineer, brig, general brevet,
1 infantry, brig, general brevet.
4 infantry.
5 infantry, brig, general brevet.
6 infantry.
8 infantry.
7 infantry.
LIEUTENANT COLONELS.
John R. Fenwick,
David Brearly,
W. K. Armistead,
George E. Mitchell,
James House,
Joseph L. Smith,
Wiiiiam Lindsay,
Duncan It. Clinch,
William S. Hamilton,
George Croghan,
J. Snelling,
Matthew Arbuckle,
Ninian Pinkney,
William M'Rea,
William A, Trimble,
Abraham Eustis,
George Bomford,
William M'Ree,
George Armistead,
Thomas S. Jesup,
John E. AVool,
James B. Many,
J. Hindman.
Charles K. Gardiner,
James Bankhead,
Henry Leavenworth,
J. M'Neal,jun.
T. Chambers,
Daniel Appling,
William Lawrence,
George M. Brooke,
Charles Woolstoncraft,
John B. AValback,
Moses Sweet,
Charles Gratiot,
William Wilson,
John Nicks,
Enoch Humphreys,
Uriah Blue,
John Machesney,
Gad Humphreys,
80
1 artillery,' colonel brevet.
7- infantry, colonel brevet.
engineers.
artillery, colonel brevet.
artillery.
5 infantry,
artillery.
4 infantry,
rifle.
1 infantry, brevet.
6 infantry.
3 infantry.
2 infantry,
artillery.
8 infantry brevet.
Majors.
1 artillery, lieut. col. brevet,
engineers, lieut. col. bi'evet.
engineers, colonel brevet,
artillery, lieut. col. brevet
1 infantry, colonel brevet.
6 infantry lieut. col. brevet,
artillery.
artillery, colonel brevet.
3 infantry, lieut. col. brevet,
artillery.
2 infantry, col. brevet.
5 infantry, colonel brevet,
rifle, lieutenant col. brevet.
7 infantry,, colonel brevet.
8 infantry, lieut. col. brevet.
4 infantry, colonel brevet.
Captaixs.
artillery, major brevet.
artillery, lieut. col. brevet.
artillery.
engineers.
artillery.
8 infantry, major brevet.
artillery, major brevet.
8 infantry, major brevet.
7 infantry, major brevet.
6 infantry, major brevet.
Richard Whartenby,
Alden Partridge,
E. Cutler,
P. Muhlenburg,
James Dinkins,
Alexander Cummings,
James Dorman,
Daniel Baker,
James Reed,
Angus M'Dowell,
W. Morgan,
F. W. Armstrong,
Isaac D. Barnard,
Angus L. Langham,
Robert Gray,
J. B. Crane,
R. Jones,
James H- Boyle,
Alexander S. Brooks,
Nathan Towson,
S. B. Archer,
Saunders Donoho,
Thomas Biddle, jun.
John SprouU, ■
Josiah H. Vose,
William Bradford,
Samuel D. Harris,
John A. Burd,
Joseph Selden,
Turner Crooker,
J. T. B. Romayne,
David E. Twiggs,
Alexander Gray,
Thomas Sangster,
White Youngs,
William Taylor,
William J. Adair,
William 0. Allen,
John T. Chunn,
A. L. Madison,
J. G. Totten,
Thomas Stockton,
C. Larrabee,
S. Babeock,
William Davenport,
Thomas Ramsey,
William Whistler,
A. W. Thornton,
Thomas Murry,
William Gates,
A. C. W. Fanning,
John M. O'Conner,
William S. Foster,
S. Burbank,
Stephen W! Kearney,
J. L. Baker,
W. 0. Butler,
J. Roach, jun.
Thomas M. Read, jun-
Peter B. Van Beuren,
J. F. Heileman,
George Bender,
John Bliss,
Hopley Yeaton,
James H. Hook,
6 infantry, major brevet,
engineers.
4 infantry, major brevet^.
4 infantry, major brevet.
4 infantry, major brevet.
4 infantry.
8 infantry, major brevet.
3 infantry, major brevet,
artillery.
1 artillery.
rifle, major brevet,
7 infantry, major brevet.
4 infantry, major brevet.
7 infantry, major brevet.
2 infantry, major brevet,
artillery, major brevet,
artillery, lieut. col. brevet,
artillery, major brevet,
artillery, major brevet,
1 artillery, lieut. col. brevet,
artillery, major brevet,
artillery.
artillery, major bravet.
2 infantry, major brevet.
5 infantry, major brevet,
rifle major brevet.
1 artillery, lieut col. brevet.
4 infantry, major brevet,
rifle, lieut. col. brevet.
6 infantry, major brevet. •
artillery.
7 infantry, major brevet.
1 infantry.
4 infantry.
8 infantry, major brevet.
4 infantry.
3 infantry,
artillery.
3 infantry, major brevet.
4 infantry.
engineers, lieut. col. brevet.
6 infantry, major brevet.
3 infantry, major brevet.
engineers.
8 infantry.
rifle.
3 infantry.
1 artillery,
artillery,
artillery.
artillery, major brevet.
artillery.
6 infantry, major brevet.
5 infantry, major brevet.
2 infantry.
1 infantry, major brevet.
1 infantry, major brevet-
artillery.
6 infantry.
2 infantry,
artillery.
5 infantry.
6 infantry,
artillery.
4 infantry.
630
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
ARMY REGISTER-Continued.
George Stockton,
Willis Foulk,
Thomas Bennett,
Robert G. Hite,
M. Marston,
John Jones,
G. H. Manigault,
R. H. Bell,
S. Churdiill,
Benjamin Watson,
George M'Glassin,
A Brownlow,
Daniel Ketchum,
B. K. Pierce,
Armstrong Irvine,
John Biddle,
H. Chotard,
Sylv. Thayer,
W. L, Foster,
Francis Stribling,
George Vashon,
John S. Peyton,
H. K. Craig,
M. M, Quackenbos,
William Laval,
George P. Peters,
J. Robertson,
Peter Pelham,
Anatole Peychaud,
Ferd. L. Amelung,
Abner P. Spencer,
Joseph Kean,
Lineal rank of Regiments and Corps.
3 infantry.
8 infantry,
artillery,
artillery.
5 infantry, major brevet.
1 infantry.
1 artillery.
7 infantry,
artillery.
6 infantry, i
6 infantry,
8 infantry.
6 infantry, major brevet,
artillery.
1 artillery,
artillery.
1 infantry, I
engineers,
5 infantry.
1 artillery.
7 infantry.
1 artillery.
1 artillery.
8 infantry.
1 infantry, major brevet,
artillery.
7 infantry.
5 infantry.
1 infantry.
1 infantry.
2 infantry,
rifle.
Corps of Engineers.
, major brevet,
major brevet.
, major brevet.
, major brevet.
W. Martin,
Benjamin Birdsall,
John O. Fallon,
Henry Shell,
H. Bradley,
L. Austin,
G. H. Grosvenor,
Elijah Montgomery,
Alexander R. Thompson,
Edmund Ship,
William Christian,
J. Fowie, jun.
J. S. Allison,
G.D. Smith,
Lewis Bissell,
H. H. Villard,
John Reed,
E. Childs,
W. L. Dufphey,
W.J.Worth,
Henry Whiting,
H. J. Blake,
David Perry,
William Cutbush,
John Green,
James Pratt,
N. N. Hall,
Newman S. Clarke,
John R. Bell,
William M'Donald,
M. P. Lomax,
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
COLONEL.
Jos. G.Swift, July 31, 1812.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
Walker K. Armistead, July
24, 1812.
Geo. Bomford, July 6, 1812.
William M'Ree, " 31,
C. Gratiot, Feb. 23, 1808.
A. Partridge, July 23, 1810,
J. G. Totten, " 31, 1812.
S. Babcock, Sept. 20.
S. Thayer, October 13, 1813
W. Cutbush, Sept. 7, 1814.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
E. de Russey, July 6, 1812.
Fred. Lewis, Sept. 20.
J. Gadsden, March 17, 1813.
T. W. Maurice, Oct. 13.
H. Dumas, Feb. 20, 1814.
D. B. Douglas, Sept. 17,
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
G. Trescott, Oct. 16, 1813,
J. L. Smith, "
H. C. Story, Mar. 11, 1814,
John Wright, " 30.
S. H. Long, Dec. 12, 1814.
H. Middleton, Mar. 2, 1815
Br.Gen.brev.Feb.19,1814,
rifle.
rifle, major brevet.
rifle.
2 infantry.
3 infantry.
8 infantry, major brevet.
3 infantry.
7 infantry, major brevet.
2 infantry.
rifle.
1 infantry.
5 infantry.
7 infantry.
2 infantry, major brevet.
8 infantry,
artillery.
1 infantry, major brevet.
5 infantry.
rifle.
2 infantry, major brevet.
2 infantry,
artillery.
5 infantry,
engineers.
3 infantry.
5 infantry,
artillery.
6 infantry.
1 artillery.
3 infantry, major brevet,
artillery.
Lt. col. brev. Dec. 22, 1814.
Col. brev. Aug. 15, "
Professor military academy.
Lt. col. brev. Sep. 11,1814
Maj.brev. Feb. 20, 1815.
Capt. brev. Sept. 11, 1814
Capt. brev. Sept. 17, 1814.
1st It. brev. Sept. 11, 1814
1st It. brev, Sept. 17, 1814.
Regiment of Light Artillery — Continued.
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
Regiment of Light Jlrtillery.
COLONEL.
M. Porter, Mar. 12, 1812,
Br. Gen. brev. Sep. 10,
1813.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
J. R. Fenwick,Dec. 2, 1811.
MAJORS.
A. Eustis, Mar. 5, 1810.
CAPTAINS.
A. M'Dowell, Apr. 1, 1812.
N. Towson, July G,
S. D. Harris, "
Arthur W. Thornton,
Jan. 20, 1813.
Gabriel H. Manigault,
Aug. 1, 1813,
Arms. Irvine, Oct. 1, 1813.
Eras. Stribling, Nov. 1.
J. S. Peyton, Dec. 15.
H. K.Craig, Dec 23.
J. R. Bell, Oct. 10, 1814.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
W. F. Hobart, Apr. 5, 1813
G.. N.Morris, Oct. 23. .
J. H. Wilkins, Dec. 3.
John Gates, jun. "
N. Freeland, Feb. 21, 1814.
T. Lamar, March 11.
W. Lyman, June 10.
J. F. Ross, July 20.
S. M. Mackay,Oct. 10.
Fred. Kinloch, " 10.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
G. E. Wells, Oct. 2, 1813.
E. Lyon, " 23.
S. Washburn, Dec. 13.
H. Stanton, Mar. 7, 1814.
G. Drane, " 17.
W. Smith, May 12.
H. F. Evans, June 2.
R. F. Massie, Aug. 31.
J. Irvine, Sept. 19.
W. Wells, Oct. 10.
Col. stall' & brev. Mar. 18,
1813.
Lt. col. brev. Sep. 10, 1812.
Lt. col. brev. Aug. 15, 1814,
Lt. col. brev. July 25, "
Maj. stafi", Sept. 9, 1815.
Col. stafif, Oct. 28, 1814.
Maj. staft', July 27, 1814.
Aid to Maj. Gen. Brown.
Capt. staflf, July 12, 1813.
1816.]
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1816.
631
ARMY REGISTER-Continued.
Names and rank.
SURGEON. •
L. Dunham, Dec. 12, 1808.
surgeon's mate.
W. H. Livingston, July 26,
1814.
Brevetsand former commissions.
Corps of Artillery.
LIEUTENANT COLONELS.
G.E.Mitchell, Mar. 3,1813,
James House, do.
Wm. Lindsay, March 12.
Wm. Maorea, Apr. 19, 1814.
G. Armistead, Mar. 3, 1813,
Jas. B. Many, May 5.
J. Hindman, June 26,
J. Bankhead, Aug- 15,
Col. brevet. May 5, 1814.
Lt. Col. brev. Sep. 12, 1814
Col. brev. May 17, 1815.
Col. staff, Sept. 9, 1813.
Chs. Wollstoncratt, March
15, 1805,
J.B.Walbach,Jan.31,1806
Moses Swett, June 30, 1807
Wm. Wilson, May 3, 1808
E. Humphreys, Jan. 9, 1809,
Jas. Reed, March 12, 1812
J. B. Crane, July 6,
Roger Jones, do.
J. H. Boyle, do.
A. S. Brooks, do.
S. B. Archer, do.
S. Donoho, do.
Th. Biddle,jr. do.
J.T. B. Romayne, do.
Wm. O. Allen, do.
Th. Murray, Feb. 10, 1813.
Wm. Gates, March 3.
A. C.W. Fanning, Mar. 13,
J.M.O'Conner, do.
I. Roach, jr. April 13.
J. F. Hieleman, May 5.
H. Yeaton, May 20.
Th. Bennet, June 20.
Robt. G. Hite, June 20,
S. Churchill, August 15,
B. K. Pierce, October 1.
JohnBiddle, do.
G. P. Peters, Feb. 21, 1814,
H. H.Villard, July 14.
H.J. Blake, September 1.
Nath'l N. Hall, Sept. 30,
M. P. Lomax, November 17,
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
Milo Mason, Feb. 29, 1812,
C. Vandeventer, Mar. 12,
J. L. Tracy, March 6.
John Farley, do.
Wm. M. Read, do.
Harold Smyth, do.
L. Brown, do.
Luther Scott, do.
R. R. Ruffin, do.
J. H. Daring, do.
J. Erving, jr. August 16,
A. L. Sands, Feb. 10, 1813.
T.J. Beall,March3,
Rd. A. Zantzinger, Mar. 13
W. R. Duncan, do.
Chester Root, do.
T. Randall, do.
J. L. Edwards, March 28.
Gus. Loomis, May 5,
P. D. Spencer, May 13,
J. Mountfort, May 20,
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
F. Whiting, June 20, 1813.
Edwin Sharpe, June 26.
G. Dearborn, October 1, Adjutant.
Felix Ansart, do.
William King, do.
Th. C. Legate, October 29.
Nat. Clarke, May 1, 1814.
S. Spotts, May 22.
L. Whiting, June 14.
Lewis Morgan, Nov. 17.
W. H. Nicoll, Nov. 22.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
Major brev. Mar. 15, 1815.
Lt. Col. br. May 17, 1815
Major brev. Dec. 28, 1814.
Major brev. Nov. 13, 1813
Lt. Col. br. Sept. 17, 1814.
Major brev. May 5, 1814.
Do. Sept. 11, 1814.
Do. April 27, 1815.
Do. Aug. 15, 1814.
Majorstaff, Febr. 11, 1815.
Major brev. Aug. 15, 1814,
Major staff, June 20, 1814.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Aug. 6, 1813
Aug. 29, 1813.
do.
April 25, 1814.
March 3, 1814
Aid to Brig. Gen. Porter.
Major staff, Mar. 20, 1813,
Capt.brev.Sept.il, 1814.
Do. Feb. 20, 1815.
Major staff, April 1, 1813.
Capt. brev. Mar. 17, 1814.
Do. Aug. 15, 1814.
Do. Sept. 11, 1814.
Aid to Maj. Gen. Macomb,
Capt. brev. Dec. 1, 1814.
Capt. staff, April 19, 1813.
Major staff, Oct. 17, 1814.
Capt. brev. Sept. 11,1814.
Adrian Neil, July 6, 1812,
J. W. Kincaid, do.
Robert Goode, do.
Francis O. Byrd, do.
Thos. Reynolds, do.
J. W.Lent,jr. Mar. 12, 1813
Jos. Bosque, April 12.
C. D. Cooper, April 16.
J. P. Prince. do.
Richard Bache, April 17,
P. I. Neville, April 20.
M. S. Massey, May 13.
C. Anthony, May 20,
VV.M'Clintock, June 20.
L. H. Osgood, do.
J. Henderson, June 26.
P. Melendy, June 29.
Jas. D. Brown. August 15.
R. M. Kirby, October 1,
H. M.Campbell, October 12,
Robert Beall, November 14.
John A. Dix, March 1, 1814.
S. W. Gordon, March 11,
R. Lyman, do.
L L. Gardner, March 28.
T. I. Harrison, March 19.
L Watmaugh, do.
G. W. Gardiner, May 1.
C. S. Merchant, do.
Nathl. G. Dana, do.
John Monroe, do.
J. S. Allanson, do.
L. G. De Russy, do.
Thomas Child s, do.
Jac. Schmucke, do.
Thos. V. Earle, do.
Charles Mellon, do.
George H. Britt, do.
John S. Pierce, do.
Allen Lowd, do.
G. S. Wilkins, May 3.
P. A. Dennis, May 20.
J. Ripley, June 1.
E. G. de Lamos, July 7.
Isaac E. Craig, July 21.
C. M. Thruston, do.
H. W. Fitzhugh, do.
Jacob Davis, do.
E. Humphrey, do.
S. Whetmore, do.
D. S. Andrews, July 22.
N. G. Wilkinson, do.
Tim. Green, jr. July 25.
William G. Shade, Aug. 31
Elis. Brimhall,Sept. 1,
H. H. Minton.Sept. 12.
A. C. Towler, Sept. 30.
J. S. Abeel, October 1,
James Archer, do.
VV. S. Willard, do.
James Gigniliat, October 11
M. F. de Graffenreidt, Nov
36, 1804.
THIRD LIEUTENANTS.
R. H. Lee, March 17, 1814,
Rice L. Stuart, July 15.
W. L. Booth, July 21.
1st Lieut, br. July 6, 1812.
Do. Feb. 20, 1815.
Do. Mar. 13, 1813.
Do. Apr. 17, 1813.
Adjutant
Capt. brev. Sept. 17, 1814.
Aid to Maj. Gen. Ripley.
Capt. brev. July 25, 1814.
1st Lieu.br. Mar. 11,1814.
lstLieu.br. Aug. 15, 1814.
Aid to Maj. Gen. Gaines.
1st Lieu. br. July 25, 1814.
At ord.
1st Lieu. br. Sept. 1, 1814.
Do. Oct 1, 1814.
Do. Sept. 17, 1814.
632
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
ARMY REGISTER— Continued.
Names and rank.
T. J. Baird, July21, 1814.
J. Parkhurst, do.
R.L.Armstrong, do.
James Badolet, do.
G. W. Gardner, do.
B. S. A. Lowe, do.
T. R. Broome, do.
Pat. Gait, September 16.
Upt. S. Frazer, October 1.
N. G. Pendleton, Nov. 22,
B. H. Rutledge, Dec. 12.
John R. Sloo, Mar. 2, 1815
Henry Grisvvold, do.
James Monroe, do.
Robert C. Brent, do.
Abr. Wendell, do.
G. A. Washington, do.
Robert J. Scott, do.
Alonzo Brewer, do.
F. N. Berrier, . do.
George Cooper, do.
Henry Smith, do.
A. F. Cochrane, do.
Milo Johnson, do.
Aaron G. Gano, do.
Robt. M. Forsyth, do.
Thos. W. Lendruni, do.
Henry R. Dulany, do.
Brevets and former commissions.
Aid to Maj. Gen. Gaines.
First Regiment of Infantry.
Dan. Bissel, Aug. 15, 1812,
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
Geo. Croghan,Feb. 21, 1814
MAJOR.
Th.S. Jesup,April6, 1813,
Alex. Gray, July 6, 1812.
I. L. Baker, April 5, 1813.
Wm. 0. Butler, do.
Joiin Jones, July 29.
Henry Chotard, October 9,
Wm. Laval, Feb. 15, 1814,
Anatole Peychaud, Mar. 11
Ferd. L. Amelung, do.
"Wm. Christian, May 31.
John Reed, July 15,
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
Nat. Smith, July 29, 1813.
S. Farrow, Jr. Aug. 1.
Jac. Whistler, Aug. 15.
Jn. C. Kouns, Feb. 20, 1814
J. P. Thibault, March 11.
Wm. Gibbs, do.
John Tarrant, April 15.
A. Donoho, April 15.
Henry Saunders, July 14.
Richd. K. Call, July 15,
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
Geo. Watts, Aug. 1, 1813,
Robt. L. Coomb, Aug. 4.
R. B. Hyde, Feb. 18, 1814.
Geo. W. Boyd, March 9.
W. Christie, do.
Chas. Cooper, May 1.
Trueman Cross, do.
Sam. Houston, May 20.
T. C. Hindman, do.
Robt. Davis, June 30.
SURGEON.
Edw. Scull, April 8, 1814.
Br. Gen. br. Mar. 9, 1814.
Brevet, August 2, 1813.
Col. brevet, July 25, 1814.
Major brev. Dec. 23, 1814.
Do. do.
Major stafl', Oct. 17,1814.
Major brev. Dec. 23, 1814.
Major brev. Nov. 7, 1814.
Do.
Dec. 23, 1814.
Capt. brevet Dec. 23, 1814,
Capt. brevet, Nov. 7, 1814
1st It. brevt. July 5, 1814.
Names and rank.
Brevetsandformercommissions.
surgeon's mates.
W. S. Madison, Dec. 12,
1812.
C. G. Gerrard, Mar. 11, 1814
Second Regiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
Hugh Brady, July 6, 1812.
lieutenant COLONEL.
Ninian Pinckney, April 15
1814,
Henry Leavenworth, Aug
16, 1813,
feobt. Gray. July 6. 1812,
John Sproul, do.
Stephen W. Kearney, Apr]
1, 1813.
Peter B. Van Beuren, April
30, 1813.
Abner P. Spencer, March
14,1814.
Henry Shell, -March 21.
Alex. R. Thompson. May 1
1814.
G. D. Smith. June 30,
W. J. Worth, Aug. 19,
Henry Whiting, Sept. 1.
FIRST lieutenants.
Chas. J. Nourse, May 7,
1812, ~
W. Browning,Oct. 15, 1813,
Wm. Hoftinan, Nov. U.
B. A. Boynton, Nov. 25.
Owen Ransom, April 19,
1814.
John Kirby, May 19,
Jas. Young, June 30.
Wm. G. Belknap, Aug. 19,
1814.
S. B. Griswold, Sept. 1.
Walter Bicker, Jr. do.
SECOND lieutenants.
John G. Munn, March 13
1813,
Jas. Palmer, Dec. 20,
John Wood, May 1, 1814.
Joseph Hopkins, May 2.
W. Kendall, June 16, 1814,
R. M. Harrison, June 30.
Elisha Clark, July 25.
Seth Johnson, Aug. 20.
Joshua Brant, Oct. 1.
John Clitz, October 19,
surgeon.
Franklin Bache.
surgeon's mates.
S. H. Littlejohn, April 3,
1813.
Josiah Everett, July 21.
Col. staff, Dec. 1. 1814.
Col. brvt. July 25, 1814.
Maj. brvt. Aug. 15, 1813.
Maj. brvt. July 25, 1814.
Maj. brvt. July 25, 1814.
Major brvt. do.
Maj. staff, Sept. 14, 1814,
Capt. brvt. Aug. 15, 1813.
Capt. brvt. Oct. 31, 1814.
Adjutant.
1st It. brvt. Aug. 15, 1813.
1st It. brvt. Aug. 5, 1814.
1st It. brvt. Jan. 1, 1815.
1st It. brvt. Sept. 17, 1814.
Third Regiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
John Miller, July 6, 1812.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
Matthew Arbuckle. March
9, 1814. I
1816.]
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1816.
633
ARMY REGISTER— Continued.
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
Col. Staff, April 12, 1814.
Major bfvt. April 15, 1814
Major brvt. Aug. 15, do.
Major brvt. Aug. 9, 1812.
Major brvt. July 25, 1814.
Charles K. Gardiner, June
26, 1813,
Dan. Baker, March 12, 1812,
Wm. J. Adair, July 6.
John T. Chunn, do.
Chas. Larrabee, Sept. 12-,
W. Whistler, Dec. 31, 1812
G. Stockton, May 20, 1813.
Hez. Bradley, April 19,
1814.
G. H. Grosvenor, April 21,
John Green, Sept. 25.
Wm. M'Donald, Nov. 11,
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
James Hackley, Jr. March
13, 1813.
T. Mountjoy, March 13.
John Garland, March 31.
Chas. L. Cass, May 20.
Rt. Sturgus, March 9, 1814
Dan. Curtis, April 15.
Henry Conway, April 19.
Lawrence Talliaf'erro, June
30, 1814.
Yurley F. Thomas, do.
Collin M'Claud, Aug. 4.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
Ash. Philips, May 20, 1813,
Jon. B.Clarke, Apr. 9,1814
Ed. E. Brooks, May 1.
Sma. Keeler, Jr. June 7.
Jas. Dean, June 28.
Raimey G. Saunders, July
14, 1814.
Cy. Saunders, July 14.
Hillary Brunot, July 22.
Gab. J. Floyd, Oct 1.
J. Beckwith, Dec. 1.
A. G. Goodlet, Feb. 10,
1812.
surgeon's mates.
John Gale, July 9, 1812.
Alf. Foster, April 15, 1814.
Fourth Regiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
Wm. King, Feb. 21, 1814,
lieutenant COLONEL.
Duncan L. Clinch, Aug. 4,
1813.
MAJOR.
G. M. Brooks, May 1, 1814,
CAPTAINS.
Enoch Cutler, Sept. 3, 1810,
P. Muhlenburg, Oct. 1.
Jas. Dinkins, Feb. 6, 1811,
A. Cummings, Nov. 1.
J. D. Barnard, July 6, 1812.
John A. Burd, do.
Th. Sangster, do.
Wm. Taylor, do.
A. L. Madison, do.
Jas. H. Hook, July 13.
Col. stafi', July 18, 1813.
Col. brevet, Sept. 17, 1814
Major staft; Mar. 18, 1813,
brevet, May 1, 1814,
Major brevet May 1, do.
Major brevt. May 15, do.
Major brevt. June 26, 1813
Major brevt. Oct. 31, 1814,
Names and rank.
first LIEUTENANTS.
Kenneth M'Kenzie, July 6,
1812.
F. S. Belton, Jan. 20, 1813,
Mm. Neilson, June 7.
Oth. W. Callis, June 26.
Dan. Sacket, Nov. 11.
Wm. P. Pendleton, May 30,
1814.
J. M'Gavock, Jr. June 24,
1814.
Jas. H. Gale, June 29.
J. M. Glassell, July 12,
E. B. Randolph, Dec. 31,
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
Bev. Turpin, July 6, 1812,
F. H. Lissenhoft", Aug. 1,
1813.
John Strother, Nov 20.
F. L. Dade, Jan. 31, 1814.
Philip Wager, March 17.
J. Ishommo, March 24.
C.Wright, April 19.
Henry Wilson, do.
J. P. Dieterich, June 14,
R. M. Sands, July 9,
surgeon.
M. C.Buck, July S, 1813.
surgeon's mates.
J. B. Hill, July 6. 1812.
R. C.Lane, March 11, 1814.
Fifth Regiment of Infantry.
colonel.
Jas. Miller, March 9, 1814,
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
Jos. L. Smith, Mar. 12, 1813.
major.
J.M'Neal,Jr.Aug. 15,1813,
CAPTAINS.
Brevets and former commissions
Capt. brevt. July 6, 1812.
Major staflT, Oct. 16, 1814.
Adjutant.
1st It. brevt. July 25, 1814.
1st. It. brevt. July 6, 1812,
1st. It. brevt. Feb. 5, 1815.
Quartermaster.
J. H. Vose, July 6, 1812.
S. Burbank, Mar. 13, 1813.
Geo. Bender, May 13,
M. Marston, June 26.
W. L. Foster, Oct. 15.
P. Pelham, Feb. 28, 1814.
J. Fowie, jun. June 10.
E. Childs, July 20.
David Perry, Sept. 1.
James Pratt, " 30.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
H. Whiting, Aug. 20, 1811,
G. Gooding, Feb. 15, 1612,
I. Piymton, July 31, 1813.
G. W. Hovey, Aug. 15.
J. Cilley, March 7, 1814,
Otis Fisher, July 20.
Jos. Gleason, " 25,
J. W. Holding, 31,
B. F. Earned, Aug. 4,
I. Clark, Jr. Sept. 1.
SECOND LIEUTEN.INTS.
S. Butterfield.Jan.a, 1812,
N. Clark, May 19, 1813.
Edm. Kirb}', July 31, 1813,
Sam. Keeler, Jan. 31, 1814.
T. Hunt, March 19.
Brig. Gen. brevet July 25,
1814.
Col. brevet, July 25. 1814.
Maj. brevt. Aug. 4. 1814.
Maj. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Maj. brevt. Aug. 15, 1814.
Capt. brevt. Mar. 17, 1814.
Capt. brevt. June 15, 1614.
Capt. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Capt. brevt. Aug. 15, 1814.
Capt. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Capt. brevt. Aug. 15, 1814.
1st It. brevt. Feb. 21, 1814.
Adjutant.
634
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
ARMY REGISTER— Continued.
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
J. Craig, June 23, 1814.
G. H. Beldine, July 25, "
A. B. Dake, Sept. 13, "
P. R. Green, Oct. 1, "
C. Blake, " 31 ; " Quartermaster.
SURGEON.
S. Day, March 13, 1813.
surgeon's mates.
E. L. Allen, July 21, 1813
J. P. Russell, May 25, 1814.
Sixth Regiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
H. Atkinson, April 15, 1814,
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
J. Snelling, Feb. 21, 1814,
MAJOR.
J. E. Wool, April 13, 1813,
CAPTAINS.
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
D. Appling, April 15, 1814.
Col. brevt. Sept. 11, 1814.
Col. staff, April 25, 1813.
Col. staff. April 12, 1814.
Lt. col.brev. Sep. 11,1814,
G. Humphreys, Dec. 31,
1809,
T. Crooker, July 6, 1812
T. Stockton, Sept. 10,
AV. S.Foster, Mar. 13,1813,
T. M. Read, Apr. 16.
John Bliss, May 13.
B. Watson, Aug. 15,
G. M'Glassin, "
D. Ketchum, Sept. 30.
N. S. Clarke, Oct. 1, 1814
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
E. Boardman, May 3, 1810,
W. Hale, Aug. 15, 1813.
E. Shaylor, Aug. 15.
G. M'Chain, Sept. 30.
F. A. Sawyer, Dec. 12.
J. P. Livington " 19,
S. Tappan, June 14, 1814.
A. Wetmore, July 9.
T. Staniford, Sept. 1.
De La fayette Wilcox.
Oct. 2, 1814.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
Jon. Ellison, Mar. 17, 1814,
J. A. Harding, Apr. 28.
T. Tupper, May 2.
Caleb B. Campbell.
Hazen Bedell, June 15.
Jas. M'llvain, July 19.
Ben. Fitch, " 25.
J. Brown, Sept. 1.
J. Mansfield, Sept. 30.
T.G.Mower, June 30, 1814
surgeon's MATES.
C. Loring, May 20, 1813.
W. Sterne, Mar. 11, 1814.
Maj. brevt. Apr. 18, 1814.
Maj. brevt. July 4, 1814.
Maj. brevt. Apr. 15, 1814.
Maj. brevt. Aug. 15, 1814
Maj. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Maj. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Capt. brevt. July 25, 1814
Capt. brevt. Aug. 1, 1813.
Capt. brevt. July 25, 1814.
Seventh Kegiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
J. M'Donald, Sep. 17, 1814.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
D. Brearley, July 6, 1812,
Maj. brevt. Mar. 21, 1814.
Maj. brevt. May 1, 1814.
Maj. brevt. June 26, 1813.
Maj. brevt. Aug. 15, 1813.
Maj. brevt. Sept. 21, 1814,
Capt. brevt. June 28, 1814.
Capt. brevt. July 19, 1814.
J. Machesney, June 10, 1809
R. Whartenby.May3,1810,
F. W. Armstrong, July 6,
1812,
A. L. Langham, July 6, 1812,
D. E. Twiggs,
R. H. Bell, Aug. 15, 1813.
G. Vashon, Nov. 29,
J. Robertson, Feb. 21, 1814.
E. Montgomery, May 1.
J. S. Allison, June 25.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
G. Birch, Nov. 1, 1811.
J. R. Corbaly, July 6, 1812.
W. Bailey, "
J. H. Mallory.May 5, 1813.
W. Bee, Jun. Aug. 14.
J.J.Clinch, " 15.
J. Gassaway. " 18.
John Hays, April 9, 1814.
T.Blackstone,Mayl5, 1814.
A. Ross, June 9.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
G.R. Bridges, Mar. 24, 1814.
E. Hall, April 19.
F. S. Gray, May 2.
M. Crupper, June 24.
J. W. Alston, " 30.
H. L. Oneale, July 11.
R. H. Goodwyn. 24.
J. lieftwich, Aug. 13.
W. R. Scott, Oct. 1.
Lewis Lawshe, "
SURGEON.
T. Lawson, May 21, 1813.
surgeon's mates.
R.C. Walmsey,Julyl, 1813.
S. M. Ingersoll,Sep. 16.
Eighth Regiment of Infantry.
COLONEL.
R. C. Nicholas, Sep. 4, 1814.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
Col. brevet Mar. 12, 1813,
W. A. Trimble, Nov. 30,
1814,
W. Lawrence, April 19,
1814,
CAPTAINS.
John Nicks, July 1, 1808,
Uriah Blue, May 9, 1809,
J. Dorman, Nov. 2, 1811,
White Youngs, July 6, 1812,
W. Davenport, Sep. 28,
W. Foulk, June 20, 1813.
A. Browlow, Sept. 7.
Mangle M. Quackenbos,
Jan. 7, 1814.
L. Austin, April 21, 1814,
Lewis Bissel, June 30.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS.
L. B. Willis, July 6,12.
Lt. col. brev. Sep. 17, 1814.
Lt. col.brev. Sep. 15,1814.
Maj. brevt. Oct. 9, 1813.
Maj. brevt. Mar. 13, 1814.
Maj. brevt. June 28, 1814.
Maj. brevt. Sept. [11, 1814.
Maj. brevt. July 5, 1814.
Capt. brevt. Jan. 31, 1814.
1816.]
ARMY REGISTER FOR 1816.
ARMY REGISTER-Continued.
635
Names and rank.
Brevets and former commissions.
Maj. brevt. Sept. 17, 1814.
Maj. brevt. July 25, 1814.
1st It. brevt. July 20, 1814
1st It. brevt. Feb. 5, 1815.
D. Riddle, Mar. 13, 1813.
J. Culberton, Oct. 1.
C. B. Hopkins, " 5.
D. Frazier, Dec. 31.
T. Wright, Mar. 17, 1814.
W. Ligon, " 30.
John R. Guy, May 3.
W. Arnold, " U.
Sam. Brady, Oct. 1.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
L. Hand, Sept. 30, 1813.
C. Stephens, April 15, 1814.
Thos. Rogers, "
W. Bryan, " 25.
W. V. Cobbs, May 1.
R. Humphreys, " 19.
N. Young, June 2.
G. R. Horter, " 15.
S. Riddle, Sept. 21
John Brady, " 25.
SURGEON.
P. Woodbury, Mar. 30, 1814.
surgeon's mates.
C. Reily, March 22, 1813.
S. C. Muir, April 7.
Rifle regiment.
COLONEL.
Th. A. Smith, July 6, 1812, Bri. Gen. br. Jan. 24, 1814.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
W. S. Hamilton, February
21, 1814.
.MAJOR.
T. Chambers, Feb. 21, 1814
Lieu.Col.br. Sep. 17,1814
Names and rank.
Wm. Morgan, July 6, 1812,
Joseph Selden, do.
Wm. Bradford, do.
Thos. Ramsey, Nov. 30.
Jos. Kean, Mar. 17, 1814.
Wm. Martin, do.
Benj. Birdsall, do.
John O'Fallan, do.
Edm. Shipp, March 26.
W. L. Dufphey, Aug. 12.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS. '
Louis Leval, July 28, 1813.
J. S. M'Intosh, Dec. 31.
J. Calhoun, jr. Jan. 24, 1814.
J. H. Ballard, March 17.
Lewellen Hickman, do.
Stoughton Gantt, do.
J. M'Gunnegle, April 28.
Sam. V. Hamilton, Sept. 17.
A. Fine, do.
J. Heddelson, Sept. 30.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.
W.Armstrong, Jan. 24, 1814,
W. J. Gordon, March 17.
Thos. Griiiith, do.
A. Harrison, do.
J. Hollingsworth, Mar. 26.
Bennet Riley, April 15.
W. Markle, jr. April 19.
James S. Gray, May 11.
T. F. Smith, do.
T. F. Hunt, June 29.
SURGEON.
W. Thomas, Feb. 18, 1814.
surgeon's MATES.
S. P. Hugo, Mar. 12, 1812.
W. H. Henning, April 20,
1814.
Brevets and former commissions
Major brev. June 26, 1813.
Lieu.Col.br. May 1,1815.
Major brev. Aug. 20, 1814.
Major brev. ^5. 15, 1814.
GENERAL ORDERS.
The preceding register contains the corrections of the army list since its reduction, on the 17th of May, 1815.
Selections will be made from the disbanded officers, who served in the late war, to fill vacancies, until the 17th of
May, 1816; after which, promotions will be regularly made throughout the army.
By order of the Secretary of War:
D; PARKER, Mjutant and Inspector General.
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office,
January 1, 1816.
Divisions and Departments of the army.
The northern division comprises five military departments, to wit:
No. 1. New York, (above the Highlands,) and Vermont.
No. 2. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
No. 3. New York, (below the Highlands,) and that part of New Jersey which furnishes the first division of
militia. ,...._
No. 4. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and that part of New Jersey which furnishes the second division of
militia.
No. 5. Ohio, and the Territories of Michigan and Indiana.
The southern division comprises four military departments, to wit:
No. 6. Virginia, North Carolina, and the District of Columbia.
No. 7. South Carolina and Georgia-
No. 8. Louisiana, and the Mississippi Territory.
No. 9. Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Territories of Missouri and Illinois.
636 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
14th Congress.] No. 146, ' [1st Session.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STAFF OF THE ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEBRUARY 6, 1816.
War Department, December 27, 1815.
Sir:
In replying to your letter of the 2Ist instant, inquiring into the expediency of providing by law for the stafi'
appointments which have been provisionally retained, and for such others as the interest of the service may require,
it is presumed that the intention of the committee over whose deliberations you preside is to give to the military
peace establishment that organization which is necessary to secure to it all the effioiency.which can be expected from
its numerical force. The experience of the two first campaigns of the last war, which has furnished volumes of evi-
dence upon this subject, has incontestably established not only the expediency, but the necessity of giving to the
military establishment, in time of peace, the organization which it must have to render it efficient in a state of war.
It is believed also to be demonstrable, that a complete organization of the staif will contribute as much to the
economy of the establishment as to its efficiency.
The stationary staif of a military establishment should be substantially the same in peace as in war, without
reference to the number or distribution of the troops of which it is composed. It is, therefore, respectfully proposed
that this branch of the general stafl'be organized in the manner following, viz:
One adjutant and inspector general, at Washington.
One quartermaster general, at Washington.
One paymaster general, do.
One commissary general, at Philadelphia.
One apothecary general, do.
The organization of the division of staff should be regulated by the number of independent corps into which the
military force is distributed. By general order of the 17th May last, the United States were divided into military
divisions, commanded by generals, independent of each other, within their respective divisions. As nothing has
occurred, since this distribution of the military force has been made, to change the opinion which was then entertained
of its expediency, it is proposed to organize the division staff so that each division shall comprehend
One adjutant general, and two assistant adjutant generals;
One inspector general, and two assistant inspector generals;
One quartermaster general, and two deputy quartermasters general, with regimental quartermasters, as at present
authorized;
Three judge advocates;
Two chaplains;
One deputy commissary general, and two assistant commissaries of issues; four hospital surgeons, and eight hos-
pital surgeons' mates; and as many posts' surgeons, with the pay and emoluments of hospital surgeons' mates, as the
distribution of the forces into garrisons and posts may require, not exceeding twelve;
Four assistant apothecaries;
Two assistant deputy paymasters, with regimental paymasters, as now established.
It is not deemed necessary to change the organization of the corps of artillery, the corps of engineers, or the ord-
nance department, unless the committee should be disposed to increase the corps of engineers. Considering the qual-
ifications of the officers of that corps, and the great utility which may be derived from transferring them into the line
of the army, when a sudden augmentation of the military establishment should become necessary at the approach of
war, some increase of that scientific corps is respectfully submitted.
The act fixing the military peace establishment has produced some inequalities in the pay and emoluments of the
officers^ which, owing to the particular circumstances under which that act was passed, it is probable were neither
foreseen nor intended. One case of this nature is, the allowance of forage to a major general of twenty dollars a
month, whilst the adjutant general is allowed thirty. The allowance of a clerk to one of the major generals, and
not to the other, must have proceeded from the same,cause. The fact of these inequalities are mentioned here with
a view to attract the attention of the committee to the pay and emoluments of the officers of the army generally.
Should any explanations growing out of this communication be required, it will aftbrd me great pleasure to give
them, in writing or verbally, to the committee, whenever it shall suit their convenience.
I have the honor to be, respectfully, your very humble servant,
'^ ' ^ WM. H. CRAWFORD.
Hon. Richard M. Johnso*j, Chairman of the Military Committee,
House of Representatives of the United States.
14th Congress.] No. 147. . [1st Sessiok.
THE MILITIA.
communicated to the senate, march 11, 1816.
March 9, 1816.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Stales:
I lay before Congress a statement of the militia of the United States, according to the latest returns received
by the Department of War. ^^^^^ MADISON.
1816. J
THE MILITIA.
637
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MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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1816.] MILITIA CLAIMS.
14th Congress.] No. 148. [1st Session.
MILITIA CLAIMS.
COMMrNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 12, 1816.
Department of War, March 7, 1816.
Sir:
In obedience to the resolution of tiie House of Representatives of the 21st ult. I have the honor to transmit
the enclosed documents.
In addition to the sum advanced to the State of Virginia by the paymaster general, the sum of four hundred thou-
sand dollars have been paid to that State, for expenses incurred by the employment of the militia in its defence.
The claims of that State have been admitted on the ground that the Governor of Virginia was invested with discre-
tionary power, by the War Department, to call forth the militia in such numbers as the emergency should require,
and that the force actually employed was, at that time, not believed by the Secretary of War to be excessive. It is
now believed that the number of militia kept in service, when compared with that called into the field by the Presi-
dent fur the defence of Baltimore, against the same hostile force, which could be brought to act against the capital
of Virginia from various points, was not beyond what the emergency required. The force here referred to, and the
expense intended to be sanctioned, are those which the letter of the commissioners, and the statement of the Adju-
tant General of that State, herewith enclosed, exhibit. The claims of North Carolina and Rhode Island have been
sanctioned, because they are founded upon expenses actually incurred upon militia called out under the authority of
the United States, or had received the sanction of that authority after they were called into service. The claims
exhibited by Delaware and New Hampshire have been suspended until evidence shall be produced to show that the
emergency was such as to require the service without waiting the intervention of the Executive authority of the
Union.
The State of New York has exhibited claims for arms and ammunition furnished the militia, or captured by the
enemy in our military depots; and also for additional pay allowed their militia when in the public service. The claims
of Virginia embrace items of the former, and that of New Hampshire of the latter character. No decision has been
made upon these claims; but it is believed that the powers of the Department do not extend to their liquidation and
admission, without further legal provision for that purpose.
It is believed that no other State has presented any specific claim for money expended upon militia service du-
ring the war; but it is proper to state, that in the correspondence between the Governor of Massachusetts and the
Secretary of War, it was distinctly declared, that reimbursement would not be made of any expenses incurred upon
militia called into service by State authority, with the declared intention of excluding the authority of the United
States over such militia force.
Time and reflection, so far from having changed the opinion then formed, have tended only to strengthen and
confirm it. The several States have a right, in time of war,. to raise and maintain regular troops: more strongly
have they the right to employ their militia in military operations, where it can be done without infringing the rights
of the national Executive over the same force. But it never can be admitted, that expenses incurred by raising and
supporting regular troops can be a charge against the nation; and it is equally clear, that expenses incurred upon
militia service, under State authority, with the declared intention of directing and controlling that force to the exclu-
sion of the national authority, can form no such charge. No claims of this nature will be recognised by the Execu-
tive branch of the Government, unless provision shall be made by law for that purpose.
I have the honor to be, your most obedient, and very humble servant,
WM. H. CRAWFORD.
Hon. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives, U. S.
Department of War, Accountant's Office, Februarxj 29, 1816.
I have the honor to state in relation to the resolution of the honorable the House of Representatives directing
the Secretary of War to lay before the House,
1st. A statement of the expenses incurred for the services of the militia called forth by authority of the United
States during the late war. . , , ,
2nd. Statement of the accounts which have been exhibited, and claims which have been made, by the respective
States for services rendered by the militia of said States, when called forth with or without such authority, together
wun the sums which have been p'\id, and the accounts and claims which have been allowed therefor, and incase
the claims of any State or States have been rejected or allowed, to state the grounds of such rejection or allowance,
designating for what services, and to what States respectively such sums have been paid, or accounts allowed, and
designating also such items of claims as have been rejected in the cases where the calls were made by authority of
the United States, and the grounds of such rejection.
That, in regard to the first clause of the resolution, the accounts of expenditures during the war have not been
kept in a manner to designate, what amount has been expended for militia, distinct from the regular army. Accord-
ing to the directions contained in the act of the 3d March, 1809, " further to amend the several acts for the establish-
ment and regulation of the Treasury, AVar, and Navy Departments," accounts of expenditures are kept, under each
specific appropriation, and there having been no distinct appropriation made for militia, after the year 1812, the whole,
expenses of the military establishment, including militia, having been included in the same appropriation, the expen-
ditures have been made, and the accounts kept correspondently with the appropriations.
As it regards the other sections of the resolutions, 1 have to state that claims have been exhibited to this office by
the States of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina, Delaware, and New Hampshire.
The amount claimed by the State of Virginia is «1, 029,319 95
Pennsylvania is 268,556 82
North Carolina is 56,513 29^
Delaware is 30,619 79
New Hampshire is 64,552 20
These claims have not yet been acted upon definitively in this office, that part which relates to services referring
itself in the first instance to the paymaster of the army, whose duty it is to discharge all claims in relation to the pay
of the militia, and thereafter report them to this office, which has not yet taken place. What portion ot these claims
have been sanctioned by proper authority can only be ascertained on settlement. ,. ~ , . , , ,
It is not recollected that any claims of the respective States have been presented at this office, which have been
rejected or allowed, and consequently no information can be furnished by me, in relation to that part of the reso-
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
TOBIAS LEAR.
The Hon. W. H. Crawford.
(340 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
Army Pay OffioEj Washington City, February 27, 1816.
The Paymaster of the Army, to whom has been referred the resolution passed in the House of Representatives on
the 21st ultimo, has the honor to report:
That sufficient data to enable him to ascertain, with a due degree of precision, the amount of " expenses incurred
for the services of the militia called forth, by authority of the United States, during the late war," are not within
his reach.
That from the immethodical manner in which the services have, on someoccasions, been performed, many claims
doubtless exist that have not yet made their appearance in a specific form; some detachments have been called into
service and discharged therefrom without ever having been mustered, whilst the muster-rolls of others are so very
imperfect as to render it utterly impossible to act on them and make payments.
That many claims are paid, the accounts of which have, in company with those of the regular army, been ren-
dered to this office, and are in a due course of examination and final settlement; but, from their great magnitude,
and from the laborious task this office necessarily has to perforin, more time and more labor will be required to get
through with the whole.
That many claims, to a vast amount, are now in actual train of adjustment and payment, throughout the whole
country, from appropriations made during the present session of Congress.
That the manner in which the appropriations have, for a few years past, been made by Congress, did not require
a separate and distinct account of expenditures upon militia to be kept from those of the regular army; and indeed,
if it had been required, the nature of the service, particularly during a state of war, would have rendered if extremely
difficult, if not totally impracticable-
It is to be understood that the foregoing statement relates to such services of militia only, as have been per-
formed in virtue of orders issued by the Executive of the United States, or being performed without those orders,
have been recognised by that authority, and payment sanctioned accordingly.
That so I'ar as relates to expenditures by States themselves upon their own militia, independent of the sanction
or authority of the General Government, the paymaster of the army is in possession of no official information. It
IS true, however, that two claims p«r//!/ of this character have, not long since, been presented here, and advances,
by special direction of the honorable the Secretary of War, have been made by me upon them: one to the State of
Virginia, of two hundred thousand dollars, and another to the State of Rhode Island, of not quite twenty-two thou-
sand dollars; but then these services were, as.l understood, recognised by the United States, so that they partook
but in part of the nature of those alluded to, namely, that they have been paid from the funds of those iStates, re-
spectively, which, when the services were thus recognised, the United States were bound to re-iraburse.
Respectfully,
ROBERT BRENT, Faymasler.
The Hon. William H. Crawford, Secretary of War.
Washington, D. C. January 14, 1815.
Sir:
This note has been delayed by the expectation of some explanatoiy documents from Richmond. We have
now the honor of submitting to you the grounds on which we expect the President's sanction to the calls of militia
which were made by the Governor of Virginia for the defence of Richmond in August and September, 1814; being
the only calls, as we understand, of the propriety of which. a doubt is entertained, in the Department of War.
It is to be remembered that Richmond is assailable by the channels both of York and James rivers, within eight
and forty hours after the enemy's squadron shall have entered our Capes. Arnold, during the revolutionary war,
had that city in flames, within twenty-four hours after the first notice of his approach. Hence the utter impractica-
bility of announcing the approach to the President, and receiving his instructions in time to call forth the militia to an
effectual defence. The enemy could have entered Kichmond before an express could return from Washington.
Hence it is obvious, that against a maritime enemy, like Great Britain, a place so situated is defensible in only one
or two modes, either by keeping a standing force before it, equal to any force which the enemy could lead to the
assault, or by vesting the Executive of the State with the discretionary power of calling forth the militia in such
numbers as to meet the particular emergency, whatsoever it might be. The latter course was adopted by the
President of the United States in relation to Richmond. We do not say that any instruction to this effect was
given to the Governor of Virginia previously to the calls in the month of August; but the letters 'of the Secretary
of SVar to the Governor of Virginia immediately thereafter, and indeed almost contemporaneously, do, in the most
explicit manner, ratify that course of action; and a subsequent ratification, we understand, is equal to a prior com-
mand. Thus in the Secretary's letter of the 31st of August, (herewith, numbered 1,) written after the destructionof
Washington, he announces the descent of the enemy's barges down the Patuxent, and the reason given for the com-
munication is, because it might have a bearing on the Governor''s arrangements for the defence of his section of the
country; but what those arrangements were to be, instead of being defined, is left exclusively to the discretion of the
Governor. The same gentleman, in his letter of the next day, (September 1, No. 2.) apprizes the Governor that
Richmond was Ainoron to be one of the enemy's objects, and closes his letter with these emphatic words: '* Be on your
gfxaxA, prepared at every point, and in all circumstances, to repel the invaders.''^ In what light is it possible to con-
strue these words, but as a clear and explicit recognition of the principle that the General Government placed the
defence of the State of Virginia and its metropolis at the discretion of its Governor? The letter, of which we have
just quoted an extract, was followed by the President's proclamation of the 3d of September, calling, in terms which
no American bosom could resist, upon all officers, civil and military, and uppn the nation, to rise to arms, and ex-
terminate the ferocious and sanguinary invaders.
The effect of such a proclamation on such a State as Virginia will be easily conceived by you, sir, when you
come to re-peruse the terms of the proclamation and bear in mind the character of the State, which you so well
know. The shock was electric and universal. The commonwealth rose en masse. Her mountains, fields, and
forests poured forth their armed multitudes, who rushed from all directions to surround and cover their metropolis
from British outrage and pollution, and chastise the insolence which had just triumphed over Washington. It
was, no doubt, the presence of this numerous concourse at Richmond, or upon their march to it from the country,
which has produced the impression that the Governor had made an indiscreet use of the power of defence with
which he was intrusted. But this is not the fact. The concourse of which we have spoken forms no part of the
charge which we now have against the United Stales. They were not kept in arms. Their services were not accepted.
It was, indeed, with infinite difficulty, and infinite address on the part of the Governor, and with the most painful
reluctance, and even tears of regret on theirs, tliat the generous impulse which had brought them together could_ be
so far repressed as that they could be prevailed upon to return to their homes, and trust the defence and honorof 'the
State to the troops whicli the Governor had alrt;idy embodied. But they did return; the sense of duty and order,
which forms a nu less honorable part of their character than their ardor of patriotism, prevailing over every con-
sideration of personal feeling.
The next direction which the Governor received from the Department of War, was the Secretary's letter, here-
with, (No. 3,) of the Gil of September, announcing that the enemy had received a reinforcement at the mouth of
Patuxent, that the united squadrons were descending the bay, that Kichmond was one of their objects, and repeating
again, the solemn injunction, be prepared to meet the enemy. Thus, in every instance, the Governor of Virginia is
thrown by the General Government upon his own energies and own judgment, without any notification of the
enemy's strength, or the quantum of resistance which it would be expedient for him to call into the field.
To meet the advance guard, as it may be called, of the same enemy, the President of the United States, acting
with the advice of his council, had made a call in the month of June or July, unless we are misinformed, of fifteen
thousand men. To meet the united squadrons at Baltimore, we are advised that from eighteen to twenty thousand
1816.]
MILITIA CLAIMS.
641
men were called to the defence of that place. To meet the same enemy, at the same crisis, the Governor ofVirei-
nia had never in the field more than between eleven and twelve thtiusand men.
We hand you, herewith, the several eeneral orders calling out troops on the occasion of the first approach of the
enemy within our Capes, as, also, after the fall ot "Washington, numbered 4, 5, and 6, and submit it with confidence
to your judgment, whether these calls can be considered as indiscreet. Whether you take the standard of the call
for Washington, or that ior Baltimore: or consider the accessibility of Richmond, by the channels either of York
or James rivers, and the consequent necessity ot guarding, with equal strength, both those avenues of approach; of
guarding them, ton, with raw militia against veteran and highly disciplined troops, inured to victory; it seems very
clear that those calls, it censurable at all, are rather censurable for their moderation than their excess.
To these documents, we will add only a letter from the Secretary of War, of the 21st September, written with
a full knowledge ot all our preparations, and when they were at the highest; in which letter, so far is he from cen-
suring the magnitude ot those preparations, that he is considered thereby as having approved and sanctioned them.
It this construction be right, there will be no occasion, we trust, of giving you any further trouble on this branch of
the claims ot Virginia for re-imbursement.
We are, sir, very respectfully, &c. &c.
WILLIAM WIRT,
„ „. „ „ JOHN CHEW.
Hon. William H. Crawford, Secretary of iFar.
Statement of (he number and positions of the troops embodied by the Executive of Virginia, and actually in the
field about the middle of September, 1814.
Names of commanding officers.
Ag'gregate
of cavalry.
Ag-gregate
of artillery.
A.srgregate
of riflemen
and infantry.
Total num-
ber.
Station.
Mag. Gen. John Pegram,
Same. - " -
Col. Thomas M. Randolph,
Col. Moses Green, -
Brig. Gen. John H. Cocke, -
Brig. Gen. Chamberlayne, -
Brig. Gen. Breckenridge, -
Brig. Gen. Leftwick,
Col. Ambler,
Major Woodford,
650
76
160
118.
177
103
1,254
365
413
242
2,237
919
1,760
1,831
392
1,330
365
573
360
2,414
919
1,760
1,934
392
650
The vicinity of Petersburgh.
Fort Powhatan.
Worronigh church.
Charles city court-house.
Camp Carter.
Bottom's Bridge.
Camp Mitchell.
Camp Mims.
City of Richmond.
Some of these cavalry were on vidette
duty, and the others were distribu-
ted among the several corps of the
army.
650
634 ! 9,413
10,697
It is difficult to ascert.ain the number of the troops on any given day previous to the 15th September. Many of
them were disciiarged immediately upon their arrival, and before they were organised upon any regular plan, or re-
ports could be received from them. This was particularly the case with the cavalry. Of this species of force it
was found, that the Governor's proclamation, and the general orders of the 26th August, had brought into the field a
larger proportion than was necessary; consequently, on the 12th of September, seventeen troops were discharged,
of which eight were volunteers, and the residue draughts.
Captain Prosser's troop of cavalry was called into service on the 26th of August, and performed vidette duty
between Richmond and Washington city until the 10th September, when it was discharged.
Colonel Boykin took the field on the 29th August, with about eight hundred men, and continued in service until
the 13th September. He was stationed at Cabin point, on James river.
The foregoing statement and remarks relate to the measures adopted by the Executive of Virginia, for the de-
fence of Richmond, Petersburgh, and the shores of York and James river; together with such points of our mari-
time frontier as could be protected by that force; due regard being had to the safety of the metropolis.
The situation of the other exposed parts of Virginia will be seen by an examination of the letters from the com-
manding officers in those parts.
G. W. GOOCH,
. . Adjutant General, Virginia.
No. 1.
Sir:
War Department, August 2\st, 1814.
AVe have this moment received information, the correctness of which is not doubted, that the enemy evac-
uated Nottingham yesterday at 10 o'clock. The barges moved down about 4 o'clock; it is believed that they em-
barked from Benedict last evening and this morning. I give this notice for your information as early as possible, as
it may have a bearing on your arrangements for the defence of your section of the country.
I have the honor to be your excellency's most obedient servant,
^ JAS, MONROE.
His Excellency J. Barbour, Governor of Virginia, Richmond.
No. 2.
Sir:
War Department, September 1, 1814.
The enemy have embarked on board their vessels on the Patuxent, and will, as I presume, in execution of
their desolating system, p.'-oceed immediately to some other of our principal towns. Htchmond is known to be one
on which they have fixed their attention. Norfolk and Baltimore are others: against which they will move, m the
first instance, will probably not be known, until they land their men in a marked direction towards it.
Be on your guard, prepared at every point, and in all circumstances, to repel the invaders.
I have the honor to be your obedient servant, ,,^»t^,>x,
JAS. MONROE.
The Governor of the Slate of Virginia, Richmond.
A copy of the original.
G. W. GOOCH, Adjutant General, Virginia.
642 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
No. 3,
Department of War, September 6, 1814.
I am sorry to inform you that the enemy's squadron has passed our battery at the White House on the Po-
tomac river. It was impossible to collect such a number of heavy pieces in the present state of aftairs here as to
prevent it.
The fleet which had descended the Patuxent, with the troops on board, lately employed against this city, and a
reinfoicenient since received, which had paused at the mouth of that river, on account, as was supposed, of the
detention of this squadron, descended the bay yesterday, either for the Potomac or some other object lower down
the bay. As it doubtless will immediately know that the squadron has passed our battery, it may proceed to such
other object: which must be, I presume, if it has one in the bay, either Norfolk or Richmond.
I hasten to give you this intelligence, that you may be prepared to meet the enemy, should they present them-
selves at either place.
I have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JAMES MONROE.
His Excellency the Governor of Virginia.
No. 4.
Department of War, September 19, 1814.
Sir:
The enemy has passed down the bay, out of sight, below Annapolis. It may be presumed that they will at-
tack either Richmond or Norfolk.
The force collected near Richmond is, I trust, fully adequate to its defence.
Norfolk, General Porter writes me, is not so well prepared. Cannot some additional force be thrown in to its
aid? I fear the reinforcement from North Carolina will not arrive there intime.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JAS. MONROE.
His Excellency the Governor of Vijiginia.
War Department, October 0, 1814.
Sir: '. . . . ■ .
For the expenditure attending the militia who have been called into the service of the United States, by this
Department, or the commander of the military district No. 5, the United States are regularly chargeable.
For any advances made by the State of Virginia, for the support of such troops, reimbursement is, of course,
due.
No call of the militia, except in the modes above stated, is obligatory on the United States. In the case under
consideration, it is true, that the call made by the Executive of the State was notified to this Government, with a
request that the militia might be taken into the service of the United States. This, however, does not remove the
objection to the right in a State, at its discretion, to subject the United States to such expenses.
The President is aware, that the predatory incursions of the enemy, and the menace of a more serious attack
on the principal cities along our seaboard, made an extra call of militia, in certain cases, necessary. Whether the
troops which were called into service by the Executive of Virginia, for the defence of Richmond, are more than
were necessary for the purpose, is a question which could not be immediately decided; it will be attended to as
soon as circumstances will admit. In making the decision, regard must be had to just principles, taking' into view
similar claims of other States.
For the present, 1 am authorized to state that one hundred thousand dollars will be advanced to the Executive,
on account of money paid by it, in support of the troops in the service of the United States, in the first in-
stance; and the balance, on account of the other claims alluded to, which are hereafter to be adjusted.
On the proposition to take the militia, now assembled, for the defence of Richmond, into the service of the
United States, I have to state, that it will be acceded to as to four thousand of these troops; provided, the Execu-
tive of the State should be of opinion, that they may be, in the present less menacing posture of the enemy, spared
from their present service, to be employed, between this and Baltimore, in lieu of a like number lately called from
the State for that purpose.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant,
JAS. MONROE.
The Hon. Charles Everett.
14th Congress.] No. J 49. [2d Session-
RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA.
communicated to the house of representatives, DECEMBER 13, 1816.*
Depaiitment of War, December 13, 1816.
Sir: . . '
In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives, dated the 16th of April last, requesting the
Secretary of War " to report, at an early day of the next session of Congress, a system for the organization and dis-
cipline of the militia, best calculated, in his opinion, to promote the efficiency of that force when called into the
public service," I have the honor to submit the enclosed plan.
With sentiments of great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
GEO. GRAHAM,
Meting Secretary of War.
Hon. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
A plan for classing and arming of the militia, and for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, and repel invasions, and to repeal the laws heretofore passed for those purposes.
That the militia of the United States shall be classed by the proper authority of the several States and Territo-
ries, in the following manner:
Those between eighteen and twenty-one years of age shall be called the minor class; those between the age of
twenty-one and thirty-one years, shall be called the junior class; and those over thirty-one, and under forty-five
years of age, shall be called the senior class of militia.
1816.] RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. 543
That the militia of the minor class shall be liable to be called into the service of the United States, within the
State or Territory to which they belong, for a term not exceeding months.
The mihtia of the senior class shall be liable to be called into the service of the United States, within the State
or lerritory to which they belong, and m the adjoining States and Territories, for a term not exceeding
months.
The militia of the junior class shall be liable to be called into the service of the United States, for the performance
of any duty requirable ot the nnlitia under the constitution of the United States, for a term not exceeding
months.
That when any portion of the militia of the junior class shall be called into the service of the United States, for
a term exceeding months, they shall, by the United States, be armed, equipped, and clothed, in the same
manner as the regular troops.
That the militia of the minor and junior classes of each division shall be annually assembled, at not more than
two cantonments within the same, at such time and place, and for such periods, as shall be designated by the proper
authority of the several States and Territories; during which time, they shall be trained under the authority of the
States, agreeably to the system, discipline, and police, which is or may be adopted for the government of the army.
And officers ot experience shall be detailed by the Executives of the several States and Territories, who shall, at the
times and places appointed, organize the militia so assembled into companies, battalions, regiments, and corps, and
command the same accordingly during their encampment: Provided, That it shall be the duty of all commis-
sioned officers, under thirty-one years of age, who may not be detailed for command, punctually to attend such en-
campment of their division, and act in any capacity of staff or non-commissioned officer which shall be assigned
them: Provided, «/so. That the militia of the said minor and junior classes, belonging to the cavalry, shall attend,
and be organized and instructed as infantry.
That whilst the militia are so assembled, they shall be subsisted and equipped at the expense of the United
States, provided they shall be called out and embodied by the several States for a period not less than weeks.
That the militia shall be organized by the Legislatures of the several States and Territories, into divisions, bri-
gades, regiments, and corps; and that the organization of the regiments of infantry, ritiemen, and cavalry, shall be
the same as is now prescribed for the organization of the infantry of the United States. A brigade shall be com-
posed of four regiments of infantry, one regiment of riflemen, one battalion of artillery, (to be organized as the corps
of artillery of the regular army is now organized,) and of as many troops of cavalry as the Executives of the seve-
ral States and Territories may authorize, not exceeding . And the privates of the rifle regiment, and of the
light companies of each regiment of infantry, shall be composed of men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-one
years. Two brigades shall form a division.
That there shall be erected in each State and Territory, by the United States, one or more arsenal or depot, for
arms, equipments, tents, and equipage, from which supplies shall be furnished, upon requisitions of the Executives
of States or Territories, made upon the War Department, from which all orders for the delivery of supplies must
be given; and the arms and equipments so delivered shall be charged to the States or Territories, under the provi-
sions of the act of April 23, 1808, for arming and equipping the whole body of the militia: Provided, That, in lieu of
the appropriation under that act, there shall be applied, annually, under the direction of the President of the United
States, the sum of • dollars.
That such tents and camp equipage as may be delivered to the militia shall be receipted for at the depots by offi-
cers designated for that purpose by the Executives of the several States and Territories, and charged to them: Pro-
vided, That credit shall be given for all such as may be returned without other damage than the usual injury of
service.
That whenever the United States shall be invaded, or, in the opinion of the President, shall be in imminent
danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, it shall be his duty to call forth such numbers of the
militia as he may judge necessary to repel such invasion.
That whenever the laws of the United States shall be opposed, or the execution thereof be obstructed, by combi-
nations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested by law
in the marshals, it shall be the duty of the President to call forth such portion of the militia as may, in his opinion,
be necessary to suppress such combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed.
That whenever it may be necessary, in the judgment of the President, to call forth the militia for the purposes
aforesaid, it shall be his duty forthwith, by proclamation, to command such insurgents to disperse, and retire peace-
ably to their respective abodes, within a time to be limited in the proclamation.
That in case of an insurrection in any State or Territory against the Government thereof, it shall be the duty of
the President, on the application of the Legislature of such State or Territory, or of the Executive of such State or
Territory when the Legislature thereof cannot conveniently be convened, to call forth such number of the militia of
any State or Territory as may, in his opinion, be sufficient to suppress such insurrection.
That whenever, from any of the occurrences herein mentioned, it shall become the duty of the President to call
forth the militia, he may require the Governor or Commander-in-chief of the militia in any State or Territory, or
such officer of the militia as he may judge expedient, to execute his orders, so far as may be applicable to their re-
spective commands.
That whenever any part of the militia shall be called into the service of the United States, their organization
shall be the same as may at the time be provided by law for the organization of the army of the United States, ex-
cept when called out by companies, corps, regiments, or brigades, when they shall preserve their local organization.
That the militia employed in the service of the United States shall be subject to the rules and articles of war
which are or shall be provided for the government of the army of the United States.
That every officer, or non-commissioned officer, who shall fail to obey the orders of the President, or the orders
of a superior officer of the militia, which may be issued in virtue of such orders, in any of the cases before recited
for calling forth the militia, shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding ^ months' pay, nor less than months'
pay, which he would be entitled to receive if he were in the actual service of the United States; and shall, moreover,
be incapable of holding any commission in the service of the United States for life, or such term of years as shall be
determined and adjudged by a court martial.
That every officer, non-commissioned officer, musician, and private of the militia, who shall be detached, as afore-
said, and shall disobey the orders of the President, or of any superior officer, for the purposes of carrying into eftect
the objects herein contemplated, shall be liable to be tried by a court martial, and receive such punishment as is
pointed out by the martial law for similar offences; and, moreover, the non-commissioned officer, musician, and pri-
vate, detached, as aforesaid, or shall be accepted as substitutes, as hereinafter mentioned, who shall refuse or neglect
to march and join his corps, when ordered to do so by his superior officer in the detachment, shall be considered as
a deserter from the service of the United States, and shall be dealt with accordingly: Provided, nevertheless. That
any non-commissioned officer, musician, and private of the militia, who shall be detached for the service of the United
States, as aforesaid, shall have a right to furnish an able-bodied man belonging to the militia as a substitute.
That regimental chaplains in the militia, who have been or shall be called into the service of the United States,
shall receive the same monthly pay and rations as a captain of infantry, with the addition of forage for one horse;
and, whenever called forth into the service of the United States, division quartermasters shall be entitled to the pay,
emoluments, and allowance of a deputy quartermaster general; brigade quartermasters to the pay, emoluments, and
allowances of an assistant deputy quartermaster general; and regimental quartermasters to the pay and emoluments
of a lieutenant of infantry, and sixteen dollars per month in addition thereto, and forage for one horse; division in-
spectors shall be entitled to the pay, emoluments, and allowances of a lieutenant colonel of infantry; brigade majors
to the pay, emoluments, and allowances of a major of infantry, aids-de-camp to major generals to the pay, emolu-
ments, and allowances of a major of cavalry; and aids-de-camp to brigadier generals to the pay, emoluments, and
allowances of a captain of cavalry.
644 MILITARY AFFA.IRS. [1816.
That the expenses incurred, or tobe incurred, by marching the militia of any State or Territory of the United
States to their places of rendezvous, in pursuance of a requisition of the President, or which shall have been, or may
be incurred, in cases of calls made by the authority of any State or Territory which shall have been or may be ap-
proved by him, shall be adjusted and paid in like manner as the expenses incurred after their arrival at such place
of rendezvous, on the requisition of the President: Provided^ That nothing herein contained shall be considered as
authorizing any species of expenditure previous to aniving at the place of rendezvous, which is not provided by ex-
isting laws to be paid for after their arrival at such place of rendezvous.
That, in all cases, when a brigade of militia shall be called into the service of the United States, it shall be the
duty of the brigade major of such brigade to inspect and muster the same, and sign the muster rolls. If less than a
brigade of militia be called into the service of the United States, then it shall be the duty of a brigade major of the
division, wherein such militia may rendezvous, to inspect and muster the same, and sign the muster rolls; two mus-
ters to be made in the manner aforesaid; one on the assembling, and the other on the discharge of such militia. If
it should so happen that there be no brigade major in the brigade, where such militia shall be called out, or in the
division where they shall rendezvous, the commanding officer may direct any officer, under the rank of lieutenant
colonel, to inspect and muster the militia so called forth.
That no writ, or civil process, issuing from any court of the United States, shall be served upon any militia-man,
or levied upon his property, while performing militia duty in the service of the United States; nor shall any judg-
ment be entered in the said courts, in any of the cases aforesaid.
All oft'ences committed by the officers, non-commissioned officers, privates, or musicians of the militia, subse-
quent to their detachment for the service of the United States, or orders to, march for that service agreeably here-
with, and before their assembling at the appointed place of rendezvous, shall be tried by courts martial, to be
composed of militia officers only, of the State or Territory to which such delinquents shall belong, not in the actual
service of the United States. All offences committed by the officers, non-commissioned officers, privates, or musi-
cians of the militia, whilst in the actual service of the United States, shall be tried by courts martial composed by
militia officers in the service of the United States: Provided, that ott'ences committed whilst in the service of the
United States may be tried and punished, although the term of service of the delinquent may have expired, and the
court martial, for the trial of such offences, shall be composed of militia officers, without regard to their having been
in the service of the United States.
That if any delinquent, directed to be summoned to appear before a court martial, for neglect or refusal to obey
the orders of the President, shall be absent when any non-commissioned officer shall call to summon him, a copy of
the summons, or written notice thereof, signed by him, and left with some person of suitable age and discretion, at
the usual place of abode of such delinquent, at least ten days previous to the day of appearance, shall be held and
taken to be a sufficient summons of such delinquent; and in case of the non-appearance of such delinquent, the
court martial may proceed on his trial in the same manner as if he had appeared and pleaded not guilty to the
charge exhibited against him.
'Ihat it shall be the duty of the President of any court martial for the trial of militia, if required, and upon his
being duly satisfied that such testimony is material to the trial, to issue his precept directed to any person to be
summoned as a witness, commanding his or her attendance at such court, to testify for or against the person to be
tried, as the case may be; and any witness having been duly summoned, and failing to appear, without a reasonable
excuse, shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding fifty dollars, to be sued for and recovered in the name of the
United States, by bill, plaint, or information, in any court of competent jurisdiction. And if any witness, when
called upon for that purpose, shall refuse to testify, or shall behave with contempt to the court; or if any other
person shall use any menacing words, signs, or gestures, in presence thereof, or shall cause any riot or disorder
therein, it shall be lawful for such court to punish ever.y such offender by imprisonment, for a term not exceeding
one month, at the discretion of the court.
That, fur the purpose of carrying into execution the sentence, judgment, or order, of any such court martial, for
any of the offt;nces specified in the last clause of the preceding article, it shall be lawful for the court to issue an
order to any commissioned officer of militia, not below the rank of captain, commanding him to carry the same into
eff'ect by military force, whose duty it shall be to obey the same, and execute the order accordingly.
That on the trial of delinquents, for offences not capital, by any such court martial, the deposition of witnesses,
taken before a justice of the peace, or other person authorized to take affidavits to be read in court of record in the
State or Territory where the same shall be taken, may be read in evidence, provided the prosecutor and person
accused are present at taking the same, or are duly notified thereof. And further, that the returns of captains, or
other commanding officers of companies, of delinquents draughted, or ordered into the service of the United States,
who shall have refused or neglected to enter the same, sworn to as aforesaid, shall be competent evidence of the
facts therein contained.
That if any person shall willingly swear false before any such court martial, or in any affidavit, or deposition,
taken as aforesaid, he or she shall be adjudged to be guilty of wilful and corrupt perjury, and shall be indicted,
tried, and punished, accordingly, by any court of competent jurisdiction, in the State or Territory where such
offence shall be committed.
14th Congress.] ]\-q^ 150. [ad .Session-
INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL H ARRI SON WHt LE COM-
MANDING THE NORTHWESTERN ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 31, 1816.
The House of Representatives having, on the 30th of April, last, " Ordered, That the Committee on Public Expen-
diture be discharged from a fiirther consideration of the letter and documents of General William Henry Har-
rison; that the same, together with the communications and documents presented to the committee on the same
subject, be referred to the Secretary of War; and that he be instructed to report thereon to this House at their
next session;"' the acting Secretary of War has the honor to report:
That General Harrison, in his letter of the 20th of December, 1815, has solicited "an inquiry into the expendi-
ture of public money within the eighth military district whilst under his command; and particulariy whatever
relates to the supplies or provisions by the special commissaries of the United States, and under the contract of
Messrs Orr and Greely;" and he particularly requests that the inquiry may embrace the following points:—
" Whether any supplies were ever demanded by me of the contractors, Orr and Greely, which were not called for
by the state of the army, and warranted by the conditions of their contract.? Whether any injustice was done to said
Orr and Greely, by any order given by me to the purchasing of special commissaries of the army? Whether there
is reason to believe that any sentiments of hostility existed in my mind towards the said contractors, and which
operated injuriously to their interests, either by forcing them to do what was unnecessary, or withholding from them
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. 645
any thing that they had a right to claim.' Whether there is any reason to believe that any connexion (other than
that which the relations of our commissions necessarily produced) existed between myself and any of tlie staft'olfi-
cers ot the army.? And, generally, whatever relates to the expenditure of public money for the support of the
Northwestern army, as far as 1 may have been concerned."
From the documents referred to this Department, and from those which were in its possession, it appears that,
on the 10th of March, 1813, a contract was entered into between the Secretary of War and ISenjamin G. Orr and
Aaron Greely, lor the supply of provisions from the 1st day of June, 1813, to the 1st of June, 1814, for the army in
the eighth military district, and in Canada; a copy of which (marked A.) is among the documents accompanying this
report. Previously to the day on which Orr and Greely's contract was to take eftect, large quantities of provisions
had been purchased by the commissaries, under the order of General Harrison, and also by Mr. Denny, a contractor
at Pittsburgh, under the order of Mr. Eustis, then Secretary of War. These provisions were procured for the
supply of the army then in the eighth military district, and for that intended for the campaign for the recovery of
Detroit, and for the invasion of Upper Canada. On the 6th of January, 1813, General Armstrong was advised,
by Major General Harrison, of these particulars.
In the month of May, B. G. Orr Esq., one of the contractors, reported himself to General Harrison, who ad-
dressed to him a letter, in the words following:
Head Quarters, Franklinton, May 19, 1813.
Sir:
You will be pleased to provide for the issuing of provisions at such places within the settlements as Brigadier
Generals M'Arthur and Cass, and Major Bartlett, the Deputy Quartermaster General, may require. I can give
no direction with regard to the forwarding of provisions to the frontiers, or the lakes; nor information as to the
delivery of those which the Government have accumulated there, until I receive further information from the Secre-
tary of War. But the posts of Cleveland and Lower Sandusky having been exclusively furnished by the late con-
tractor, (Mr. Porter,) it will be necessary that you make immediate arrangements for issuing at both these places
by the 1st of June. Provision should be made at Cleveland for at lea^t eight hundred daily issues, and at Lower
Sandusky for four hundred."
I am, respectfully, your humble servant,
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Benjamin G. Orr, Esq. Contractor to the eighth military district.
In the month of June a copy of the contract, with instructions, was received by Major General Harrison, from
which instructions the following is an extract:
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to General Harrison, dated
May 31,1813.
Herewith enclosed you will receive a copy of the contract for supplying the troops in the State of Ohio. You
are authorized to fill up the blank attached to the copy, and to appoint agents to deliver over to Messrs. Orr and
Greely such provisions now in deposite as you may deem proper to issue, according to the agreement, taking their
duplicate receipts for the same; one of which must be transmitted to the accountant of this Department, and one to
the Superintendent General of military supplies, that Orr and Greely may be held accountable for the provisions
so received.
On the receipt of these instructions. Major General Harrison addressed a letter to B. G. Orr, Esq. in the follow-
ing words:
Head Quarters, Franklinton, June 20, 1813.
Sir: >i; . > . >
I am directed, by the Secretary of War, to complete the arrangements with you for turning over to you all
the provisions which have been purchased on the public account.
It is necessary, therefore, that you should immediately meet me at Lower Sandusky, in order that the business
may be finished as soon as possible. I have directed that no issues of provisions be made, on your account, at any of
the posts where the public have them. There is, I imagine, full as much provisions on hand, the property of the
United States, as will be wanted for the campaign, some fresh beef excepted.
I am, &c.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Benjamin G. Orr, Esq. Contractor to the eighth military district.
In consequence of this letter, a meeting appears to have taken place, on the 22d June, between Mr. Orr and
General Harrison at Franklinton, when a proposition was made in writing by Mr. Orr, relative to the terms on
which the contractors would receive the public provisions. The precise nature of this proposition is not known, as
no copy of Mr. Orr's letter has been furnished to this Department. It appears, however, that an answer was given
by General Harrison in the following words:
Head Quarters, Franklinton, June 22, 1813.
Sir:
Your letter of this date is now before me; the proposition contained in it cannot be acceded to. The only
arrangement which I think myself authorized to make, is that of delivering over to you all the public provisions, of
every description, which have been purchased for the army, and taking your receipt for it, in the manner prescribed
by the Secretary of War's instructions. I must observe, also, that most of the provisions are placed in situations
where it was never intended they should be used; nor can I say how far the United States will be bound to pay for
the transportation of it. This question will remain for the determination of the Secretary of War. I have also
to inform you that a contract exists, and is now in operation, for transporting the provisions which are at Norton
and Upper Sandusky to Lower Sandusky. The public teams are also eoMged in this business. Should it be
determined that the contractors are to pay the expense of transportation, all that is transported after this day will
of course be charged to them. I cannot give you a correct statement of the provisions we have on hand; it is, how-
ever, sufficient to serve the whole of the troops to be employed within this district, and in the operations against
Detroit and Maiden, at least, until the first of December next.
I am, very respectfully, your humble servant,
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
B. G. Orr, Esq. of the house of Orr and Greely, Contractors.
Major General Harrison and the contractor not agreeing as to the manner in which "the blanks, attached to the
contract, should be filled up." the question seems to have been referred to the Secretary of War, as appears from
the following extract of a letter from General Harrison to the Secretary of War:
Extract of a letter from General Harrison to the Secretary of IVar, dated
Franklinton, June 24, 1813.
Mr. Orr, the contractor, declines taking the public provisions until he can see you, for which purpose he sets out
this morning for Washington. He complains of the want of funds, and asserts that he has purchased, or left money
82 m
(546 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
to purchase, a considerable quantity of provisions at Cleveland: this he ought not to have done, at least not to a
greater amount than for the temporary supply of Cleveland and Lower Sandusky, as he knew of the immense
supplies we had on hand.
Subsequent to this period there does not appear to have been any orders given by the Secretary of War to Gen-
eral Harrison, in relation to the turning over the public provisions to the contractors; nor was the additional agree-
ment attached to the contract ever executed. And, on the 4th of August, Mr. Orr addressed a letter to the Sec-
retary of War, in the following words:
Washington, August 4, 1813.
Sir:
You will do me the justice to recollect, how repeatedly and urgently I have advised the purchase of the
provisions now at Cleveland and its neighborhood, to guard against the possibility that General Harrison may
not be entirely correct as to the time to which those on hand of the last year's purchases may serve. On your assu-
rances, whilst treating for the contract in which I am concerned, that the subsistence of the army by land carriage
from the interior of Ohio, was abandoned, I shall fully rely; and shall consider your refusal to furnish the means of
buying the provisions now to be had on the lake, and General Harrison's letter of the 22d June, as notices to the con-
tractors not to attempt to secure them. Of this letter I subjoin a copy; and relying, confidently, on the unerring
wisdom and foresight of the General, will take it for granted, that the supplies therein spoken of, as sufficient for
the whole of the army within our district, at least until December next, will, when added to those we have been
called on to supply, and are now issuing, secure the army from want until the month of April next.
The waters leading into the Ohio and lake Erie are so low in the fall, and so obstructed by ice in the winter,
as to be wholly unnavigable; hence, if the provisions in the Connecticut reserve are suffered to escape, April will
be the earliest period that can be relied on for supply by water; and hence, too, the dangerous consequences that
may result from an erroneous estimate of the stock on hand, either in quantity or condition, and from a want at a
season which can be relieved by no other means than the ruinous, if not impracticable, one of land carriage.
I write this letter with no view to extort money from you; on that point I ara answered. But solely to apprise
you of the exoneration the contractors will think themselves authorized to claim, from all the consequences that
may ensue, from an ill-judged and misinformed dependence on the stores on hand; and from a renewal of the
scenes of last fall and winter, on the same theatre, and on the same account.
I am, &c.
B. G. ORR.
Honorable John Armstrong, Secretary of War.
The acting Secretary of War has entered into these minute details, as he considers that the difference of opin-
ion between the commanding general and the contractors, in relation to the turning over of the public provisions,
led to consequences which have a material bearing on the inquiiy requested by him.
1st. The continuing the commissariat for the preservation and issue of the public provisions, and the consequent
exercise of the discretion of the commanding general as to the time, place, and manner of issuing these provisions.
2d. The commanding general exercising this discretion as to the issues of the public provisions, the contractors
were, necessarily, limited in their issues to the times and places at which they were specially required to issue; and,
it may be added, that they claimed an exemption from any responsibility, for a failure on either part, to comply with
the requisitions which might be made upon them, in consequence of the happening of certain contingencies over
which they had no control, as specified in the letter addressed by Mr. Orr, on the 4th of August, 1813, to the Sec-
retary of War.
To these consequences may be traced, nearly, if not all, the complaints made by the contractors, for injuries
sustained by them, in consequence of the interference of the commanding general with their contract, as specifically
stated in the affidavit of Mr. Orr, marked B, one of the documents referred by the House of Representatives to
this Department.
To meet the inquiry proposed by General Harrison, "whether any injury was done to the contractors by any
order given by him to the purchasing or special commissaries of the army.'" it will be necessary to decide —
1st. Was the conduct of General Harrison, in relation to the turning over of the public provisions to the con-
tractors, in the month of June, 1813, correct or not.-*
2d. If correct, did he exercise a sound discretion, (with a view as well to the interests of the United States as
to the rights of the contractor,) in relation to the measures which were taken by him for the issue and supply of
provisions, by the issuing and the purchasing commissaries, pending the contract of Orr and Greely?
On these subjects, the acting Secretary of War forbears to offer an opinion; considering it niore proper to sub-
mit, in detail, the facts herein stated; and to refer to the affidavit of Mr. Orr, and to the statement of General
Harrison, dated the 20th of December, 1815,, marked C; which, he conceives, will enable the House satisfactorily
to decide upon them.
The other points on which Major General Harrison has requested an inquiry, are —
1st. Whether any supplies were ever demanded of the contractors, " Orr and Greely, wliich vere not called
for by the state of the army, and warranted by the conditions of their contract.?"'
It does not appear from the evidence contained in the documents referred to this Department, that any such
supplies were ever demanded of the contractors by Major General Harrison; nor is it understood that any such
allegation has been made by the contractors. .
2d. "Whether there is reason to believe, that any sentiment of hostility existed in his mind towards the said
contractors, and which operated injuriously to their interests; either by forcing them to do what was unnecessary,
or withholding liom them any thing which they had a right to claim.'"'
An inquiry into the motives of individuals is always a delicate one, and rarely productive of satisfactory results.
It is, however, believed, that other and more legitimate motives than those arising from sentiments of personal hos-
tility to the contractors, may be justly assigned for the conduct of the commanding general, in all those cases where
the contractors allege that that conduct has produced effects prejudicial to their interest.
3d. " Whether there is any reason to believe that any connexion, (other than that which the relation of their
commissions necessarily produced,) existed between him and any of the staff' officers of the army.'"'
No imputation of this kind has been made by the contractors: Mr. Orr disavows any such; and the documents
referred to this Department affiird no evidence that could justify it. On the contrary, it appears, from the de-
position of James Findlay and Jacob Burnet, (marked D) that the situation of General Harrison, in relation to his
pecuniary affairs, was worse when he returned from than when he entered into the service.
4th. " Whatever relates to the expenditure of public money for the support of the northwestern army, as far as
he may have been concerned."
The statements marked E F G will exhibit the sums which have been paid by the War Department, on account
of purchases made by the commissaries, as well for supplies furnished by the contractors, for the support of the
northwestern army, from the period General Harrison took the command of it in September, 1813, until the 1st of
June, 1814, amounting to one million one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. No part of this sum has been ad-
vanced to General Harrison,
All which is respectfully submitted.
GEO. GRAHAM,
Acting Secretary of War.
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. 647
A.
Articles of agreement made on the lOlh day of March, Jlnno Domini 1813, betiveen John Armstrong; Secretary qf
War of I tie United Slates of America, of the one part, and Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, of the City of
Washington, of the oilier part.
This agreement witnesseth, that the said John Armstrong, for and on behalf of the United States of America, and
the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, and administrators, have mutually covenanted
and agreed, and by these presents do mutually covenant and agree, to and with each other, as follows, viz:
First, That the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, or administrators, shall supply
and issue all the rations, to consist of the articles hereinafter specified, that shall be required of them for the use of
the United States, at all and every place or places where troops are or may be stationed, marched, or recruited with-
in the limits of the State of Ohio and the Michigan territory, and the Canada shore of lake Erie and the upper lakes,
thirty days' notice being given of the post or place where rations may be wanted, or the number of troops to be fur-
nished on their march, from the 1st day of June, 1813, to the 31st of May, 1804, both days inclusive, at the follow-
ing prices, that is to say: at any place where rations shall be issued within the State of Ohio, south of the Indian
boundary line, and a line drawn from the eastern extremity thereof, to Georgetown, on the Ohio river, at seven-
teen cents per ration. At all places north of said Indian boundary line in said State, and in the Michigan terri-
tory, not specially provided for hereafter, and at Forts Wayne, Chicago, and Michilimackinac, at twenty-five
cents per ration. At all other places on lake Erie, from the western boundary line of Pennsylvania, to Cleveland,
including Cleveland, at eighteen cents per ration. At all places between Cleveland and Detroit, including Detroit,
Lower Sandusky, foot of the rapids, river Raisin, Brownstown, and on the Canada shore of lake Erie and Detroit
river, at twenty cents per ration: provided the United States have command of said lake; and if lake Erie is com-
manded by the enemy, the price of the ration at the above mentioned places between Cleveland and Detroit, and on
the Canada shore, shall be twenty-five cents per ration. Where the price of the ration is seventeen cents, the prices
of the component parts of the same shall be, for bread or flour, six cents five mills; meat, six cents; liquor, three cents
five mills; small parts, one cent. Where the price of the ration is eighteen cents, the prices of the component parts
of the same, shall be, for bread or flour, seven cents; meat, six cents; liquor, four cents; small parts, one cent.
Where the price of the ration is twenty cents, the prices of the component parts of the same, shall be, for bread or
flour, seven cents five mills; meat, seven cents; liquor, four cents five mills; small parts, one cent. Where the
price of the ration is twenty-five cents, the prices of the component parts of the same, shall be, for bread or flour,
ten cents; meat, eight cents five mills; liquor, five cents five mills; small parts, one cent. The prices of the com-
ponent parts of the small parts of the ration shall be sixteen cents per pound for candles; ten cents per pound for
soap; four cents five mills per quart for vinegar; and nine cents per quart for salt.
Second, That the ration to be furnished and delivered by virtue of this contract, shall consist of the following
articles, viz: one pound and a quarter of beef, or three quarters of a pound of salted pork; eighteen ounces of bread
or flour; one gill of rum, whiskey, or brandy; and at the rate of two quarts of salt, four quarts of vinegar, four
pounds of soap, and one pound and a half of candles, to every one hundred rations.
It is understood that it shall be in the option of the General, or ofiicer commanding an armj; or a great military
district, in all cases not otherwise provided for by this contract, to direct when, and how often, fresh or salted meat
shall be issued, by general orders, to be promulgated a reasonable time before the issue is to commence; that the
contractor shall always issue flour two days in every week, and the option of bread or flour for the remainder of the
week be with the contractor.
Third, That supplies shall be furnished by the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors,
or administrators, at the fortified places and military posts that are or may be established in the limits aforesaid,
upon the requisition of the commandant of the army, or a post, in such quantities as shall not exceed what is sufli-
cient for the troops to be there stationed, for the space of three months in advance, in good and wholesome provisions,
consisting of due proportions of all the articles forming the ration.
It is understood that if the contractor shall be lequired to deposite provisions at one place or post, and shall
afterwards be required to move them, to be delivered at another place or post, the expenses of transportation to such
other place or post shall be borne by the United States. It is also understood that all supplies are to be originally
delivered at the posts where they may be required, without expense to the United States.
Fourth, That whenever and as often as the provisions stipulated to be furnished under this contract shall, in
the opinion of the commanding officer of the post or place where they are offered to be issued, be unsound, unfit for
use, or of an unmerchantable quality, a survey shall be held thereon, by two disinterested persons, one to be chosen
by the commanding officer, and the other by the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, or their agent, and in
case of disagreement, a third person to be chosen by mutual consent, who shall have power to condemn such part of
the provisions as to them may appear unlit for use. But if the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, or their
agent, shall fail or neglect to appoint a person to inspect the said provisions, after reasonable notice in writing, it
shall be permitted to the said commanding officer to appoint such persons as he may think proper, to inspect the
provisions, under oath, with power to condemn as aforesaid. And all provisions condemned by such survey, or inspec-
tion, may be destroyed by the commanding officer, r u 1 i- -I
Fiflh, That the commanding general, or person appointed by him, at each post or place, in case ot absolute lad-
ure, or deficiency in the quantity of provisions contracted to be delivered and issued, shall have power to supply
the deficiency by purchase, at the risk and on account of the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs,
executors, or administrators. ,• i ^ r^K tt m jc-x ^
Sixth, That all losses sustained by the depredations of an enemy, or by means ot the troops ot the United fetates,
in articles intended to compose rations, to be issued under this contract, being the properly of the contractor, as well
as in other property necessarily used in transporting the same, shall be paid for at the contract price ot the rations,
or the component parts, and at an appraised value of the other articles, on the deposition of one or more creditable
characters, and the certificate of a commissioned officer, when the same can be obtained, ascertaining the circum-
stances of the loss, and the amount of the articles for which compensation is claimed.
Seventh, That escorts and guards for the safety of the provisions, and for the protecting of the cattle against an
enemy, shall be furnished whenever, in the opinion of the commanding officer of the army, or of any post, to whom
application may be made, the same can be done without prejudice to the service, and that the said Benjamin G. Orr
and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, or administrators, shall not be answerable for any deficiency ol supplies,
at any of the said posts or places, if it shall appear, upon satisfactory proof, that such deficiency was occasioned by
the wantof proper escorts and guards, . . ,r <-.u ui- r <i.
Eighth. That at all stationary posts, proper storehouses shall be provided on behalf of the public, for the recep-
tion and safekeeping of the provisions deposited from time to time at such posts, respectively; and the contractor
shall suffer no loss for want of such stores. , ,. , . i • •. . . n i
Ninth, That the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, his heirs, executors, or administrators, shall render
their accounts to the accountant of the Department of War, for settlement, at feast once in every three mouths, agree-
ably to such form as by the said accountant may be established and made known to them.
Tenth, That all such advances of money as may be made to the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, then-
heirs executors, or administrators, for and on account of the supplies to be furnished pursuant to this contract, and
all such sums of money as the commanding officer of the troops or recruits that are or may be within the limits afore-
said may cause to be disbursed, in order to procure supplies, in consequence of any failure on the part of the said
Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, or administrators, in complying with the requisitions herein
contained, shall be duly accounted for by them by way of set-off against the amount of such supplies, and the
surplus, if any, repaid to the United States, immediately after the expiration of the term ol this contract, together
with an interest at the rate of six per centum per annum, from the time of such expiration until the same shall be
actually repaid. And that, if any balance shall, on any settlement of the accounts of the said Benjamm G. Orr and
Q48 MILITIA AFFAIRS. [1816.
Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, or administrators be found to be due to tiiem, for or on account of the rations
which shall be'supplied, pursuant to this agreement, the same shall immediately be paid. And that no unreasonable
or unnecessary delay, on the part of the officers of the United States, shall be given to the settlement of the accounts
of the said Benjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, their heirs, executors, or administrators. Provided, however, that
no member of congress shall be admitted to any share or part of this contract, or agreement, or to any benefit to arise
therefrom.
In witness whereof, the said Secretary of War, for and on behalf of the United States, hath hereunto sub-
[l- s.l scribed his name, and affixed the seal of the War Office of the United States; and the said Benjamin G. Orr
and Aaron Greely have hereto set their hands and seal the day and year first above written.
JOHN ARMSTRONG.
BENJAMIN G. ORR. [l. s.]
Signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of AARON GREELY. [l. s.]
Daniel Parker.
George Boyd.
B.
District of Columbia, Washington County, ss:
Benjamin Grayson Orr, of the firm of Orr and Greely, of the city of Washington, and contractor for supplying
provisions to the northwestern army, being duly sworn upon the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, saith, that
understanding, some time in the winter of 1812-13, that the contract for the supply of the northwestern army had
not been given to any one, that himself and Aaron Greely made proposals to the Secretary of War to undertake
that duty, that these proposals were accepted of, and that on the 10th day of March following an agreement was
signed, sealed, and delivered by the Secretary and themselves, and bond, under the penalty of fifty thousand
dollars, with ample security, given for their performance.
In answer to that branch of the first interrogatory by the committee, propounded in the words, " to what extent
general otficers have interfered prejudicial to the public interest or the rights of individuals,"_it may be difficult to
answer, and necessarily must, in degree, be founded on opinion and a multitude of minute and indescribable circum-
stances; however, I proceed to the [duty with a firm resolution to attempt no discoloration or concealment of facts,
and no intrusion of matter in my opinion irrelevant to the subject..
It is my opinion that Major General William Henry Harrison has interfered prejudicially to the public inter-
est, and injuriously to individual rights, ever since he assumed the command of the northwestern army, and I found
that opinion on the coincidence and agreement of every officer of the army and private citizen of the Western
country who had an opportunity of knowing the facts, and with whom I had an opportunity of conversing. I now
speak of the supplies purchased and transported, before my contract commenced, by the agents of Government
other than the contractors, but the accounts of the War Department, and information that may be derived from
Judge Porter, will enable the committee to ascertain the correctness or incorrectness of this opinion. One evil con-
sequent upon this mode of supply, that has and still jeopardizes the public interest, and in no small degree has and
still ati'ects the rights of the present contractors, is apparent and undeniable. I mean the uncertainty in which
General Harrison was placed at any given time of the last year of the real amount of these purchases, and of the
real occasions there were for new. For instance,on the 6th day of January, 1813, he informs the Secretary of War,
by an official letter, that " provisions have been purchased, and are now in progress towards the rapids of Sandusky,
for ten thousand men for one year."
On the 22d of June he says, in a letter to me, " I cannot give you a correct statement of the provisions we have
on hand; it is, however, sufficient to serve the whole of the troops to be employed within this district, and in the opera-
tions against Detroit and Mald«n at least until the first of December next."
Again, on the 24th of June, in an official letter to the Secretary of War, he tells him that " Mr. Orr, the contrac-
tor, asserts that he has purchased, or left money to purchase, a considerable quantity of provisions at Cleveland;
this he ought not to have done, at least not to a greater amount than for the temporary supply of Cleveland and
Lower Sandusky, as he knew of the immense supplies we had on our hands."
With this information, then, from so high and responsible a character as the commander-in-chief, is it to be
wondered at that the Secretary refused adequate supplies of money to the contractors for the exigent circumstances
in which they were placed, and that, superadded to a refusal, he destroyed their credit by protesting their drafts.''
To exemplify my meaning more clearly, I will state that, on the 19fh day of May, at Franklinton, in Ohio, Gen-
eral Harrison made a requisition upon the contractors to supply throughout the settlements of that State all recruit-
ing marching parties, the Quartermaster's Department, and tlie posts of Lower Sandusky and Cleveland imme-
diately, an amount of rations which in their opinion would amount to twenty-five thousand dollars per month, and
they having received in advance from the War Department only ten thousand, drew bills of exchange, to enable them
to comply with this requisition, on the Secretary for this amount. These bills were protested, and the contractors
had to sustain all the loss and all the discredit flowing from it. On calling on General Armstrong for his reasons
for protesting their drafts, they were shown General Harrison's letter of the 24th June, speaking of his immense
supplies. This I consider as one instance resulting from purchases by irresponsible commissaries that affected the
rights of individuals directly, and led to effects injurious to the public interest.
Contemporaneous with these events was another, which arising, as I believe, from the same cause, certainly
affected the rights of individuals. By reference to letter C it will be found that General Harrison, on the 19th of
May, required the contractors to provide immediately, to issue at Lower Sandusky on the 1st of June, the com-
mencement of their contract year, four hundred rations daily, which was faithfully attended to: they laid in pro-
visions, procured the conveniences for issuing, bargained with agents to attend to the business, and left the post in
perfect assurance that every thing was and would continue well. But in this just expectation they were disap-
pointed, for on the 7th of July their provisions were thrown into the common, their agents deprived of all privileges,
except that of calling on the contractors for their wages, their conveniences for issuing taken possession of by the
commissary, and the contractors' rights and authority wholly suspended. The reason General Harrison assigned
for this measure will be found in his letter tome of the 23d of June, and the contractors have to regret the loss of
some hundreds of dollars, independent of the violation of their rights, inherent from the agreement, because General
Harrison did not know, or was not explicit enough to let them know, that they were only temporarily charged with
the duty of supplying that post.
About the time of the preceding events General Armstrong desired that the whole of the public provisions should
be delivered to the contractors, and I received General Harrison's letter of the 2()th of June on that subject, and
repaired to head quarters on the 21st. In this interview General Harrison contended that I must pay the trans-
portation from the then places of deposite to those intended for their consumption; that unless I assented to such
his proposition, he would not deliver them to me, and that if I did the contractors should be charged with all such
expenses from that evening. I protested against such charges as quite unusual and ruinous to the contractors, and
proposed to take them on the customary terms, and to leave it to the accounting officers of the Department and
myself to settle on those terms, but this he declined; accordingly I was compelled to forego the advantage of receiv-
ing the deposite, which has invariably accrued to all contractors in all other districts, rather than plunge myself and
my securities in inevitable ruin. For instance, a barrel of flour is received by the contractors at the contract price of
thirteen dollars and five cents, the commission he would get for assuming the risk of its spoiling, its wasting, or loss
by ordinary means, would be one dollar sixty-two and a half cents, yet, superadded to this risk, the General con-
tended that I must agree to pay six dollars from Norton, and three and a half from Upper to Lower Sandusky, on
every barrel which Mr.Mukn (under contract) was engaged to carry, and which the United States' teams should, after
the evening of the conversation we had on the subject, transport. This decision of the General has inflicted great
injuries on the contractors, and given occasion for the employment of a number of agents or commissioners, on
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. 649
account and in pay of the United States, that cannot but have pioduced the worst eflects on the public interest. By
this decision one important consideration was lost to the Government, and that was a correct knowledge, at a favor-
able season, of the quantity, quality, and situation of the provisions on hand, in order that, correctly knowing what
would be wanted, a seasonable and sufficient supply might have been provided; and this knowledge would have cer-
tainly been obtained had General Harrison proceeded to execute the ordinary and facile duty ofdelivering to the
contractors the stores on hand agreeable to General Armstrong's instructions, or agieeable to the customary and
equitable rule by which all other deposites in all other districts had been delivered over. This decision of General
Harrison was the more injurious to the contractors, as under it all the posts, or all but one, were kept from them
when the price of the ration was twenty-five and twenty cents, whilst those of seventeen and eighteen cents, con-
sisting almost entirely of recruiting rendezvous, were given in change to them. It is not for me to say how much
the loss sustained by damaged provisions, by the pay and subsistence of the host of agents, bullock drivers, butchers,
horsemen, commissaries, and the delinquency of some, no doubt, of each description, added to the inevitable waste
and leakage in all large issues of provisions, amounted to more than the per centage agreed to be allowed the con-
tractors— that information majr be derived with more precision probably from the accountant's office.
I will resume the subject of my statement, in which I had progressed as far as the latter end of June, and state to
the committee that I found the Secretary of War in July averse to making any advances for the purchase of pro-
visions: he confided in General Harrison's assurances that his supplies were immense, and no doubt suspected that
the contractors, in their solicitude to purchase more, were influenced rather by selfish considerations than a desire
to promote the public good. It was under this impression, probably, that he protested sixteen thousand dollars more
of their drafts, and refused to give money to lay in stores for the future. In this state of tthings, persuaded
that General Harrison was mistaken on this subject, I addressed to the Secretary a letter on the 4th of August, of
which I give you a copy, m.arked H, No. 12, to shield the contractors from the consequences of want v.'hen that want
could not be relieved by any means but that of the ruinous one of land carriage, over extensive wildernesses and
impracticable roads. Having done this, and gotten of the Secretary ten thousand dollars fur the ordinary expenses
of the month of August, I set out again for the army, and on the 22d of that month sent an express with General
Harrison's requisition of the 18th, requiring two hundred thousand rations to be provided at convenient points on
the lake shore, for the use of the army on its arrival in Canada. On the 1st of September I received another requi-
sition for one hundred thousand rations more, to be sent to the mouth of Sandusky by the 10th of that month, both
of which vi'ere promptly complied with, and the latter in the space of eight days from its reception, although the
distance it had to be transported was one hundred miles. This done, I set out for head quarters at Seneca, and
thence to Chilicothe, to get money to pay for the provisions bought for these occasions whilst at head quarters. I
imparted to General Harrison the object of my journey to Chilicothe, and unknown to me, and contrary to truth, he
wrote to the Secretary of War that the chief part of the provisions which I had on hand, to comply with his requisi-
tions, had been'," purchased with the money which he received for bills he drew on the War Department previously to
his going to the seat of Government the last time." The fact is that none of them were paid for at the time of his
writing that paragraph, nor until 1 had obtained money from the bank of Chilicothe, and had returned and disbursed
it. What General Harrison's object in thus intermeddling was I do not certainly know, but whether it was sinister
or laudable, he missed of his aim, as the Secretary disregarded his information and paid the bills.
It was on this visit to head quarters, that I heard of Mr. Piatt's employment to purchase provisions for the main
body of the army. Before this, he had confined his interferences (or rather they had been confined by General Har-
rison) to the posts north of the Indian boundary line, on the waters of the Miami of the Ohio, and of the lake,
under the plea that the General had authority to buy bread, to consume with his remaining meat, and meat, to con-
sume with his remaining bread; under which, they successfully manoeuvred to keep the contractors estranged from
those the most profitable posts in their district, and to confine their attention to the recruiting and marching parties
through the settled parts of the State.
I asked General Harrison if it was true that he had authorized Mr. Piatt thus to interfere with the contractors
in their business, in violation, as I thought, of their agreement with the Secretary of War? He avowed he had;
and contended that he had a right to have purchased as much of the exhausted parts of rations as would be con-
sumed with those unexhausted: that, as the public stores had not been delivered to the contractors, it behooved him
to make the whole of the component parts of rations expire together. I complained that this interference rendered
our contract null, defeated the intentions of Government, and produced a competition in the market that had raised
the article of beef from twenty to forty per cent, higher than it had been previously purchased for.
These interferences I consider as infractions of the agreement of the United States, and operating to the gjreat
injury of the contractors, as well as to themselves. For instance, large quantities of the beef bought by Mr. Piatt
was killed at Portage mouth, and carried to Put-in-bay, in September last, spoiled on its passage, or before it could
be consumed after its arrival there, and thrown into the lake. But, previous to that, of the number first purchased,
I have heard many were lost before they reached Portage; and, afterwards, in driving three hundred and fifty-one
head to Detroit, all were lost but one hundred and thirty-one. A thorough investigation into this business will,
probably, like many others, nay, indeed, all others of a like character, never take place; but I am well persuaded-
that whatever rations or parts of rations that have been so supplied have been an additonal expense of from fifty to
one hundred per cent, on the contract price— an unnecessary expense to the Government, as the contractors were
ready and desirous to execute any of the General's commands.
The letter from General Harrison, at Amherstburg, on the 28th September, and my answer of the same date,
marked G & H, are the next and last correspondence that has passed between General Harrison and the contrac-
tors, and affords the first indication of the General's consent that we should issue provisions to the army. I know
not that he had received any instructions from the Secretary of War to authorize him anew, but believe that he had
received none since his letter in May, on that subject. Assuming this as a fact, which can be easily ascertained, it
occurred to me, that, if the General had authority to deliver the provisions of the public, then he had the same
authority long before, and his not doing it was an exercise of power contrary to the Secretary's will, and contrary
to his instructions. This privation, therefore, I consider as injurious to the contractors, and prejudicial to the pub-
lic interest.
I will now pass over the contention between the General and myself, on the. subject of transporting the provi-
sions deposited by his order along the United States' side of lake Erie, and of his interference to prevent Commo-
modore Elliot from sending them up to Detroit in the public vessels; and proceed to refer the committee to Gen-
eral Cass's letter of the 29th of October; my answers of the 4th and 6th ot November; my letter to Captain Elliot
of the 11th; General Cass's two letters of the 5th, and my answer of the 16th of the same month; marked respec-
tively, No. 16 J, No. 17 K, No. 18 L, No. 19 M, No. 20 N, No. 21 O, No. 22 P. This correspondence requires
no comment from me; it is in itself sufficiently intelligible. The question now is, who is to pay for, or rather to be
charged with, the purchase money of the articles I did not undertake to buy? and that, I presume, is a matter of
adjustment between the accountant and myself. But what will come with propriety within the scope of your inqui-
ries, is, an injury I believe I sustained, under the authority of General Cass, at Detroit.
In the month of November, the provisions in the hands of the contractors at that place, which had arrived there
partly from Portage, Fort Meigs, and Sandusky, belonging to the public, and partly from th« places of deposite on
the southern side of lake Erie, so often referred to, became so much exhausted that he could not issue complete
rations; at which time, other provisions arriving belonging to the public, General Cass ordered the commissary to
commence issuing, and turned the contractors' agents out of doors.
This circumstance, if the contract(u- had failed of any duty, or in executing any requisition which had been
made on him, he would have been the first to have acquiesced in; but no such was, or could be, made against him;
no requisition had been made on him to deliver one ration at Detroit; yet, in violation of the contract, he was used
as before related, and suffered this privation for more than a month, with his agents on expenses, walking through
the streets, and nothing to do.
650 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
But the most impoitant effects of this employment of commissaries, this uncertainty of the stock on hand all
summer, or this improvidence of the General in not calling for timely supplies at seasons when they could be made,
or of all these causes combined, are now pressing with the greatest severity on the contractors, as well as on the
army. The Secretary ot War came to the conclusion, on his return from the northward, to put a stop to the
drawing bills by one or the other — the contractor or commissariat must be protested; and, after ascertaining the
sentiments of the President on the subject, the contractors' bills were protested to the amount of sixty thousand
five hundred dollars. The consequence is, that, throughout the whole district, disappointment has been sustained,
distrust has taken place of confidence, confusion of order and regularity. The sub-contractors for the supply of
the recruiting rendezvous withhold their abstracts, and refuse to supply longer: and General Harrison, apprised of
this circumstance, calling on the general contractors for large supplies, even at places he has always before refused
to let them issue at.
A further consequence of these causes is, the distresses of the army at Detroit, Maiden, and Sandwich; all the
fall they have been fed with bread made of sour and musty flour, and now are reduced to half rations for a month;
just before the date of this affidavit, the troops were ordered by Colonel Butler on half rations of bread, and one
and a half rations of meat. This state of things is, to be sure, extremely bad, but they are daily growing worse,
and a disbandment ol^ the army, as well as great public and private loss, must soon be the consequence, unless
an immediate remedy is provided and supplied.
I state, then, that General Harrison misstated the amount of his provisions on hand in January, 1813, and in June
following; that this overrating, and the tenor of his letters to the Secretary on my.subject, induced the Secretary to
protest the contractor's drafts, and injure his credit.
I state that he withheld from the contractors the public provisions, notwithstanding General Armstrong's instruc-
tions, and, under this plea, that all the posts north of the Indian boundary line were kept from them; that he em-
ployed Mr. Piatt to purchase large quantities of provision for the use of the main army, without calling on the
contractors to supply it; and that the issuing to the main army was never allowed to them till the 29th of Septem-
ber; that it was taken from them again by General Cass, on the 16th of November, and not restored till the 31st
of December. That, notwithstanding the tenor of General Cass's letter to me of the 5th of November, when he
made the requisition for five hundred thousand rations, I have been represented to the Government as having
failed to comply with my duty, and that bills have, been drawn to pay for these purchases at extravagant prices,
advising that their amounts be charged to the contractors. 1 state, then, that these bills coming in so fast, and to
so great an amount, with their accompanying representations, have produced the protest of the contractors' bills to
a great amount, and has thrown the whole district into confusion, and endangered the supply of every military post
in it.
I state further, that the contractors have received of the Government - - - $129,022
And have rendered abstracts for about .----..
That they have made other issues, for which abstracts have not come in, for
That the provisions in deposite, under General Harrison's requisition, amount to
$260,000
And that their provisions on hand at the different posts equal, in amount, those received from Government.
BENJ. G. ORR.
Washington, March 21, 1814.
District of Columbia, ss:
Personally appeared before me, Daniel Rapine, one of the Justices of the Peace in and for the District of Co-
lumbia, on the 21st day of March, in the year 1814, the within named Benjamin G. Orr, and, being duly sworn
upon the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, did depose and say, that the foregoing statement is just and true,
according to the best of his knowledge and belief.
DAN. RAPINE.
C.
Statement of General Harrison.
CiNciNN.'^Ti, December 20, 1815.
In a letter which I had the honor to receive from Mr, Fisk, who was the chairman of a committee appointed, in
the spring of 1814, to inquire into the complaints of improper interferences with the contractors by the commanding
generals, and which letter was dated August 3d, 1814, he says, that he "had formed an unfavorable opinion of me,
from some statements which had been made to the committee, supported by documents, chiefly my own letters,
substantiating the following facts, viz: that, in a letter addressed by me to the contractor, Mr. Orr, about the 24th of
June, 1813, 1 informed him that I had provisions enough on hand for fourteen thousand men for one year, that, about the
24th of August of the same year, I made a large requisition upon him for supplies, which, in consequence of the former
letter, he was unable to furnish, and that I had also caused large purchases to be made by the commissaries of the
army after the said 24th of June, and that, notwithstanding all this, the army wanted provisions at Maiden, and on the
expedition to the Moravian towns." Never was there a more artful combination of truth and falsehood than this state-
ment contains. The army did not want provisions at Maiden; it remained at that place but one night. The troops
haddrawn provisions for that and the following day, and there were at least eighty thousand rations on board the vessels,
at the wharfs, at the distance only of one hundred yards from the encampment. I should indeed but illy have de-
served the situation which I occupied if I had invaded an enemy's country without a single day's provision for my
troops. Could I, fur a moment, have preserved the confi'lence of a single man in the army under such circumstances?
What would have been the feelings of the volunteers, and their venerable and patriotic leader.'' Would not the lat-
ter have denounced me immediately to the Government as entirely incompetent to the command.' And yet I do know
that, notwithstanding the army did want provisions when operating on the Thames, so entirely evident was this
want beyond any exertions of mine to prevent, that Governor Shelby, who was intimately acquainted with all my
plans, and with the whole course of my conducl, has continued to speak of me, and to write of me, in a manner far
(I must acknowledge) beyond either my merits or pretensions. His letters to the President will prove this. I shall
advance nothing in this statement without adducing evidence in support of it, although the statement which I shall
make will be so consistent that I trust it would, of itself, have carried conviction to the minds of the committee. 1
ask them, therefore, to refer to my official account of the operations at Detroit, and upon the Thames, in which it is
stated, that the vessels which had been sent back from Maiden for provisions had been driven to the lower end of the
lake, by a storm, and that they had not arrived at that time, nor, indeed, did they arrive until after I had sailed for Buf-
falo. Upon what, then, could the army, the prisoners, the Indians, with whom I was treating, and the inhabitants of
Detroit, a part of whom I was obliged to supply, subsist from the 2"tli of September to the 12th or 15th of October, but
upon the provisions which were taken over with the troops? I acknowledge that they were not well supplied, but
the issues could not have been less than seven thousand rations per diem. From tlie following statement it will
appear that the contractors, and not me, were to blame for thedeficiency of provisions, and that if I had relied entirely
upon them the army would have starved. I cannot find, in any of my letters to the contractors, that I ever said I
had provisions for fourteen thousand men for one year. In the letter of the 20th of June, the paragraph in relation
to this subject stands thus: " there is, I imagine, full as much provisions on hand, the property of the Lfnited States, as
will be wanted for the campaign, some fresh beef excepted.'''
In the letter of the 22d of June, I state, that " there will be quite provisions enough for all the troops that are to
be employed at least until the 1st of December." The difference between the statements is, however, not at all
1816.J INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. (551
inaterial to the argument, since I broadly acknowledge that I not only directed the contractor to procure no nro-
visions for the campaign, but complained 10 the Secretary of War that he had made considerable purchases at Cleve-
land. By referring to a map ot the State ot Ohio, the movements of the northwestern army on the three lines of
operation leading from the first to the second military base, may be traced as follows, viz: the right line ascending
the Sciota river from Delaware, and descending Sandusky river to Upper and then to Lower Sandu=ky The
left taking the direction ot that branch of the Miami of the Ohio which interlocks with the Miami of the lake
crossed the Portage between them, and descended the latter river to Fort Meigs. The centre line pursued the
route of General Hull from Uibana by Forts Manary, M'Arthur, and Finlay, to Fort Meigs. I shalladvance
nothing in this statement but what is supported by an original document sent with it. or which will be confirmed by the
persons to whom I shall refer, and who are within reach of the committee. For the quantity of provisions on hand
at the date of my letter to Mr Orr, '24th of June, see original returns of the commissaries, marked No . 1 I
have no return by me of the quantity of provisions on hand at Fort Meigs in June, 1813, but the deposition of Captain
Oliver, the commissary accompanying this, will furnish it. My estimate is eight hundred barrels of flour and a
much larger quantity of meat. If this estimate is correct, we have on the left and centre lines, and at Fort Mei-'s, which
terminated them, flour equal to niii.e hundred and forty thousand rations, and half that number of rationsl)f salted
meat. The above provisions were purchased by my order; those on the left wing, amounting to nineteen hundred
thousand rations, were purchased under a particular (u-der from the Secretary of War. These facts can be ascer-
tained by reference to the War Office and Colonel Morrison, and the honorable Mr. Creighton. Admitting thatof
this quantity there had been consumed, on the 24th of June, 1813, four hundred thousand rations, which is'a lar^e
allowance, there will remain for this line, one million fi,ve hundred thousand of all the component parts of the ration
meat excepted, for a considerable quantity of the meat procured for this line had been driven to Fort Mei^s in the
preceding winter, and there salted.
From these facts it will be admitted that, on the 22d of June, 1813, I was authorized to say we had provisions
enough on hand for the campaign. But by what sad reverses were these bright prospects so blasted that it became
necessary to purchase more provisions, and in August to call upon the contractors Cora large supply.' From the
affidavit of Mr. Piatt, and from the personal evidence which he will give to the committee, it will be seen that it is
not true that provisions were purchased by the commissaries of the army after the month of June, and before the
month of September, excepting some beef cattle, to no great amount, to make the other comp(ment parts of the
rations on hand complete rations. The call upon the contractor was rendered necessary from the following circum-
stances: The provisions on the loft line were brought from the Miami country, and deposited at Si. Mary's on the
river of that name, and at Amanda, on the Auglaize, (called on the map Tawa town,) and boats were prepared at
each of those places to take them to fort Meigs. The greater part ot the boats were ready upon the arrival of
General Clay's brigade of Kentucky militia in the latter end of April, and by that oIKcervery properly taken to
convey his troops to the relief of fort Meigs, then besieged by the enemy, t^art of the flour was. however, taken
down as far as fort Winchester, and there left, that the troops might be unincumbered with it in their approach to
the enemy. After the siege of fort Meigs was raised, orders were given to provide other boats at St. Mary's and
Amanda, (those which had descended could not be taken back,) and when I wrote to the contractors, on the 22d of
June, I had still strong hopes that, by the usual recurrence of a fresh at that season, the provisions might be brought
down. In this hope I was, however, disappointed. Mr. Piatt knows better than I do how much of it reached fort
Meigs. My own belief is, that a very few barrels of that which was deposited at fort Winchester arrived, and that
in a damaged state. Very early in the spring, a large deposite of flour had been made at fort Meigs; to that place,
also, large droves of hogs and beeves were driven from Urbana and Franklinton. The preservation of this provi-
sion engaged my early anil particular attention. The flour was put under cover before the sick were sheltered in
any other way than by tents; barrels were ordered to be prepared for the pork and beef; but, as it was necessary to
salt it before these could be made ready, the meat was put in large vats which were deemed safe, as ship carpenters
were employed to make and calk them. Notwithstanding all my personal care and attention, however, a great
part of the flour as well as the meat spoiled. During the siege of fort Meigs the covering of the flour was destroyed
by the enemy's shot, and a great number of the barrels shattered, and the whole exposed to the continued rains
which fell for several weeks. Apprised of this circumstance, I directed that it should be overhauled, sifted, and
repacked, and as much as possible baked into biscuit. This business was in full operation when the enemy made
their second appearance, and caused it to be suspended. Upon the final report of the state of the provisions at fort
Meigs in August, I found that a considerable quantity of the flour had been destroyed. A great deal of the salted
meat was also spoiled, supposed to be occasioned by the shot from the enemy's batteries causing the reservoirs to
leak. The garrison, too, had been obliged to use the salt meat contrary to my intention, as the communication was
intercepted, and the fresh beef could not be taken to them. The supplies upon the right wing had also suBered
very materially. The flour was principally purchased in the neighborhood of Chilicothe, from whence it was taken
in wagons to Franklinton, Delaware; from those places to Norton; from Norton to Upper Sandusky, and from
that to Ijower Sandusky. From these repeated changes of the carriages, from the frequent loading and unloading,
and from the excessive badness of the roads, the barrels were much broken, and the militia oflicers, who command-
ed at the several depots, were not as attentive as they ought to have been in the construction of sheds to keep them
from the weather. From these causes the greater part of the flour was much injured, although it was all examined,
and the sound part separated from thai which was damaged and repacked; the loss was very considerable. The con-
sumption upon this wing was also unexpectedly increased to an enormous amount from the number of the Ohio
militia which turned out to repel the second invasion of the enemy, and from the unnecessary retention of two
thousand of them at Upper Sandusky, after the enemy had retired. On the 18th of August I had ascertained that
there would be a deficiency of salted provisions in the public depots, and as [ knew that the contractors had a
quantity of that article at Cleveland, which they never had been required to purchase, I addressed a letter to their
agent, requiring of them two hundred thousand rations of salt meat for the consumption of the troops when in
Cqnada. I did not at that time suppose that the flour would be wanted; but as it would have been unjust to have
obliged the contractors to furnish the salted meat, which was then scarce, and upon which they would probably
lose, I gave them the option of furnishing the other parts of the ration or not, as they pleased. See the original
draught of my letter, (No. 2,) and Mr. Greely's answer, (No. 3,) enclosing the return of provisions on hand at
Cleveland, by which it will appear that they had at that time upwards of three-fourths of the whole quantity de-
manded. It is true that Mr. Orr (see his letter. No. 4,) contradicts the statement of his partner, Mr Greely; but
the reason of his doing so was soon explained. Upon his arrival at head quarters, about the 7th of September, he
stated to me that the Secretary of War would not pay his draughts unless they were sanctioned by me upon an
estimate of the cost of provisions which I might require of him. I agreed to authorize his drawing, upon his sub-
mitting an estimate. His letter and estimate, (No. 5,) will show that he wished the Government to advance the
wholt; cost of the three hundred thousand* rations which had been required of him, although he had on hand the
greater part of the amount purchased with funds that had been placed in his hands when he took the contract. I
refused to sanction his drawing for more than a reasonable advance upon the provisions which were then to be pur-
chased. The whole affair was explained to the Secretary of War in a letter of the 8th of September. This refusal
of mine to suffer Orr to draw for sixty thousand dollars to purchase one hundred and ihirty-five thousand rations,
(which was the quantity wanted to make uf) the three hundred thousand which were required,) gave the first shock
to the good understanding which had subsisted between us, and my taking him severely to task, when the army
was crossing the lake, tor not providing vessels to transport his provisions, entirely destroyed it.
From the foregoing statement it will, I trust, be acknowledged that, m June, 1813, I was authorized to say that
there was sufficiency of provisions in the public stores for the contemplated campaign, and that there was nothing
unjust towards the contractors, or injurious to the public interests, in the demand of three hundred thousand rations
in the latter end of August, since I knew that the greater part was on hand. I acknowledge that, at the time I
•On the 29th of August, I had, in consequence of Mr. Greely's letter, increased the demand from two to three hundred
ttiousand rations. (See my letter, No. 6.)
652 MILITARY AFFAIRS. , [1816.
gave the order, I thought it probable that all the salted meat required could not be procured, and certainly [ should
not have blamed the contractors for not performing impossibilities. The troops did not sufter because this provision
was not purchased, but they were stinted in their supplies at Detroit, because the contractors did not (as they
might have done) procure the means of transporting their provisions across the lake. The demand for the three
hundred tliousaud rations was made to render " security more sure;" a maxim that should be constantly in the mind
of every general when providing for the subsistence of his army in a wilderness, or in an exhausted country. How
many in other respects well-|ilanned enterprises have failed from neglecting it. The great King of Prussia, who,
above all other generals, was famous for ascertaining the subsistence of his army, failed in an attempt upon Olmutz.
in the seven years' war, because for once he trusted to a single resource. Had he succeeded in this attempt, he
might, in a few weeks after, have dictated the terms of peace to the Empress Queen in her capital. But, without
recurring to remote examples, our own annals furnish a fatal instance of the neglect of this maxim. General Wil-
kinson says that he was unable to take Montreal in the fall of 1813, because he was not joined by the corps under
General Hampton; and the latter general asserts that he could not form the desired junction for want of provisions.
1 have never heard that tl>e retention of the provisions, purchased by the agents of the United States in the
hands of their commissaries after the commencement of Mr. Orr's contract, formed a part of his complaints
against me. If such should be the case, however. Colonel Morrison will give the committee the most satisfactory
information upon the subject. It was in pursuance of his advice that I prescribed the terms upon which the provi-
sions should be delivered, and which were refused by Mr. Orr.
Mr. Orr has asserted that he cleared one hundred thousand dollars by the contract, and that, but for me, he
would have made three hundred thousand. [See the depositions of Captain Reed, late assistant deputy quarter-
master general and three other gentlemen, marked No. 6.] I know of no act of mine that could have operated so inju-
riously to the interests of the contractors, unless in the two instances in which their entire failure to supply the
troops was coriected by purchases made by the officers of the United States. Upon my return into the district, in
January, 1814, Captain Oliver, the commissary, waited on me to inform me that he was then employed, under an
order from Brigadier General Cass, in purchasing provisions for the troops at Detroit, who were almost in a starving
situation in qonsequence of the neglect of the contractors to comply with General Cass's requisitions. I approved
of the order which had been given by General Cass, and his successor, in the command of Detroit, Colonel But-
ler^ and directed Captain Oliver to continue his exertions to execute them. (See the deposition of Captain Oliver,
No. 7.) I had scarcely disposed of this aftair, when I was alarmed by the intelligence received from Major Gene-
ral Gano, of the Ohio militia, to whom was entrusted the defence of Lower Sandusky and Put-in-bay, at the latter
of which lay the prize ships taken from the enemy, that the troops at those places were supplied with provisions
from hand to mouth, there being scarcely a barrel of flour in store, and that his utmost exertions to procure a supply
from the contractors had been unavailing. (See the deposition of General Gano, No. 8.) The matter was so
urgent that no time was to be lost. Captain Oliver was, therefore, instructed to make a contract for the delivery
of forty thousand rations, at Lower Sandusky, with the utmost possible despatch, to make the best bargain he
could for the interests of the contractors, but to give a price which would insure the delivery of the provisions.
What less could have been done in the two cases here mentioned.' Should I have countermanded the orders given
by General Cass and Colonel Butler, by the execution of which alone the important posts of Detroit and Maiden
could be preserved, or should I have permitted the enemy to retake the ships in harbor, at Put-in-bay, which would
have enabled them again to contend for the superiority on the lakes, for fear that I should deprive Mr. Orr of the
opportunity of making three hundred thousand dollars instead of one hundred thousand?
In order to gain credit to his complaints of persecution from me, it was conceived to be necessary by Mr. Orr and
his friends to assign some motive for it, and they have chosen to account for it by supposing a partiality, on my part,
towards Mr. John H. Piatt, the Deputy Commissary General. As this officer was allowed a certain per centum
upon his expenditures, his emolument, consequently, increased by every order to purchase provisions. The con-
tractors were made to fail, in order that business might be thrown in Piatt's hands; and I believe that it has been
more than insinuated that we divided the spoil. By referring to Mr. Piatt's deposition. No. 9, it will be seen, and
the fact can be verified by his accounts which have been passed at the War Oflfice, that after the commencement
of Orr's contract, Piatt never received an order from me to purchase any provisions, but in a single instance, and
that was some beef cattle for the purpose of making the flour and other component parts of the rations in the hands
of the United States commissaries complete rations. The order for the purchases to remedy the failure of the
contractors at Detroit and Maiden, in the winter of 1813-14, was given when I was out of the district, first by
General Cass, and afterwards by Colonel Butler, that for the supply of Sandusky and the Bass islands'was commit-
ted to Captain Oliver. To give color to my supposed subserviency to the interests of Mr. Piatt, it has, I under-
stand, been asserted that I drew him from obscurity to place him in the lucrative office which he filled. This story
is just as false as the inference that is drawn from it. I was a perfect stranger to Mr. Piatt when I found him upon
the frontiers of this State acting as purchasing commissary under an appointment from General Hull. I continued
him in opposition to the claims of a friend of eighteen years' standing, because I was informed that he had given great
satisfaction to Hull'sarmy by hiszealand industry. (See certificates of Generals Taylor, Findlay, and Colonel Jesup,
marked No. 10). With Mr. Piatt I never had any connexion, but in the relation of commanding general and commissary,
in my life. If examined upon oath by the committee he will testify that all the pecuniary transactions which ever
passed between us were my renting a house from him in Cincinnati for my family, for which he charged me more
than the preceding tenant had paid; his purchasing two yoke of oxen from my farm after I had left the army,
and a book account of fifty dollars, principally for articles furnished my family in my absence. In a case ijf this
kind, where even the suspicion of improper conduct would be nearly as fatal to my character as a conviction of guilt,
all delicacy should be laid aside and the affair examined to the bottoiti. It is, therefore, my earnest wish that Col-
onel ?siorison, Mr. Piatt, and such other officers as served under me, who'are within reach of the committee, may
be required to testify not only as to tlie facts, but to declare their opinion and the general impressions existing in
the army. It would be very difficult to exhibit positive proof of the corruption of a commanding general, but
there are a thousand circumstances which might come to the knowledge of those about him which would be quite as
convincing as the most authentic document. I do not indeed think it would be wrong to make all public officers
account for any sudden increase of wealth. To show that this has not been my case« I have procured the deposition
of General Findlay and Mr. Burnett, to show that I left the army poorer than when I entered it, and that I have
since been obliged to have recourse to loans to put my fiirm in a situation to support my family. The high charac-
ters of these gentlemen will be vouched for by all the Ohio delegation.
I have no claim to push the investigation I have solicited further than is necessary to my own defence, but if
with a view to a better understanding of the operations which may be necessary in a future war, the House of Re-
presentatives should determine to give greater scope to the inquiry, the result will, I am sure, prove the correctness
of the places which were adopted lor the support of the Northwestern army, and that the actual cost of the supplies
will bear a favorable comparison with that of any other army which preceded it in the same tract, or with those
which, in the late war, were employed in other sections of the country. 1 do not consider myself, however, responsi-
ble for the amount of Tiioney which may have been expended by the army under my command, excepting as to its faith-
ful application, so far as that depended on me. I am, indeed, ignorant of the amount. All that my duty required me
to know, was, that it was as little as possible, to give security to the measures which I was directed to pursue. My
opinion may differ from many, with regard to the quantum of supplies necessary to produce that security, and I may
perhaps be blamed for having ordered them to be, provided on a scale unnecessarily large. It cannot, however, be
by those who are acquainted with the country which was the scene of our operations, or who will recollect that the
army under General St. Clair was in a starving condition when it was defeated, and that of General Wayne, after
a preparation of two and a half years, was scarcely able, upon very reduced allowance, to reach the point of its des-
tination.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,
Lale Major General in the United Slates army.
Cincinnati, December 30, 1815.
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. 653
No. 1.
Report of provisions remaining at different posts on the centre and left wing of the northwestern army, {the pur-
chases of John H. Piatt, Deputy Purchasing Commissary,) on the 2ith day of June, 1813.
Names of posts.
Bbls.
Bbls.
Bbls.
Bbls.
Bbls.
Pounds
Boxes
Boxes
Flour.
Biscuit.
Whiskey.
S-ilt.
Pork.
Bacon.
Soap.
Candles.
Fort Winchester,
1,209
247
119
13
20,000
10
18
Part of the flour damaged,
being sunk in the river
after leaving Amanda
and St. Mary's, and for
the want of proper care
after it arrived at Fort
Winchester.
Fort Jennings,
S6
-
U
15
-
600
-
I
Good order.
Amanda, -
400
20
69
45
-
110,000
14
23
Do.
St. Mary's,
106
83
9
A
-
8,000
3
6
Do.
Loramies,
1,590
-
153
-
15
-
5
5
Do.
Greenville,
-
90
-
-
-
18,360
-
.
Do.
Piqua,
332
-
28
6
-
1,200
8
4
Do.
Dayton, -
163
-
25
3
4,000
6
4
Do.
Fort Findlay,
60
-
• 30
50
-
500
28
-
Do.
Fort M' Arthur, -
536
-
43
14
-
-
21
12
Do.
4,422
193
607i
2524
28
162,660
95
73
Total amount.
At all the abovementioned posts I have appointed issuing commis.saries, agreeably to your excellency's order, at
thirty dollars per month, who will take every jiecessary eare, until your excellency may think proper to give the
provisions into the hands of the contractors.
JOHN H. PIATT.
Dear Sir: Cincinnati, June 30, 1813.
Having made the necessary arrangements, I returned to this place on the 28th, and shall take every possible
care to have the provisions in my charge taken care of, and issued in the proper manner. I have now ready two hun-
dred and twenty-five beeves, taken up at Manary's block-house, which shall be forwarded whenever your excel*
lency thinks proper to give the order. Your family are in good health.
1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN H. PIATT.
His Excellency Major General William H. Harrison.
No. 2.
Sir:
Head Quarters, Seneca Town, August 18, 1813.
As you have reported yourself to me as the authorized agent of the contractor, I must request that you take
immediate measures for having two hundred thousand rations ot salted pork or bacon prepared at Cleveland, San-
dusky, or some other place on the lake, to be used when the army shall arrive on the Canada shore. Should you
think proper to supply the other component parts, and make the two hundred thousand complete rations, you are
at liberty to do so. You have the flour at Cleveland, and as it will not be wanted there,'it can be used for the
above purposej however, the pork must be procured at any rate.
I am, very respectfully, your humble servant,
W ILLIAM H. HARRISON.
Major Peter G. Voorhies, Jigentfor Orrand Greely.
No. 3.
Sir:
Camp Harrison, Cleveland, August 25, 1813.
I have taken the liberty to send you enclosed a correct statement of the component parts of rations at this
time ready to be delivered in good order along the lake coast, on the navigable waters within this district; the
principal part of which are at this place. All the component parts of the rations can be delivered almost exclusively
at this post immediately, except the salted pork, which will fall short of the two hundred thousand rations about
thirty thousand; this deficiency is not in the country, neither can it be procured in time at this season of the year.
If you should think it proper to take salted beef in lieu of this deficiency, I have the barrels and salt on hand, and
can deliver to you five hundred barrels prime beef, in good order, and warranted to keep good until the first of May
next. Ten days' notice will be sufficient. I have contracted for ten thousand pounds of bacon: the time in which
it was to be delivered has expired since the 20th instant. I expect it every day, and am confident it will be here
in time.
I have a number of bakers employed in baking biscuit, of whichT can immediately furnish you with fifty
thousand rations, warranted to keep good for one year. Colonel Orr's long stay in the city of Washington pre-
vented my returning here before you left this to attend to your orders.
I experience a very serious difliculty for the want of stores for the provisions. Was Mr. Duncan Reed, the
acting Deputy Quartermaster, more attentive to his business a few boards might be procured to cover those provis-
ions which are now lying exposed to the storms on the lake shore, and the evil in a great degree be remedied.
The regiment of Pennsylvania militia, under the command of Colonel Rees Hill, amounting to about six hundred
and fifty men, will arrive here on Sunday next. I shall ever endeavor at all times to obey you and comply with
your re uisitions, and exert myself for the good of the public service.
q I am, with pleasure, respectfully your obedient humble servant,
His Excellency William H. Harrison,
Major General commanding the Northtvestern Army.
AARON GREELY.
654
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
L1816.
Return of provision now deposited at different places on the shore of Lake Erie, for the use of the northwestern
army, by Bevjamin G. Orr and Aaron Greely, contractors. August 25, 1813.
PORK.
FLOTTR.
WHISKEY.
SO.P.
CANDIES.
VINEGAR.
SALT.
Bbls
Rations.
Bbls
Rations.
Galls.
Rations.
Lbs.
Rations.
Lbs.
Rations.
Galls.
Rations.
Bbls
Rations.
Where depo-
sited.
513
7
18
6
136,458
1,862
4,788
1,596
761
97
80
25
132,920
16,878
13,972
4,366
1,933
66
3,000
61,856
2,112
96,000
2,000
50,000
350
23,333
1,100
110,000
65
10
520,000
80,000
Cleveland.
Huron.
Grand River.
Vermilion.
544
144,704
963
168,136
4,999
159,968
2,000
50,000
350
23,333
1,100
110,000
75
600,000
No. 4.
ORR AND GREELY,
Contractors for the Northwestern army.
Cleveland, August 29, 1813.
Sir:
Major Voorhies's solicitude induced him to go from this place to the different settlements in the reserve, in
quest of salted provisions, to comply with your requisition for two hundred thousand rations, but almost entirely
without success; there is none to be bought of any account, and that dispersed, in every direction, in small quanti-
ties of one, two, and three barrels at a place. What aggravates this state of the case is, that I have found, upon
examination to-day with Major Voorhies, that Mr. Greeiy's report to you of the 25th is very erroneous. Instead,
of five hundred and thirteen barrels of pork, which he states are in store at this place, we find only three hundred
and seven; nor do I believe it will be practicable to obtain, in any short time, a quantity which will increase this
amount to more than four hundred barrels. Mr. Greely, I observe, has written you also that he can furnish, upon
ten days' notice, beef for the alleged deficiency, which he will warrant to keep till May ne.xt. It is my opinion, and
Major Voorhies', that at this season beef could not be saved, and at any rate, as they are yet to be procured, they
could not be brought here at so short a notice. In short, in no respect can I see that any dependence should be placed
in his report; and a fear that you may be misled induces me to write so plainly. Whatever you wish to be done,
that can be done, you may rely shall be assiduously attended to; but I cannot suffer you to be beguiled into a confi-
dence that will certainly be deceptions.
Major Voorhies will probably leave this on the 3lst, with Colonel Hill's regiment of Pennsylvania militia, with
as much of the pork as the boats can carry; by him, I shall write you more fully, who likewise will be able to give you
explicit and detailed accounts of the reasonable calculations that may be founded on supplies from this quarter.
He will go with the capacity, the integrity, and the disposition, to render every service in the present emergency
that any one can possess; and in the executioij of your commands, every assistance in my power shall be given him.
Great delay at the War Office, and a severe bilious fever, has detained me longer from the district than I ex-
pected. Major Voorhies will explain fully. Meanwhile,
I have the honor to be, with great esteem, sir, your most obedient servant,
BENJAMIN G. ORR.
Major General Harrison.
No. 5.
Seneca Towns, September 7, 1813.
Sir:
When in Washington lately, on the subject of the protested drafts of the contractors, I urged to the Secretary
of War the necessity of devising some means to prevent the recurrence of events so fatal to their credit, and possi-
bly injurious to the public interest. Unable to ascertain what the wants of the army you command might be, and
unwilling to give to any one the power of drawing ad libitum on the public treasury, he told me I must submit to
you an estimate of the cost of each requisition that might be made on me, for which, when approved of by you as
reasonable, I might draw, without danger of protest. For this purpose, I now enclose you a view of what I suppose
the current issues to recruiting and marching parties through the State of Ohio, for the present month, will amount
to, as well as the recent requisition for three hundred thousand rations, for the proposed invasion of the enemies'
country. I hope you will find it satisfactory; and that, notwithstanding the want of instruction from the Secretary
on the subject, as it does not increase your responsibility, you will not decline this the Secretary's own arrange-
ment.
I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your most obedient servant, >
BENJAMIN G. ORR. .
Major General Harrison.
Tlie Contractors'' estimate.
I suppose the current issues to recruiting and marching parties throughout the State of Ohio will, for
the month of September, amount to- - - - - - - $5,000
Three hundred thousand rations recently required for the army, in its operations against the enemy, I
suppose will cost --------- $55,000
$60,000
Seneca Towns, September 7, 1813.
The above estimate, amounting to sixty thousand dollars, is respectfully submitted to the consideration of General
Harrison.
BENJAMIN G. ORR,
one of the contractors for the 8th military district.
No. 6,
Hamilton County, State of Ohio, ss:
Personally appeared before me, John Mahard, Justice of the Peace in and for said county, James Reed, who,
being sworn agreeable to law, deposeth and sayeth, that, some time in the month of May, 1814, he, the deponent,
was in company with Benjamin G. Orr, then army contractor within the 8th military district. This deponent, being
in conversation with the said Benjamin, asked the said Benjamin if he, the said Benjamin, would clear any amount
by the contract for supplying the army? The said Benjamin informed this deponent that he, the said Benjamin, would
clear one hundred thousand dollars, and probably something rising of that sum; and if it had not been for General
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON.
655
Harrison, he, the saiil Benjamin, would have cleared three hundred thousand dollars; and, further this deponent
sayeth that Mr. John Ragues, (agent for the said Benjamin.) informed this deponent that the said Benjamin would
clear by the contract between eighty and one hundred thousand dollars, and further this deponent sayeth not
a . K u J u r .1 ■ on,,. J . T , JAMKS REED.
Sworn and subscribed before me, this 29th day of July, 1815.
JOHN MAHARD, /. P.
State of Ohio, Cuyahoga County, ss:
Personally appeared Aikin Sexton before me, Horace Perry, a Justice of the Peace for said county, and being duly
sworn, upon his oath saith, that some time in the month of May, 1814, he, the deponent, heard Benjamin G. Orr con-
tractor for the northvyestern army, say, that he, the said Benjamin, had made by said contract one hundred and fifty
thousand dollars, and that he should have made three hundred thousand dollars if it had not been for the conduct of
General Harrison, and that the above observations of the said Benjamin were made in a public company where the
deponent was present, and further this deponent saith not.
c. J u -ujur ., ■ , , re , AIKIN SEXTON.
Sworn and subscribed before me this 11th day of September, 1815,
HORACE PERRY, Justice of Peace.
State of Ohio, Geauqua County, ss:
Personally appeared Eli Bond, Esquire, before me, Solomon Kingsbury, a Justice of Peace in and for said county,
and being sworn agreeable to law, deposetli and saith, that he, the deponent, was, in the lyear 1813, agent for Benja-
min G. Orr and Aaron Greely, then army contractors within the eighth military district, that he,°the deponent
heard the said Benjamin G. Orr repeatedly say, that he, the said Benjamin, had made, or would make, by the saici
contract one hundred thousand dollars and upwards, and if it had not been for the conduct of General Harrison he
the said Benjamin, would have made three hundred thousand dollars, and further this deponent saith not. ' '
Sworn and subscribed before me, this 16th day of October, 1815.
SOLOMON KINGSBURY, Justice of Peace.
State of Ohio, Geauqua County, ss:
Personally appeared Elisha Norton, Esquire, before me, Solomon Kingsbury, a Justice of the Peace in and for
said county, and being duly sworn, upon his oath saith, that, some time in the spring of 1814, he, the deponent, heard
Benjamin G. Orr, contractor for the northwestern army within the eighth military district, say, that he, the said Ben-
jamin, had made or would make by said contract one hundred thousand dollars and upwards, and that he should have
made three hundred thousand dollars if it had not been for the conduct of General Harrison, and further this depo-
nent saith not.
. , , ELISHA NORTON
Sworn and subscribed before me, this 16th day of October, 1815.
SOLOMON KINGSBURY, Justice of Peace.
No. 7.
I was appointed special commissary by Major General W. H. Harrison in August, 1813, and served in that capacity
during his command of the district. I never thought General Harrison disposed to oppress the contractors, without
the interest of the service imperiously demanded it. Mr. Benjamin G. Orr, one of the contractors, complained of
injuries done him by General Harrison; I knew of none.
The flour part of sixty thousand rations deposited at Lower Sandusky, in February and March, 1814, on account
of the contractors, by order of General Harrison, was necessary for the maintenance of Put-in-bay, Portage, and
Lower Sandusky.
General Harrison never had any private interest in-the disbursement of the public funds that passed through my
hands, nor did any thing ever come to my knowledge to induce a belief that he had any concern or interest in the
expenditures of any of the staff' oflicers.
The following was the quantity of flour on hand at Fort Meigs on the 7th of May, 1813; (first siege of the British.)
United States, ---.--.. 474 j barrels
Mr. Spencer Ball, in store, - - - - - -. - 325
799 J 147,911 rations.
Mr. Ball's flour in store, afterwards used by the United States troops, was part of a contract with Mr. Buford,
deputy commissary.
The investment of Fort Meigs, April and May, 1813, by the British, made it necessary te stop all provisions des-
tined for that post during such a state of things, in consequence of which about three thousand barrels of flour, with
other components, were deposited at Fort Winchester on 2d, 3(1, and 4th of May, 1813. Nearly all the boats that
had conveyed those provisions to Winchester were taken by General Clay, for the transport of his troops from
thence to Meigs, leaving the provisions behind without the means of transportation. And in the fiist place, leaving
head St. Mary's navigation and Amanda on the Anglaize with much less provisions than the vessels were first
designed to carry, owing to General Clay's troops descending the St. Mary's and Anglaize on board the same crafts.
WILLIAM OLIVER, late Special Commissary Slh.
Sworn to and subscribed before me, at Cincinnati, the 21st December, 1815,
JOHN MAHARD, Justice qf Peace.
No. 8.
The State of Ohio, Hamilton County, Corporation of Cincinnati, ss:
Beit remembered, that, on the 6th day of January, A. D. 1816, John S. Gano, Major General of the first
division, personally appeared before me, William Cony, mayor of the town of Cincinnati, who being duly sworn,
did depose and say, that he commanded the forts and military posts on the northern fnmtier of State of Ohio, and
Put-in-bay island, in the winter of 1813 and 1814. and on receiving returns of the quantity of provision at the differ-
ent posts, it was found that the provision would fall very short of supplying the troops stationed and passing; and in
consequence thereof, he ordered the contractors to furnish more provision. And from inliirmation received Irom the
contractors' agent and others, he found that no certain calculation could be made on receiving provision from them;
and some of the posts then were very short of provision; consequently, the situation of the posts was reported to
General Harrison after his return to the district, urging the necessity of a supply of provisions to such posts, which
this deponent considered of very great importance, as the letters from him, this deponent, will more fully show, and
further he saith not.
JOHN S. GANO.
Sworn and subscribed before me, the 6th day of January, Anno Domini 1816 .
In testimony whereof, I have hereto set ray hand and affixed the seal of the said corporation the day and year
above written.
WILLIAM CORRY, Mayor.
g56 ' MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
Head Quarters, 0. M. Lower Sandusky, January 17, 1814.
Dear General:
The disagreeable news from below occasions me to have great anxiety for the vessels at Put-in-bay. I proceeded
a few days ago to Portage, in order to cross to see their situation; the ice prevented my going by water and was not
sufficient to bear. I have, however, been relieved by a visit from Lieutenant Champlain, and Doctpr Eastman of the
navy, who came up the night before last and returned yesterday; they came over on the ice, though it was very thin in
places. The Lieutenant informs me he has ten seamen and forty soldiers, and has his vessels and guns so prepared,
that, in case of an attack, he can bring aboutforty to bear from on board and a small block-house, on the rocky point
of land near the vessels. I shall, by his request, and my own opinion of the necessity of the measure, send a reinforce-
ment of about thirty of the regulars from Seneca, as soon as the ice is sufficiently strong to bear them. At the fort
at Portage I have one hundred militia, which may render them some assistance if necessary: my troops are very much
scattered, and I believe every post is in a tolerable state of defence. The troops have had immense fatigue since they
have been out, they are now more healthy, and appear in better spirits since two months' pay has come on, though
nothing will induce them to continue longer than their term of service, which expires on the last of next month.
Majors Vance and Meek arrived three days ago from Detroit, and have an exalted opinion of the vigilance and
arrangements of Colonel Butler; the officers Captains Holmes and Hill, commanding Maiden and Sandwich, have
put themselves in the best possible state of defence. A detachment under the command of Major Smiley has gone
up the river Thames. The militia at Detroit are discontented, a number sick, some dead, &c. I have been hawk and
buzzard as to supplies — the commissary and contractor — and I fear that with all the exertions that can be made some
of the posts must suffer; at Meigs no flour, and two or three other posts in nearly the same situation. I called
on the contractors and urged the necessity of immediate supplies, but I cannot rely on their promises. The want of
forage has nearly destroyed all the transport on this line; I have urged Captain Gardner to supply the agent of that
department, at this place, with funds for that purpose, but to no effect. I have been lately very unwell, but have
recovered, except a lame ancle. As it is uncertain where this will meet you, I shall not give a detailed account
until I know where you are, and will then write more fully, and send you a report of the troops under my command.
I have the honor to be, your most obedient and very humble servant,
JOHN S. GANG.
P. S. Six o'clock, P. M. An express from Erie have just arrived here,, a naval officer with a letter from General
Cass, and a request from Captain Elliot for a reinforcement for Put-in-bay of two hundred men; I have ordered Lieu-
tenant McFarland from Seneca with all his effective regulars, about thirty able to march being all the disposable
force I have, except a small command at Portage erecting a fortification there, from which I will detach a part,
though the whole cannot make more than a third of the number required. From information there is not the least
doubt but an attempt will be made to take or destroy the vessels; it is the opinion of Lieutenant Packet and Gen-
eral Cass also. Will it not be proper to send on some regular troops or militia from the interior without delay?
JOHN S. GANG.
His Excellency William H. Harrison.
Head Quarters, 0. M. Lower Sandusky, January 25, 1814.
Dear General:
Yours of the 16th inst. I received this day, and directed my brigade major to make the enclosed report, by which
you will see the situation of the troops under my command. I have issued orders as per enclosed copies. The diffi-
culty in forwarding provisions, owing to the impossibility of transportation by land, has been, and is, severely felt;
the troops at Meigs have been obliged to take flour from Winchester' themselves, there being no other means ot
transport, and are now but scantily supplied; I have urged the contractors on this head, but have received nothing
but fair promises, until my patience is entirely exhausted, and I have directed Mr. Oliver to supply. A man from
Put-in-bay left here this morning. He informs me the detachment I sent on had not been able to cross, but are vyait-
iiig at the point of the peninsula, and will cross as soon as possible; I have ordered Major Crooks with some militia
to cross; which will make the force there as follows: sailors twenty-two, Atkins' command forty-two, all now there;
McFarland with twenty -eight regulars on the march, and Crooks with Captain Howel's company, say forty, which
is one hundred and thirty-two, and I have one company at the fort at Portage. I fear the provisions at the island
are not sufficient to support them until the ice will break up to afford water transportation to them; and at Portage
they depend on this place for flour, which is scarce; they have, however, meat enough there. Thus, you see, as
before 1 observed to you, we have been between hawk and buzzard — the contractor and commissary. I am informed
the detachment that returned to Detroit from the Thames did not succeed in getting the quantity of provision ex-
pected. I am also informed, by some officers from Buffalo, that the British were preparing a secret expedition:
their destination unknown. I am happy to inform you every exertion has been made at Detroit, Sandwich, and
Maiden, to defend those places to the last extremity; and the commanding officer, since General Cass left there,
deserves great credit. Neither of those places will be given up without some fighting; the officers commanding each
are in high spirits, and have great confidence in their ability to defend their posts. Some artillery officers have
passed on to Detroit, and I am of opinion that some active regular officers are wanting there, as many have left it.
The militia have been very much reduced there, as you will see. I must inform you I have lost a number of my
militia, out of the few 1 had here. I buried at this place fifteen or sixteen, which is as great a proportion as they
have lost at Detroit; and one other small part of a company has buried seven. I have never mentioned this part of
the subject before, as I thought it best to keep it close. I am informed some Canadians attempted to cross from
Long Point to Put-in-bay, but found the ice insufficient, and returned; their objectnot known. I assure you Ihave
anti will continue to use every exertion for the good of the service; I have had the arms, &c. that the Kentuckians
threw away at Portage collected, and the principal part brought to this place, and the cattle and some horses have
been taken and converted to public use. There is plenty of ammunition at Fort Meigs, but it is scarce on this line.
I sent for powder to Meigs, but our means of transportation was such that we only received two hundred pounds
half cannon; but I am informed there is a large quantity on board the vessels fixed and unfixed, and six thousand
five hundred stand of arms, some field carriages, &c. which I have ordered to be brought over as soon as the ice will
permit; the roads are so very bad it has been impracticable. I am well satisfied I have not been ordered to Detroit, and
particularly as General Cass appeared to be opposed to it; and I have had an immense trouble in regulating my dd-
ferent posts, and quieting the murmurs of my militia. They are very good, but not such as I used to take the field with
when we were first acquainted in the former Indian wars. I have ordered to be transmitted to the Secretary ot \A ar the
sentence of two general court martials, as I (by the articles of war) am not authorized to approve of the sentence, and
have it carried into effect. If those powers are delegated to you, sir, please to inform me by the bearer. Mr. Sallion,
who has been stationed at Fort Meigs in the commissary's line, can give you much information on niany points that
I cannot at present. General Cass, by my request, ordered Colonel Paul to inspect the militia at this post, Portage,
Meigs, Findlay, Upper Sandusky, and McArthur, and Captain Moore on the other line, which is completed by this
lime.
I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN S. GANG.
P. S. You will see a great diminution of my force, many being sick and absent, and I having discharged two
companies by your order to escort the prisoners, &c. My first report was two thousand one hundred and thirty-four,
and the amount ordered to Detroit was near six hundred. You see now the number of effectives there are amazingly
reduced.
His Excellency William H. Harrison.
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON. 657
Lower Sandusky, January 127, 1814.
Dear General:
Captain Payne has called on me to sanction his drawing funds for his department; I have thought proper to refer
him to you; I am informed a good supply of corn may be had near a mill forty miles from this. Will it not be advi-
sable to have three or four hundred of meal forwarded on to the army.? The flour the contractor's agent promised,
should have been here ten days ago, but has not arrived, and owing to the disappointment we are reduced in that
article at this [post to nineteen barrels Seneca, seventeen Portage. I sent four barrels there yesterday; at Meigs
they are very short, at Winchester they have two or three hundred barrels, but short of meat. I must confess I
have been completely deceived and disappointed by them, they having stated it was on the road. I gave them notice
24th December, to have three months' rations at difterent posts for the number of men specified. Captain Payne
knows the situation; you will please give him such directions as you think proper, on this subject; he certainly ex-
erted himself much to my satisfaction, in forwarding provisions and clothing to Detroit: you know him. If he could
get leave to settle his accounts it may be best. Excuse this suggestion. It you had not arrived in your district, I
was determined to have sent in every direction and purchased provisions at all events for the troops in service, and
those that were to relieve them, but I am happy the arrangement has fallen into your hands, for I think I would hang
half of the quarlermaslers and all the contractors, if I ivas to remain in service much longer; and I am astonished
how you have managed with them to effect the objects you have, for there appears no system or regularity with any
of them. I have ordered one company more to this place from Findlay, and a sergeant, two corporals, and twelve
men from Upper Sandusky to that post, which is all the force I can order here from this and the centre line. This
day's report is eighty sick, at Meigs. I am happy to inform you the troops at Detroit are recovering, for you see we
can aftbrd them but little aid. If a successful attempt is made at Fut-in-bay, (which God forbid, and I think im-
possible,) we may have a visit from them. We will endeavor to give a good account, for my men are in high spirits,
and I have added much to the strength of this place; we are not well supplied with ammunition, but have sent for
some from the shipping and Franklinton.
I am, with great respect, your humble servant,
JOHN S. GANO.
His Excellency William H. Harrison, Cincinnati.
Lower Sandusky, /'efirwary 10, 1814.
Dear General:
The day before yesterday I returned from Fort Meigs, after making some necessary arrangements there. I
have one additional company of men at Portage, who have orders to cross, as soon as the ice will admit, which will
fill the complement required. They marched from Fort Findlay; the man who floated off on a cake of ice is safe. It
■wafted him to the ice fast to the island a — singular escape. I believe the vessel safe, but will be ready to aflTord all
the protection in my power. I have been obliged to discharge some men who had certificates of having served a
month last summer a year. The men are all anxious to be trelieved; they have had a busy tour, and I would be
glad to have those at the island relieved before, or by the time their term of service expires; and if those on this line
could be mustered at Upper Sandusky, if you approve, can deposite their arms there, and those of Detroit and Meigs
at VVinchester or St. Mary's. I will await your orders on this subject, and if I remain alone will keep this post until
relieved or ordered away, though I feel anxious to see my family, and particularly on account of the indisposition of
a part of it.
I have ordered the arms from this to Franklinton that want repair, and if you advise tents and camp kettles,
axes, &c. , could be sent in by return wagons. There has been no possible way of removing the six or seven thousand
stand of arms, &c. &c. from the vessels. My brigade major has not been able to return, and I think there has been
a kind interposition of ProvideiKe in the protection of the vessels. This winter, provision has been extremely
scanty; we have been reduced to half a barrel flour here, but I ordered from Seneca three barrels, and purchased or
borrowed two or three for the company. At Portage, and at Fort Meigs, they were four days without, though twenty-
four barrels arrived there the night before I left there, and more expected. Mr. Oliver informs me, supplies will
shortly be on to this place; you must have received the news from Detroit as late as this, therefore I will not com-
municate. Please present my compliments to your good lady and family, and believe me to be, with much esteem,
Your most obedient humble servant,
JOHN S. GANO.
His Excellency Major General Harrison.
No. 9.
State of Ohio, Hamiltoncounty, ss:
Be it remembered, that, on the 30th day of October, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, at Cincinnati,
in the county of Hamilton, John H. Piatt came personally before me, one of the Justices assigned to keep the
peace within and for the county of Hamilton, and, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, he was acting as
purchasing commissary, under an appointment made by General Hull, which was afterwards confirmed by the Se-
cretary of War, a short time after General Harrison took the command of the eighth military district. This deponent
declares, that he is not in any degree related to General Harrison by blood, marriage, or otherwise; that they never
have at any time been connected in business of any kind, nor have they been jointly concerned in any purchase, sale,
or contract, of any description whatever, to the amount of five hundred dollars. This deponent purchased three thou-
sand five hundred hogs, which were delivered at Detroit, at five dollars per hundred, and put into the possession ot
the contractor's agent; this deponent delivered about eleven hundred barrels of flour at St Mary's, at ten dollars per
barrel, and about the same quantity at Urbana at from eight dollars to eight dollars and fifty cents per barrel; he
also purchased beef at difi'erent times, by the order of General Harrison, for the use ot the army, and, in every in-
stance, the beef purchased by him was delivered at a price heloiv that allowed the contractor by the United btates.
This deponent states further, that, nearly all the purchases of pork and flour, made by him during the continuance
of the contract of Orr and Greely, were made on the requisitions of General Cass and Colonel Butler, in the ab-
sence of General Harrison, but were afterwards sanctioned by him. Tins deponent states further, that, in every
instance in which he made a purchase of provisions for the use of the army during the Icontinuation ot Colonel Urrs
contr.act, such purchases had been rendered absolutely necessary to save the troops from suftering, and that he did
not, in any instance, purchase, or deliver, provisions at any place or post at which the contractors had furnished a
suflicient supply, and he avers that all the provisions purchased by hiin were delivered at such prices as put it in
the power of the contractors to make a handsome profit on issuing them to the troops. Fhe pork turnished by this
deponent was delivered to the contractor's agent at Det;oit, at five dollars per hundred, to be averaged on foot, at
which post the contractor was allowed seven cents for each ration of pork, of three quarters ot a pound; the flour
purchased by this deponent at Urbana was delivered at not more than four and a half cents per pound, when the
contract price of each ration of flour (the ration being :one pound two ounces,) was six cents and five mills; and
this deponent further states, that he has been informed by his agent Mr. Hugh Glenn, and by Captain Oliver, tliat
the requisition for the post at Detroit was made, in the first instance, on the contractors, who refused to comply with
it which will appear trom General Cass's and Colonel Butler's requisitions on him. This deponent further states,
that. General Harrison's order to him was to issue the provisions then in the commissaries' stores, at the places where
such provisions were on hand, but that in all other cases the provisions must be furnished by the contractors.
JOHN H. PIATT.
Sworn and subscribed to before me, GRIFFIN YEATMAN, J. P.
658 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1816.
Cincinnati, Ohio, November 20, 1815.
John H. Piatt, of Cincinnati, was employed, during tiie campaign of 1812, first as coatractor, and afterwards
as commissary to the army commanded by Brigadier General Hull; and in those situations, his conduct was such
as to give general satisfaction to the army.
We are, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servants,
JAMES TAYLOR,
JAMES FINDLAY,
TH. P. JESUP, Colonel United Stales Jirmy.
Major General Harrison.
Cincinnati, December 29, 1815.
Dear Sir:
From Mr. Burnet and other very respectable characters who have lately returned from the Eastern States,
I have learned that the industry and motives of a few enemies have produced an impression so general and unfavor-
able to my reputation, that it becomes a duty to my family, my character, and even my country, to endeavor to
remove it. There was no means of accomplishing this which appeared so proper as that of an investigation by the
House of Representatives. I have accordingly solicited one by a letter addressed to their Speaker, which is
herewith enclosed: it is also accompanied by a statement which I have prepared, with a number of documents to
support it. The letter having been presented, you will oblige either to put the statement and documents also in
possession of the House, or deliver them to the Committee that may be appointed, as you may judge proper. I cannot
believe that there will be any hesitation to grant my request; but if there should, I hope you will be prepared to
support my claims. Mr Bassett, who is my near relation, Mr. Pleasants, and Mr. Nelson of Virginia, will all of
them readily yield you their aid, as would Mr. Clay himself if he should have an opportunity of speaking. I will
thank you to make known my wishes to these gentlemen. I think it is probable that you may be one of the com-
mittee: if you are, I must repeat in this private letter what I have said in that to the Speaker, that I wished the
investigation to take the greatest possible scope, and that no sense of delicacy towards me should prevent the asking
the officers who may be summoned before the committee any questions which will probe the subject of the investi-
gation to the bottom; and if I have a friend on the committee, he will take that course without the least apprehen-
sion that any thing will come to light which would cause him to blush for me. Others have served the country more
successfully, but none with more zeal and fidelity than I have done. I claim no reward, I could be contented with
obscurity; but I cannot rest under unmerited obloquy. I see that my old opponent [Proctor] has been severly
reprimanded by the Prince Regent. My fate has been more hard than his. He had (I presume) a fair trial, I
have been condemned unheard. His crime was the loss of an army and a province; mine of having incurred (in
what way I know not) the hatred of a minister, and forcing a contractor to do his duty.
I have selected you as the medium of giving the enclosed papers their destination as well from the high opinion
I entertain of your character as your being the Representative of my district. The trouble you may give yourself
on this occasion will be gratefully remembered by dear sir, your friend and humble servant,
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
Honorable John McLean, Esq.
Hamilton County, ss:
Before me the subscriber, one of the Justices of the Peace in and for the county of Hamilton, came personally
James Findlay and Jacob Burnet, who, on oath, depose and say, they are intimately acquainted with Major General
William Henry Harrison, and that, during the time he commanded the northwestern army, they had some agency
in the management of his private pecuniary concerns, and know tliat he borrowed money to defray the ordinary ex-
penses of his family. They further state, that, since his resignation, he has increased the loans that were made during
the war, for the purpose of improving and stocking his farm at North Bend, which loans he has not refunded to the
present day. And these deponents state further, that the said General William H, Harrison is jointly interested
with them in fifteen thousand dollars of the stock of the Miami Exporting Company, which is all the stock owned
by him in that bank, which amount of stock was purchased with money received from the sale of land situate in
the Miami, purchased and owned jointly by him and these deponents prior to the commencement of the late war.
These deponents know that the General is, and for many years past has been, possessed of a large and very valuable
real estate; but which has not been sufficiently productive to defray his ordinary expenses, in consequence of which
he has been under the necessity of having recourse to loans, as above stated. These deponents know, that he pro-
posed, since he left the service, to sell his bank stock for the purpose of raising money to enlarge the improvements on
his farm, which was prevented by an oiler from the bank to extend his accommodations. These deponents being
intimately acquainted with the property, business and circumstances, of General Harrison, are convinced, that he
did not add to the value of his estate during the war, and that he left the army more embarrassed than he was
when he entered it. The conviction produced on our minds, by a long, intimate, and confidential acquaintance
with the General, requires us to declare, on this occasion, that, in point of honor and integrity, he is not excelled
by any person in the circle of our acquaintance, and that we believe he would rather sacrifice his fortune than
add to it by an act dishonest or dishonorable.
JAMES FINDLAY.
JAS. BURNET.
Sworn and subscribed to, this twentieth day of January, 1816, by James Findlay, one of the deponents, before me,
ANDREW MARK, J. P.
State of Ohio, Ross County, Mayor'' s Office, Chilicothe, ss:
I, Levin Belt, Mayor of the town of Chilicothe aforesaid, do hereby certify, that the foregoing deposition was
sworn to and subscribed before me, by Jacob Burnet, one of the members from Hamilton County, of our present
Legislature, now in session in this place.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of ray office this twenty-sixth day
of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.
LEVIN BELT, M?2/or.
1816.] INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON.
G.59
E.
Statement, shmnng the amount expended in the purchase of provisions, for the supply of the armv in the eiehlh
miliar!/ district, m pursuance of instructions from General fFilliam H. Harrison, between the 1st of June
18\3, and 1st June, 1814, particularizing- those purchased to supply failures on the part of the contractors, Orr
John H. Piatt.
Thi
his amount allowed him for suniiiy expenditures for provisions in the Commissary's
Department, between the 1st June, 1813, and 1st June, 1814, in virtue of instructions
from General Harrison, ---..._
This amount allowed him for the purchase of one thousand four hundred and ninety-
one beet cattle, between the 28th August, 1^13, and the 12th November, 1813, as per
accompanying abstract, marked R, -
This amount charged by him for expenditures by him in the purchase of provisions to
supply a failure on the part of the contractors, between the 26th of January, 1814,
and the 2Gth April, 1814, in pursuance of instructions from Lieutenant Colonel But-
ler, of the 3d January, 18M, and of General Harrison, of the 17th January, 1814, and
noted in accompanying statement, marked 0 and G, -
William Oliver.
This amount charged by him for sundry expenditures for provisions in the Commissa-
ry's Department, between the 1st June, 1813, and 1st June, 1814,
This amount charged by him in the purchase of provisions, and expenses incident
thereto, to supply failures on the part of the contractors, between the 29th January
and 31st May, 1814, by virtue of authority in him vested by General Harrison, and
noted in accompanying statement, marked O and G, -
George Wallace.
This amount allowed him for provisions furnished by him to Ohio militia at Cleveland,
to supply a failure of the contractors, and charged to them by warrant. No. 1,302, in
accompanying statement, marked O and G, -
Piatt & Wallace.
This amount allowed them for provisions furnished to supply a failure on the part of the
contractors, by virtue of instructions from General Harrison, under date of 7th Feb-
ruary, 1814, but, in the opinion of the accountant of the Department of War, not pro-
perly chargeable to them, ---...
$13,018 37
29,547 03
54,092 97
18,946 87
40,095 72
97,258 37
59,042 59
3,624 36
22,128 94
$182,054 26
F,
Statement showing the amount expended in the pitrchase of provisions for the supply of the army in the eighth
military district, in pursuance of instructions from General Wm. H. Harrison, from the time lie took the
command until the \st of June, 1813; also, the amount of provisions deposited, under his directions, by Ebene-
zer Benny, within the said period, and admitted to the credit of said E. Denny, in the adjustment of his accounts.
John H. Piatt.
This amount charged by him for expenditures in the purchase of provisions, in pursuance of
instructions from General Wm. H. Harrison, from the time he took the command of the
army of the eighth military district, to the 1st of June, 1813, -----
$291,630 86
J. C. Bartlet.
This amount allowed him for expenditures as aforesaid, ------
56,972 91
Thomas Buford.
This amount allowed him for expenditures as aforesaid, ------
59,729 96
Spencer Ball.
This amount allowed him in payment of flour furnished by him, under a special contract for the
supply of the northwestern army, in April and May, 1813, -----
17,860 00
Ebenezer Denny.
This amount allowed him for furnishing provisions, in pursuance of letters, to him directed, from
the Secretary of War, under dates of 1st and 26th September, 1812, and deposited as directed
by General Harrison, for the use of the northwestern army; admitted to the credit of said
Denny, agreeably to a decision of the Secretary of War, under date of Uth January, 1814,
261,625 26
$687,818 99
660
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1816.
Slateraent showing the sums advanced Orr and Greely, army contractors, under their contracts, bearing date the
lOlh March, 1813, to supply, from the 1st June, 1813, to the 3ist May, 1814, also the cost of provisions purchased
to supply failures on the part of the said contractors, and the amount of public provisions turned over to them
by public agents.
Time of
How paid
For what account paid.
Amount.
payment.
1813.
No.
April 10,
By warrant.
607
In payment of their draft, dated March 23, 1813,
10.000 00
June 1,
Do.
823
Advanced them on account, . . - . -
3,500 00
July 7,
Do.
1,020
Do. do. . . . . -
8,000 00
" 22,
Do.
1,091
Do. do.
15,000 00
August 4,
Do.
1,193
Do. do. . . - . -
10,000 00
Sept. 10,
Do.
1,355
In payment of their draft, dated August 29, 1813,
Do. of their (protested) draft, dated September 15, 1813,
3,000 00
Oct. 6,
Do.
1,476
25,000 00
Nov. 3,
1814.
Nov. 11,
Do.
1,584
In payment of their draft dated October 8, 1813,
5,000 00
Do.
1,639
Do. do. October 2, 1813, -
4,522 00
March 4,
Do.
413
Do. do. January 23, 1814, -
4,500 00
" 8,
Do.
437
In payment of two drafts, dated January 23, 1814, by U. col. A.
Butler, for whiskey purchased on account of the contractors,
9,138 25
April 12,
Do.
708
Advanced them on account, . - . . -
7,000 00
'' 13,
Do.
712
Do. do. ......
4,257 70
" 20,
Do.
751
Do. do.
60,000 00
June 2,
Do.
888
Inpayment of their draft, dated May 14, 1814, -
10,581 07
July 22,
Do.
1,182
Do. do. June 27, 1814, -
2,184 61
August 10,
Do.
1,302
In payment of provisions furnished by George Wallace, to Ohio
militia, at Cleveland, to supply a failure of the contractors from
1815.
Feb. 28,
the 26th March, to the 31st May, - . . -
3,624 36
Do.
2,187
Advanced them on account, . . . . -
4,508 31
August 22,
Do.
2,839
Do. do. - - - -
5,000 00
Dec. 29,
1816.
Dec. 30,
Do.
3,387
In payment of their draft, dated December 8, 1815,
1,511 55
Do.
3,403
Do. do. December 13, 1815,
5,000 00
January 4,
Do.
3,440
Advanced them on account, - - - - , -
10,000 90
" 10,
Do.
3,517
In payment of their order in favor of Moses Rixby,
6,413 40
" 13,
Do.
3,571
Do. draft, dated January 13, 18 J 6,
1,286 47
" 30,
Do.
3,695
Do. do. December 31, 1815,
1,851 30
.1 a
Do.
3,701
Do. do. January 26, 1816,
9,595 43
Feb. 19,
Do.
3,794
Do. do. January 24, 1816,
2,321 10
" 21,
Do.
3,813
Do. do. February 20, 1816,
908 32
" 22,
Do.
3,820
Do. do. January 24, 1816,
1,086 16
" 27,
Do.
3,845
Do. do. February 26, 1816,
139 05
March 13,
Do.
3,954
Do. do. March 13, 1816,
419 40
" 26,
Do.
4,037
Advanced them on account, . - . - -
10,000 00
1813.
Oct. 9,
Quartermaster'' s Department.
This sum advanced Orr and Greely, by John C. Payne,
assistant deputy quartermaster general October 9,
1813, - - 1,000 00
1814,
April & May,
This sum expended by James McCIosky, Assistant
Deputy Quartermaster General, in the purchase of
whisky, pork, and beef, on account of the contractors,
by order of Colonel Croghan, in April and May, 1814, 5,860 60
6,860 60
Commissary^s Department.
^
This amount charged by John H. Piatt, for expenditures by him
in the purchase of provisions, to supply the failure of the con-
tractors, between the 26th January, and 26th April, 1814, in
pursuanceofGeneraliHarrison's order of the 17th January, 1814,
and of Lieutenant Cobnel Anthony Butler's, dated 3d January,
1814, and which are included in the statement exhibiting the
whole expenditure of said J. H. Piatt, - " . "
54,092 97
This amount charged by William Oliver, for expenditures by him
in thepurchaseof provisions, to supply the failure of the con-
tractors, between the 29th January, and 31st May, 1814, by vir-
tue of instructions from General Harrison; and which are in-
cluded in the statement exhibiting the whole expenditures of the
said William'Oliver, ------
40,095 72
This amount, for public j)rovisions turned over to Orr and Greely,
as per abstract marked B, and which constitute a part of the
amount in the statements exhibiting the whole expenditures of
J. H. Piatt and W. Oliver,
Piatt and Wallace.
50,889 15
$442,286 43
This amount allowed Piatt and Wallace, for provisions furnished
the northwestern army under a special contract with William
Oliver, commissary, in pursuance of General Harrison's instruc-
tions of 7th February, 1814, to supply a failure of Orr and
Greelyj but considered by the accountant of the Department of
War not properly chargeable to them, - - - -
32,128 94
1817.]
NUMERICAL FORCE OF THE ARMY.
661
G.
General Mstract of Provisions, ^c. transferred to Orr ^ Greely, Contractors.
Time when received.
Places where
received.
Rations
meat.
Rations
flour.
Rations
whiskey.
Quarts
Salt.
Pounds
soap.
Pounds
candles
Pounds
tallow &
grease.
Pounds
candle-
wick.
October, 1813, -
January, 1814,
Oct. 30 to Dec. 5, 1813,
Mar. 20 to Ap. 30, 1814,
December, 1813, -
December, 1813, -
Dec. 1813,and May, 1814
January, 1814,
March and May, 1814,
River Thames
Seneca,
Detroit,
Detroit,
Amherstburgh
Sandwich,
L. Sandusky,
Fort Gano,
Fort Meigs,
35,000
4,778
68,032
41,920
2,634
7,435
2,399
9,461
5,401
3,926
129,193
170,971
7,886
1,035
24,054
29,390
5,032
31,488
218,328
8,388
27,552
25,688
3,380
30,244
9,755
255
72
5,442
1,512
1,271
512
681
53
1,018|
1,434
1,274
304
519
125
948
1,788
1,009
91
1,584
28
123
171,659 371,856
316,476
53,941
2,264|
4,604
4,472
151
61,217 65
Deduct this sum, being a
and 696 rations for bri
n allowance of
ne,
12i per cent, for
vastage.
vaA one
cent per ration for issuing,
Dolls.
10,328 50
50,889 15
14th Congress.]
No. 151.
[2d Session.
NUMERICAL FORCE OF THE ARMY.
COMMrNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 13, 1817.
Sir:
Department of War, January 14, 1817.
In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 11th instant, requesting the Secretary
of War to communicate to the House the number of officers and privates composing the whole military establish-
ment in the actual service of the United States, particularizing the strength of each corps and regiment, I have the
honor to communicate the accompanying general return of the army of the United States, by corps and regiments.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
GEORGE GRAHAM,
aiding Secretary of War.
Hon. Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives.
84
L
662
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1817.
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1817.] RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA.
663
14th Congress.] j^ i c ^
[2d Session.
RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 17, 1817.
Mr. Harrison made the following report:
The committee of the House of Representatives, to whom was referred so much of the President's message as relates
to the re-organization and classification of the militia, and the report of the acting Secretary of VVar'of the 13th
ultimo, report herewith a bill for that purpose.
The organization of regiments, brigades, and divisions, has been adopted by the committee in opposition to very
high authority, because it is the one which has heretofore been used in all the States, and because it appeared better
suited to the tactics of the present day, than the more complex system of the legion recommended by General Knox
in his report of 1790.
The mode of classification contained in the bill has been frequently recommended in the reports of committees
of the House, and in those of the Department of War. The effects of this plan will be felt only when the militia are
called into the service of the United States, and will not affect the constitution of the corps as it now exists for the
ordinary duties of muster and discipline. The advantages of a system that vviil bring into the same corps,' for the
duties of the field, men of the same age and vigor, and throw the burden of military duty upon that class of citizens
who would be enabled to perform it with fewer personal sacrifices, were the motives to its adoption.
The junior or middle class will be composed of men who have small families, or those who have none, who are
in the full enjoyment of bodily strength and activity, and whose minds will be more easily excited to military ardor
and the love of glory, than those of a more advanced period of life.
In the performance of the duty assigned them, the committee progressed thus far without difiiculfy; but they
considered their task as barely commenced. An organization, however perfect, is but a single step towards the
desirable object; the great difficulty to be encountered is the upplicalionoi a system of discipline, or military instruc-
tion to a great population scattered over an immense territory.
The accomplishment of this object at once is evidently not within the power of the Government. To instruct the
present militia of the country to any useful extent, would require a larger portion of their time than they can possibly
spare from the duty of providing for their families, unless they are liberally paid; to pay them, would absorb all the
resources of the nation. The al ternative appears to be, to direct the efforts of the Government to instruct such a portion
of the'militia as their means will allow, and which would produce the most beneficial result upon the whole mass,
leaving to the effects of another system, the gradual introduction of those military acquirements which, in a republican
Government, it is so essential for every citizen to possess.
Acting upon this principle, and believing that the instruction which it is in the power of the Government to give
would be more usefully bestowed upon the whole of the officers and sergeants of the militia, than upon any par-
ticular class, the sections of the bill which relate to this part of the subject have been adopted by the committee.
They have also considered it to be proper to annex some estimate of the annual expense of the system they recom-
mend.
Although it may be considered that, by presenting a bill for the "organization and classification" of the militia,
and the exposition of their motives which accompany it, the committee have performed the task assigned them by
The resolution under which they acted, they have, nevertheless, believed it to be their duty to submit some further
views, the result of their deliberations upon this important subject.
This course may be more excusable, as the committee have no hesitation in acknowledging that the plan embraced
by the bill is a mere expedient, a choice of difficulties; a system which, although it will place the militia on a much
better footing than they have before stood yet it is not likely to produce that great desideratum, that indispen-
sable requisite, in a Government constituted like ours, the diftiision of a military spirit and military information
throughout the great mass of the people.
The part of the subject which still remains to be discussed, will be best understood by dividing it into two dis-
tinct propositions.
1st. Is it desirable that the whole male population of the LTnited States, of the proper age, should be trained to
the use of arms, so as to supersede, under any circumstances, the necessity of a standing army. 2dly. Is it
practicable?
The solicitude which has been manifested by the great men, who have successively filled the office of Chief Ma-
gistrate of the United States, for the adoption of a system of military discipline for the militia, which would pro-
duce the efiect contemplated by the first proposition, sufficiently manifests their sense of its importance. The
subject was often and warmly recommended by the father of his country; and, at an early period of his administra-
tion, a plan for the purpose was proposed by the Secretary of War; and, being corrected agreeably to his sugges-
tions, was submitted to the national ^Legislature. It is believed that (jbjections to the expense, and supposed
difficulty of executing this plan, and not to its object, was the cause of its being rejected. Is the opinion, which
prevailed at that period, that an energetic national militia was to be regarded as the capital security of a free
republic, less apparent at the present.' Has any thing since occurred, eithei- in the history of our ov;n, or of any
other country, to show that a standing " army, forming a distinct class in the community," is the proper defence of
a Government constituted like ours.' Do the events of the late war show that discipline is not necessary for the
militia? or does the present aspect of the political world afford so much security as to justify the inditlerence which
prevails in providing an effectual national defence?
It is impossible that any.'American can recur to many of the events, and particularly to the concluding scenes, of
the late war, without feeling that elevation of mind, which a recollection of his country's glory is calculated to
produce. There are, however, others, and not a few, that are eminently calculated to show that an immense sacri-
fice of blood and treasure can be distinctly traced to the want of discipline in the militia. The glorious success
which, in several instances, crowned their efforts, was the result of uncommon valor, or of valor united with the
advantage of a position suited to their peculiar character. The greater part of the American militia, accustomed
from their early youth to the use of fire-arms, are, doubtless, more formidable than any other troops in the world in
the defence of a line or rampart. Victories in the field are gained by other qualities; by those disciplined evolutions
which give harmony and concert to numerous bodies of men, and enable whole armies to move with the activity
and address of single combatants. Let our militia be instructed, and America would be equal to a contest with
the rest of the world united. The improvements which have been made in the art of war, since the commencement
of the French revolution, give greater advantages to invading and disciplined armies, acting against those of a
contrary character, than they before possessed. This arises from their increased activity, produced by the great
multiplication of their light troops; the celerity of movement given to the artillery, and, above all, to the improve-
ments in the staff, placing the subsistence of large armies upon a footing of security, beyond what was formerly
supposed to be possible. An improvement in tactics, which gives advantages to the professed soldier who fights for
conquest, over the citizen who bears arms only in the defence of his country, is, perhaps, to be regretted, and no
alternative is left to the latter but to perfect himself in the same arts and discipline. It is believed that there is no
instance on record of a republic, whose citizens had been trained to the use of arms, having been conquered by a
nation possessing a different form of government. Small republics have been overthrown by those which were more
664
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [I8ir.
powerful- as Saguntum, destroyed by Carthage, and Nuniantia, by Rome. But it has been observed of those
"ovemments that " their walls and towers became their funeral piles, leaving nothing to their conquerors but their
Tlie committee cannot conceive that any aspect, however pacific it may be, which the Governrnents of Europe
may for the present have assumed towards this country, should be used as an argument to procrastinate, even for a
day any measure calculated to render their future hostility abortive. It cannot be believed that any real friend-
ship'can exist in the breast of the sovereigns of that continent for a Government which has been founded upon prin-
ciples so opposite to theirs, and which, by the happiness it diffuses, affords an eternal satire and reproach upon their
conduct. Whatever security there may be derived from their policy, none can certainly be expected from their
forbearance; whenever, from a change of circumstances, they may think it proper to change their policy. The
liberties of America must then be preserved, as they were won by the arms, the discipline, and the valor of her
freeburn sons. . , . -.,11,1 . .1 1 ■ r^
But the defence of our country aganist a foreign enemy does not constitute the only (.perhaps not the chiet) mo-
tive of military improvements to the extent contemplated by the proposition we are considering. The safety of a
republic depends as much upon the equality in the use of arms amongst its citizens, as upon the equality of rights.
Nothing can be more dangerous in such a Government than to have a knowledge of the military art confined to a
part of the people: for sooner or later that part will govern. . ,, , , • ^
The effects of discipline possessed by a few, to control numbers without, is to be seen in all the despotic Go-
vernments of modern, as well as ancient times. ■ , • .
In general, however, the subjects of those despotic Governments, which preserve their authority by standing ar-
mies, are not allowed the use of arms; but the use of arms is not alone sufficient. A striking example of this is to be
found in one of the Grecian republics: The Spartans were enabled, by the force of discipline alone, to keep in sub-
jection for ages the Helots and other ancient inhabitants of Laconia. These men were not only allowed the use of arms,
but upon almost every occasion formed the greater part of the Lacedemonian army: nor were they deficient in bra-
very. But they were not permitted to learn tirat admirable discipline which distinguished the oplites or heavy
armed infantry of Sparta. . • ^ ,wr • r r. • -^ ^ •.• ■ *i, * •
Another important consideration, urging the diffusion of a military spirit amongst our citizens, is the counterpoise
it will afford to that inordinate desire of wealth which seems to have pervaded the whole nation, bringing with it
habits of luxury, manners, and principles highly unfavorable to our republican institutions.
The first effect of this state of society is the substitution of a standing army for a national militia. Upon this sub-
ject the committee beg leave to make a quotation from the report of General Knox, corrected by President Washing-
ton. " It is " says the patriotic Secretary, " the introduction of vice and corruption of manners into the mass of the
people that' renders a standing army necessary. It is when public spirit, is despised, and avarice, indolence, and
effeminacy of manners predominate, and prevent the estabishment of institutions which would elevate the minds ot
the youth in the paths of virtue and honor, that a standing army is formed and riveted forever." So true is the
principle here contended for, that it is believed, that there is no instance in history of a nation losing its liberties
where the military spirit of the people did not decline in the same proportion that the corruption of manners
advanced. Nor was any free Government ever overturned by an internal convulsion, until the destruction of that
spirit had'been first produced in the body of the people. It was not until the amusements of the theatre, the baths, and
the public gardens, had superseded the exercises of the Campus Martius, that a Roman army dared to revolt against
its country, and with the powerof the sword to substitute, for its free institutions, the arbitrary will ot a dictator.
Eighty year's before tiie successful usurpation of Cffisar, therevolt of an army could have produced no'such consequence.
But the habits of the people had been changed. No longer in every Roman citizen was to be found a trained and
practised soldier; the higher tactics were cultivated, indeed, with zeal and success by a martial nobility. No period
had been more prolific of great generals. At none, had the discipline of the legions been so perfect, but they were
no longer filled by citizens taking their routine of service. The military had become a distinct profession, com-
posed of men who, in the habits of war and pillage, had forgotten the sacred obligations attached to their character as
citizens, and who were ever as ready, upon the suggestion of their leader, to turn their arms against their country as
the enemy whom they were raised to oppose. -,1 j ., ir . .1 n i- r
\s in every age, then, and in every country, the same causes will produce the same effects, the palladium ot
American liberty must be the diffusion of military discipline and a military spirit through the whole body ot the
But secondly, is the object attainable? That it is not attainable by any of the systems which have heretofore been
in use in the United States is very evident from the little success which has attended them. The late war repeat-
edly exhibited the melancholy fact, of large corps of militia going to the field of battle without understanding a sin-
gle elementary principle, and without being able to perform a single evolution. Yet militia laws exist and have ex-
i^sted in all the States since the war of the revolution, which set apart, with great precision, a number of days in each
year for the purpose of training and discipline. But from this plan no good fruit has ever been produced. It was
an error indeed, common to all the militia systems in use in the United States, that the periods for training were too
short and too distant from each other to produce much benefit. To remedy this detect, five camps ot discipline
have been recommended. One of the reasons which governed the committee in rejecting that part ot the Secretary
of War's recommendation, has been explained above. But if that objection could be overcome, the committee are
.far ti-om thinkin" that the object could at all be accomplished in that way. There is another more formidable obsta-
cle to success- more formidable, because it arises from the nature of our Government and the constitution of the
human character The sentiments and habits of a free country necessarily produce amongst the citizens a supe-
rior restlessness under restraint than is to be met with in the subjects of a monarchy. This spirit frequently
manifests itself even in a career of military services, where the high interests involved, and in which they largely par-
take and the evident necessity of discipline might be supposed able to correct it. There can scarcely be a restraint
more vexatious and disgusting to a grown man, than the initiatory lessons of the military art. Military discipline
consists in the observances ot a number of minute particulars, which, to the noviciate in arms, have no apparent
object- but which form the links of a beautiful and connected system. It is believed that to this cause is to be
-ittributed the little progress which has been made in training the militia of thee United States. Nor is there much
prosnect that any change of system could, with regard to the present militia, produce the result at which we aim.
In searching for landmarks to guide us to our object, it will be in vain that we direct our attention to the modern
nations of Europe From them we can borrow nothing to aid our purpose. Governments formed upon artificial
distinctions in society, which estimate their security by tiie inability of their subjects to resist oppression, can fur-
nish a free people with no guides in organizing a system of defence which shall be purely national. \\ e are, how-
*^^'^The'anc'ient republics, from which we have drawn many of the choicest maxims upon which to found our civil
institutions, will furnish also a most perfect model for pur system of national defence. The whole secret ot ancient
military elory-the foundation of that wonderful combination ot military skill and exalted valor, which enabled the
nettv republic of Athens to resist the mighty torrent of Persian invasion, which formed the walls of Sparta, and con-
ducted t^ie Roman legions (influenced, indeed, by unhallowed motives,) to the conquest ot the world, will be found
in the militarv educafum of their youth. The victories of Marathon and Platea, of Cynocephele and Pydna, were
the practical results of the exercises of the Campus Martius and Gymnasia. It is on a foundation ot this kind, and
of this kind only, that an energetic national militia can be established. . . , . , „ ^ , ,.
" An examination into the employments and obligations of individuals comprising the society, says General Knox,
"will evince the in,pussibility of diffusing an adequate knowledge of the art of war by any other means than a course
of discipline during the period of uoauge. The time necessary to acquire this important knowledge cannot be
afforded at any other period of lifo with so little injury to the public or private interests." Nothing is more true than
wh?t is here advanced; and yet it is most singular that the amiable and patriotic Secretary should have founded his
plan upon a course of instruction, to commence within the limits of nonage, indeed, but at so advanced a period of
1817.] RE-ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. 6(55
it, that all the objections which could be made to disciplining the militia at a moie advanced age will apply equally
to it, with the addition of others which are more cogent, and which are supposed to be inherent in the system itself.
Of his advanced corps, composed of the youth of eighteen, nineteen, and twenty years of age, those of eighteen and
nineteen are to be drawn out for thirty days in each year, and those of twenty for ten days, to be instructed in camps
of discipline.
It has been strongly urged against this plan, that the separation of the youth, at that critical age, from the super-
intending vigilance of their parents and guardians, would be a very dangerous step; and that the loss of time from
the pursuit of their professions and occupations would prove to them a most serious evil.
Whatever force there may be in these objections, the committee are fully persuaded that the improvement to be
derived from the execution of this plan would not compensate for the expense and loss of time it would occasion.
The perfection of discipline, as it regards the soldier, is the grace, the precision, and address with which he performs
certain evolutions. To arrive at this perfection, long continued practice is essential.
And since it must be evident that the time necessary for this purpose cannot be taken from the avocations of our
citizens after they have arrived at the age of manhood, the only alternative is to devise a system of military instruc-
tion, which shall be engrafted on, and form a part of, the ordinary education of our youth.
The organization of a system thus extensive in its operations must necessarily be a work of some time and diffi-
culty. The want of statistical information will prevent the committee from submitting to the House at this time
more than the outline of their plan. It is embraced in the following propositions:
As the important advantages of the military part of the education of youth will accrue to the community, and
not to the individuals who acquire it, it is proper that the whole expense of the establishment should be borne by
the public treasury.
That, to comport with the equality which is the basis of our constitution, the organization of the establishment
should be such as to extend, without exception, to every individual of the proper age.
That, to secure this, the contemplated military instruction should not be given in distant shools established for
that purpose, but that it should form a branch of education in every school within the United States.
That a corps of military institutions should be formed to attend to the gymnastic and elementary part of educa-
tion in every school in the United States, whilst the more scientific part of the art of war shall be communicated
by professors of tactics, to be established in all the higher seminaries.
The committee are fully aware that the establishment of an institution which, from its nature, is calculated to
produce an important change in the manners and habits of the nation, will be received with caution and distrust by
a people jealous of their liberties, and who boast of a Government which executes its powers with the least possible
sacrifice of individual rights. An encroachment upon individual rights forms no part of their system. It is not a
conscription, which withdraws from an anxious parent a son, for whose morals he fears more than for his life. It is
not a Persian or Turkish mandate to educate the youth within the purlieus of a corrupt court; but a system as
purely republican in practice as in principle.
The means are furnished by the Government, and the American youth are called upon to qualify themselves,
under the immediate inspection of their parents, or of tutors chosen by their parents, for the sacred task of defend-
ing the liberties of their country.
Although the system of General Knox widely differs from that which has been recommended by the committee,
his opinion of the effects to be produced by it is conceived to be more peculiarly applicable to the latter. " If the
United States," says he, " possess the vigor of mind to establish the first institution for the military instruction of
the youth, it may reasonably be expected to produce the most unequivocal advantages. A glorious national spirit
will be introduced, with its extensive train of political consequences. The youth will imbibe a love of their coun-
try, reverence and obedience to its laws, courage and elevation of mind, openness and liberality of character,
accompanied by a just spirit of honor. In addition to which, their bodies will acquire a robustness greatly condu-
cive to their personal happiness; while habit, with its silent but efficacious operations, will durably cement the
system."
That the House may possess all the information necessary to act upon this important subject, the committee
respectfully recommend the adoption of the following resolution:
Resolved, That the Secretary of War be required to prepare, and lay before this House, at the next session of
Congress, a plan for the military instruction of all the youth in the United States, in the way which is best calcu-
lated for the purpose, with as little injury as possible to the ordinary course of education.
Eslimales of the expenses of training the officers and sergeants of the militia of the United States. These esti-
mates are made on a supposed number of one hundred thousand men, divided equally, as nearly as may be, into
twenty-five brigades.
J. Estimate upon the supposition that the officers and sergeants receive full pay without rations, or an allowance
for rations or forage, except to the sergeants for whom rations might be necessary.
Each brigade containing, according to estimate, four thousand men, will be composed of four regiments or forty
companies.
There would then be the following field and staff officers who should attend the training:
1 Brigadier, full pay, $104, ------
1 Brigade inspector, with the pay of major, . - . -
4 Colonels, at $75, ......
4 Lieutenant colonels, at $60, -.-.--
4 Majors, at $50, ------
40 Captains, at $40 ..-..-
40 Lieutenants, at $30, -.-..-
40 2d Lieutenants, at $25, -.-.-.
J 60 Sergeants, at $8 pay, and $6 for rations, . . - .
Amount of expenses of one brigade, ... - - $6,994 00
The adjutant to be taken from the line.
Brigades, - 25
$104
00
50
00
300 00
240
00
200 00
1,600
00
1,200
00
1,000
00
2,240
00
Expense of training officers for one month, at full pay, of twenty -five brigades, or
one hundred thousand men, ... - - $173,850 00
And, estimating the whole United States' militia at a million, then the total expense of training the officers of
the whole militia would be some hundred thousand dollars less than two millions.
The following estimate is made on the supposition of the officers receiving only half pay. The estimate pro-
ceeds, however, upon a supposition that no officer is to receive less than thirty dollars per month, and the sergeants
full pay and rations.
666 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [ISir.
2. Estimate for one hundred thousand men.
1 Brigadier, half pay, --....
1 Brigade inspector, --....
4 Colonels, half pay, ---...
4 Lieutenant colonels, half pay, - - - -
4 Majors, $30, - - - - ...
120 Captains and lieutenants, at $30, ...■.._
160 Sergeants, pay and rations, - - - - -
For officers of one brigade, - . . . .
For 25 brigades, - - - -
And for 1,000,000, ......
At thirty dollars per month, except sergeants; and, leaving them on full pay and rations, then the amount would
be varied, as will appear by the third estimate, viz:
134 Officers, in a brigade of 4,000 men, at $30, ..... $4,020 00
160 Sergeants, on full pay and rations, ..... 2,240 00
One brigade, ....... $6,260 00
For 100,000, making twenty-five brigades, ..... $156,500 00
And for 1,000,000, - - . ;. . . . . $1,565,000 00
$52 00
30 00
150 00
120 00
120 00
3,600 00
2,240 00
$6,312 00
$157,800 00
,1,578,000 00
14th Congress.] No. 153. [2d Session.
MILITIA CLAIMS.
communicated to the senate, january 23, 1817.
January 23, 1817.
I transmit to the Senate a report of the acting Secretary of War, in compliance with their resolution of the 8th
instant.
JAMES MADISON.
January 21, 1817.
The acting Secretary of War, to whom has been referred the resolution of the Senate of the 8th of this month,
requesting that the President cause to be laid before the Senate, the amount of money paid by the Government of
the United States for the services of militia during the late war, stating the amount to each respective State, and
distinguishing, as far as possible, what has been paid for militia called into service by the authority of the Executive
of the United States; and that paid for such calls made by authority of a State; and in what cases States have been
reimbursed which have made advances for their militia, specifying the State in each case, as before," has the honor
to report:
That from the year 1812 to the year 1816, no separate appropriations for militia services having been made by
Congress, no distinct accounts consequently have been kept of the amount paid for the services of militia, called into
service during the late war, by the authority of the Executive of the United States, or of the amount paid for the
services of such as were called into service by authority of a State, and recognised and paid and subsisted by the
United States.
The report called for on this subject cannot be made, until all the accounts for military expenditures shall have
been settled; nor will it then be practicable to ascertain fully the distinct expenditures in certain cases, as where
articles have been used indiscriminately by troops of different descriptions, assembled or acting together. With
respect to the pay of the militia, the distinct amount thereof may be ascertained, on an investigation of all the pay-
master's accounts, a task which cannot be accomplished during the present session. The very heavy disbursements,
on account of the expenses of the militia so called into service, have been made from the following appropriations
for the military establishment, viz: "Pay of the army volunteers and militia," " subsistence of the army, volun-
teers and militia," "quartermaster's department," "medical and hospital department," and "contingencies." In
the year 1816, an appropriation for one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars was made on account of
militia, which sum has been applied to the reimbursement, in part, of the claims of certain States that had made
advances for the support of their militia in the service of the United States, and the statement marked A, which
accompanies this report, exhibits the amount expended, the sums reimbursed, and the balances claimed by those
States respectively. All which is respectfully submitted.
GEORGE GRAHAM,
Acting Secretary of War.
The President of the United States.
1817.]
BREVET RANK.
667
A.
Slatemenl of claims exhibited by the following States for Militia services, viz:
STATES.
Gross smount of
claims of each
State to whom
advances have
been made on
account of such
claims.
Amount advanc-
ed by the Uni-
ted States on
account of the
claims of the
several States.
Balance claimed
by the several
States to whom
money has been
advanced on ac-
count.
New Hampshire, -.-...-
Rhode Island, .......
Pennsylvania, --.....
Virginia, -..-...
North Carolina, --.....
64,552 20
55,787 7
268,556 82
1,769,123 99
37,479 33
40,000 00
21,917 67
175,000 00
1,050,000 00
30,000 00
24,552 20
33,869 40
93,556 82
719,123 99
7,479 33
$2,195,499 41
$1,316,917 67
$878,581 74
Department or War, Additional Accountant's Office, January 13, 1817.
PETER HAGNER.
14th Congress.]
No. 154.
[2d Session.
INQUIRY INTO THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL HARRISON WHILE COM-
MANDING THE NORTHWESTERN ARMY.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 23, 1817.
Mr. Richard M. Johnson made the following report:
The select committee, to whom was referred the letter and documents from the acting Secretary of War on the sub-
ject of General Harrison's letter. [See No. 150,] ask leave to report:
That they have investigated the facts involved in this inquiry, by the examination of documents, and a great
number of the most respectable witnesses personally acquainted with the transactions upon which the inquiry origi-
nated; and the committee are unanimously of opinion that General Harrison stands above suspicion, as to his having
had any pecuniary or improper connexion with the officers of the commissariat for the supply of the northwestern
army; that he did not wantonly or improperly interfere with the rights of contractors; and that he was in his measures
governed by a proper zeal and devotion to the public interest. The committee ask leave to be discharged from the
further consideration of the subject; and, as the papers refer in part to the conduct and transactions of the con-
tractors of the northwestern army, whose accounts are unsetled, and only incidentally involved in this inquiry,
that the papers be transmitted to the Department of War.
I4th Congress.]
No. 155.
[2d Session.
BREVET RANK.
communicated to the HODSE of representatives, JANUARY 28, 1817.
Mr. Lowndes made the following report:
The Committee of Ways and Means, in examining the estimates for the military service for the year 1817, have
had their attention drawn to the charge produced by brevet commissions, not more by its amount than its uncer-
tainty. It is stated that this charge is continually fluctuating by the removal of brevet officers to or from posts
which before were commanded by officers without brevets. The committee will not be expected to discuss the
military question. Whether the number and grade of officers in our service be adequate to the number of troops
which they are required to command? But, if they are adequate, it should seem that brevet officers cannot be
assigned " to separate posts, districts, or detachments, unless officers whose lineal rank qualifies them for such posts
are unemployed. " Such would be the fact, if the terms which have been referred to were considered as conveying any
definite limitation. The committee, however, believe that, in their construction, they have not been so considered.
The effijct has substantially been, that the proportion of the higher officers to the whole force o( the army has been
greater than was intended by the act fixing the military peace establishment of the United States. As the committee
suppose that this eftect was not intended to be produced by the act which authorized the President to confer brevet
rank, (the value of which as a testimony of public approbation was not expected to result from additional pay, which,
indeed, was not made its permanent appendage,) they have directed their chairman to report a bill repealing
the provision which entitles officers breveted under the act of the 6tli July, 1812, to additional payor emoluments.
By an act passed in 1802, the commanding officer of each separate post may be allowed such additional rations as
the President may direct. This provision, which is probably necessary to enable an inferior officer to bear the
increased expenses which the command of a post cannot fail in his case to produce, does not seem to the conimitlee
to be justly applicable to an officer of superior rank. They submit a clause upon this subject in the bill which they
report.
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1817.
14th Congress. ] No. 156. [2d Session.
MILITIA CLAIMS OF MARYLAND.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 24, 1817.
Department of War, February 24, 1817.
Sir:
In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, dated the 22d instant, " requesting the acting Secretary of
War to lay before the Senate the probable amount of the claim of the State of Maryland, for militia services during
the late war. and such information as he may be in possession of, on that subject," I have the honor to state,
that no specific account of the expenses incurred by the State of Maryland for militia services during the late war
has been rendered. The enclosed copy of a letter from Mr. John L. Kerr, who is the agent appointed by the State
of Maryland to adjust her claim against the United States, exhibits the general information in the possession of this
Department on the subject.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
GEORGE GRAHAM.
Hon. John Gaillard, President of the Senate.
Union Hotel, Georgetown, February 22, 1817.
Sir:
In the conversations, which I have had the honor to hold with you, on the sujjject of the claims of the State
of Maryland, for a reimbursement of expenditures, incurred by calling out her militia, to resist the repeated incur-
sions, and to meet the attacks of the common enemy, (sudden and grievous as they were to her citizens) I explained
to you the cause of my inability to lay before you, at this time, an exact specification of the various heads of advances
made for this object by the authority of our State, always in full assurance that they must be ultimately indemnified.
I beg leave, sir, to repeat to you that the late period of the enactment by our Legislature, at their late session, of a
law for the purpose of causing these claims to be formally presented for liquidation, rendered it impracticable to
bring with me at once such precise statements and vouchers, as may be requisite for their final adjustment. I hoped,
however, that no difficulty would arise in the way of my obtaining, at this time, from the authority of the President,
through your Department, a recognition of such general principles as would embrace the entire demand of Maryland,
and aft'ord to me a proper basis, on which I might soon prepare a satisfactory account. In our last conference on
this subject, I distinctly understood from you, tliat all expenses incurred by an individual State, in calling out the
militia for the purpose of repelling an invasion, or a menace of attack from the enemy, would be reimbursed where
there had been either a previous requisition or subsequent approbation of such calls by the Government of the United
States; but you declined to concede another principle, about which I was chiefly anxious, and in which the State of
Maryland is most concerned, that, where the militia has been called forth by State authority to repel an invasion or
threatened invasion of the enemy, in those emergencies which were constantly occurring during the late war, and
■which the laws of such State recognized as fit occasions for arraying its military force, the Government of the United
States, being bound by the constitution to provide for the common defence, and to protect each State against inva-
sion, will ratify the measure and assume the expenses incurred. Under the sanction of the first two principles, to
the full extent of which, I understand, there are, in your Department, precedents ofclaims of States, already liquidated
or assumed, a part of those of Maryland will be, in a short time, arranged and presented for settlement, and on the
last ground I have stated, I flatter myself, that when I shall be prepared to produce explicit evidence of the actual ser-
vices rendered by our militia, and of the nature of the emergencies under which they were called out, a just
and fair interpretation of the constitution and existing laws will enable you to assume the residue of our demand.
Exposed as Maryland, by its peculiar geographical situation, will always be to the ravages of war, in any contest
with an enemy having a naval superiority, she must, necessarily, as in the late war with Great Britain, become an
involuntary creditor of the United States, whose Government is bound by the principles of the federal compact, to
protect her: and in those distressing emergencies which will admit of no delay to obtain a previous assurance of
reimbursement of her expenditures, she must promptly put forth her energies and resources for her ewn protection,
and, consequently, for the general defence; and she must liberally confide in the justice and sound policy of the
General Government, to indemnify her, in alTcases, lor such indispensable advances for the common security. To
anticipate a refusal on the part of the General Government, as to the exigencies of the late war, to adopt such a liberal
construction of its powers and duties, as will fulfil the jusfexpectations of the people of Maryland, would be to
impute to it a system of policy, which seems to me as incompatible with the future safety of our common country
as its good faith.
It is not my intention, sir, to enter at this time into any further discussion of the grounds on which the claims
confided to me by the Government of Maryland, for adjustment with that of the United States, may be supported
either on constitutional 'principles, or by the authority of precedents, already established (in the assumption or
liquidation of similar claims of other States, inasmuch as I am not yet prepared to lay before you the required
specification of all the difterent heads of expenditure, which compose this mass of claim, and to support them by the
proper vouchers, and because I entertain the strongest hope that, when they shall be fully explained and understood
they will receive, without difficulty, the sanction of the President.
A principal motive for now addressing you this note, is to place in your Department, a mere evidence of the pres-
ent demand of the State of Maryland onjthe Government of the United States for expenses incurred for the pay and
subsistence of militia, called out at difterent periods of the late war with Great Britain, and other charges incident
to such calls, in order to enable you to answer an inquiry, which I have reason to hope will be made by the Com-
mittee of Finance in the Senate, who, I understand, are about to close the appropriations for the present year:
therefore, reserving the right of hereafter presenting any additional claims, which may exist, I beg leave to state the
amount of the present demand, as estimated to the first of December 1816, at the sum of two hundred and sixty-five
thousand three hundred and forty-seven dollars and forty-four cents.
I have the honor to be, &c.
JOHN LEEDS KERR.
The Hon. George Graham, acting Secretary of War.
ISir.] STRENGTH OF THE ARMY, AND ITS DISPOSITION. 669
15th Congress.] ^O. 157. [Ist Session.
DAMAGES FOR ENLISTING A MINOR.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 12, 1817.
Mr. Williams made the following report:
The Committee of Claims, to whom was referred the petition and documents of Alexander Worster, of the State
of Massachusetts, have had the same under consideration, and submit to the house the following report:
That on the ,31st day of January, A. D. 1815, the petitioner, acting as captain in the service of the United States,
enlisted one Noah Hasty, who, at the time, represented himself to be more than twenty-one years of age, and was
verily believed by the petitioner. Afterwards the said Hasty was discharged by writ of habeas corpus, on the
ground that he was under age, and enlisted without the consent of his father. And after this again, the father com-
menced suit against the petitioner for retaining his son, and at a supreme judicial court holden for the county of
York, in the State aforesaid, recovered judgment against him for the sum of sixty dollars damage, and iifty-five
dollars and twenty-seven cents costs of suit, which he has been obliged to pay, with other large sums, in defence
of said suit. ,
The petitioner further states, that, as an officer of the United States, he could not discharge said soldier till
satisfied of his minority, and that' this did not appear while he retained him. He therefore^ asks indemnification
from Congress. ■ . " ■ ■
The eleventh section of the act of 180i!, fixing the military peace establishment, provides, " That no person
under twenty-one years of age shall be enlisted by any officer, or held in the service of the United States, without
the consent of his parent, guardian, or master, first had and obtained; and if any officer shall enlist any person
contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, for every such offence he shall forfeit and pay the amount of
the bounty and clothing which the person so recruited may have received from the public, to be deducted out of the
pay and emoluments of such officer." ■•
Such is the law by which it is presumed the petitioner should have been governed. The committee then are of
the opinion, that the losses of which he complains, and for which he asks remuneration, are the inevitable conse-
quences of his own wrong, and against which he ought to have used the necessary precaution; that it appears to
them unreasonable for the Government to interpose; that they are not apprized of any similar case in which relief
has been extended, and that to do so in this would be unprecedented and improper. They therefore recommend to
the House the following resolution;:
Resolved, That the prayer of the petitioner ought not to be granted.
15th Congress.] ," No., 158. [1st Session.
STRENGTH OF THE ARMY, AND ITS DISPOSITION.
C0MMU>!1C.\TED TO THE HOUSE QF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 22, 1817.
December 32, 1817.
In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 11th of this month, requesting to be
informed- of the present strength of the ai-my of the United States, its distribution among the several military posts
which it is designed to protect, and its competency to preserve and, defend the fortifications amongst which it is
distributed, and to aid in constructing such other military works, if any, as it may be deemed proper to erect, tor
the more effectual security of the United States, and of the. territories thereof,. I now transmit a report trom the
Secretary of War, which contains the information desired. • TAMFS MONROF
States
In compliance with the resol'ution of the House of Representatives requesting the President of the United
oiates " to cause to be laid before the House of Representatives a return of the present strength ot the army ot the
United States, with the distribution thereof among the several military post* which it is designed to protect, together
with any information which he may be able to afford respecting the competency of such force to preserve anil delenU
the fortifications amongst which it is distributed, and to aid in constructing and to defend such other mi itary works,
if any, as it may be in the contemplation of the Government to erect, forthe mftre eftectual security of the United
States, and of the several territories thereof," the Secretary of War has the honor to make a return ot the present
strength of the army of the United States, wit,h the distribution thereof among the several military posts.
The military establishment, as it now stands, 'is sufficiently extensive to keep the fortifications in a state ot -pre-
servation, but is wh.olly inadequate to defend them against a regular attack by a foicfe of sufficient stroiigti and
skill. To garrison the IbVts on the maritime frontier alone would require, according to the best inlormation and esti-
mates of this Department, mure than thrice our present number to repel the assaults ot such a force, ihe portion
of the army stationed in the neighborhood of fortifications now erecting is employed to aid in constructingthem;
but only an inconsiderable number has yet been so engaged, owing to its d'sp.ersed situation, llioiigh ""t imme-
diately comprehended in the resoluti.m of the House, it is but justice to the army to observe that it has been em-
ployed to a consid.5rable extent the last year in the construction ot roads, arsenals, and other public works connected
'''' TS^Sn^fortificatTons^afe thought to be wholly insufficient in the event of a future war. As the declaration
examine me wiioie line oi uui iiimiici, aiiu luiiuiciiiii..^ u.i ....^ i-v--..-.«.- ^ ..,_..--. ,"* ;^ :„„,.^t,;kr„ ♦„
the defence of the country. This great work is not yet, completed; and, in 't^ P'-'^^ent f ate, t is imp ssible o
speak with any precision as to the extent to which our fortifications ought to be carried, The soldiers w 11 be able
to render important aid in constructing the works that may be determined on; but, trom the composition ot the
army, they can only come in aid of regular and professed workmen. ^ CALHOUN.
670
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[i8ir.
CO g
if ^
pg ■
West Point, New York. [rles.
At the several arsenals and laborato-
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut.
Garrisoning permanent fortifications
in both divisions.
Louisiana and Mississippi.
New York, Head-Quarters, Sackett's
Harbor.
Head-quarters, Michilimackinack.
Alabama territory.
Michigan territory.
New York, H. quarters, Plattsburg.
Alabama territory.
Louisiana and Mississippi, and ter-
ritories of Illinois and Missouri.
Illinois and Missouri territories.
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STRENGTH OF THE ARxMY, AND ITS DISTRIBUTION.
671
a.
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172
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1817.
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, to 1813 has
;nt or absent.
Genera/.
(i.
Corps of artillery,
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery, -
Ordnance,
Ordnance,
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery,
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery, -
Ordnance,
4th regiment infantry,
7th regiment infantry,
7th regiment infantry,
Corps of artillery,
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery, -
Corps of artillery, -
1st regiment infantry,
1st and 8th reg'ts infantry, -
1st regiment infantry.
Corps of artillery,
1st and 8th reg'ts infantry, -
1st regiment infantry,
8th regiment infantry,
Ordnance,
8th regiment infantry,
8th regiment infantry.
Rifle regiment.
Rifle regiment.
Rifle regiment.
Rifle regiment,
Ordnance,
Ordnance,
Total,
ruited during the present year, the number has not equalled the discharges, as the term of all the war soldiers enlisted previou
orps, and the returns by posts and garrisons, may be accounted for by the former including all ofiicers and privates, whether pres
ments of infantry, and several companies of artillery, have been temporarily assigned to the frontiers of Georgia.
B. PARKER, Mju/ant and /nspec/oi
pr 1. T817.
3
C
"S
o
1
o
«
S
H
2S
P
■■5
i
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Captain Yeaton, -
Captain Lomax, - - - -
Captain E. A. Allen, - - -
Captain Wilson, - - - -
Captain Hayden, •• - " . -
1st Lieutenant Nelson, brevet Captain, -
Major Bankhead, - - •■ >
None, - - -
Captain Payne, - . - -
Captain Donoho, -
Captain Margart, - -
Capta'in Cutler, brevet Mfijor,
Lieutenant Colonel Arbuckle, -
Captain Vashon, - ■
1st Lieutenant T. I. Be'al, brevet Captain,
2d Lieutenant R. Beal,
Captain Humphreys, brevet Major,
Captain W. 0. Allen, -
Captain Peychaud,
Lieutenant Colonel Trimble,
Captain Miles, - - . -
Captain Murray, ^ - - ■
Colonel Nicholas, - - - -
Major Whartenby,
Captain Willis, . - - -
3d Lieutenant Symington,
Captain Dorman, - -. -
1st Lieutenant Humphreys,
Captain 0. Fallen,
Captain Ramsey, - - -
Major Morgan, - -
Lieutenant Colonel Chambers, -
Captain Richardson,
Captain Magee, - - - -
1
c
c
C
<a
B
1
=
o
i
1
o
Fort Nelson, Norfolk, Virginia,
Fort Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia,
Craney Island, Norfolk, Virginia,
Fort Johnston, Smithville, North Carolina, -
Arsenal, Richmond, Virginia,
Arsenal, Washington City,
Fort Moultrie, Charleston, South Carolina, - 7
Fort Johnson, Charleston, South Carolina, - >
Tybee Barracks, Savannah, Georgia,
Encampment, Point Petre, Georgia, -
Fort Scott, Point Petre, Georgia,
Arsenal, Charleston, South Carolina,
Cantonment, Montpelier, 9 ms. from Ft. Montgomery,
Fort Montgomery, on the Alabama river^
Fort Crawford, 45 miles from Fort Montgomery, -
Fort Charlotte, Mobile, - - - -
Fort Bowyer, Mobile Point, - - - -
Fort St. Philip, Plaquemines,
Petite Coquille, outlet of lake Pontchartrain,
New Orleans, Louisiana, - - - -
Natchitoches, Louisiana, - - . -
Covington, Louisiana, - . . .
Passa Christiana, - - - - -
Passa Christiana, - - .
Baton Rouge, - " . " ' "
Fort Hampton, Mississippi, - - , -
Arsenal, New Orleans, - - . .
Fort Osage, Missouri river, - - -
Fort Clark, Illinois river, - - ' -
Belle Fontaine, Missouri Territory, ■ -
Fort Edwards, Illinois Territory,
Fort Armstrong, Rock Island,
Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien,
Arsenal, Newport, Kentucky, - -
Arsenal, Belle Fontaine, - - - - . -
1
l\ H J\ 1
U UTn "i
Department No. 6. ^
Brigadier General Gaines, brevet Major General, -
Department No. 7. <
Department No. 8.
Brigadier General Ripley, brevet Major General,
Department No. 9. _,
Colonel Smith, Rifle Regiment, brevet Brigadier General ,
Note. — Although more than 3,000 men have been re
expired. The diflerence of the returns by regiments and
Since the date of the above returns, the 4th and 7th re
Ad.ttitant and Inspf.ctor General's Office. Decen
i8ir.]
LIST OF BREVET OFFICERS.
673
15th Congress.]
No. 159.
[1st Session.
LIST OF BREVET OFFICERS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBEK 29, 1817.
Department of War, December 23, 1817.
^ik:
In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives, directing the Secretary of War to '*• repiirt
a list of all the officers who held brevet rank in the army of the United States, at tlie close of the late war, noting
their respective lineal rank at the time at which their brevet rank was conferred on them, together with a list of all
the officers of the present army who now hold a brevet higher than their lineal rank, and of these, the number and
grade of all such officers as actually receive, in virtue of their brevet rank, greater pay or emolument than they would
be otherwise entitled to by law," 1 have the honor to transmit a list of the officers who held brevet rank in the army
of the United States at the close of the late war, marked A; and a list of all the officers of the present army of the
United States, who now hold brevets higher than their lineal rank, marked B; and a list of the officers who were
commanding departments and posts, and exercising their brevet rank, respectively, at the last returns, marked C.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,
J. C. CALHOUN.
To the Speaker of the House of Represenlatives, U. S.
' A. . .
Ji list of officers ivho held brevet ranhin the army of the United States at the close of the late war.
Names.
Lineal rank. •
Brevet rank.
Names.
A. Macomb,
Brig. General.
Maj. General.
Wm. 0. Butler,' -
E. P. Gaines,
do.
do.
J.B.Murdoch, -
W. Scott,
do.
do.
John M. Davis,
E. W. Ripley,
do.
do.
M. Marston,
Moses Porter,
Colonel.
Brig. General,
do.
T. L. Butler,
J. G. Swift,
do.
B. Watson,
James Miller,
do.
do.
George McGlassin,
C. Freeman,
Lt. Col.
Colonel.
Thomas Harrison, -
John R. Fenwick. -
do.
do.
1). Ketchum,
George E. Mitchell,
do.
do.
H. Chotard,
T. Aspinwall,
■ do.
do.
B. Birdsall,
Z. Pike,
Major.
Lt. colojiel.
S. Vail,
Abr. Eustis,
do.
do.
W. Laval,
George Bomford, -
do.
do.
G. C. Allen,
William McRee, -
do.
Colonel.
L. Austin,
J. V. Ball,
do.
Lt. colonel.
E. Montgomery,
George Armistead, -
■ do.,
do.
G. D. Smith,
Thomas S. Jesup, -
do. .
Colonel.
J. Read,
J. E. Wool,
• do.
Lt. colonel.
Wm. J. Worth, -
J. Hindman,
do.
do.
Richard Zantzinger,
H. Perre,
do.
do.
D. Frazer,
H. Leavenworth, -
do.
Colonel.
E. De Russey,
R. Butler,
do.
Lt. colonel.
John Mountfort, • -
J. McNeal,
do.
Colonel.
Chester Root,
W. H. Overton, -
do.
Lt. colonel.
Harold Smyth,
T. Chambers,
do.
do.
David Riddle,
W. Piatt,
do.
do.
John P. Livingston,
D. Appling,
do.
do.
Benj. F. Larned, -
Wm. Lawrence,
do.
do.
David B. Douglas, -
George M. Brooke, -
do.
Colonel.
Samuel Spotts,
R. H. McPherson, -
do;
Lt. colonel.
William Gibbs,.
J. Whistler,
Captain.
Major.
N. S. Clark,
H. McCall,
do. .
do.
Charles J. Nrturse, -
John B. Walback, -
do.
do.
Henry Whiting,
Richard K. Call, -
E. Humphrey,
do.
do.
A. P. Hayne,
do.
do.
John W. Holding, -
J. B. Crane,
do'.
do.
Johnathan Kearsley,
Roger Jones,
do.
Lt. colonel.
Joseph Gleason,
J. H. Boyle,
do.
Major.
George Watts.
Alex. S. Brooks, -
do.
do.
E. B. Randolph, -
Nathan Towson, -
do.
Lt. colonel.
John Watmaugh, -
S. B. Archer,
do.
Major.
Joshua Brant,
Thomas Biddle, -
do.
do.
George Trescot,
S. 1). Harris,
do.
Lt. colonel.
J. J. Cromwell,
J. A. Burd,
do.
Major.
H. M. Campbell, -
W. Youngs, ■ -
do.
do.
J, S. Schumck,
J. Pentland,
do.
do.
R. M. Kirby,
R. Desha,
do.
do.
John P. Dieterich, -
J. T. Chunn,
do.
do.
H. C. Story,
J. G. Totten,
do.
Lt. colonel.
Richard H. Lee. -
C. Larrabee,
do.
Major.
P. 0. Fling,
A. C. W. Fanning,
do.
do.
Charles Cisna,
W. S. Foster,
do.
do.
Samuel Riddle,
S. Burbank,
do.
do.
Joseph Leach,
J. L. Baker,
do.
do.
Lineal rank.
Brevet rank.
Captain.
Major.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.-
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1st Lieutenant.
Captain.
do.
Major.
do.
Captain.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Major.
do.
Captain.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
2d Lieutenant.
1st Lieutenant,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Captain.
do.
1st Lieutenant.
. do.
Captain.
do.
1st Lieutenant.
do.
do.
3d Lieutenant.
do.
do.
do.
do.
3d Lieutenant.
do.
do.
do.
do.
674
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1817.
■A list of all (he officers of the present army of the United Slates, who now hold brevets higher than their lineal rank.
Names.
Lineal rank.
Brevet rank.
Names.
Lineal rank.
Brevet rank.
Alexander Macomb,
Brig. General.
Maj. General.
W. Youngs,
Captain.
Major.
E. P. Gaines,
do.
do.
J. T. Chunn,
do.
do.
Winfield Scott,
do.
do.
J. G. Totten,
do.
Lt. colonel.
E. W. Ripley,
do.
do.
T. Stockton,
do.
Major.
Moses Porter,
Colonel.
Brig. General.
C. Larrabee,
do.
do.
T. A. Smith,
do.
do.
A. C. W. banning,
do.
do.
Joseph G. Swift, -
do.
do.
Williams. Foster, -
do.
do.
Daniel Bissell,
do.
do.
S. Burbank,
do.
do.
James Miller,
do.
do.
M. Marston,
do.
do.
John R. Fetiwick, -
Lt. Colonel.
Colonel.
Benjamin Watson, -
do. .
do.
George E. Mitchell,
do.
do.
G. McGlassin,
do.
do.
Thomas S. Jesup, -
do.
do.
D. Ketchum,
do.
do.
Ab. Eustis.
Major.
Lt. colonel.
H. Chotard,
do.
do.
William McRee, -
do.
Colonel.
Sylvanus Thayer, -
do.
do.
George Armistead, -
do.
Lt. colonel.
William Laval,
do.
do.
J. Hindman,
do.
Colonel.
Benjamin Birdsall,-
do.
do.
Henry Leavenworth,
do.
do.
L. Austin, -
do.
do.
J. McNeal,
do.
do.
E. Montgomery,
do.
do.
William Lawrence,
do.
Lt colonel.
G. D. Smith,
do.
do.
George M. Brook, -
do.
Colonel. .
William J. Worth, -
do.
do.
John B. Walback, -
Captain.
Lt. colonel.
Daniel Riddle,
do. .
do.
Moses Sweet,
do.
Major.
Joseph S. Nelson, -
1st Lieutenant.
Captain. '
E. Humphreys,
do.
do.
D. T. Welsh, i-
do.
do.
E. Cutler,
do.
do.
n. B. Douglass, -
do.
do.
Peter Muhlenburg, -
do.
do.
T. J.Beall,
do.
do.
J. Dinkins,
do.
do.
R. A. Zantzinger, -
do.
do.
J. Dorman,
do.
do.
C. Root,
do.
do.
Daniel Baker,
do.
do.
J. Mountfort,
do.
do.
R. Gray,
do.
do.
Samuel Spotts,
do.
do.
J. B. Crane,
do.
do.
William Gibbs, -
do.
do.
Roger Jones,
do.
Lt. colonel.
R. K. Call,
do.
do.
A. S. Brooks,
do.
Major.
G. Gooding,
do.
do.
Nathan Towson,
do.
Lt. colonel.
J. Gleason,
do.
do.
S. B. Archer,
do.
Major.
J. W. Holding,
do.
do.
Thomas Biddle, -
do.
do.
B. F. Lamed,
do.
do.
J. Sprould,
J. H- Vose,
do.
do.
J.P.Livingston, -
do.
do.
do.
do.
T. P. McMahon, -
2d Lieutenant.
1st Lieutenant.
William Bradford, -
do.
do.
H. C. Story,
do.
do.
S. D. Harris,
do.
Lt. colonel.
J. Schmack,
do. •
do.
John A. Burd,
do.
Major.
E. Brimhall,
do.' .
do.
J. Selden,
do.
Lt. colonel.
J. S. Abeel,
do.
do.
Turner Croker,
do.
Major.
Richard H. Lee,
do.
do.
D. E. Twiggs,
do.
do.
J. B. Brant,
do.
do.
(
;;_
I
Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, December 23, 1817.
By the last returns received at this office, the following officers of the army were commanding departments and
posts, and exercising their brevet rank respectively, viz:
Brigadier General Macomb, brevet major general, commanding department No. 5.
Brigadier General Gaines, brevet major general, commanding tlie eastern section of the south division.
Brigadier General Scott, brevet major general, commanding department No. 1 and 3.
Brigadier General Ripley, brevet major general, commanding department No. 8. •
Colonel T. A. Smith, brevet brigadier general, commanding department No. 9.
Colonel Porter, brevet brigadier general, commanding department No. 4, and
Colonel Miller, brevet brigadier general, commanding department No. 2.
At Fort Preble, Portland, Maine, Captain Crane of artillery, brevet major. ■ -
Fort Constitution, Portsmouth, Captain Walback, do. do. lieutenant colonel.
Fort Sewall, Marblehead, Captain Harris, light artillery,^ do. lieutenant colonel.
Fort Independence, Boston, Major Eustis, do. do. lieutenant colonel.
Fort Warren, do. Captain Brooks, do. do. major.
Fort WoUcut, Newport, R. Island, Captain Towson, do. do. lieutenant colonel.
Fort Columbus, New York, Captain Stockton, artillery, do. niajor.
Fort Mifflin, Philadelphia, Captain Biddle, do. do. major.
Fort Washington, Potomac, Captain Jones, do. do. lieutenant colonel.
Fort Gratiot, outlet of Lake Huron, Major McNeal, Jun. 5th infantry, brevet colonel.
Greenbush, near Albany, Captain Smith, 2d do. do. major.
Fort Harrison, Indiana, Captain Chunn, 3d do. do. major.
Chicago, Captain Baker, 3d do. do. major.
Harbor of New York, Major Hindman, artillery, do. colonel.-
Fort Wayne, Ohio, Captain Vose, 5th infantry, do. major.
Fort Charlotte, Mobile, First Lieutenant Beali, artillery, do. captain.
Fort St. Philip, Louisiana, Captain Humphrey, do; do. major.
Cantonment, Mount Pelier, Captain Cutler, 4th infantry, do. major.
Arsenal at-Greenleaf's Point, Fn-st Lieutenant Nelson, ordnance, do. captain.
Arsenal at Rome, First Lieutenant W^elch, do. do. captain.
The stations of the above officers are liable to constant change; other officers not breveted, may succeed to those
stations; and other brevet officers may also be called to separate commands; hence it is impossible to state accurately
vvhat officers of the army may be so commanding as to entitle them to pay according to their brevets, which are
restricted by regulation as far as the laws and articles of war will justify. See pages 17, 35, and 52 of the Military
Laws and Regulations.
In addition to the foregoing, the following officers of the corps of engineers, who held brevets higher than their
lineal rank, are performing duties which entitle them to pay according to their brevets:
Colonel Joseph G. Swift, brevet brigadier general.
Captain J. G. Totten, brevet lieutenaat colonel.
Captain S. Thayer, brevet major.
1818.] PAY OF BREVET OFFICERS. 675
15th Congress. ] No, 160. [tst Session.
THE MILITIA.
COMMUMCATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 9, 1818.
Mr. Harrison made the following report:
The committee, to whom was referred so much of the message of the President as relates to the militia, have had
that subject under consideration, and beg leave to report:
That the constitution grants to Congress the following powers in relation to the militia, to wit: To provide for
organizing the militia: for arming them, for disciplining them, for calling them into the service of the United States,
for governing them therein, and for compensating them for their services; which powers the committee have con-
sidered separately.
1. The committee are of opinion, that, in organizing the militia, it would be a great improvement to divide them
into two classes, with a view to train diligently, and to provide to arm immediately, the young men, and exempt
the elderly men from that sacrifice of time which eftective training would require; the organization of the militia
might remain in all other respects nearly as heretofore established.
2. The constitution having made it the duty of Congress to provide for arming the militia, this power is not
duly exercised by merely enacting that the militia shall arm themselves. A law to that effect, unsanctioned by
penalties, will be disregarded, anil if thus sanctioned, will be unjust, for it will operate as a capitation tax, whicii
the opulent and the peedy will pay equally, and which will not be borne by the States in the proportion fixed by
the constitution. The committee do not approve of putting public arms into the hands of the militia, when not
necessary. That mode would expose the arms to be lost and destroyed. They conceive that Congress should pro-
vide arsenals, from which the militia of every part of the United States could draw arms when necessary, which
would be a sufficient exercise of the power to provide for arming the militia.
3. Congress having power to provide for governing the militia only when they are in the service of the United
States, and the authority of training them belonging to the State Governments, the committee have not deemed it
proper that Congress should prescribe the time to be devoted to training, or the manner in which that object will
be best effected. It is the duty of the State Legislatures to enact the necessary laws for that purpose. The com-
mittee deem it a sufficient exercise of the power to provide for disciplining the militia, to direct the appointment ot
the necessary officers, to prescribe their duties, and to provide a system of discipline, comprehending the camp
duties, instruction, field exercise, and field service of the militia.
4. The committee are of opinion, that the regulations for calling forth the militia may remain substantially as at
present existing: That the President should, in all cases, address his orders immediately to some officer of the mili-
tia, and not to the Executive of any State. The Governor of a State is not a militia officer, bound to execute the
orders of the President; he cannot be tried for disobedience of orders, and punished by the sentence of a court
martial.
5. In providing for governing the militia in the service of the United States, it has appeared to your committee,
that the senior class might be exempted from being marched out of the State tovvhich they may belong: that the
junior class, composed of ardent and vigorous men, the efficient force of the nation, should, when called into ser-
vice, continue therein some time after having acquired the knowledge and habits of soldiers; that the officers should,
by their own consent, be continued still longer in service, as military knowledge, principles, and habits, are most
essential to the officers, who are the souls olan army. It has also appeared to your committee, that those princi-
ples would be best acquired by the officers of the militia, in serving with officers of the regular troops on court
martial, for the trial of offenders either of the regular troops or militia.
6. The compensation to the militia for their services, consisting of pay and allowance for clothing, and of pensions
in case of disability by wounds received in the service, the committee would allow to remain nearly as heretofore
fixed by law.
The committee, acting according to the foregoing principles, report a bill to provide for organizing, arming, and
disciplining the militia, for calling them into the service of the United States, for governing them therein, and for
compensating them for their services.
15th Congress.] No. 161. [Ist Session.
PAY OF BREVET OFFICERS.
communicated to the house of representatives, FEBRUARY 12, 1818.
Mr. Lowndes made the following report:
The committee, appointed on the part of the House of Representatives, to confer with a committee of the Senate, on
the subject of the disagreeing votes of the two Houses, on the amendment of the Senate, to the bill making appro-
priations for the military service of the United States for the year 1818, have met the committee of the Senate,
in pursuance of their appointment. They considered it right to offer to the committee of the Senate the follow-
ing exposition of the views which they supposed the House of Representatives to have taken in disagreeing to
the amendment of the Senate, in the hope that it might obviate or lessen the difficulties which separated the two
Houses.
By the construction of the law of 1812, which the committee of the House of Representatives believed to be
adopted by that House, the pay of a brevet commission is due only when the officer exercises a command to which
his lineal rank would not entitle him. To such command under the President's general order of 1816 and 1817, he
may be assigned, upon special and temporary occasions. It is believed, from the amendment proposed by the
Senate, that their construction is not very different from this. The construction of the War Department, however,
is very different. The Committee of the House of Representatives consider it wrong to explain or amend an act by
which salaries or pay is regulated by the provisions of an appropriation law. But if it were right, the short debate
which occurred in the House of Representatives, on the Senate's amendment, sufficiently proves that that amend-
ment might change a little the ground of argument, but would not terminate the controversy.
As au amendment of the law of 1812, the provision proposed by the Senate, is, therefore, unsatisfactory, and to
insist upon an appropriation previous to an amendment, is to insist either that the one body shall conform its appro-
priations, not to its own construction of existing laws, but to that of the other body, or that both shall adopt what
both believe to be erroneous, the construction ol the Executive Government.
676 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818,
The committee of the House of Representatives believe, that respect for the rights of both Houses requires that
the act of 1812 should be amended, by defining, more precisely, the contingencies in which pay shall be due, or
if this be impracticable, by authorizing it in all cases, or in none. The bill which passed the House of Representa-
tives, at its last session, may explain the amendment which it then preferred, tjut it now insists only that the
amending law should first determine to whom pay is due, before an appropriation should be made for its payment.
The committee of the House of Representatives consider it necessary, to fair and free legislation, that appropria-
ations, in regard to the propriety or the e.'ctent of which, the two Houses find, after deliberation, that they still differ,
should be separated from those which both consider as necessary to the public service. If either branch of the
Legislature determina that it will not make the great mass of necessary appropriations, while there remains one
unprovided for, which it considers to be proper, it throws upoti the other branch the necessity of concurring in an
appropriation which it may believe that neither the law nor the public interest requires, or of endangering all the
appropriations of the Government. The committee of the House of Representatives hope that the appropriations
which both Houses deem necessary will be made, and that the appropriation for brevet officers which the Senate
suggests will be left to be provided for when an atnendment to the act of 1813 shall determine what that appropria-
tion ought to he. _
The committee of the Senate, in answer to these observations, supported their amendment by arguments, which
they have since i-educed to writing, and which the committee of the House of Representatives are thus enabled to
report more accurately than they could otherwise have done.
The conferees, on the part of the Senate, admitted that doubts might exist, as to the proper construction'of the
act of 1812, allowing pay to brevet officers, and that it might be found expedient to remove'such doubts by an
explanatory law defining more precisely the contingencies in which such pay should be allowed, but as according
to the construction given that law by the House of Representatives as stated by their conferees, which accords
substantially with that contained in the Senate's amendment; expenditures to a certain extent would be legally
authorized under it, and must be supposed to have taken place and to continue to take place, until the law shall be
altered. The conferees of the Senate were of opinion that an appropriatioxi sufficient to cover such probable expen-
diture ought now to be made, v/ithout waiting for the passage of such explanatory law. They did. not think such
law should be made to have a retrospective operation so as to affect expenilitures legally incurred before its passage;
nor could they perceive how tlie passage of such a law could be deemed necessary to determine the propriety of
making an appropriation to meet an expenditure which it could not regulate. They admitted that generally it would
not be the most correct course to amend a law establishing salaries or authorizing an expenditure by a provision in
a general appropriation law, though they believed there was no constitutional or legal objection to such a course;
but they stated further: 1st. That the-Senate's amendment was not designed as an, alteration of the law of 1812.
but only expressing the construction of that law which appeared to the Senate the correct one, and restricting the
sum appropriated to the discharge of expenditures incurred pufi^uant to such construction, which it is presumed may
be done on the same, principle that other specific appropriations are made applicable to the objects designated, and
to no others. 2d. If the objection be to the words in the Senate's amendment, which restrict the application of the
sum appropriated to services performed by brevet officers when acting in their brevet rank, the conferees of the
Senate would agree to strike out these words and have the sum appropriated applicable to services performed by
such officers generally agreeably to the terms of the estimates. Though the conferees of the Senate were willing to
ailmit that generally, it would not be advisable to embarrass a measure embracing the mass of appropriations deemed
necessary, by insisting on one of a doitbtful nature, they did not consider the argument as in any degree affecting
tire present case, the appropriation insisted on by them not being doubtful in its nature; because, according to any
fair construction that can be given the law of 1813, and adopting that preferred by the House of Representatives,
some expenditure is authorized, and must be presumed to take place under it, before an explanatory law can be
passed; and an appropriation to meet such expenditure did not appear to them of a doubtful nature, and on such
alone they insisted, it appeared also to the conferees of the Senate, that the construction given the law for several
years by the Government, and acquiesced in by Congress, allowing brevet officers such pay as is now asked gave
those officers reasonable ground to expect a continuance thereof so long as the law continued in force, and as the
expenditure now proposed to be provided for did not arise out of any new construction of the law, and had at least
in part already accrued, they cotisidered it the duty of the two Houses to provide for it in the general appropriation
law, and not leave it to be provided for in an act which may or may not pass; and they could see no ground for
postponing the appropriation now insisted on by them that would not equally apply to any other asked for to meet
an expenditure already incurred under any law that it might be suggested required amendment.
The conferees of the Senate stated explicitly, they would not insist on making, at this time, any appropriation,
with a view of covering an expenditure which should accrue subsequent to the period at which an explanatory law
relating to the matter in question, could be supposed to pass, and which might, therefore, be either authorized or
controlled by such law; and though the sum requisite to meet the expenditure that must accrue under the existing
law, before it can be altered, could not be exactly ascertained, it might be estimated with nearly the same accuracy
that sums for other objects are; and therefore its uncertainty appeared to them to form no solid objections to the
measure.
For the purpose, therefore, of providing for such expenditure alone as must, in aiiy event, take place, and leav-
ing the two Houses to act in regard to the subject in future as each should consider correct, without being considered
in any manner compromitted by the appropriation that might now be made; and anxious to reconcile, as far as prac-
ticable, the views entertained by both Houses on this subject, by making those of the House of Representatives, as
far as, in their opinion, a due regard to correct legislation, and the duty they owe the Senate, would authorize, the
conferees of the Senate proposed, if the conferees of the House of Representatives would agree thereto, to modify
the Senate'^3 amendment, so as to read as follows:
For additional pay, lations, and forage, to officers having brevet commissions, when commanding separate posts,
districts, or detachments, requiring them to act in their brevet rank, during the months of January, P'ebruary and
March, of the present year, nine thousand dollars.
The committee of the House of Representatives did not consider this modification as in any material degree
lessening the objections to the Senate's amendment. They should prolong their report unreasonably, if they were
TO repeat the answers which were given to the arguments of the committee of the Senate. In one respect they seem
to haVe been misunderstood. The committee of the Senate consider them as admitting, that, under a just construc-
tion of the law of 1812, some expenditure must be presumed to take place, and to require an appropriation in this
year. But they have made no such admission. In the army of the United States there is notoriously a number of
officers in every high grade disproportionately great, when compared with the number of men whom they command,
and if brevet officers are entitled to additional pay oiily when they command posts requiring them to act in their
brevet rank, (and such is the construction of the Senate,) it may be reasonably presumed, that, while peace contin-
ues, there will no where be found that deficiency of lineal rank which will require brevet officers so to act.
.\s the conferees' of the Senate thought the objection urged by those of the House of Represi^ntatives to the course
pursued by the Senate, that it made the passage of the large number of appropriations, in vyhich both Houses concur,
•depend upon that of one, in respect to which they differ, an objection inapplicable to the subject, the committees
were obliged to separate, without agreeing on the subject of the Senate's amendment. The committee of the House
of Representatives regret that such has been the result, and have only to hope, that if they have mistaken or
misapplied the principles which ought to regulate the conduct of the two Houses, on the subject of appropriation
bills, that their errors may be corrected by the wisdom of the House.
1818.] ARMS DELIVERED TO THE SEVERAL STATES. Q77
iDthCoNGREss.-) No. 162. [Ist Session.
ARMS DELIVERED TO THE SEVERAL STATES— MILITIA FORCE— AND THE NUMBER OF
ARMS MADE AND REPAIRED AT THE PUBLIC ARMORIES.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 24, 1818.
Washington, February 23, 1818.
To the Senate of the United States:
In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, requesting me to cause to be laid before them, "a statement
of all the arms and accoutrements which have been manufactured at the dirterent armories of the United States,
with the cost of each stand; and the number delivered to each State respectively, under the act for arming the
whole body of the militia." I now transmit a report from the Secretary of War, with the documents inaikcd A, B,
and C, which, together with a report toliimfrom the Ordnance Department, contains the information required.
JAMES MONROE.
Department of War, February 21, 1818.
The Secretary of War, to whom was referred a resolution of the Senate of the 2d instant, " requesting the
President of the United States to cause to be laiti before the Senate, a statement of all the arms and accoutrements
which have been manufactured at the different armories of the United States, with the cost of each stand; and the
number delivered to each State respectively, under the act for arming the whole body of the militia," has the honor
to transmit statements marked A, B, and C, accompanied by a letter from the Ordnance Department.
Respectfully submitted,
J. C. CALHOUN.
The President of the United States.
Ordnance Department, Februaiy 19, 1818.
Sin:
In answer to the call of the honorable the Senate of the United States, of the 2d February, 1818, as commu-
nicated from the War Department, for "a return of the arms and military stores furnished to the respective States,
under the provisions of the law of 1808," I have the honor, in obedience to your directions, to submit the following
report:
An account was made out in the Department of War, from the vouchers transmitted to this office, and that of
the late Superintendent General of military supplies, of the whole number of arms which appeared to have been
delivered under the law of 1808, amounting, as per statement accompanying this report, and marked A, to $62,606.
Taking that account as a basis, an apportionment was maile of the number, or part thereof, which each State was
entitled to, according to its effective militia; the respective numbers of which will appear in the statement marked
B, and annexed thereto. ,
The document, marked A, will also exhibit wherein some States have received more arid others less than their
respective pr()portions of arms.
The apportionment and adjustment thus made was considered, by the Department of War, as bringing them
up to the 1st January, 1816; and the final settlement, and future arrangement for deliveries, were referred to the
Department of Ordnance.
In obedience to that reference, circular letters were addressed on the 18th September, I8I6, and 15th April,
1817, to the Executive authorities of the several States, by the Department of Ordnance, announcing that it would
take measures for a general settlement of the accounts of arms (in whatever way delivered) between them and
the United States; that it would be piepared to make further deliveries where they should be clue; and that where
balances appeared against any particular State, tite amount would be included in the next quota which should be
assigned to it. Intimatitm was also given that where artillery should be preferred, in lieu of arms, this Department
would furnish it accordingly.
The officers of the Ordnance Department have, since those communications, attended to "the service which de-
volved upon them, as far as has been found practicable, as will more fully appear under the head of " remarks,"
which are attached to the statement marked A.
Considerable embarrassment and delay occurred in the performance of that service, from the difficulty of obtain-
ing regular and correct vouchers fur the deliveries of arms, as directed by the law of 1808, in distinction from those
delivered to the militia whilst in the service of the United States, during the late war: a difficulty, perhaps, un-
avoidable, from the extensive scenes of military operations, and the consequent loose or incorrect manner in which
accounts of the deliveries of arms and other munitions of war were made and recorded.
It will be perceived, from the exhibit marked B, that the returns of the effective militia in the respective States
is very deficient, some of them being of a very remote date. Partial returns have been received for 1816, and 1817,
at the office of the Adjutant and Inspector "General of the United States Army, but it will be necessary, and it is
respectfully recommended, that measures be taken for obtaining more complete returns to that office, agreeably to
laws of 8th May, 1792, and 2d March, 1803, before another apportionment of arms be assigned to the respective
States.
This Department is continuing its exertions to effect a settleinent up to the 1st January, 1816, as speedily as pos-
sible; greater delay has been hitherto experienced than was originally anticipated.
I have the honor also to enclose a statement of the number and species of arms manufactured and repaired at
the national armories, since their first establishment, which you will perceive from the exhibit marked C, and also •
called for by the honorable Senate.
With much respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant,
GEORGE BOMFORD, Ziew^ Col. of Ordnance.
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
678
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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MILITIA FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES.
679
B.
Statement of the Militia of the United States, taken from the latest returns of States and Territories, and upon
tdhich was predicated the apportionment of arms to the different States, under the law of April, 1808, a state-
ment of which accompanies this return.
States and Territories.
Date of
retui-n.
Agp-egate.
States and Territories.
Date of
return.
Aggregfate
New Hampshire,
Massachusetts,
Vermont, . - .
Rhode Island, - - . -
Connecticut,
New York,
New Jersey, - . .
Pennsylvania, - - . -
Delaware, - - -
Maryland, - - -
Virginia, - - - -
1813
1815
1809
1814
1815
1814
1815
1812
1813
1811
1815
1815
1815
24,902
69,175
20,259
8,255
18,309
95,026
36,966
99,414
7,448
33,189
83,847
43,217
32,202
Georgia,
Kentucky, - . -
Tennessee,
Ohio, - - . -
Louisiana, (no return.)
District of Columbia, -
Mississippi territory,
Indiana territory,
Illinois territory, (no return.)
Missouri territory,
Michigan territory, (no return.)
1815
1815
1812
1814
1812
1812
1814
1814
27,480
49,719
29,193
36,771
2,252
5,291
5,010
2,812
South Carolina, -
729,737
Ordnance Department, February 19, 181'8.
GEORGE BOMFORD, Leut. Col. of Ordnance.
Ji statement of the number and species of arms manvfactured, and the number and species of arms repaired at the
national armories; and also ofjhe moneys expended at those works, exhibiting a view of the whole, from the
period of their first establishment, and according' to the accounts received and on record in the Department of
Ordnance. January, 1818.
ARMORY, HARPER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA.
Total amount ex-
YEARS.
Muskets made.
Muskets
repaired.
Rifles made.
Pistols made.
pended, including
purchases, build-
ings, repairs, &c
1798 and 1800, -
.
.
$59,908 32
1801, -
293
•
-
27,201 81
1802, -
1,472
-
-
-
29,334 33
1803, -
1,048
-
28,697 58
1804, -
161
-
780
-
31,313 71
1805, -
-
-
1,716
r
31,262 17
1806, -
136
-
1,381
-
41,908 80
1807, - , -
50 .
-
146
2,892
40,631 28
1808, -
3,051
-
1,208
104,952 63
1809, -
7,348
-
-
158,835 13
1810, -
9,400
691
-
145,042 30
1811, -
10,000
1,392
-
-
139,707 59
1812. -
10,200
2,113
-
-
161,772 01
1813, - ,
9,000
612
-
-
183,663 93
1814, -
10,400
548
1,600
■
144,010 81
1815, -
5,239
.
1,469
125,335 82
1816, -
6,416
23
2,052
-
227,286 87
1817, -
8,513
-
2,726
"
177,533 00
Total,
82,727
5,379
11,870
4,100
$1,858,398 09
The amount expended at this armory in 1817, is
Muskets manufactured, - - -
Rifles manufactured, 2,726, equal in labor to
8,513
3,770
Total number of muskets, - 12,283
In order to ascertain the precise cost of each musket, the following deduction should be made:
Probable amount of expenditures for repairing mill-dam, laborers employed thereat, &c. -
Actual expenditure.
$177,533
2,500
$175,033
From the above deduction being made, it would result that the actual cost of muskets at this armory, will be
ftl4 25 6£ich
Stock and tools, and unfinished work on hand, estimated at - - - - - $256,000
680
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
[1818,
ARMORY, SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS.
Total amount erf ex-
YEARS.
Muskets manu-
Muskets
Carbines manu-
penditures, includ-
factured.
repaired.
factured.
buildings, repairs,
&c.
1795, - - -
245
$4,495 5
1796, - - - . .
838
.
.
15,392 25
1797. -,..-.
1,028
.
.
18,863 80
1798, - . - - .
1,044
-
.
19,157 40
1799, - - - . .
4,595
.
-
84,299 23
1800, - - - -
4,863
-
64,924 94
1801, - . - . .
3,205
-
.
50,328 94
1802, - - - • -
4,358
.
.
30,142 55
180.3, - -
4,775
-
32,459 74
1804, . - . . .
3,566
.
■
43,313 64
1805, - . - . .
3,535
.
45,937 25
1806, . . - - .
2,018
.
.
43,674 01
•1807, - - - - -
5,692
-
-
55,304 64
1808, .....
5,870
103,174 71
1809, .....
7,070
1,086
600
122,469 31
1810.
9,700
1,406
602
131,556 47
1811, ......
12,020
'
.
114,151 26
1812, - - . . -
10,140
-
139,340 07
1813,
6,920
11,105
-
104,958 48
1814, .....
9,585
5,475
102,632 64
1815, - - • -
7,279
21,145
-
151,456 37
1816, .....
7,199
5,129
-
155,951 65
1817, ......
13,015
454
-
187,138 08
Total,
128,559
45,800
1,202
$1,820,122 08
The actual expenditure in the manufacture of arms at this armory, in 1817,
In order to ascertain the precise cost of each musket, the following deductions should be made:
For muskets which have been repaired at the armory in 1817, - - - $2,000 00
For ' inspection of contract arms, by officers of the armory, and by orders of the
Ordnance Department, in 1817, --....
For making arm-chests, - - - . . . ,_ .
For manufacturing screw-drivers,. - . . . .
For purchases of additional ground and buildings, in 1817,
$187,138 08
1,236 68
1,392 00
1,040 00
4,975 00
Actual expenditure,
10,643 «8
$176,494 40
From the above deductions being made, it would result that the actual cost of muskets at this armory will be
$13 56 each. ■ • .
The stock on hand, and parts of work done at this armory, is valued at - - $111,545 56
GENERAL REMARK.
It may, in addition, be remarked, generally, that though the within sums appear to have been expended in the
manufacture ot arms, making Iheir apparent cost at the rates stated, there were other expenditures at both armories
(such as transportation of arms to and from the armory, with other incidental expenses.) which have not yet been
reported, and which would render the actual cost of the arms still lower.' The valueof the public buildings, grounds
on which they are erepted, and the adjacent lands, belonging to the national armories, may be estimated to be at
leasj one hundred thousand dollars each.
Ordnance Department, February 12, 1818.
G. BOMFORD, Lieut. Col. of Ordnance.
15th Congress.]
No. 163.
[1st Session.
WAR WITH THE SEMINOLE INDIANS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 25, 1818.
Washington, March 25, 1818.
To the House of Representatives of the United States:
I now lay before Congress all the information in the possession of the Executive respecting the war with the
Seminoles, and the measures which it has been thought proper to adopt for the safety of our fellow-citizens on the
frontier exposed to their ravages. The enclosed documents show that the hostilities of this tribe were unprovoked,
the offspring of a spirit long cherished and often manifested towards the United Statesj and that, in the present
instance, it was extending itself to other tribes, and daily assuming a more serious aspect. As soon as the nature
and object of this combination were perceived, the Major General commanding the southern division of the troops
of the United States was ordered to the theatre of action, charged with the management of the war, and vested with
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 681
the powers necessary to give it effect. The season of the year being unfavorable to active operations, and the re-
cesses of the country affording shelter to these savages, in case of retreat, may prevent a prompt termination of the
■war, but it may be fairly presumed that it will not be long before this tribe and its associates receive the punishment
which they have provoked and justly merited.
As almost the whole of this tribe inhabits the country within the limits of Florida, Spain was 'bound, by the
treaty of 1705, to restrain them from committing hostilities against the United States. We have seen with legrel,
that her Government has altogether failed to fulfil this obligation, nor are we aware that it has made any effort to
that effect. When we consider her utter inability to check, even in the slightest degree, the movements of this
tribe, by her very small and incompetent force in Florida, we are not disposed to ascribe the failure to any other
cause. The inability, however, of Spain to maintain her authority over the territory and Indians within her limits,
and in consequence to fulfil the treaty, ought not to expose the United States to other and greater injuries. When
the authoriiy of Spain ceases to exist there, the United States have a right to pursue their enemy, on a principle of
self-defenre. In this instance, the right is more complete and obvious, because we shall perform only what Spain
was bound to have performed herself. To the high obligations and privileges of this great and sacred right of self-
defence will the movement of our troops be strictly confined. Orders have been given to the General in command
not to enter Florida, unless it be in the pursuit of the enemy, and, in that case, to respect the Spanish authority
wherever it is maintained; and he will be instructed to withdraw his forces from the province as soon as he shall
have reduced that tribe to order, and secure our fellow-citizens in that quarter, by satisfactory arrangements, against
its unprovoked and savage hostilities in future.
JAMES MONROE.
15th Congress.] ]Vo. 164. [Sd Session.
DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS— CAPTURE OF SPANISH POSTS IN FLORIDA— AND
THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF ARBUTHNOT AND AMBRISTER.
COMMUNICATED TO CONGRESS, BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH HIS OPENING MESSAGE OF THE 17tH
OF NOVEMBER, 1818.
Extract of a letter from R. Sands, commanding Fort Gaines, to the officer of Fort Hawkins, dated
.February 2, 1817.
When the colonel, with the troops, left Fort Scott, he gave the buildings in charge of oneof thePerrymans. from
whom I have just received a letter, handed me by his brother, who arrived here after I had commenced writing this.
Ferryman states in his letter that the Red Sticks, (or hostiles,) after we had left the fort, came in companies, and
carried off every thing we had left with him. and what he had purchased of Butler, burnt three houses, and threat-
ened, if he did not leave the place, to burn it over his head. He got what few articles he could, with his family, in
a canoe, and came to his brother's, who informs me that there is at present about three hundred Indians embodied at
the Forks, and others constantly joining them. He does not know their intentions, but understood a party was
going out to steal horses, &c.
This morning, (3d,) one of the settlers waited on me to advise in what manner to act, as eight or ten Indians
had been at his house, and ordered him off; telling him that in six days they would come back, "and, if he was not
gone, they would drive him away.
Extract of a letter from the Governor of Georgia to General Gaines, dated
Milledgeville, February 5, 1817.
You, no doubt, have already been informed that the notorious Woodbine has recently made his appearance again
at the mouth of the Appalachicola, and that he has an agent now among the Seminole Indians and negroes in that
quarter, stirring them up to acts of hoslility against this country; and that Woodbine himself has gone, in an armed
vessel, to some part of the West Indies for supplies. Connected with this fact is another, which may serve as an
intimation of the future conduct of these people, when once in possession of the supplies y/hich it is said they expect
on the return of Woodbine. About ten or twelve days ago, a small party of those Indians entered the frontier of
Wayne county, and stole two horses and some cattle. They were pursued by some of the inhabitants, who peace-
ably demanded a restoration of the 'stolen property; and, instead of a compliance on the part of the Indians, they
immediately fired upon the wliites, who retired without returning a shot. One of the whites was mortally wounded.
Copy of a letter from General Gaines to the Governor of Georgia, dated
Milledgeville, February 5, 1817.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your excellency's letter of this date.
■The facts which you have been pleased to communicate, in relation to the late hostile conduct of the Seminole
Indians, must and shall receive my immediate and particular attention. I am not authorized to change the destina-
tion of the 4th infantry, but, should I receive no authority to recall a part of that corps, I shall order one or two
companies of artillery (to do duty as infantry) from Charleston to the southern frontier of this State, with instruc-
tions to check Indian hostilities, and at the same time to remove from Indian land such intruders as may remain,
after being duly notified to remove.
Extract of a letter from George Ferryman to Lieutenant Sands, dated
February 34, 1817.
The charge given me by Colonel Clinch and yourself, and other officers of the United States, induces me to be-
lieve there is a confidence placed in me which I ought not to deceive. I therefore think it my duty, as well as my
inclination, to give you the following information:
There was a friend of mine not long since in the Fowltown, on. Flint, and he saw many horses, cattle, and hogs,
that had come immediately from the State of Georgia, and they are bringing them away continually. They speak
682 MILITARY AFFAIRS. , [1818.
in the most contemptuous manner of the Americans, and threaten to have satisfaction far what has been done —
meaning the ilestruction of the negro fort. There is another of my acquaintances returned immediately from the
Seminole towns, and saw the negroes on parade there. He counted about six liundred that bore arms. They have
chosen officers of every description, and endeavor to keep up a regular discipline, and are very strict in punishing
violatois of their military rules. There is said to be about the same number of Indians belonging to their party, and
there are both negroes and Indians daily going to their standard. They say they are in complete fix for fighting,
and wish an engagement with the Americans, or Mcintosh's troops; they would let them know they bad something
more to do than they had at Appalachicola. They have chosen Bowlegs for their head, and nominated him King,
and pay him all kind of monarchical respect, almost to idolatry, keeping a picket guard at the distance of five miles.
They have a number of the likeliest American horses; but there are one or two chiefs who are not of the choir.
Kenhijah, the Missioukey chief, is one that is an exception.
Copy of a teller from Archibald Clarke, Jntendmit, Si. Mary's, Georgia, to General Gaines, dated
Sir: February 26, 1817.
In consequence of a recent and most qbnoxious act perpetrated by a party of Indians, (supposed to be of the
Lower Creeks,) in this county, in the murder of an unfortunate white woman and her two infant children, by which
the defenceless inhabitants on our frontier have been thrown into a distressing state of alarm, I avail myself of the
earliest opportunity in giving information that may be relied on, under the fullest assurance that immediate measures
will be adopted to guard and prevent a repetition of such cruel and barbarous acts.
On the 34th instant, the house of a Mr. Garret, residing in the upper part of this county, near the boundary of
Wayne county, was attacked during his absence, near the middle of the day, by this party, consisting of about fif-
teen, who shot Mrs. Garret in two places, and then despatched her by stabbing and scalping. Her two children
(one about three years, the other two months) were also murdered, and the eldest scalped. The house was then
plundered of every article of value, and set on fire. A young man in this neighborhood, hearing the report of guns,
went immediately towards the house, where he discovered the murdered family. The flames having only com-
menced, they were extinguished, and he-spread the alarm. The workmen from my mills and a few others assem-
bled to pursue; but, having but few arms, and not otherwise equipped, their pursuit proved fruitless. The Indians
were tracked as fai- as the men dared venture. Their course was parallel with the western branch of Spanish creek,
which induces the belief of their being Indians of the lower tribes.
On this open, extensive, and entirely unprotected frontier, the poor and innocent inhabitants have ever been ex-
posed to these calainities. Representation after representation to the several Governors of this State, of cruel and
unprovoked murders in this quarter by the Indians, have been made. A momentary disposition was manifested to
afford relief; but a little time, however, would elapse before the alarm would subside, and the subject never more
thought of, until again revived by an occurrence such as I have just related.
To you, sir, therefore, the inhabitants on the frontier, as well as others, through me, appeal for some protection..
A small detachment of troops upon the head of the St. Mary's would answer a most valuable purpose, by at once
checking the inroads of the savages, and preventing our abandoned and unprotected citizens from adventuring into
the Indian country, and driving in herds of cattle. '
Copy of a letter from R. Jlrbuthnot to the officer commanding at Fort Gaines, dated
Sir: Okolokne Sound, March 3, 1817.
I am desired by Peter McQueen, an unfortunate Indian chief, who was some years since obliged to fly from
the townof Tucky Batche, on theTallapoohatch river, to claim of your friendship the delivery of a negro man named
Joe, (taken away from him since the peace,) whom he stated to be in Fort Gaines. When McQueen left Tucky
Batche, his property was considerable, both in negroes and cattle; of the former, ten grown negroes were taken by
a half-breed man named Barney, nine of which, he learns, were sold, and one (a girl) is still in possession of said
Barney. Twenty able negroes were taken by a chief named Colonel, or Auchi Hatche, who acts also as an inter-
preter; and as he never had possession of any of those persons' property, nor ever did them an injury to his know-
ledge, he claims, as a further proof of your friendship, that you will use your influence in procuring those negroes
for him; and, should they be given up by the persons holding them, there is one faithfuT negro among them, named
Charles, who will bring them to him at Okolokne river.
The American headmen and officers that were accustomed to live near him can testify to his civility and good
fellowship with them, and there are none of them, he is convinced, that would not serve him if in their power. As
he owes nothing, nor ever took any person's property, none have a right to retain his; and he hopes that, through
your influence, those persons now holding his negroes will be induced to give them up.
While I am thus advocating the cause of an unfortunate individual, allow me to claim an extension of your phil-
anthropy to all the Indians within your circle, by your representing to them the folly of their quarrels, and that they
ought to live quietly and peaceably with each other.
The Lower Creeks seem to wish to live peaceably and quietly, and in good- friendship with the others; but there
are some designing and evil-minded persons, self-interested, who are endeavoring to create quarrels between the
Upper and Lower Creek Indians, contrary to their interest, their happiness, and welfare. Such people belong to
no nation, and ought not to be countenanced by any Government.
The head chiefs request I will inquire of you why American settlers are descending the Chatahoochee, driving
the poor Indian from his habitation, and taking possession of his home and cultivated fierds?
Without authority, I can claim nothing of you; but a humane and philanthropic spirit guiding me, I hope the
same vvill influence you; and if such is really the case, and that the line marked out by the treaty between Great
Britain and the United States respecting the Indian nations has been infringed upon by the subjects of the latter,
that you will represent to them their improper conduct, and preveiit its continuance.
I hold in my possession a letter received from the Governor of New Providence, addressed to him by His Bri-
tannic Majesty's chief secretary, informing him of the orders given to the British ambassador at Washington, to
watch over the interests of the Indian nations, and see that their rights are faithfully attended to and protected^
agreeably to the treaty of peace made between the British and Americans.
I am in hopes that ere this there is arrived at New Providence a person from Great Britain with authority to act
as agent for the Indian nation; and, if so, it will devolve on him to see that the boundary lines, as marked out by
the treaty, are not infringed upon.
I hope you will not think these observations, made by desire of the chiefs, aiiy improper interference, and re
questing the favor of an answer,
I am respectfully, &c.
P. S. McQueen states that the oftspring of the negroes, when he left Tucky Batche, were seven of those taken .
by Barney, and none of those taken by Auchi Hatche, and he supposes they have increased.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 683
Copy qf a letter from Lieutenant Richard M. Sands, fourth infantry, commanding at Fort Gaines, Georgia, to
Colonel William King, or qfficer commanding the fourth regiment of infantry, dated
March 15, 1817.
Sir:
I enclose, for your information, two letters which I received a few days since. Yesterday, William Ferry-
man, accompanied by two of the lower chiefs, arrived here. He informs nie that SlcQueen, the chief mentioned
in one of the enclosed letters, is at present one of the heads of the hostiles; that they are anxious for war, and have
lately murdered a woman and two children.
He likewise says that he expects the news in George Ferryman's letter is true, for there are talks going through
the tmvns that the Knglish are to be at Oknioking river in three months.
I have sent an Indian runner to Okoloking, to ascertain what preparations the hostiles are making.
I have the honor to be, &c.
Extract qf a letter from David B. Mitchell, Indian agent, to the Secretary of War, dated
MiLLEDGEVILLE, GeORGIA, MaTCh 30, 1817.
By yesterday's mail I received a letter from Mr. Timothy Barnard, who resides on Flint river, in the Indian
country, a considerable distance below the agency, in which he observes: "I have been informed two days past,
from below, where the Red Stick class reside, that a party has been down near St. Mary's, and murdered a woman
and two children, and brought oft" some horses. 1 have heard for some time past that the Red Slick parly have
commenced their Red Stick dancings again, which is a pronf that they mean to commence hostilities. Our forts,
Crawford and Gaines, having been evacuated, 1 believe, lias been the cause of this Red Stick class beginning again
to commence hostilities. They think that our troops were afraid to continue there."
The muider of the woman and two children, spoken of by Mr. Barnard, had been previously communicated to
me by the magistrates of Camden county; and J have no doubt but it was perpetrated in retaliation for the killing
of an Indian about three or four weeks previnus, on the Florida side of the St. Mary's river, by some worthless
white men who reside on the frontiers of East Florida, and who live by plunder. They have, for some time past,
been a perfect nuisance to the frontier of Georgia, in that quarter; and, although repeated complaints of their bad
conduct have been made to the Governor of the province, yet, either from the want of ability or inclination, they
have not been suppressed; but I believe that their impunity is attributable to the first, viz: inability on his part to
apprehend and punish them.
The single fact of this murder being easily accounted for on the Indian principle of retaliation, I should dread
no further bad consequences from it; but the other facts stated by Mr. Barnard can only be attributed to a settled
plan of hostility on the pait of the Indians, and that suclva disposition has been encouraged by the removal of the
troops from Camp Crawford. And 1 have the more reliance upon the intelligence as coming from Mr. Barnard,
who has resided nearly fifty years in the Indian country, and is perfectly well acquainted with their habits and cus-
toms, and whose family connexion gives hiin the best and surest means of correct information.
As an additional inducement to this measure, 1 will further state that I have received information from other
persons at and near Fort Gaines, that a British agent is now among these hostile Indians, and that he has been send-
ing insolent messages to the friendly Indians and while men settled above the Spanish line. He is also charged
with stimulating the Indians to their present hostile aspect; but, whether he is an acknowledged agent of any foreign
Power, or a mere adventurer, I do not pretend to determine, but am disposed to believe him the latter. But be
that as it may, and let the hostile disposition of the Indians proceed from what it may, a moderate regular lorce
stationed at Camp Crawford, or any other suitable position in that quarter, will, 1 am confident, keep all quiet, and
without it some serious mischief will result.
Extract of a letter from General Gaines to the Secretary of War, dated
CAMP-MoNTGOMERy, M. T. Jpril 3, 1817.
I received by the last mail a letter from Archibald Clarke, Esquire, intendant of the town of St. Mary's, by
which it appears that another outrage of uncommon cruelty has recently been perpetrated by a party of Indians
upon the Southern frontier, near the boundary of Wayne county. They have massacred a woman (Mrs. Garrett)
and two of her children; the mother and eldest child were scalped, the house plundered and burnt.
Montgomery, ^pril 3, 1817.
Sir:
The enclosed letter contains some additional information upon the subject of my communication of this date.
Most respectfully, &c.
EDMUND F. GAINES.
Honorable the Secretary of War.
Fort Gaines.
General Gaines: . . .
I am requested by all the citizens to inform you of our situation, believing that no communication
has been forwarded giving a detail of the information received, our distress, and the prospect of approaching de-
struction. .
We are hourly told, by every source of information, by the friendly Indians, by letters fiom Wdliam Hambly
and Edmund Doyle, who reside low down on the Appalachicola, that all the lower tribes of Indians are embodied,
and are drying their meats to come on to the attack of this post. The British agent at Oakelockines Sound is giving
presents to the Indians. We have among us Indians who have been down, and received powder, 'lead, tomahawks,
knives, and a drum tcir each town, with the royal coat of arms painted on it. We have, at this time, at least five
hundred Indians skulking in this neighborhood, within tliree or four miles of us, who will not act lor themselves,
and who are evidently waiting the signal to strike an eflectual blow. They have stolen almost every horse belonging
to the citizens. They have scared ihein from the fields which they have cleared, and have taken possession ot their
houses. They are now stealing horses, cattle, and hugs, from the Georgia lines, and have killed one or two families
on the St. Tillas.
The citizens have ?.ll assembled near the fort, not able to return to the States, nor no prospect of making crops.
The Indians have all returned to their towns below the line, a'nd this post is unable to remove them. The troops
are scarce of provisions, and no prospect of the early arrival of more.
Nothing but speedy relief, hy troops, can quiet the people, or save (his country from destruction.
Respectfully, your most ubedieot humble servant,
A. CULLOH.
684 MILITARY AFFAIRS. tl8l«.
Copy of a lellerfrom G. Leftwich, adjutant seventh infantry, to General Gaines, dated
Camp Montgomery, M. T. July 28, 1817.
Sir:
Agreeably to your instructions of the 2Gth instant, I proceeded to the Burnt Corn Spring, near the place
where the recent murder was committed by an Indian; and from the best information received, I have the honor to
make the following report:
1. It does not appear that any misunderstanding existed between the Indians and (he citizen killed, (Mr. Glass.)
9. It appears that the Indians made the first assault, and that without any provocation on the part of the citizens.
3. Frimi the information received, it appears that Mr. Glass heard four or five guns fire some short distance from
his house; he was under the impression that the Indians were doing some mischief, and went out for the purpose of
ascertaining what the firing was at; he had proceeded but a shoj-t distance when he discovered an Indian woman, he
went towards her and inquired if she knew who it was that was shooting; she made him no answer; he asked her
several times and received no answer. She said something, and an Indian that was concealed in the bushes not
more than fifteen steps from Mr. Glass, rose up and sho: him through the body: he snapped his gun at the Indian,
who immediately ran off: he then fired at the woman as she was running after the man, but does not know whether
he killed her or not. His wound being very painful, he dropped his gun and shot-bag and attempted to return home;
he had not proceeded more than three hundred yai (Is when he fainted, and remained until found by a traveller. This
was on Saturday, and he died Sunday morning, leaving a widow and eight children to lament his untimely death:
he was & man who supported a good character in his neighborhood, though in limited circumstances. On the follow-
ing day there was a cow found near the place where Mr. Glass was shot, with four balls shot through her.
4. There was only one Indian man seen by Mr. Glass; but from the circumstances of his hearing four guns, and •
the cow being found near that place with four balls shot through her, induces a belief that he had several companions
with him, although they were not seen by Mr. Glass. From the report of the friendly Indians, it is believed they
are fifty or sixty in number, and that they have returned to the camp on Pine Barren creek. Occupied by them at
the time they murdered Johnson and VVagasky, as a part of them were met by several persons near the Pine Barren
spring a few days after the murdervvas committed.
Colonel Dale's party pursued them to their camp on the Sappalogas, but found it deserted apparently several days:
they have several small fields of corn growing at the place. From the sign left, it is believed they have a number of
horses, and some of the largest description. The Indian who acted as guide states they have at this time a negro
boy and a horse belonging fn»Johnson and Magasky: it appears to Be the prevailing opinion among the inhabitants,
that they may be found on Pine Barren creek.
I have the honor to be, &c.
Extract of a letter from General Gdines to the Secretary of War, dated
Camp Montgomery, M. T. August 25, 1817.
Having received several communications from persons settled upon the public land, within the tract acquired by
the treaty at Fort Jackson, containing general accusations against the Indians; that they had killed cattle and hogs,
and stolen corn, &c. from the inhabitants, and requesting the interposition of military authority, I have uiiifi)rmly
referred them to the civil magistrates, because I have in no instance during the present year heard of any thing like
an assemblage of force among the Indians in this quarter of the territory. Nor could I see any reason why persons
who had obtruded themselves upon the public land contrary, to law, should be allowed military protecti(m against
the petty offences of which these people complained, especially as it did not appear that the civil authority had been
opposed, nor even resorted to by the complainants.
' - The enclosure, marked A, contains a copy of my reply to the inhabitants of Murder Creek, and in this you will
find the substance of my other replies, both written and verbal. Since the date of this reply, and, as I have reason
to believe, some days after it reached the settlement of Murder Creek, a Mr. Glass, near that place, was killed by
an Indian, who was said to be accompanied by three others.
On receiving this information, I immediately despatched a discreet officer, Lieutenant Leftwich. to ascertain the
particulars of the outrage, with a view to send a party in pursuit of the offenders, in case they should not have been
arrested by the civil authority.
A.
To the Inhabitants of Murder Creek, Mabama Territory.
Head-quarters, Camp Montgomery, M. T. July 12, 1817.
Gentlemen:
I have received ynui' communication of the 21st of last month, stating that the Indians residing upon the Con-
aka had killed cattle and hogs belonging to the inhabitants of Murder Creek, and had broke into their houses, and
taken from them some provisions, corn, &c.
In reply, I have to observe, that all Indians within the lately acquired territory are amenable to our laws, and
may be prosecuted for the offences of which you complain, in the same manner as if they were white inhabitants.
The lands cultivated by friendly Indians within the ceded territory have been reserved and guarantied to them
by treaty; and by a late act of Congress, the ageht of Indian affairs has been authorized to settle the respective
claims to such reservations. Until this is effected, there exists no where any sort of authority to drive off such In-
dians settled upon the public land.
Governor Mitchell, the agent, will in a short time enter upon the examination and adjustment of those claims.
The disposition which you have manifested to abstain from* " rash measures" towards those Indians, affords
ground to hope that, viewing them as a part of the human family, possessing the right of residing among us, you will
make allowance for their ignorance and their wants, wliich are calculated rather to awaken our commiseration, than
to excite in us a spirit of hostility towards them.
That you may have peace and prosperity throughout your settlement, is the sincere wish of
Your obedient servant,
EDMUND P. GAINES.
Extract of a letter from Major Twiggs to General Gaines, dated
Fort Scott, September 17, 1817.
Your communicanon to the Indians on the east si'de of Flint river was read and explained to the principal chief
oftheMickasukies, theetliofthis month. He promised to give an answer in (en days at furthest. I have detained the
express until this time, in expectation of sending it on by him, but have been disappointed. I have not heard from (hem
since. The interpreter informed me the principal warriors were absent when he was there, but what were present said
they never heard of Indians being given up to be punished by the whites; that they had heard of their being sometimes
killed by themselves, for offences committed, but seemed to think that giving them up was out of .the question; but
• The inhabitants promised not to resort to " rash measures."
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 6g5
said they would have a meeting, and would answer the letter in a few days. As they have not done so, T think but
one construction can be put on iheir conduct. The yiiuns seemed to dislii<e (he cummunicatidn very much; and
when Gregory was about leaving the town, he offeied his hand to an Indian, who held out his wilh a kniTe in it, and
refused to shake hanils with him. He staid so shnit a time among them, that it was impossible for him to give
much infiirmali(m respecting thein. Captain Donoho has returned; he has been sick in Hartford, which was the
cause of his delay. On his return, the Indians were very rude to him, and frequently threatened his guide, and
once caught hold of the captain's bridle in a threatening manner.
Extract of a letter from General Gaines to the Secretary of War, dated
Camp Montgomery, M. T. October 1, 1817.
I have the honor to lay before you a copy of a letter which I have received from the chiefs of ten of the Seminole
towns, in reply to my demand for the delivery of the murden-rs of our citizens.
By this communicafiim it appears, that, instead of a compliance with my demand, the chiefs have set up a claim
against us for the lives of three Indians, for whom they allege they have nut yet taken satisfaction. They charge
us wilh having killed ten of their warriors, and, claiming a balance of three to be due them, they admit, by necessary
implication, that they have killetl seven of our citizens.'
They acknowledge the murder of a woman (Mrs. Garret) and her two children. But the chiefs attempt to
justify this act, up(m the ground that the warriors who committed the outrage had just before lost some friends; had
entered our settlements to take satisfacti(m; found at the house of Garret a kettle belonging to the Indians that had
been killed, and, from this circumstance, supposed the murder had been committed by the " husband of the
woman;" they therefore killed her and her two childien!
By a letter from Major Twiggs, the commandant of Fort Scott, I learn that he had been warned, some weeks
past, by the principal chiefs of the Finvltown, (fifteen miles above the fort, and twenty above the national
boundary,) not to cut another stick on the east side of Flint river; adding, that the land was his, and he was directed
by the powers above to protect and defend it, and should do so; and it would be seen that talking could not frighten
him. Major Twiggs add>, he had not seen the chief, nor any of his people, since he made this threat. The major
states, in another letter, that this town had been detected in stealing one hundred head of cattle, in one drove, all
of which they had killed.
From Major Twiggs to General Gaines, dated
Fort Scott, Seplember 18, 1817.
Since I started the express this morning, the Indians have delivered the enclosed letter to me.
I have the honor to be, &c.
To the commanding officer at Fort Hawkins.
- "September, the 11th day, 1817.
Dear Sir:
Since the last war, after you sent word we must quit the war, we, the red people, have come over on this
side. The white people have carried all the red people's cattle off. After the war, I sent to all my people to let
wHite people alone, and stay on this side of the river; and they did so; but the white people still continue to carry
off' their cattle. Barnard's son was here, and I inquired of him what was to be flone; and he said we must go to
the head man of the white people, and complain. 1 did so, and there was no white head man, and there was no
law in this case. The whites first begun, and there is nothing said about that, but great complaint made about what
the Indians do. This is now three years, since the white people killed three Indians. Since that, they have killed
three other Indians, and taken their horses and what they had; and this summer they killed three more; and very
lately they killed one more. We sent word to the while people, that these murders were done, and the answer
was, that they were people that were outlaws, and we ought to go and kill them. The white people killed our people
first; the Indians then took satisfaction. Ther-e are yet three men that the r-ed people have never taken satisfaction
for. You have wrote that there wer-e houses burnt; but we know "f no such thing being done; the truth, in siich
cases, ought to be told; but this appears other wise. On that >ide of the river, the white people have killed five
Indians; but there is nothing said about that; and all that the Indians have done is brought up. All the mischief
the white people have done ought to be told to their head man. When there is any thing done you write to us; but
never write to your head man what the white people do. When the red people send talks, or write, they always
send the truth. You have sent to us for your horses, and we sentall that we could fiird; but there were some dead;
it appears that all the mischief is laid on this town; but all the mischief that has been done by this town, is twrt'
horses; one of them is dead, and the other was sent back. 'I'he cattle that we are accused of taking, wei-e cattle;
that the white people took fr-om us; our young men went and brought them back, with the same marks and brands.
There were some of oiir young nren out hunting, and they were killed; olher-s went to take satisfaction, and the
kettle of one of the men that was killed was found in the house where the woman and two childr-en were killed;
and they supposed it had beetr her husband who had killed the Indians, and took their satisfaction there. We are
accused of killing up Americans, and soon; but since the word was sent to us that peace was made, we stay sttfa^y
at home, and meddle wiih no person. You have sent to us respecting the black people on the Suwany river; we
have nothing to do with them. They were put ther-e by the Engli>h, and to them you ought to apply for any thrng
about them. We do not wish our country desolated by an army passing through it, for the concern of other people.
The Indians have slaves there also, a great many of ihem. When we have an opportunity, we shall apply to the
English for them; but we cannot get them now.
This is what we have to say at present.
Sir, I conclude by subscribing myself your humble servant, &c.
N. B. There are ten towns have read this letter, and this is the answer.
Extract of a letter from George Graham, acting Secretary of War, to Brevet Major General Edmund P. Gainei,
Fort Hawkins, Georgia, dated
October 30, 1817.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant, covering a copy of (he reply which
was made, by ten of the Seminole towns, to the demand made by yoU on them for the surrender of the murderers of
some of our citizens.
These paper's have been submitted to the President, and I am instructed by him to inform you that lie approves
of the movement of the troops from Fort Montgomery to Fort Scott}, the appearance of this additional force, he
flatters himself, will at least have the effect of restraiiring the Seminoles from committing further depredations, and
perhaps of inducing them to make reparation for the murders which they have committed. Shoukl they, however,
87 TO
686 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818,
persevere in their refusal to make such reparation, it is the wish of the President that you should not, on that
account, pass the line, and make an attack upon them within tiie limits of Florida, until you shall have received
instructions from this department.
You aie auihorized to remove the Indians still remaining on the lands ceded by the treaty made by General
Jackson wilh the Creeks; and, in doing so, it may be proper to retain some of them as hostages urttil reparation
may have been made for the depredations which have been committed. On this subject, however, as well as to the
manner of removing them, you will exercise your disqretion. Mcintosh, and the other chiefs of the Creek nation,
who were here some time since, expressed then, decidedly, their unwillingness to permit any of the hostile Indians
to return to their nation.
P. S. The authority to remove the Indians will, of course, not extend to those Indians and their families who
have claims to reservations of lands under the treaty.
Extract of a letter from General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Chatahoochee, November 9, 1817.
From various reports from the Seminole Indians I can only learn that they are determined to deliver up none
of their offenders; nor will they restore stolen property, except one town, the Mickasukees, the chief of which
professes to be friendly. By the enclosed letter from Major Twiggs it appears they are determined to attack us
as soon as we cross Flint river; and that they have two thousand seven hundred warriors. Although 1 feel little
faith in their threats, and believe their numbers to be overrated, yet I deem it proper to be provided with additional
force. I have, therefore, requested of his excellency the Governor of Georgia a regiment of infantry, and a squa-
dron of cavalry, which, he has informed me, are held in readiness to march.
Extract of a letter from General Edmund P. Gaines to Mqijor General Andrew Jackson.
Head-quarters, Fort Gaines, Georgia, November 9, 1817.
Previous to my leaving the Coroka I ascertained that the accounts I had received respecting the Seminole
Indians being at Fensacola were incorrect, and that the number of Indians of different tribes there did not exceed
what had been usual at this season of the year. This statement was soon after confirmed by Mr. Dcnson, and the
interpreter Cornels. The latter, however, states that he had seen and conversed with the hostile party of Uchu
warriois, part of whom killed Johnston, and Magasky, and Mr. Glass. They now consist of about thirty warriors,
or thirty-tive. They were, a few days past, at the mouth of Yellow Water; had several stolen horses which they
offered for sale, and declared their determination to be always hostile towards our citizens.
From Major Twiggs I learn that he has received information, upon which he places reliance, that the Indians
have recently had a meeting at the Mickasukee town, of near two thousand seven hundred warriors, when it was
determined they would attack us, as soon as we should cross the Flint river. Although I put little faith in these
threats, and believe their numbers to be overrated, yet I deem it proper, keeping an eye to the safe side, to be
provided wilh additional force; and have, therefore, desired the Governor of Georgia to send me the regiment of
infantry and squadron of cavalry, held in readiness for (hat purpose: for, in a war with savages, I think little
shouUi be hazanlcd; as every little advantage which we suft'ev them to acquire tends to add, in an extraordinary
degree, to their strength and confidence.
Extract of a letter from General Gaines to Major General Andrew Jackson.
Fort Scott, Georgia, November 21, 1817.
The first brigade arrived at this place on the 19th instant. I had previously sent an Indian runner to notify
the first town cliief, E-me-hemaut-by, of my arrival, and with a view to ascertain whether his hostile temper had
abated, requested him to visit me. He replied, that he had already said to the commanding officer here all he had
to say, and he would not come.
He had warned Major Twigs* not to cross or cut a stick of wood on the east side of Flint nver, alleging that
the land was his; that he was directed, by the Powers above and below, to protect and defend it, and should do so.
This being the talk referred to, and his town having continued to be hostile ever since the last war, having partici-
pated, as the friendly Indians assert, in the predatory war carried on for some time past against the Georgia frontier,
I yesterday detached two hundred and fifty men (supposed to be about the strength of the town) under the command
of Major Twiggs, with orders to bring me the chief and warriors; and in the event of resistance to treat them as
enemies. ■ , r ■ l • . «•
The detachment arrived at the town early this morning, and were instantly fired upon, but without effect.
The fire was briskly returned by the detachment, and tlie Indians put to flight, with the loss of four warriors slain;
and, as there is reason to believe, many were wounded.
It is with deep regret 1 have to add that a'woiiian was accidentally shot, with some warriors, in the act ot
forcing their way through our line formed for the purpose of arresting their flight. The unfortunate woman had a
blanket fastened round her (as many of the warriors had) which, amidst the smoke in which they were enveloped,
rendered it impossible, as I am assured by the officers present, to distinguish her from the warriors.
Among the articles found in the house of the chief, was a British uniform coat (scarlet) with a pair of gold
epaulettes, and a certificate signed by a British captain of marines, " Robert White, in the absence of Colonel
I^ichoUs," stating that the chief had always been a true and faithful friend to the British. '
The reports of friendly Indians concur in estimating the number of hostile warriors, including the Red Sticks
and Seminoles, at more than two thousand, besides the blacks, amounting to near four hundred men, and increas-
ing by runaways from Georgia. They have been promised, as several Indians inform me, assistance from the
British at New Providence. This promise, though made by Woodbine, is relied on by most of the Seminole
Indians. I have not a doubt but they will sue for peace, as soon as they find their hopes of British aid to be without
foundation.
Extract of a letter from General Gaines to the Secretary qf War.
Fort Scott, Georgia, November 26, 1817.
With a view to ascertain the strength of tin hostile Indians in the vicinity of Fowltown, and to reconnoitre
the adjacent country, I, a few days past, detached Lieutenant Colonel Arbuckle, with three hundred officers and
men. The colonel reports that the Indians had placed themselves in a swamp out of which about sixty warriors
made their appearance near the town, and. with the war-whoop, commenced a brisk fire upon our troops, which
they returned in a spirited manner. The fire continued but fifteen or twenty minutes,^ when the Indians were
silenced, and retired into the swamp, with a loss, which the colonel estimates at six or eight killed, and a greater
number wounded. We had one man killed, and two wounded.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 687
Department of War, December 2, 1817.
Sir:
Your letter of the 9th ult. advising of the call on the Governor of Georgia to assemble the auxiliary furce,
which had been previously required by you, at Fort Hawkins, on the SSth Ultimo, has been received.
It is hoped that the letter addressed to you from this Department, on the 30;h of October, will have been
received, and that you will confine your operations to the objects stated in that ctnnmunication. and to such a dis-
position ol the regular force under your command as will deter the Seminole Indians from making further depre-
dations on the frontiers of Georgia.
The state of our negotiations with Spain, and the temper manifested by the principal European Powers, make
it impolitic, in the gpiiiiun of the President, to move a force at this time, into the Spanish possessions, for the mere
purpose uf chastising the Seminoles fur depredations which have lieretolbre been committed by them.
I have the honor to be, &c.
w ^ . „ GEO. GRAHAM.
Major General Edmund P. Gainks.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Head-quarters, Fort Scott, Georgia, December 2, 1817.
Sir:
I had the honor to receive, on the 26lh ultimo, your communication of the .SO.lh October. I am very happy to
find that the Piesident approves of my movement. But I much regiet that his just expectations, as to the ett'ect there
■was reason to believe would be produced on the minds of the Indians, by this movement, have not been realised. I am
now quite convinced that the hostility of these Indians is, anil has long since been, of so deep a character, as to leave no
ground to calculate upon tranquillity, or the futnie security of our frontier settlements, until the towns south and east
of this place shall receive a signal pi oof of our ability and willingness to letaliate for every outrage. It is now my pain-
ful duty to report an affair (it a more serious and decisive nature than has heretofore occurred, and which leaves no
doubt of the necessity of an immediateapplication of force and active measures on our part. A larse paily of Seminole
Indians, on the 30ih ultimo, formed in ambuscade, upon the Appalachicola river, a mile below the junction of the Flint
and Chatahoochee, attacked one of our boats, ascending the river near the shore, and killed, wounded, and took, the
greater part of the detachment, consisting of fiirty men, commanded by Lieutenant R. W. Scott of the 7ih infantry.
There were also on board, killed or taken, sevenvviniien, the wives of soldiers. Six men of the detachment only
escaped, four of whom were wounded. They report that the strength of the current, at the point of attack, had
obliged the lieutenant to keep his boat near the sliore; that the Indians had formed along the bank of the river, and
were not discovered until their iiie commenced; in the first volley of which Lieutenant Scott and his most valuable
men fell. The lieutenant and his party had been sent from this place, some days before, to assist Major Muhlen-
burg in ascending the river with three vessels laden with military stores, brought from Montgomery and Mobile.
The major, instead of retaining the parly to assist him. as I had advised, (see the enclosure No. 1.) retained only
about twenty men; and, in their place, put a like number of sick, with the women, and some regimental clothing.
The boat thus ladened was delachetl alone lor this place. It is due to Major Muhlenburg to observe, that, at the
time he detachetl the boat, 1 have reason to believe, lie was not apprised ol any recent hostilities having taken place
in this quarter. It appears, however, from Lieutenant Scott's letter, received about the hour he was attacked,
(enclosure No. 2,) that he had be^n warned ol' the danger. Upon the receipt of this letter. 1 had two boats tilled
up with covers, and with port-holes for defence; and detached Daptain Clinch, with an officer and forty men, with
an order to secure the movement of Lieutenant Scott, and then to assist Major Muhlenburg: this detachment em-
barked late in the evening of the 30lh, and must have passed Oie scene of action below at night, and some hours
after the affair terminated. I have not yet heaid from Captain Clinch; I shall immediately strengthen the detach-
ment under Major Muhlenburg with another boat secured against the enemy's fire. He will, therefore, move up
with safety, keeping near the middle of the river; I shall, moreover, take a position, with my principal force, at the
junction of the rivers, near the line; and shall attack any Ibrce that n):iy attempt to intercept our vessels and sup-
plies below; as I feel persuaded the order of the President, prohibiting an attack upon the Indians, below the line,
has reference only to the past, and not to the present or fntuie outrages, such as the one just now perpetrated, and
such as shall place our troops strictly within the pale of natural law, when self defence is sanctioned by the privilege
of self preservation. The wounded men who made their escape concur in the opinion, that they had seen upwards
of five hundred hostile Indian warriois at difftfient places, below the point of attack; of the force engiged, they ditttjr
in opinion, but all agree that the number was very considerable, extending about one hundred and fifty yards along
the shore, in the e<lge of a swamp or thick woods. I am assured by the friendly chief, that the hostile warriors of
every town upon the Chatahoochee prepared canoes and pushed otf'down the river to join the Seminoles, as soon as
the account of my movement from the Alabama reached them.
The Indians, now remaining upon the Chatahoochee, I have reason to believe, are well disposed. One of the new
settlers, however, has recently been killed; but it has been clearly proved that the murderer had belonged to the hos-
tile party. The friendly chiefs in the neighborhood, when apprised of the murder, assembled a party and sent in
pursuit of the offender; and followed him to Flint river, on the route to Mickasukee, whither he escaped. Oi rishajo,
and several other friendly chiefs, have offered me their services, with their vvariiors, to £0 against the Seminoles. I
have promised to give them notice of the time that may be fixed for my departure, and then to accept their services.
The enclosure (No. 3) contains the substance of what I have said to the chiefs who have visited me, several of whom
reside south of the Spanish line and west of the Appalachicola river. It w.is expected by the chiefs, that I should
communicate to them my views and wishe«. 1 felt authorized to say but little, and I deemed it necessary, in what
I should say, to endeavor to counteract the erroneous impressions by which they have been misled by pretended
British agents. I hope the President will see, iti what I liave said, nothing to disapprove. I feel persuaded a
report ofthe various talks, which I received from the chiefs, would show the propriety of what I have said to them;
such a report I have not a moment's time now to make. The Indians are, at this moment, firing at our camp from
the opposite line of the river.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
EDWARD P. GAINES.
To the Hon. Secretary of War, Major General by Brevet Commanding.
Wusldnglon City.
No. 1.
General Gaines to Major. Muhlenburg.
Fort Scott, November, 1817.
The waters having risen sufficiently high to enable you to ascend the river with all the vessels, I wish you to
do so, though it should take longer than I had anticipated. You can avail yourself of the aid of Lieutenant Scott's
detachment to expedite your movements hither. Keep your vessels near to each other; and should you meet with
any insuperable obstacle, endeavor to apprise me thereof, and you shall have additional relief. Wishing to see you
soon with your fleet,
I remain, with great regard, your obedient servant,
E. P. GAINES.
To Major Muhlenburg, .c^-.iTiijiliu
Commanding the United States^ troops ascending the Appalachicola.
688 ■ MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Spanish Bluff, November 28, 1817.
P'nclosetf you will receive Major Muhlenbui'g's communicafinn, which he flirects me to forward to you by
express (Vom this place. Mr. Hanibly informs me that Indians are assembling at tiie junction of the river, where they
intend to make a stand against those vessels coming up the rWer; shouhl this be the case. lam hot able to make a
stand against them. My command does not exceed forty men, and one half sick, and without arms. I leave this
immediately. ' ■
I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. W. SCOTT,
■ t ., I , Lieut. 7th Infantry, commanding Detachment.
Note. — The bearer of this is entitled to three dollars on delivering this letter. The Indians have a report here
that the Indians have beaten the white people.
Chiefs and Warriors:
The President of the United Sti\tes has been informed of the murders and thefts committed by the hostile
Indians in this part of the country. He has authnrizeil General Jackson to arrest the offenders, and cause justice
to be dime,. The Indians have been required to deliver up the murderers of our citizens, and the stolen property,
but they refused to deliver eitlier; they have had a council at Micknsukee, in which they have determined upon
war; they have been at war against helpless women and children, let them now calculate upon fighting men. We
have long known that we had enemies east of this river: we likewise know we have some friends; but they are so
mixed together we cannot always distinguish theone from the other. The Pre>ident, wishing to do justice to his
red friends and children, has given orders for the bad to be sepaiated from the good. Those who have taken up
arms against him, and such as liave listened to the bad talks of the people beyond the sea, must go to Mickasukee
Suwany,' where we wish to find them together. But all those wlio were our friends in the war will sit still at
their homes in peace; we will pay them for what corn and meat they have to sell to us; we will be their fiiends,
and when they are hungry we will give them meat. The hostile party pretend to .calculate upon help from the
British! they may as well look for soidiers from the moon to help tliem. Their wairiois were beaten, and driven
fiom our countiy l)y American troops. The English aie not able to help themselves: how, then, should they help
the old " Red Sticks," whom they h;ive ruined by pretended friendship?
Extract of a letter from, General Gaines to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort Scott, Georgia, December 4, 1817.
I would much more willingly devote my time and humble faculties in the delightful occupation of bringing
over savage man to the walks of civil life, where this is practicable without force, than to contribute to the destruc-
tion of any one of the human race; but every effort in the work <tf civilizatiim, to be efTectual, must accord with
the imn\utable principles of justice. The savage must be taught and compelled to do that which is right, and to
abstain fi-om doing that which is wrong. The poisonous cup of barbarism cannot be taken from the lips of the savage
by the mild voice of reason alone; the strong mandate of justice must be resorted to and enforced.
After all that the wisdom and philanthropy of nur countiy anti Government, aided by millions of mimey, have
yet been able to efl(;ct, it is a melancholy truth, that in no Indian nation wiihin my knowledge, (the Chickasaws
excepted,) has the scalping knife been laid aside for any considerable length of time^ until their every hope of using
it with impunity had been defeated.
Department of War, December 9, 1817.
Sir:
Your letter, bearing date the 21st ultimo, advising of the arrival of the first brigade at Fort Scott on the lOfh
ultimo, and of the subsequent attack with the Indians at Fowl town, has been received. Although the necessity
of thiiS attack, and the consequent etfusicm of blood, is exceedingly to be regretted, yet it is hopetl that the prompt
measures which vvere taken by you on your arrival at Fort Scott, and the display of such an efficient force in that
quarter, will induce the Indians to abstain from further depredations, and sue for peace.
Referring to the letters aildressed to you fnm» this Department on the 30th of October ami 2il of December, as
manifesting the views of the President, I have to request that you conform to the instructions therein given. Should
the Indians, however, assemble in fiirce on the Spanish sideof the line, and persevere in committing hostilities
within the limits of the United States, you will, in that event, exercise a sound discretion as to the propriety of
crossing the line for the purpose of attacking thein, and breaking up their town.
I have the honor to be, &c.
GEO. GRAHAM.
Major General Edmund P. Gaines.
Extract of a letter from David B. Mitchell, Indian agent, to George Graham, acting Secretary of War, dated
■, , , Creek AgenCv, December 14, 1817.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your two letters of the 3lst of October, and 3d November last.
Before the receipt of those letters, a meeting of the principal chief's had been called by the J jttle Prince, at the
town of Thla-cotch-cau, on the Chatahoochee river, near Fort Mitchell, at which I attended; the object of which
was to fake into consideration the state of the nation, and particularly the measures which it would be proper for
them to take in relation to those Indians residing between Fort Gaines and the Spanish line; and also the conduct
they should pursue with regai<l to the war with the Seminoles. They unanimously expressed much regret that lios-
tilities should have commenced between the troops under General liaines and the Fowltown Indians, who] reside
wiihin our boundary; because these Indians, although they did not unite with the friendly ones during the late war,
neither did they join the Red Sticks, and had recently expressed a great desire to become decidedly friendly.
They were, however, perfectly willing that theii- warriors should join General Gaines against the Seminoles.
I slated to them that it was not the desire of the Pi-esident to go to war with the Seminoles, if he could honora-
bly avoid it; and, at the present moment, he would not consent to their going against the Seminoles wiihin the Spa-
nish territory, under authority of ihe United States; that they must wait, therefore, until I gave them the order to
.march. At. the same time, I advised them to send a confidential and trusty chief down to the Indians living
.between Fort Gaines and the Spanish line, and desired them immediately to remove' above the line of Jackson's
treaty; and that the same chief should then proceed directly to the Mickasuckee town, the head quarters of the
Seminoles and Reil Sticks of the late war,and propose to them certain terms of peace, and a junction of their force
to go against the negro camp. The objects which this chief was instructed to hold out to those Indians as attaina-
ble, by adopting this course, were various, and of sufficient importance, in the view of th ise making the proposi-
tion, to induce a belief that they would be favorably received; in which event, I should proceed to Fort Scott to
adjust their differences. This course of proceeding was immediately adopted, and the head man of the Osoochies,
1S18.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 689
Hopoi-Haijn, set out on the same day, charged with (he mission. To afti)rd time to ascertain the result of this plan,
and that 1 might be able to communicate with the War Department, another meeting was assigned for the Utli of
next month, at this place, when all the friendly warriors, with Mcintosh at their head, will attend to receive theii
final oiders. But. oii my return to this place, 1 fortunately lell in with General Gaines, on his way to Fort Haw-
kins, from whom 1 learned the fatal ilisaster which had befallen a detachment of his troops, under Lieutenant Scott,
on the 30ih of last month; the particulars of which he informed me he hud communicated, which tenders a detail
from me uimecessary.
In speaking with General 'iaines upon the subject of the road from Fort Hawkins to Fort Stoddert, he informed
me that it was not this road' to which he referred in his communication to the War Department, but ninety miles of
new road, which he had made between Fort Montgomery and Fort Scott, and by which he recently matched the
troops from the forn;er to the latter post. As soon as 1 receive the live thousand dollars which you have ordered to
be remitted tu me, I shall endeavor to lay it out to the very best advantage in repairing the bridges and roads; and
General Gaines has assured me that, as soon as the troops can be spaied, a detaciiment shall be ordered to assist.
Copy of a letter from Major General E. P. Gaines to the Secretary of War, dated
Head-quarters, Fort Hawkins, Georgia, December 15, 1817.
Sir:
I arrived at this place the day before yesterday morning. In the. afternoon of (he same day, I reviewed (he
detachment of Georgia militia, under the command of Brigadier General Glasscock. They look well, and are ready
to march; but the inattention on the part of the contractor's agent to the lequisitions for a supply of rations will, I
apprehenil, according to custom, delay the movement of the militia until some part of the frontier settlements sufttir
by the Indians, who, I have no doubt, .vill detach considerable parties for this purpose as soon as they tind them-
selves unable to succeed in any attempt against the regular troops at Fort Scott; and 1 think it cannot be long before
they are convinced of this. But, although I consider the regular troops secure in the positions they occupy, yet I
am satisfied their numbers will not warrant their being detached, or leaving their places of defence, except to a very
small extent.
I have just now received Mr. Graham's letter of the id instant.
The views of the President, so lar as may depend on me, shall be scrupulously observed. I should instantly
discharge the Georgia militia, were I n .t strongly impressed with a belief that such a step would hazard the safety
of the (loniier settlements, i'he Seminole Indians, however strange and absurd it may appear to those who under-
stand little of their real character and extreme ignorance, entertain a notiim that they cannot be beaten by our
troops. They confidently assert that we never have beaten them, or any of their people, except when we have been
assisted by *' red people." This will appear the less extraordinaiy when it is recollected that they have little or no
means of knowing the strength and re-ources of our country; they have not travelled through it; they read neither
books nor newspapers; nor have they opportunities of conversing with persons able to inform them. I feel warranted,
from all I know of these savages, in saying that they do not believe we can beat them. This ei ror of theirs has led
them, from tiine to time, lor many years past, to massacre our frcmtier citizens, often the unutf'ending and helpless
mother and babes. 1 felt myself lully authorized to adopt the only ineasures which long experience has proved to
be adequate to put a stop to these outrages. I was pleased with the prospect of being instrumental in efttctitig an
object of so much importance to our exposed frontier settlements, and which I felt, and still feel, persuaded would,
in "the end, benefit the Indians. The steps I have taken aie known to the Department of War. You can more
readily conceive than I can describe the mortitication and disappointment I have experienced in being compelled
to suspend or abandon my measures at a moment when the loss of Lieutenant Scott and his party had given the
enemy an liccasion of tiiumph, and a certain prospect of increasing his strength, by enlisting against us all who had
before wavered or hesitated. Permit me, then, to repeat my request that I may be permitted to return.
There is little ground to apprehend that we shall find it necessary to follow the Indians far beyond the national
boundary. They are now to be found in very considerable parties on our side of tlie line.
I have not a doubt of the necessity of sending to Flint river, by way of Hartfoid, the detachment of militia under
General Glasscock. My endeavors to.put the delachment in motion will delay my own movement until the 17th
instant, at which lime I shall resume my march to Point Petre.
An opinion prevails among the well informed of this part of the country (who have, by some means unknown
to me, been advised of our intention to take Amelia Island) that our troops there will meet with no opposition.
Should this be the case, I shall return to Fort Scott without delay.
I have the honor, &c.
EDMUND P. GAINES, Major General Commanding.
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
Extract of a letter from Major General Andrew Jackson to George Graham, Acting Secretary of H'ar, dated
HEAD-quARTF.Rs. DIVISION OF THE SouTH, Nashville, December 16, 1817.
I am in hopes that this check to the savages may incline them to peace. Should it not, and their hostility
contii^ue the protection of our citizens will require that the wolf be struck in his den; lor, rest assured, if ever the
Indians find out that the territorial boundary of Spain is to be a sanctuary, their murders will be mu liplied to a
degree that our citizens on the southern li-ontier cannot bear. Spain is bound by treaties to keep the Indians, within
herterritory, at peace with us; having failed to do this, necessity will justily the measure, alter giving her due
notice, to lollow the marauders and punish them in their retreat. The war hatchet having been raised, unless the
Indians sue for peace, your frontier cannot be protected without entering their country; (rum hmg experience, this
result has been fully established.
Department of War, December 16, 1817.
Sir'
On the receipt of this letter, should the Seminole Indians still refuse to make reparation for their outrages
and depredations on the citizens of the United States, it is the wish ot the President that you consider youiselt at
liberty to march across the Florida line and to attack them within its limits, should it be found necessary, unless
they should shelter themselves under a Spanish post. In the last event, you will immediately iiotily this Department.
■ I have the honor to be, &c. j. c. CALHOUN.
General Edmund P. Gaines, Fort Scott, Georgia.
Department of War, December 26, 1817.
Your letters of November the 26th, and of the 2d and 3d instant, were received by this morning's mail. The
fate of the detachment under Lieutenant Scott is much to be regretted; but, under all the circumstances, no blame
can attach to youreelf or the officers immediately concerned. Wiien the order ot the 12th November was given,
690 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
directing you to repair to Amelia Island, it was hoped tiiat the Seminoles would have been brought to their reason
without an actual use of force, and that their hostility wouhl not assume so serious an aspect. It is now a subject
of much regret, that the service in that quarter has been deprived of your well known skill and vigiiiince.
Before this will reach you, it is hoped that the views of the President in relation to the settlement on Amelia
Island will have been eflfccted. Should that be the case, it is his wish that you should immediately repair to Fort
Scott, and resume the command till General Jackson's ariival, to whom orders have this d:iy been sent to command
there; or, if you should think the force undei' your command suHicient, and other circumstances will admit, to
penetrate through Florida, and co-operate in the attack on the Seminoles. lam not. sufficiently acquainted with
the topography of the country between Amelia and their towns, to say whether it is practicable, or what would be
the best route; but it is not improbable that some advantage might be taken of the St. John's river, to effect the
object. Should it be practicable, it is probable efficient aid might be given to the attack on them, as the attention
of their warriors must be wholly directed towards Fort Scott. Should you think it practicable and advisable to
co-opeiate, wiih the force under your command, you will leave a sufficient number at Amelia Island to retain the
possession of that place.
I have the honor to be, &c.
J. C. CALHOUN.
Brevet Major General Edmund P. Gaines.
\
Department of War, December 26, 1817.
Sir:
You will repair, with as little delay as practicable, to Fort Scott, and assume the immediate command of the
forces in that section of the southern division.
The increasing display of hostile intentions, by the Seminole'Indians, may render it necessary to concentrate all
the c(mliguous and disposable force of your division upon that quaiter. The regular force now there is about
eight hundred strong, and one thousand militia of the Slate of Georgia are called into seivice. General Gaines
estimates the strength of the Indians at two thousand seven hundred. Should you be of opinion that your numbers
are too small to beat the enemy, you will call on the PiXecutrves of adjacent States for such an additional militia
force as you may deem requisite.
General Gaines had been ordered, early in last month, to repair to Amelia Island. It is presumed that he has,
therefore, relinquished the command at Fort Scott. Subsequent orders have been given to Gener:d Gaines, (copies
of which will be furnished you,) advising him that you wouhl be directed to lake command, and diiecting him to
reassuLne, shouhl he deem the public interest to require it, the command at Foit Scott, until you should arrive
there. If, however, the General should have pr()gressed to Floriila before these subsequent orders may have
reached him, he was instructed to penetrate to the Seminole towns through the Floridas, provided the strength of
his command at Amelia would justify his engaging in offensive operations.
With this view, you may be prepared to concentrate your forces, and to adopt the necessary measures to terrfiinate
-a conflict which it has been the desire of the President, from considerations of humanjty, to avoid, but which is now
made necessary by their settled hostilities.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,
J. C. CALHOUN.
Major General Andrew Jackson, commanding Southern Division,
Extract of u letter from General Gaines to the Secretary of War, dated
Head-quarters, Hartford. Georgia, January 9, 1818.
Sir: .
I had the honor to receive, on my way to this place, the 5th instant, by express, from Fort Hawkins, your
very acceptable letters of the 9th and 16th of last month.
The instructions they contain shall be reg;ir(led with the attention which their importance demands.
I received by the same express several reports, up to the 21st December', from Lieutenant Colonel Arbuckle
and Major Mulrlenburg, copies oi which I enclose herewith, Nos. 1,2, 3, and 4.
By these reports it appears that the principal force of the enemy (between eight- hundred and twelve hundred)
has been assembled on the Appalachicola, with a view to cut off our supplies ordered up that river, and that the
detachment with the vessels has suffered severe annoyance and some loss.
I do not apprehend that we shall lose a vessel, or that any ser-ious consequences to th? troops at Fort Scott will
result fronr the delay and difficulty of obtaining supplies by that channel. The supply of flour is more than
sufficient for the present monlh, and there is likewise a considerable supply ()f corn at the fort, and beef cattle in
the neighborhood. Of salted pork there can be but little until the ariival in ihe river of thirty thousand rations, and
with every other requisite supply ordered in the early part of last month from Mobile,' and which may be brought
up the liver in the covered ball- proof boats which have been prepared for the purpose. But to guard against every
untoward obstacle in that quarter, 1 have ordered supplies from this place and Fort Hawkins, part of which are
now on the way, and will be deposited at a wctrk now constr-ucting by the detachment under Gener-al Glasscock, on
Flint river, at the Chetaw villuge, sixty miles above Fort Scott, whence (he supplies will be taken in ball-proof
boats; and 1 have strong ground to believe they will be at Fort Scott by the 24th of the present monlh, at which
time 1 calculate upon being able to concentr-ate my force, and shall lose no time in attempting a decisive blow,
which I trust will terminate the war'. '
I have received information that a party of Indians entered the settlement near Traders' Hill, a few days past,
killed a woman, and took off some three or four negroes. I had pr'eviously ordered a detachment of artillery from
Amelia Island, with two companies of militia taken from General Floyd's division, to lake post at Traders'
Hill, for the defence of that settlement. I have reason to believe the artillery arrived at the Hill about the time
the murder was committed, and the militia soon after, and that the Indians were pursued.
The residue of militia taken from General Floyd's division (five companies) aru ordereil to this place to reinforce
General Glasscock's command, excepting one company, which will be posted rrear the big bend of Oakmulgee.
The detachment under General Glasscock, delayed by rainy weather, bad roads, and want of punctuality in the
contractor's department, miry not be able to form a junction with the United States' troops in time to put an end to
the war before their term of service expires, which will be early in next month. I have therefor'e requested of his
excellency the Governor- of this State an additional force, to as.'iemble at this place the 1st of next month, to consist
of four battalions of infantry and four companies of riflemen, for thi-ee months, which 1 hope will meet your
approbation.
No. 1.
Fort Scott, December 20, 1817.
Sir:
Since the day of your departure I have not received the least information, except by Indians, from Fort
Gaines, and I have no information whatever of the Georgia militia or Mcintosh's Indians.
You will herewith receive a copy of Brevet Major Muhlenburg's letter to me, of the 16ih instant.. which will
apprise you of his situation. The armed boat I sent down yesterday, under the command of Cnptain Blackstone,
with a supply of fifteen days' provisions for the men on board the vessel, and some materials to better secure then*
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. ggj
from the fire of the enemy. I had the boat so altered as fo make her convenient to carry forward an anchor, by
which means the vessels will be enabled to progress slowly, and I think will reach this in eight or ten days,
unassisted by Ihe wind; they are about thirty miles below.
I shall do every thing the force under my command will permit, without hazarding too much, to draw the attention
ot the enemy Irom the vessels, whose force, from the best information I have been able to obtain, is between eight
hundred and twelve hundred Indians and negroes, and increasing daily. On the 13th instant, Hambly and Uoyle
were^made priwiiers by I his parly, and, I presume, killed, and their property of every description taken possession
ot. 1 he chiel, William Perryman, who had gone down with a pirty to protect Hambly and Doyle, was killed, and his
men forced to join the opposite party. All the Indians on the Chattahoochee, below Fort Gaines, who are not
disposed to go to, war, 1 fear will be compelled to remove above for security.
The present war with these Indians will require a much greater force than was contemplated to bring it to a
speedy and avorable conclusion. .Capechinnico, or the principal chief of the Mickasukee town, is in command of
all the hostile Indians.
I have a large keel boat on the stocks, and should I not be deceived, will have her in a condition for service in
twenty days, at farthest; she will transport from three tu four hundred barrels, and wUl be constructed to navigate
the Appalachicola river with safety and despatch.
In consequence of the situatiim of our vessels, and the difficulty of supplying Fort Hughes, I have thought it
best to recall the command. During the time Captain Mcintosh comoiaiuled that post, he was surrounded by alarge
force, and his arrangements were such as to do him much credit; he did the enemy some injury, and had no men
killed or wounded.
There is but about twenty days' rations of meat on hand at this post. I have sent the contractor's agent to Fort
Games to forward beet, and if he should be disappointed there, have directed him to proceed further.
I am, sir, &c. &c. &c.
„ . ^ , M. ARBUCKLE, Lieutenant Colonel Commanding.
Major General Gaines.
No. 2.
Fort Scott, December '31, 1817.
Sir:
Since closing my letter, the keel boat arrived from the vessels below with some wounded.
Major Muhlenburg states, it is impossible for the vessels to get up, the shore being lined on both sides of the
river with Indians and negroes, who keep up a constant tire on them. He has determined, if the boat does not re-
turn tohim this evening, to drop down and try to get to the bay. The boat will leave this under the command of
Major Twiggs at 12 o'clock to day, and will reach' them by sundown, provided it is not interrupted. in its descent.
I shall endeavor to keep up an intercourse with them (by means of the keel-boat) until we can get the ammuni-
tion from on board, and, in the last extremity, they will be compelled to drop down to the bay; in doing which, I
am apprehensive they will suffer severely.
You have, herewith, a copy of Brevet Major Muhlenbuig's letter of the 19th inst. He appears dissatisfied that
more has not been done for his relief; in this nothing shall be omitted that the force here can effect.
Should I attempt to march against the enemy with all the force here, with the intention of removing him from the
the river, I am confident I should not succeed, and, at least, would sustain a very considerable loss.
Men and means of every description are greatly wanting here, and should any misfortune happen to the vessels
we have not half a supply of ammunition, and not a single stand of spare arras. j
1 have not heard a word from you since your departme.
I am, sir, &c. &c.
M. ARBUCKLE, Lieutenant Colonel Commanding.
Major General E. P. Gaines. -
No. 3.
Near the Ochesee town, ojj the Appalaciiicola river,
Tuesday evening, December 16, 1817.
Sir:
On Monday morning the transports were atfacke<l by the Indians from both sides of the river, with a heavy
fire of small arms. We returned their fire; the firing has continued ever since. We have lost two killed and thir-
teen wounded, most of ihein severely; whether we have injured them any, I am unable to say- We are now com-
pelled to remain here, as it is impossible for us to carry out a warp, as a man cannot show himself above the bul-
wark without being fired on. I can assure you that our present situation is not the most pleasant, not knowing how
soon, or whether, we are to receive succor from above.
The wounded are in but a bad situation, owing to the vessels being much crowded, and it is impossible to make
them any ways comfortable on board. Not having any other means to communicate to you, I am compelled to
despatch the keel-boat under the command of Captain Clinch, with instructions to make the best of his way to Fort
Scott.
I hope to hear from you soon with instructions how I am to proceed in my present situation.
With respect, &c.
P. MUHLENBURG, Brevet Mqjor.
P. S. We have but a few days' provision on hand; the men have been on half allowance for some time.
Sir:
No. 4.
New Ochesee Town, December 19, 1817.
Yours by Captain Blackston was received at 12 o'clock this morning, and was in hopes that you would have
been able to afford some relief to tlie command, as our situation demanded that something should have been done
immediately. That we are not able to progress is evident, as we have the enemy on both sides of the river, and,
therefore, impracticable to carry out a warp. Had we not heard from you by the keel-boat this morning, it was
decided that we should have attempted to return to the bay this evening. I shall now despatch the keel-boat under
the command of Lieutenant Gray, and try to retain our present position until the night of the 21st.
In case we should not hear from you, or be reinforced by land, we shall make the attempt to reach the bay. For
further particulars, I refer you to Lieutenant Gray.
With respect, &c.
P. MUHLENBURG, Major.
Lieut. Colonel Arbiickle.
Extract of a letter to Brevet Major General Edmund P. Gainef:, dated
Department of War, January 16, 1818. \
The honor of the United States requires that the war with the Seminoles should be terminated speedily, and with
exemplary punishment, for hostilities so unprovoked. Orders were issued soon after iity arrival here, directing the
war to be carried on within the limits of Florida, should it be necessary to its speedy and effectual termination. The
orders, I presume, have been received.
692 MILITARY AFFAIRS, [1818.
As soon as it was knnwn that you had repaired to Amelia Island, in obedience to orders, and it being uncertain
how long you misht be detained there, ihe state of things at Fort Sciitt made it necessary to order General Jackson
to take comnianil there. From his known promptitude, it is presuniable that his arrival may be soon expected; and,
in the mean lime, full confidence is placed inyour well established military talents. 1 hope the junction of the mili-
tia will enable you to carry on offensive operations, and to restrain the enemy from depredations on the frontier.
J. C. CALHOUN.
HEAD-quARTERs, Hartford, Georgia, January 23, 1818.
Sir:
I have received this day from Lieutenant Colonel Arbuckle reports of the state of his command, up to the
I8th of the present month, and from Biigadier General Glasscock up to yesterday's date, copies of which I have
the honor to enclose herewith. No. 1 to 6. . ' . .
By these communications you will perceive that, whatever has been or can be said of the desire of Ihe Seminole
Indians to lay down their arms and make peace, there is in realily no prospect of peace without beating them into
a ctmviction of the danger and evil effects of a war with us; and I feel persuaded that a peace made with them at
this time would be followed by scenes of more daring outrage than those which our frontier settlements have here-
tofore suffered.
I have learned from an officer lately at Fort Hawkins, that there is in the post-office at that place a letter from
the Depai'Iment of War to Major General Jackson. The hope of seeing him, and ascertaining his views upon the
subject of our operations in this quarter, and to provide for supplying liie additional detachment of militia ordered
to this place, I have delayed my movement to Fort Scott, until 1 see or hear from the General, or from the Depart-
ment of War.
I have, &c.
EDMUND P. GAINES.
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
No. 1.
Fort Gaines, December 23, 1817.
Sir:
I received yours by Mr. Laycock last evening, expressing a wish to hear from this post. This is the third
attempt Ihat I have made to give you news from here; this saine man was made prisoner on his way to your post,
and a second time compelled to return back.
• You are anxious to know of the movements of the militia and Indians. I will give you what I have heard on
that subject: it was brought from Fort Mitchell by an Indian on express; he received it from Sam 'Sells, direct
fiom Fort Hawkins; he states that the militia were to leave ihe Agency on last Thursday; no word of them here
yet. He stated that there was considerable confusion amongst them about marching, and ihat some had refused to
inarch; and that the agent had told ihe Indians that Gener:d Gaines had no business to go to the Indian toWn< and
fii-e on them in the night; that he had acted like the Indians themselves in doing so. Mcintosh hud come as far as
Fort Mitchell on his way, and the agent has sent him home, and told him to meet him at the Agency, for a talk, in
thirty days, eighteen of which yet remains; and that he should not move untd the General Government should give
the (iider. This I expect is the case; for they have sent Onis Horyo a talk that he was doing wrong to be in sevvice
in this country till the agent should give him orders. He further states that the agent has sent a talk to Seminole
to the chiefs to meet him and he would make peace for them, and the white peciple shouhl have no satisfaction for
what was done. This is ihe news here as it respects Ihe Indians. I am induced to believe ihat lliey are not coming;
nothing new here since you heard from this post. At'ler all that I have said to the citizens, ihey are going from the
fort to their houses. General Gaines directed me to send you the census of the peopje at this post. . A few days
since there were two hundred and eighty -five persons in the fort, sixty of which have left it. The General directed
me to have a large corn house built for the recepticm of the people's corn; 1 have done so, but they have no dispo-
sition to do so. I am constantly advising the people to secure their provisi(ms, but they will not take advice till it
will be too late. So soon as they are done with tlie schooner, I shall expect a visit in this neighborhood. Six
will be sufficient to destroy all the corn in this part of the country, as it all remains at the people's houses without
any protection. .
An Indian report here says that Mr. Arbuthnot's son is with Ihe Indians, giving them instructions, and that it
was his doings that Doyle and Hambly were taken; they state that he is with Keiihija, and that his orders were to
take them to him. The chiefs below here sent word to those above that they hiive heard that they were in the, white
people's service, and ihat they will pay thein a visit after a little^ and reward them for their conduct. Finding that
those above are not coming down soon," they are considerably alarmed for fear they will fall on them.
ROBERT IRVIN.
Colonel Arbuckle, commanding Fort Scott.
No. 2.
Fort Scott, December 27, 1817.
Sir:
Enclosed you will receive a copy of a letter I received yesterday from Captain Irvin. Can the information
given by the Indian expresses be true.'
The armed bnat returned from the vessel in the Appalachicola river yesterday; anil, although they hive n;it pro-
gressed much, I was greatly gratified to be iiifoniieJ thit no men had been killed or wounded on bj.ird of them,
except those I informed you of in my communications of the 20th and 21st instant.
I consider the situation of those vessels much more safe than when I, wrote to you last, and have little doubt I
shall have them heie in ten days from this time, or, if not, I can unload them with safety below, and have them
returned to the bay. . .
I have had no information respecting the Georgia militia, or Mcintosh and his Indians, except what is contained
in the enclosed.
I have not heard of provisions being on the way from Fort Hawkins, nor have I received a line from you since
your departure from this post.
I am, &c.
Major General E. P. Gaines, St. Mary^s, Georgia.
No. 3.
M. ARBUCKLE, Lieut. Col. Com.
Fort Mitchell, December 30, 1817.
My Friend:
The messenger which was sent to the Mackasookies has returned with an answer to our talk. The Macka-
sookies say it was not them that began the war; they were sitting down in peace, and the white people came on
them in the night and fired on them. The Mackasookies are all sitting in their town and doing no mischief, and
waiting to see if the white people will make peace with them. The people that shot at the boat, and killed all the
white people, were the old Red Sticks from the Upper town— those that turned hostile last war. The man that
wassent to the Mackasookies (Hopoie Haija) with a peace-talk met the Mackasookies at the hall-way ground, coming
with a peace-talk to us.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. ggg
Mr. Hambly and Mr. Dnyle were taken prisoners; Hopoie Haija saw them; Tustennngee Chepeo has gone to
release tliem, and carry tlii-m to the fort at St. .Marks. I have sent you this little talk now; our meeting that
you appointed will soon be. and then every thing will be made straight.
The Chehaws have received two letters from the army, and they had nobody to read them, and they do not
know the contents^and wish the army could be stopped until our meeting is over.
TUSTENNOGEE HOPOIE,
HOPOIE HAIJA.
No. 4.
Camp Gumming, January 10, 1818.
Sir:
Yours of the 8th is just received, and I am extremely gratified to hear of your arrival at Hartford, as I already
feel considerably relieved. The many difficulties which have occurred since you left us, from c<mtnictors,
together with the want of experience, [ can assure you, has caused me to feel the responsibility attached to my
command; but, with your instructions, I flatter myself I shall now be able to get on.
We are now encamped about four miles from Fort Blackshear, on a very beautiful and commanding spot, with
a considerable creek on each side, about four miles flistant, neither of which can be crossed with wagons. A
bridge was erected on the one in our rear, but it is entirely gtme; so soon as the one in our front falls sufficiently,
it will be bridged. I have thought it advisable to have the roads repaired, which will be done immediately.
Upolicha, a confidential Indian, has just arriveil with a talk from Conard, the purpurt of which is as follows:
He states, that since the principal chiefs left home for the Agency, the whole of the property of one of them was
taken oft' by some of the Fowltown Indians, and that Conard is considerably alarmed for his own property. He
has advised us to be on our guard, particularly so far as it relates to the soldiers strolling from the campj which,
for fear of danger, will be attended to. We have not now on hand ten bushels of corn. Brockinan is ol opinion
that it will be dangerous to go again to the Chchaw, in consequence of which I have, at his particular request,
sent him with this express- I must refer you to him fur further information as to the corn and provisions to be pro-
cured in the nation.
I am almost fearful, when I recollect for a moment, that the time of service for which this detachment has been
called on, will expire before your object can be accomplished, as the officers, with a (tw exceptions, are governed
by the men, and not the men by the officers. I am in hopes, however, that should your object not be accomplished
by the first of next month. I shall be able to render you an essential service, by volunteers from my command,
should it be deemed necessary. 1 will, however, have a personal interview with you on the subject, on your arrival
at our camp.
Not having calculated on moving from (his place for six or seven days, for want of provisions, &c. I gave a
furlough to Captain Melvin; should you deem it necessary for us to move before that time, I would be glad that he
would return.
I am yours, with respect and esteem,
THOMAS GLASSCOCK, Brig. General Commanding D. G. M. U. S. S.
Major General E. P. Gaines.
No. 5."
Cedar Creek, 5 o'clock, January 22, 1818.
Sir:
I was ordered this evening by General Glasscock to take five men, and proceed immediately to meet Captain
Leigh, who was packed from Hartford with provisions. I proceeded accordingly, and met him about two mdes on
the east side of this creek, and Captain Leigh, five men and myself, proceeded on to Blackshear's works, in con-
siderable haste; when we reached the creek, we made a halt to fix on a pack, which was likely to fall, before we
crossed. During this stay. Captain Leigh and a private of Captain Avery's company, by the name of Samuel Loftis,
started to cross. I called to the captain, and observed that he was probably going into danger; he replied no'. As
my party and self had crossed not more than half an hour before, I proceeded, and accompanied by this man Loftis,
they had not gotten entirely across the creek, when they were fired on by a party of Indians, the number I
suppose to be twenty or thirty, from the report of their guns, and both shot dead on the spot; I immediately rude back
and ordered the provisions, together with Cornet Isaac Brown's command, consisting of twenty men, to a corner of
General Blackshear's old works, on the east side of the creek, where we took shelter in a small breastwork, deter-
mined to secure the provisions if possible: this was the only alternative, as they were planted on the swamp, which
was at least one hundred yards across, and I not having more than twenty-seven men under my command with guns.
When we completed our works. Captain Snother and Mr. John Bridges proceeded down the creek, in order to make
their way across to the army, that General Glasscock mijht be informed of the murder, and we reinforced: that
reinforcement has just reached our works< commanded by Major Joseph Morgan. I, with Captain Donnelly's
company, will proceed with the provisions to the army, and Major Morgan will pursue the trail.
I hope, sir, as this was written by a torch, that you will excuse, or correct, any mistake.
I am sir, your obedient servant, _
FRANKLIN E. HEARD, Brigade Major.
No. 6.
Head-quarters, Hartford, Georgia, January 26, 1818.
Sib:
In obedience to your order to me of the 2d instant, I proceeded to Savannah, when, to my great mortification,
I found the draught little further advanced than when the order first issued from the Executive Department. In a
conference with Lieutenant Cohmel Marshall, I learned that the draught has been made, but that a nuiiiber ot deser-
tions had since taken place, which, with forty-seven determined exempt from duty, have reduced the quota one-
half, and that he knows of no steps that can be adopted, without a fiagranf violatum of the civil law, to cause their
attendance at the general rendezvous. If they refused to go, which they do, almost unanimously. The draiiglit Irom
the 35th regiment have progressed further in their preparations for the service, though I was inlormed by Lieutenant
Colonel Hariison that it would be some days before they could leave their homes, as an inquiry into exemption,
and a second draught, would be necessary to fill their ranks. , , r i , l a- » i i ..l
On my leaving Savannah, Colonel Marshall assured me, that as soon as a second draft had been elfecteil, and the
necessary arrangements made for their movements, he would address to me a report to that eftect, at Fort Hawkins,
which has not been received, and 1 am lelt to conclude that the arrangements referred to have not been carried into
effect. Captain Russell reported to me that he was prepared to furnish the transportation necessary tor their move-
ments, if it should be required.
onor, c. CLINTON WRIGHT, Miijor United Slates Army.
General E. P. Gaines.
694 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Head-quarters, Hartford, Georgia, January 30, 1818.
Sir:
I had the honor to receive yesterday your letters of the 26th December, and 16th of the present month, the
first having followed me from Amelia Island.
I have, for some months past, endeavored to inform myself of the topography of the country between the Appa-
lachicola and St. John's; but have received only the apparently imperfect accounts of some half-blooded blacks,
and Indians, as to the western part of that tract of country. The eastern part is well known to many of the
inhabitants of this State, with whom I have conversed. From Amelia Island to the Lochway, the country is, for
the most part, what is here called pine barren, nearly level, intersected with creeks and ponds, bordered in many
places with rich hammock land, which increases in quantity and quality as you approach the Lochway towns.
From thence to St. Marks and Appalachicola, the hammock land is found in very considerable bodies'; much the
largest portion of the country, however, is poor, sandy, pine barren. The hammock lands afford great quantities
of live oak, some cedar, and other valuable timber. There are several large swamps on the route between the
Lochway and St. Marks, which, during a season of rainy weather, are impracticable, without the aid of boats; but
the country being generally open, will admit of good roads, when the weather is moderately dry. I have not a
doubt but the army may march with considerable facility, from the Appalachicola to St. John's, or Amelia Island,
with the aid of a few vessels, to send provisions, &c. from Fort Scott, down the river, and thence coastwise to the
mouth of the Suvvanny river, 130 miles east of the Appalachicola, and about 140 miles west, southwest from Amelia
Island. The last mentioned distance may be marched in eight days, without wagons or baggage, the troops carrying
their own provisions in their haversacks. A movement from Amelia Island, by the way of St. John's and Lochway,
as you have suggested, would, I think, produce the desired effect, in co-operation with the troops from Fort Scott;
upon this subject, I shall confer with the commander-in-chief of the division.
By a letter from Major Bankhead, dated the 17th of this month, I learn that two thousand Spanish troops are
reported to have arrived at St Augustiti. Although little reliance can be placed in the report received by Major
Bankhead, yet whether it be true or not, I am satisfied his command (220 men) is quite too small to admit of any
detachment, other than that at Trader's Hill. There should, indeed, be not less than this number stationed
at and in the immediate vicinity of the Hill, and a much greater number upon the frontier between that point and
this. By a letter from W. Harris, Esq. of Telfair, I am informed that a party of Indians killed a Mr. Daniel
Dikes, and his family, a few days past, on the St. Tilla, about forty miles from the town of Jackson, Telfair court-
house. I immediately detached a troop of cavalry in pursuit of the Indians, and at the same time sent out a detach-
ment of infantry to reconnoitre the country, and secure the intermediate frontier from a similar outrage.
Accompanying this I enclose a monthly return of the detachment of Georgia militia under Brigadier General
Glasscock, which was not received until this day; I had confidently believed that the proper returns of this detach-
ment had been duly forwarded by Major Nicks, who mustered and inspected the same, to the Adjutant and Inspec-
tor General's office.
With extreme regret I have to state that the expected co-operation on the part of that detachment has entirely
failed. An attempt to obtain volunteers to continue in service until the arrival of 'the detachment from Major
General Floyd's division, produced but forty men. The enclosed report of Major Wright, assistant adjutant
general, contains a discouraging picture of that detachment. It cannot be expected at this place before the 10th
of next month, nor is it probable that more than two hundred and fifty or three hundred out of the five hundred
called for, can be got into service.
The enclosed papers. No. 1 to 4, contain copies of my last correspondence with the contractor's agent.
The acting quartermaster. Lieutenant Keiser, has purchased the greater part of the provisions issued during
the present month, and is now engaged in the purchase of thirty thousand rations, the greater part of which is now
on the way to Fort Scott, by the way of Flint river. To pay for these supplies, I have been under the necessity of
borrowing ten thousand dollars from the Governor of Georgia, upon a promise to replace the amount in three months
from the 23d instant. I had taken the liberty to send to Augusta a draft upon the Department of War for fifteen
thousand dollars, but could not obtain money on thedraft without suffering a discount of 2J per cent, which was
totally inadmissible.
The fifteen thousand dollars, forwarded by your order, being required to pay the expense of transportation, for
which this sum will be insufficient, I have to request that you will be pleased to order the sum of ten thousand
dollars, on account of the supply of rations to be forwarded to Ihis excellency Governor Rabun, to replace that
sum advanced by him.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient.servant,
EDMUND P. GAINES.
The Hon. John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
No.l.
Sir: Head-quarters, Hartford, Georgia, Janwary 12, 1818.
I have received your report, in which you state that you have some rations "on the way." but you do not
state where, or in what quantities, they are to be found. Let me be informed upon this subject without delay.
Having been informed by Brigadier General Glasscock that he has not been regularly supplied with rations by you:
that he had advanced you two thousand dollars to purchase pork for. the detacnment of Georgia militia under his
command, (which I directed you to forward to this place for that detachment,) I learn that you have not complied
with my requisition or order. Should this apparent neglect remain longer unexplained, your continuance as con-
tractor's agent, or as suttler, within the limits of my command, will be no longer tolerated.
Your most obedient servant,
E. P. GAINES, Mcj}. Gen. Commanding.
Captain 0. W. Callis, Contractor's Agent, Fort Hawkins.
No. 2.
Sir: Hartford, January 24, 1818.
Your communication of the 13th is received. To the several subjects therein referred, and to others, I have
the honor to reply as follows:
The rations reported to have been on hand were at Fort Hawkins, Creek Agency, Fort Mitchell, and Fort Gaines;
estimated, at Fort Hawkins, say ten or fifteen thousand rations of pork and beef, and of flour four or five thousand
rations; at the Agency, nine thousand lations of flour, with a considerable quantity of the smaller parts; at Fort
Mitchell, ten thousand rations of flour, with a very small quantity of vinegar; and at Fort Gaines, say six or seven
thousand rations of flour.
The two thousand dollars received of General Glasscock I did not understand were to be applied exclusively to
the purchase of pork. My disbursements in the purchase of provision have considerably exceeded that sum since
the receipt of it, which was on the 10th of December last. Of this fact I shall be able to convince the general, by a
reference to my books, and other vouchers on that subject It is true that the balance of pork left at Fort Hawkins
was not forwarded to this place in compliance with your orders; this non-compliance proceeded from no disposition
to evade or treat with indifference the orders of the general, but for want of immediate means of transporting it. In
short, allow me to assure you, sir, that it I have, or if I may disobey your orders, it is alone ascribable to the want
of the means for compliance. With regard to the flour refused at Fort Hawkins, afterwards transported to and sold
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 695
at this place to the troops, by Mr. Lavake, I report that it was never the property of the contractor; that it was
inspected and refused as his; that it was transported and sold by iiira; without the knowledge or consent of the con-
tractor or his agent.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
,..„„„ ^ ^ ,. O. \V. CALLIS, Contractor's Agent.
Major Gen. E. P. Gaines, Commanding, ^-c.
No. 3.
Head-quarters, Hartford, Georgia, January 19, 1818.
The army contractor is hereby required to provide for the daily issue of two thousand complete rations to United
States' troops and militia, at the new fort now building on Flint river, near the Chehaw village, and to have in store
at that fort, by the 20th dav of next month, (February,) sixty thousand complete rations; the meat part of which to
(;onsist of good pickled pork or bacon.
„ ■ ^ E. P. GAINES, Maj. Gen. Commanding.
Benjamin G. Orr, Esq.
Army Contractor, or his Agent, Fort Hawkins.
, No. 4.
Sir: Hartford, January 24, 1818.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your requisition, under date of the 19th. and to report that the
contractor cannot comply with it in full; but that there is engaged to the contract to have been delivered at Fort
Hawkins, on the 20th of this month, seventjr thousand rations of pork, which, together with the provisions the money
I have, or may have, will procure, ^hall be furnished the troops.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
0. W. CALLIS, Contractor's Agent.
Major General Gaines.
Sir: Fort Scott, January 12, 1818.
On the 1 6th instant I had the honor to inform you of the arrival of the vessels in charge of Brevet Major Muh-
lenburg, and to enclose to you the resignation of 1st Lieutenant Sharp, of the corps of artillery, the acceptance of
which 1 recommended, on account of his intemperate habits. Since that period. Lieutenant Johnson, of the same
corps, has tendered his resignation, which is herewith enclosed. I would also recommend that his wish to leave the
service should be gratified, as his conduct in a skirmish with the Indians some time since was not such as to evidence
his being well qualified for the profession of arms.
I have permitted him and Lieutenant Sharp to be absent until the acceptance of their resignations may be pub-
lished, unless otherwise ordered; and herewith enclosed is a copy of Lieutenant Sharp's letter of resignation.
On the 4th instant I crossed the Flint river, about fourteen miles above this post, and proceeded to Fowltown,
which had been deserted. I burnt it, and on the next day arrived at AUapulges, a small town about fourteen miles
southeast of this post. It had also been abandoned, and the cattle and stock of every kind removed, as had been
the case at Fowltown. I am informed they have gone to or beyond the Okolokne river, there to place their women
and property in greater security, and better prepare themselves for war. They continue to have considerable inter-
course with the Indians at Chatahoochee, many of whom were with them, and assisted in the destruction of Lieu-
tenant Scott and his party, and in the attack on our vessels ascending the river, under the command of Brevet Major
Muhlenburg. You have herewith a copy of a letter from Mr. Irvin, commanding at Fort Gaines. I cannot believe
the information it contains, yet I have been informed, a few days since, that the Indians on the Chatahoochee, be-
low Fort Gaines, have received information from the agent of the Creek nation that they are to use their pleasure in
joining us, as we are the aggressors. But few of them require great inducement to act in the war, but most if on
our side; and shopid the war with the Lower Creeks terminate on the terms represented by Mr. Irvin, it will be
risking but little to say the peace will be of short duration. The force of this place is much too small to advance
against the enemy, and I have not received the least information of the Georgia militia or Mcintosh's Indians, ex-
cept what is contained in Mr. Irvin's letter, or a line from General Gaines since his departure.
I have but about two days' rations of meat, and something upwards of thirty days' rations of flour on hand, and
without advice of additional supplies being on the way; and should Captain Birch, who is now at Fort Gaines with
a command of one hundred and twenty men, for the purpose of obtaining beef, not succeed, and the contractor's
agents persist in neglecting their duty much longer, tlie consequences must be greatly disastrous to the troops and
the inhabitants of the Chatahoochee.
I have sent Captain Cummings to the bay, for the purpose of obtaining information should any vessel arrive there
with provision, and will do all in my power to maintain my position; yet I do greatly fear my best exertions to do
so will fail. I detached a sergeant and four mounted men, on express, to Fort Hawkins, on the 21st ultimo, and
have not since heard of them. I shall write to the Creek agent by the present opportunity, and enclose to him a
copy of Mr. Irvin's letter.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
M. ARBUCKLE,
Lieut. Col. 1th Inf. commanding.
Major GeneVal Andrew Jackson,
Commanding Southern Division, Nashville, Tennessee,
N. B. Since writing the above, I have received a letter from General Gaines, dated on the 20th ultimo, at Hart-
ford. The contractor's agent in that quarter, I am informed, has failed, and the militia are now about thirty miles
above this, badly supplied with provision. Captain Birch has informed me that he will be able to obtain thirty or
forty head of beef cattle at Fort Gaines; he vill be compelled to take them, as the people refuse to sell.
M. A.
Fort Scott, January 13, 1818.
Sir:
I received your letter of the 20th ultimo, yesterday, after writing to Major General Jackson; a copy of my
letter to him is enclosed, which will exhibit to you the state of things in this quarter.
I have heard nothing more of Colonel Brearly or the militia, except that they were within twenty-five miles of
the Flint river on the 4th instant. Brockman wrote to me on that date, and informed me that he was engaged pro-
cuiing provisions for the militia, the contractor having failed to supply. This, with (he information you §ave on
that subject, has induced me to contract with Mr. McCulloh to deliver fifteen thousand rations of meat at this post,
in twenty days from this time, at twelve and a half cents per ration. Should he fulfil his agreement, and Captain
Birch succeed in procuring thirty or forty head of beef cattle, I think that supply will last the troops until provi-
sions are received from New Orleans. Our horses have a distemper among them, which I fear will destroy a great
number of them.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
M. ARBUCKLE, Lieutenant Colonel Commanding.
Major General E. P. Gaines, Commanding E. S. D. S. St Mary's, Georgia.
696 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Fort Scott, January 18, 1818.
I have received infoiination this evening, which I have no doubt may be relied on, that the whole or the
greater pnrtiiin ol' tlie hostile Indians are to have a meeting somewhere near the mouth of Flint river, on the 2lst.
instant, tor the purpose of concerting measures lor the destruction of the inhabitants on the Chatahoochee, and the
reduction of this post. In the latter object they expect to succeed, owing to our want of supplies: and their cal-
culations are not without a reasonable prospect ol success, should not uncommon exertions be made to supply us
from your quarter, as this command has been without meat at this time for five or six days, arid have barely a hope
of receiving a temporary supply, by a command sent t(t Fort Gaines for the purpose of collecting a fewbeef cattle.
1 have heard (rom the bay this evening; one vessel has arriveil there wiih clothing and military stores, having
on board very little, if any, more provisions than will be required by the command on board of her, and without
certain information of other vessels being on the way.
I have to request you will let me hear from you without loss of time, and that you will inform me of a prospect of
supplies from your quarter.
I am, sir, most respectfully, your obedient servaiit,
M. ARBUCKLE, Lieutenant Colonel Commanding.
Brigadier General Glasscock, Chehaw town, Flint river. .
Department of War, Auguit 14, 1818.
Sir:
The President having determined to restore St. Marks and Pensacola, with the Barancas, to the Spanish
authority, I am directed to issue orders to carry this determination into ett'ect. You will, accoidingly, give the
necessary orders to the commandant at Pensacola to surrender that place, with the Barancas, to any Sp.inish offi-
cer properly authorized to receive them. Authority from the Governor General at the Havannah, or the Spanish
minister, Don Oiiis, is considered suflicient; or, in case the Governor, late in possession of West Florida, Don Jose
Masot, should himself appear to receive possession, it will be restoied to him on his own authority. St. Marks will
be restored to the late Spanish commandant, should he appear to receive it, or to any officei; having similar autho-
rity, as in the case of Pensacola; provided he is accompaiiieil with a suHicieiit force to garrison it, so as to pi event
the post from being seized by the hostile Indians. Its silualion in the midst of the hostile Indians renders this
precaution necessaiy. You, who have an accurate knowledge of the strength of the Indians, and of the post, will
be able to give precise instructions on this point. It is sufficient that the Spanish force be so considerable as will
probably prevent any attempt by the Indians to occupy it.
Public property will be restored in the condition, as far as practicable, in which it was taken possession of. On
evacuating these posts, you will make such arrangements as will be the best calculated to hold the Indians, still
remaining hostile, in check, and to cover our frontier. 'J'o effect these objects, it is thought that it will not be ne-
cessary to take post to the west of the Appalachicola, within the Florida line, as the Indians in that quarter are said
to be very inconsiderable. You will, accordingly, station the troops which may be thought lo be necessary for the
protection of that portion of the frontier on our side of the line, unless your impression should be dec dcd y differ-
ent from that 1 have stated; in which event, you will take post at any point which you may judge proper vyilhin
the country possessed by the Indians. On the east of the Appatachiculu you may station the troops on either side of
the line, as you may judge proper. Fort Gadsden, besides ailiiiitting of great facility for supplies, appears to be a
very commanding position, and ought not to be evacuated. Should you tliink so, you will retain it, and garrison it
with a suflicient force.
I trust you will be able to make such a distribution of your command as to affiird, with vigilance, effect^ial pro-
tection to the frontier, without resiuning to ibe militia, it is of great importance, if the militia can be dispensed
with, not to call them into actual service, as it is harassing to them and exhausting to the treasury. Protection is
the first object, and the second is protection by the regular lorce.
I have, &c.
J. C. CALHOUN.
Brevet Major General E. P. Gaines, Fort Hawkins, Georgia.
Department of War, Axtgust 19, 1818.
Sir:
I send the enclosed extract from the letter of the Secretary of State to the Spanish minister, in relation to
St. Marks and Pensacola. My instraclions to you, of the 14lh instant, contaiiieil the substance of this extract; and
my object in communicating it now, is, that you. may be in possession of the precise ideas communicated to the
Spanish minister, in case any difficulty should occur.
I have, &c.
General E. P. Gai.nes. • . J. C. CALHOUN.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Nashville, January 20, 1818.
Sir:
In a communication to you of the 12fh instant, I acknowledged the receipt of your order of the 26th uKiinn,
and advised you of the appeal I had made to the patriotism of the West Tennesseeans. On yesterday, the officers
■who had so gallantly headed the Tennessee mounted volunteers during the Creek campaigns, met me at this place,
and gave every assurance of their ability to assemble two regiments of mounted gun-men b) the 31st instant, at any
designated point within the western part of this State. I have ordered them to lendezvous at Fayetteville, and as
many as may appear on the 31st instant, or the 1st of February, to be mustered and received into service for sis
months (if not sooner disciiarged) by my inspector general. 'I'he contractor has instructions Ki issue to these troops
twenty day.s' rations, and every measure has been adopted to facilitate their march, via Fort Jackson, by the most
practicable route, to Fort Scott. The.se troops will be well supplied as far as Fort Jackson, and (here the neces.sary
provisions may be obtained and packed to answer their immedialc wants, until they are intercepted by supplies from
below. Major Fanning has been despatched to Foit Hawkins to put chase and forward on these supplies to the most
convenient point of interception. 1 have advanced to liiin two thousanvl dollars, wilh authority to draw on the
quartermaster general for any additional sums wanted, and imposed upon him the temporary duties ol deputy quar-
termaster general. I am compelled to this arrangement from aii impression that there can be no officer ol the
quartermaster's department in the vicinity of Fort Hawkins, and Colonel Gibson could not possibly reach that
neighborhood lo effect the objects wished. . . i ■ .
My inspector general, Colonel Hayne, (no brigadier general having volunteered his services,) is charged with
conducting the march of the two regiments of Tennessee volunteers to the southern frontier.
From the ctmlents ofColonel Aibuckle's and Major Muhlenburg's letters, copies of which are herewith enclosed,
you will readily perceive that the former must remain inactive, and that the latter is in a dangerous situation.
Every informatiim from our southern frontier justifies the decisive measures I have taken. aii( urges the prompt
movement of the volunteers called into service. I trust you will.view the subject in the same light, and that my
arrangements may meet with your entire approbation.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. ggy
The troops now assembled on our southern bounihiry, reinlnrcetl with the Tennessee volunteers called into ser-
vice, will enable me to itiHict speedy and merited chastisement on the deluded Seminoles. 1 remain here to facili-
tate every arrangement for the prompt movement of the Tennessee detachment, but will leave this on the 22d inst.
for Fort Scott, via Foi t Hawkins.
From Colonel Arbuckle's letter I am advised of the departure of General Gaines from Fort Scott; and the
newspapers communicate the information of the Georgia contingency heins rominanded by a brigadier general. As
he must consequently be the commanding officer of the forces' in tlie neighbi)ihood of Fort Scotf, I have this day
directed instructions to him by no means to precipitate liniiself into a general engagement with the Seminoles, but
at all hazards to relieve, if possible. Major Muhleiibutg from his present situation, and cover his ascent up the
Appalachicola river. I have further advised him of iny movements, and directeil lliat he should remain on the de-
fensive, collect all the necessary supplies, and have every preparation made for an active campaign as soon as rein-
forced by the Tennesseeans.
General Gaines has been notified of this order. I have no later advices from hirn than that of the 2d of Decem-
ber, informing me of the catastrophe of Lieutenant Scutt and party.
Your letter, enclosing your general order of the 29tli ultimo, has been received. Like yourself, I have no other
feelings to gratify than those connected with the public good, and it gives me pleasure to find that we coincide in
those opinions calculated to produce it. Responsibility now rests where it should, on the officer issuing the order;
and the principle ackiniwledged is calculated to insure that subordination so necessary to the harmonious movement
of every part of the military machine.
It would affiiril me much pleasure to communicate with you on all military points which my experience may
enable me to elucidate.
With respect, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary qf War.
Extract of a letter from J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, to Major General Andrew Jackson, dated
January 29, 1818.
Your letters of the 12th and 13fh instant are received. The measures you have taken to bring an efficient force
into the field are approbated; and a confident hupe is entertained that a speedy and successful termination of the
Indian war will follow your e.xertions.
Extract of a letter from the Secretary of War to Major General .Andrew Jackson, dated
Department of War, February 6, 1818.
1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of ynur letter of the 20th ultimo, and to acquaint you with the entire
approbation of the President of all the measures which you have adupted to tfiininate the rupture with the Indians.
The honin- of our arms, as well as (he interest of our country requires, that it should be as speedily tei minated as
practicable; and the confidence reposed in your skill and promptitude assures us that peace will be restored on such
conditions as will make it honorable and permanent.
Extract of a letter from Major General Andrew Jackson to the Secretary of War, dated
Fort Hawkins, February 10, 1818.
I reached this place last evening, when I learned, by sundry communications received from Brevet Major General
Gaines, that the Georgia militia, under General Glasscock, had all returneil home, leaving the (rontier in a veiy ex-
posed situation. The regular troops at Fort Scott have been out of provisions, but the means adopted by Major
General Gaines to remedy that evil, induces a strimg presumption that they ate by this tiioe supplied; which, with
the stores ordered by me from New Oileans, will, I trust, affiird us an ample supply for the campaign.
The c()ntractor having failed. General Gaines has, by my order, directed ilie quartermaster to purchase provi-
sions, in which he has succeeded so far as to procure one thousand one bundled hogs, and a sufficiency of bread
stuff; this will march' the troops to and from the seat of war.
I am without any official advice as to the preparation and march of the late requisition from the State of Georgia.
Extract of a letter from General Andrew Jackson to the Secretary of War, dated
Hartford, Georgia, Februaiy 14, 1818.
I arrived at this place on the evening of the 12th, and here met with General Gaines. From a letter received
from the Governor of Geoigia, advising of the movement of the militia IVom the seveial counties to the designated
point of rendezvous, as well as the punctuality with which the troops have assembled here under Genei-al Gaines's
requisition, has induced a hope that I shall be enabled to make a prompt and speedy inarch for the relief of Fort
Scott.
I enclose you a copy of a letter from Colonel B. G. Orr to Captain Callis, contractor's agent at Fort Hawkins.
Fnmi the sum with which he states to have furni>he(l his agents in this country, you can judge how far efficient
means have been adopted to insure the necessary supplies to the troops heietolore in service, as well as those sum-
moned to the field under the late requisition, 'i'he mode of provisioning an army by contract is not adapted to the
prompt and efficient movement of troops. It may answer in time of piolomid peace, where a (ailure or delay can-
not produce any serious ill consequences; but where active operations are necessary, and success depemlent on
pnunpt and quick movements, there is no dependence to be placed on (he contractor. His views are purely mer-
cenary; and where the supplies will not insure him a profit, he hesitates not on a lailure, never regarding how far it
may defeat the best devised plans of the cimimander in-chief. Experience has confirmed me in this opinion, and
the recefnt failure has prompted me again to express it. ■ r. c.
The plan which has been adopted to procure the necessary supplies for the army, to transport (hem to Fort Scott,
and the quantity otherwi>e ordered to that point, will, 1 hope, relieve me from any embarrassment on (hat account,
until a decisive blow has been struck upon the enemy. I have been sn frequently embarrassed Irom the failures of
contractors, that I cannot but express a hope that some other more efficien( and certain mode of supplying our army
may be adopted: such a plan as will render those charged with (he execution ol so important a trust respimsible to
military authority, and exposed to severe and merited chastijements, whenever delaulters, at the discretion of a
court martial.
^
698 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Head-quarters, Division of the South,
Fort Early, February 26, 1818.
In my last from Hartford, Georgia, of the 14th instant, I expressed a hope that the plans adopted to procure
supplies for the detachment from Georgia to transport them to Fort Scott, together with the quantity ordered to
that point, would relieve me from many embarrassments on that account, until a decisive blow could be struck
upon the enemy.
The Georgia detachment marched from their encampment, near Hartford, on the 19th instant, and on that night
General Gaines received a letter from Lieutenant Colonel Arbuckle, commanding at Fort Scott, containing such
intelligence of his intention to abandon that post, in the event of not receiving supplies in a short given time, as
induced him (General Gaines) to set out that night, and, if possible, by reaching the place in time to prevent such
a disastrous movement.
The General has, as he communicated to me, ordered a large supply of provisions to the Creek agency to be
transported in boats to Fort Scott and this place, which would serve until that ordered from Mobile (by himself)
should arrive; and under that order did calculate on meeting two boats loaded with flour, on his reaching this
place, but was deceived, having arrived here on the night of the 20th, which he.left on the evening of the 21st, in a
small boat with twelve men. On the night of the 22d I received, by express, a letter directed to General Gaines,
and dated the 19th instant, from Captain Melvin of the 4th infantry, who had been charged by General Gaines to
build the boats at the Agency, and have the provisions transported thence, stating that two boats would be finished
in two days which would transport upwards of one hundred barrels of flour each; these I had strongly calculated
on, but they have not arrived. The excessive rains have rendered the roads so bad that I ordered the troops, on
their march here, to take their baggage on the wagon iiorses, and abandon the wagons; this facilitated their march
to this place, which they reached to-day; and eleven hundred men are now here without a barrel of, flour or bushel
of corn. We have pork on loot; and to-morrow I sUall proceed for Fort Scott, and endeavor to procure from the
Indians a supply of corn that will aid in subsisting the detachment until we reach that place. How those failures
have happened under the superintendence of regular officers I cannot imagine, but blame must rest some^vhere,
and it shall be strictly investigated as soon as circumstances will permit.
The waters are unusually high, and the ground so rotten that it is with much difficulty even pack-horses can
pass. Every stream we are compelled either to bridge or swim.
I have the honor to be, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Hon. John- C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Fort Gadsden,
(East bank of the Appalachicola river, formerly Negro Fort,)
March 25, 1818.
At seven o'clock, P. M. on the 9th instant, I reached Fort Scott, with the brigade of Georgia militia nine
hundred bayonets strong, and some of the friendly Creeks who had joined me-on my march a few days before,
where finding but one quart of corn per man, and a few poor cattle, which, added to the live pork I brought along,
would "ive us three days' rations of meat, determined me at once to use this small supply to the best advantage.
Accordingly, having been advised by Col. Gibson, quartermaster general, that he would sail from jNew Orleans
on the 12th of February with supplies, and being also advised that two sloops with provisions were in the bay, and
an officer had been despatched from Fort Scott in a large keel-boat to bring up a part of their loading, and deeming
that the preservation of these supplies would be to preserve the army, and enable me to prosecute the campaign,
I assumed the command on the morning of the 10th; ordered the live stock slaughtered, and issued to the troops
with one quart of corn to each man, and the line of march to be taken up at twelve meridian. Having to cross the
Flint river, which was very high, combined with some neglect in returning the boats during a very dark night, I
was unable to move from the opposite bank until nine o'clock, on the morning of the Uth, when I took up my line
of march down the east bank of the river for this place, touching the river as often as practicable, looking for the
provision boats which were ascending, and which I was fortunate enough to meet on the 13th, when I ordered an
extra ration to the troops, they not having received a full one of meal or flour since their arrival at Fort Early. .
On that day my patroles captured three prisoners, and found some hidden corn. On the morning of the Uth
I ordered the boat down the river to this place, whilst I descended by land, and reached here, without interruption,
on the 16th. The eligibility of this spot as a depot determined me, and 1 immediately directed my aid-de-camp.
Lieutenant Gadsden, of the engineer corps, to furnish apian for, and superintend the erection of, a forti^tication.
His talents and indefatigable zeal, displayed in the execution of this order, induced me to name it Fort Gadsden,
to which he is justly entitled. On my arrival here 1 immediately despatched the boat to the bay for the balance of
the provisions known to be there, and to ascertain whether the flotilla, in charge of Colonel Gibson, had reached
there, and which returned on the 19th with the unpleasing intelligence that nothmg had been heard trom the flotilla
from New Orleans, since it was seen passing Fort Bowyer. I immediately put the troops on half rations, and
pushed the completion of the fort for the protection of the provisions, in the event of their at;rival, intending to
march forthwith to the heart of the enemy, and endeavor to subsist upon him. In the mean time, I despatched
Major Fanning, of the corps of artillery, to take another look into the bay, whose return, on the morning ot the 23d,
brought the information tnat Colonel Gibson, with one gunboat and three transports, and others in sight, were in
the bay. On the same night I received other information that no more had arrived. I am, therefore, apprehensive
that soiiie of the smaller vessels have been lost, as one gunboat went to pieces, and another, when last spoken, had
one foot of water in her hold; all the vessels had been spoken alter a gale that dispersed them. A north and north-
west wind has prevailed for six days, but has fortunately changed this morning. I am now awaiting a boat trom
the bay (which is expected to-day) to complete eight days' rations for my troops, upon which I mean to march.
From information received from Pensacola and New Orleans I have no doubt but that St. Marks is in possession
of the Indians. The Governor of Pensacola informed Captain Call, of the Tst infantry, (now here.) that the Indians
had demanded arms, ammunition, and provisions, or the possession of the garrison ot St. Marks ot the commandant,
and that he presumed possession would be given from inability to defend it. The Spanish Government is bound
by treaty to keep her Indians at peace with us. They have acknowledged their incompetency to do this, and are
consequently bound, by the law of nations, to yield us all facilities to reduce them. Under this consideration,
should I be able, I shall take possession of (he garrison as a depot tor my supplies, should it be found in the hands
of the Spaniards, they having supplied the Indians; but if in the hands ot the enemy I will possess it, torthebeneht
of the United States, as a necessary position for me to hold, to give peace and security to this frontier, and put a
final end to Indian warfare in the South. ,..,,, , , .l v r ^u ^
Findin" it very difficult to supply Fort Crawford on the Canecub by land I have ordered the supplies tor that
"arrison by water, and written to the Governor of Pensacola that, if he interrupts them during the present Indian
war, I shall view it as aiding our enemy, and treat it as an act of hostility; and stated to him the propriety, under
existing circumstances, of his affording all facilities to put down their own as well as our enemies, and that our
Governments, while negotiating, can take the subject under consideration, but, in the mean tune, our provisions
must pass to Fort Crawford by water without interruption. , , ^ i- j ■
In mine of the 14th February, from Hartford, I informed you of the means adopted to procure supplies, and m
my last of the 2i3th, from Fort Early, I informed you of their situation. To those communications I beg leave to
refer you. I have only to .idd that 1 left Fort Early for Fort Scott, and subsisted my troops on ground peas, corn,
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 699
and pork, that I could occasionally procure from the Indians, with some pork I had on foot, the whole subsistence
tor man and horse not costing five hundred dollars. Of all. the supplies purchased for the relief of Fort Scott, and
the support of the Georgia inilitia, not one pound was received until I passed Fort Scott. I said in my last that
blame rested somewhere. The cause of those failures will, in due time, be a subject of investigation, and Colonel
Brearly has been arrested on the application of General Gaines.
By some strange fatality, unaccountable to me, the Tennessee volunteers have not yet joined me; they promptly
left their homes, and through the inclement weather reached Fort Mitchell, where! had ordered them supplies,
and where Colonel Hayne, who led them, met my instructions to pass by Fort Gaines, where he would get a supply
of corn that would enable him to reach Fort Scott; but the idea of starvation had stalked abroad, a panic appears
to have spread itself erery where, and he was told that they were starving at Fort Gaines and Fort Scott, and he
was induced to pass into Georgia for supplies. His men and officers, as reported to me, were willing to risk the
worst ot consequences on what they had to join me; however, they have been marched from their supplies to a
country stripped of them, when every consideration should have induced his advisers to have urged him on to secure
the supplies in the bay, and preserve themselves and Fort Scott from starvation. I have a hope they will join me
before I reach St. Marks, or the Mekasuky towns; this would be desirable, as the troops ordered from New Orleans,
to protect the supplies, have not reached the bay, and leaving garrisons at Forts Scott and Gadsden weakens my
force much; the whole effective strength of the regulars being but three hundred and sixty privates.
In mineot the 26th ult., from Fort Early, I stated that despatches received by General Gaines on the I9th
inslant, from the commanding officer at Fort Scott, induced him to set out that night for Fort Scott to prevent its
abandonment, &c. In his passage down the Flint he was shipwrecked, by which he lost his assistant adjutant
general. Major C. Wright, and two soldiers, (drowned.) The general reached me six days after, nearly exhausted
by hunger and cold, having lost his baggage and clothing, and being compelled to wander in the woods four and a
halt days without any thing to subsist on, or any clothing except a pair of pantaloons. I am happy to have it in my
power to say that he is now with me, at the head of his brigade, in good health.
The great scarcity of subaltern officers, in the 4th and 7th regiments of infantry, has induced me to appoint
several young men, present, as second lieutenants in the regiments, who, from personal knowledge, and good recom-
mendations, I have no doubt, will prove themselves worthy, and, I trust, will meet with, the approbation of the
President. A list of their names, and the regiments to which they are attached, will be furnished the adjutant and
inspector general, by my adjutant general.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
P. S. Sinte writing the above I have the pleasure to inform you that the boat from the bay has arrived with
provisions; also Colonel Gibson and Captain McKeever of the navy. I shall move to-morrow, having made the
necessary arrangements with Captain McKeever for his co-operation in transporting my supplies around to the
bay of St. Marks, from which place I shall do myself the honor of communicating with you. Should our enemy
attempt to escape with his supplies and booty to the small islands, and from thence carry on a predatory warfare,
the assistance of the navy will prevent his escape.
General Mcintosh, commanding the friendly Creeks, who had been ordered to reconnoitre the right bank of the
Appalacliicola, reported to me on the 19th that he had captured, without the fire of a gun, one hundred and eighty
women and children and fifty-three warriors of the Red Ground chief's party, with their cattle and supplies; the
chief and thirty warriors making their escape or horseback. Ten of the warriors, attempting to escape after they
had surrendered, were killed by the general.
A. J.
The Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary qf War.
CoosADA, NEAR FoRT Jackson, Morck 27, 1818.
Sir:
Having arranged the affairs of the territory, as far as was practicable, I left St. Stephens, the 14th instant,
with the intention of proceeding to Georgia for my family. At the town of Claiborne, the next day, intelligence
reached me that, on the night of the 13th, a party of Indians had attacked a house on the Federal road, about sixty-
five miles distant from that place, and murdered eight persons. I immediately ordered a detachment of mounted
militia into service, and proceeded with them to the place. At the same time, apprehending the murderers might
attempt to escape to Florida, the asylum for our enemies, I transmitted a communication, by express, to the com-
manding officer at Fort Crawford, notifying him of my arrangements, and desiring a force to be sent from the fort,
in two detachments, along certain routes, to the place of rendezvous. The express was also instructed to overtake
me. I accordingly received information from Major Young, that my request had been executed. The detachments
were marched with a promptitude honorable to the major; and, I trust, they will be enabled, with the aid of the mi-
litia, to arrest the progress of the hostile party.
Understanding that the inhabitants, in this quarter, considered themselves in much danger, I issued the necessary
orders for the disposition of the troops, and proceeded hither. I have since been correctly informed, that the morn-
ing I left the place of rendezvous, five men, riding on the road in that neighborhood, were fired on by the Indians;
three killed and one wounded; in this state of things it is indispensable to the safety of the country, that troops
should be stationed at several points; and I have taken measures, as far as I can, for that object. I have also issued an
order, that all Indians who are hunting in our woods depart forthwith to their nation. It has become necessary to
their safety, and to the repose of the inhabitants. We cannot distinguish the hostile from the friendly party; and
such is the state of alarm, that the sight of an Indian creates among the women and children the most frightlul ap-
prehensions. I have sent a letter to the Big warrior, requesting him to call his people home, and assuring him that
my order is dictated by the most friendly motives.
Is it not probable, that when the Seminoles are pressed by General Jackson, in the neighborhood of Appalachicola,
they will retreat to our frontiers, and take revenge on our defenceless inhabitants? I look for it; and am without the
means of resistance. There are not more than one hundred regulars at Fort Crawford; and two-thirds of the militia
of the territory are not yet organized. Nor can I organize them, and appoint the officers, until the country is laid
off into proper beats. So soon as the Legislature arranged the counties, I issued the necessary instructions on that
subject; but owing to high waters, and the want of bridges, it is impossible to have them executed at present.
There is not, moreover, nor has there been, one dollar in our treasury. You will readily perceive my embarrass-
ments, and I earnestly entreat you to place funds at my disposal for the protection of the people; and, if practicable,
to order a much larger number of regular troops to our frontiers.
I shall make this my head-quarters for some weeks.
I have the honor to be, &c.,
WM. W. BIBB.
Hon. John C. Calhocn, Secretary of War.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Camp, near St. Marks, ^pril 8, 1818.
I wrote you from Fort Gadsden, communicating the embarrassments under which I had labored, previous
to my arrival at that post, and my determination,- being then in a situation to commence active operations, to pene-
trate immediately into the centre of the Seminole towns. My army marched on the 26th ultimo; and, on the 1st of
April, was reinforced by the friendly Creek warriors, under General Mcintosh, and a detachment of Tennessee
volunteers, commanded by Colonel Elliott. On the same day, a mile and a half in advance of the Mekasukeaa kU-
700 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
lages, a small p;irfy of hostile Indians were discovered judiciously located on a point of land projecting into an
extensive marshy pimd; the position desisnateil, as since uiulerstond. for the concentrating of the negro and Indian
forces to give us battle. They sustained, fur a short period, a spirited attack fnini my advanced spy companies: but
fled and dispersed inevery direction, upon coining in contact with my flank columns, and discovering a movement
to encircle them. I he pursuit was continued through tlie'Mekasukian towns, until night compelled me to encamp
my army. The next day detachments were sent out, in every direction, to reconnoitre the country, secure all sup-
plies found, and reduce to ashes the villages. The duty was executed to my satisfaction; nearly three hundred
houses were consumed, and the greatest abundance of corn, cattle, &c., brousht in. Every indication of a hostile
spirit was found in the habitations of their chiefs. In the council houses of Kenhagees town, the King of (he Me-
kasukians, more than fifty fresh scalps were found; and', in the centre of the pi;blic square, the old Red Stick's
staiK.ard, a red pole, was erected, crowned with the scalps, recognized by the hair, as torn from the heads of the
unfortunate companions of Scott. As I h:id reason to believe that a portion of the hostile Indians had fled to St.
Marks, I directed my march towards tifet fortress. As advised, I found that the Indiansand negroes combined had
demanded a surrender of that work; the Spanish garrison was too weak to defend it, and there were circumstances
reported producing a strong conviction in my mind, that, if not instigated by the Spanish authorities, the Indians
had received the means of carrying on the war from that quarter; foreign agents, who have been long practising
their intrigues and villanies in this country, had free access into the fort; St. Marks was necessary, as a depot, to
■ensure success to my operations. These considerations determined me to occupy it with an American force. An
inventory of Spanish property, iiiunitiims of war, &c., has been taken and receipted for; personal lights and private
property have been respected; an<l the commandant and garrison furnished wilhtranspiirtation to Pensacola. My
correspondence with the Spanish commandants, the evidences under which I acted, and a detailed account of my
operations, will be furnished you as early as practicable. Success depen Is upon the rapidity of my movements; to-
morrow I shall march for the Suwauey river, the destroying of the establishments on which will, in my opinion, put
a filial close to this savage war.
Captain McKeever of the navy, cruising at my request on this coast, has been fortunate enough to secure Francis,
or Hillis Hagii, ihe great prophet, and Hoiiiattlemied, an old Red Stick chief. They visiled his vessel under an
impression they were English; fiimi whom, as they stated, supplies of munitions of war, &c., under late promises,
were expected. Arbuihnot, a Scotchman, and suspected as an instigator of this savage war, was found in St. Marks;
he is in confinement, until evidences of his guilt can be collected.
1 am your must obedient servant,
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Camp, 14 miles from St. Marks, on march to Suwaney, \5priV 9, 1818.
From evidences furnished me by a Mr. Hambly. there is little room to doubt but that one of the chiefs, found
slain on the field, in advance of the Mekasukian villages, was Kenhagee. Francis, or Hillis Hago, and Hornattle-
mied,the prime instigators of this war, have been hung. The latler commanded the party who so inhumanly sacri-
ficed Scoit and his conipanions. Colonel Dyer, with the remainder of the Tennessee volunteers, is in the neighbor-
hood, and will unite with me tu-murruw.
At Manacks, Jlpril 15, 1818.
Dear Sir: .<
Since I last wrote to you I have received intelligence which makes it necessary for me to return to St.
Stephens. I learn that the Indians who committed the late murders in this neighborhood were seen a few days since
at Pensacola. My situation is extremely unpleasant. I am with lut funds for the protection of the territory, and
totally ignorant of the views of the Goveiiiment with respect to Klorida. A friendly and intelligent Indian has
informed me that the hostile party, by whom we have been annoyed, are two miles south <d' the Florida line, on a
creek called Yellow Water, from whence they make incursions upon us. And yet 1 have received no intimation
from the Executive of the United States which authorizes me to send troops into the Spanish territory. What
orders have been issued to General Jackson <m that subject I know not; nor indeed am I acquainted in any degree
with the arrangements cm the part of the United States for prosecuting the present war.
I should be glad to ascertain the views of the Government. We have no mails at present, and I send this letter
to Georgia by travellers whom I have met this evening on my route to St- Stephens.
WILLIAM. W. BIBB.
Hon. John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
^ Head-quauters, Division of the South,
Bowleg's Town, Suwanev uiver, Jipril 20, 1818.
Sir:
My last communication, dated Camp, before St. Marks, April 8, and those to which it referred, advised you
of my movements and operations up to that date; and. as I then advised you, I marched from that place on the
morning of the 9th. On the evening of the lOfh I was joined by the rear of the Tennessee volunteers, also by the
Indians, under General Mcintosh, whom I had left at Mickasuky to scour the country around that place. Although
the weather has been dry and pleasant, and the waters had subsided in a great degree, our march might be said to
have been through water, which kept the infantry wet to the middle, and the depth of the swamps, added to the
want of forage, occasiimed the horses to give out daily in great numbers.
On the morning of the 12ih, near Econfinnah, or Natural Bridge, a party of Indians were discovered on the
margin of a swamp, and attacked by General Mcintosh, and about fitly Tennessee volunteers, who routed them,
killing thirty-seven warriors, and capturing six men and ninety-seven women and children; also recapturing a white
woman who had been taken at the massacre of Scott'. The liiendly Indians also took some horses, and about five
hundred head of cattle from the enemy, who proved to be McQueen's party. Upon the application of an old woman
of the prisoners, 1 agreed that if McQueen was tied and carried to the commandant of St. Marks, her people shoiild
be received in peace, carried to the upper tribes of the Creek naliim, and there provisioned until they could raise
their own crops. She appeared much pleased with these terms, and I set her at liberty, with written instructions
to the commandant of Si. Marks to that effect. Having received no further intelligence from McQueen, I am
induced to believe the old woman has complied with her part of the obligation.
From St. Marks I marched with eight days' rations, those that joined ine having but five: this was done under
the expectation of reaching this place in that time, ivunded on the report of my faithful Indian guide, wdiich I should
have accomplished but for the poverty of my horses, and the continued sheets of water through which we had to
pass. On the morning of the 15th, my scouts overtook a small parly of Indians, killing one man, and capturing the
residue, consisting of one man, and one woman, and two children; and on that evening [ encampt'd, as my guide
supposed, within twelve miles of Suwaney. I marched very early on the 16th, under the hope ot being able to
encompass and attack the Indian and negro towns by one o'clock, P. M., but, much to my regret, at three o'clock,
and after marching sixteen miles, we reached a remarkable pond; which my guide recollected, and reported to be
distant six miles from the object of my march: here I should have halted for the night, had not six mounted Indians,
(supposed to be spies,) who were discovered, have eflfected their escape; this determined me to attempt, by a forced
movement, to prevent the removal of their effects, and, if possible, themselves, from crossing the river; for my
1818.] D E F E A T 0 F T H E SEMINOLE I N I) I A N S, &c. 7OI
rations being (Hit, it was all impnitant to secure their supplies for llie suhsisfence of my t'onps. Acrordiiigly my
lines of attack Wf re instantly (ornied and put in mdtion; and. about sunset, my left flank column, composed of tlie
2H regiment (ifTennessee volunteers, commimded by Colonel AVilliainson. and a pait of the friendly Indians under
Colonel Kanard, having approached the left Hank of the centre town and coniinerlced their aKack. caused nie to
quicken the pace of the centre, composed of ihe regulars, Georgia niililia, and my volunteer Kentucky and Ten-
nessee guards, in (nder to press the enemy in his centre, whilst ihe risht column. c(nnposed of ihe Isl regiment of
Tennessee volunteers, under Colonel Dyer, and a part of the friendly Indians, headed by General Mclnlosh, who
had preceiled pne, weie endeavoring to turn his left and cut ott' his retreat to the river. They, however, having
been previously ird'ormed of our force, by a precipitate retreat, somi crossed the river, viheie it is believed Colonel
Kanard, with his Indians, di<l him considerable injury. Nine negroes and two Indians were found dead, an(l two
negro men made prisoners. On the 17lh, foiaging paities were sent out, who found a coiisideiable quantify of corn
antl some cattle. t)ii the 18th, having obtained s(Hne small ciaft, I ordered General Gaines across the river with a
strong detachment, and two day^' provisi(m, to pursue the enemy; the precipitancy of their flight was soon dis-
covered by the great quantity of gooils, corn, &c. strewed through the swamps, and convinced General Gaine-; that
piirsuit was in vaip; nine Indians and five n^gro prisoners were taken by our Indiatis. The eviderice of the haste
with which the enemy had fled induced the General to confine his reconnaissance to search for cattle antl horses;
both of which were much wanted by the army. Ab lut thirty head <if cattle were procured, but, from the reports
accompanying Getieral Gaines's, which, in due time, will be forwarded to you, and the disobedience of his orders by
the Indians, not one pound was brought into camp.
As s )on as time will permit, I shall forwaid you a detailed account of the various liltle affiiirs with the enemy,
accompanied with reports of the commanding officers of detachments.: suffice if fur the present to add that every
officer and soldier under my cninmand, when danger appeared, showed a steady firmness, which convinced me that,
in the event of a stubborn cimflict. they would have realized ihe best hopes of iheii- countiy and General.
I believe I may say that the destruction of this place, with the possession (d' .St. Marks, having (m tiie night of
the 18th captured the late Lieutenant Ainbrister, of the lirilish marine coips. and, as represented by Aibuihnot,
snccessm- to Woodbine, will end the Indian war for the present: and should it be renewed, the position taken,
which ought to be held, will enable a small party to put it down promptly.
I shall order.ortake myelf, a reconnaissance west of the Appalachicola, at Pensacola point, "Here. I am informed,
there are a few Red Sticks assembled, who are fed and supplied by the (Jovernor of Pen^acola. My health being
impaired, as soon as this duty is performed, the positions taken, well gAriisoned. and secinity given to the southern
frontier, (if the Government have not active employ for nre.) I shall return to Nashville to regain my health. The
health of the tioops"is much impaireil, and I have ordered the Georgia froop-, to Hartford to be muslered, paid, and
discharged, the Geirer-al having comnmnicafeil his wishes, and that of his frrjops. to be ordered dir'ecfly there, and
repiirfing that they Rave plenty of cmn and beef to subsist them to that point. I have writfeit to the Goverrua- of
Georgia to obtain from the State the trecessary funds to piy Gerreral Glasscock's brigade when discharged, and that
the Government will promptly refund it. 1 arn compelled to this morle to have thini pr-oirrptly puid, Mr. Higan,the
paymaster id'fhe 7lh iirfanlry, (.fui' whom I received from Mr. Breut an enclusuie said tu contain filty thousand dol-
lars,) not havirig reacheil me.
From the inlor niation received fr-oni Ambrister, and a Mr. Cook, who was captured with him, that A. Arbulh-
nof's schooner was at the mouth of this river preparing to sail for the b;iy of Tamper, my aid-de camp, Lieulerrant
Gadsden, volunteered his services with a small detachment to descend the river and citplure her. The importance
of this vessel to transport iiry sick to .St. Marks, as well as to destroy the means used by the enemy, induced ine
to grant his request. He sailed yesterday, and I expected to have heard friim hinr this morning. I otrly await his
report to take up the line irf march on my return to St. Marks. The Georgia brigade, by whom I send this, being
about to march, compels me to close it without the rcpttrt of Lieutenant Gadsden.
I have, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
TherHoaovaMe Jons C. ChLHOVti, Secretary of ff'ar.
Headquarters, Division of the South,
Fort St. Marks, April 20, 1818.
Sir:
I wrote you from Bowlegsfnwn on the 20(h instant. On the night of the same day, I received the expected
despatch from my aid de-camp, Lieuteitanf Gadsden, ctmimunicating the success ol his expedition, 'airil on the next
day, as soon as the sick of nry arriry were despatched <lown the Suwarrey river, to be conveyed in the captured
schironer to St. .Marks, 1 look up the line of march for- that fort. 1 arrived at this place last evening, per forming a
march of one hundred atrd seven iTiiles in less than five days. Lieutenant Gadsden had reached it a few hirurs before
me. He citmmunicates havirrg found among the papers of Arbuthnof. .\inbrisler-, and Crrok, letter;-, memorials, &c.
all pointing rrut Ihe instigators of this savage war, and, i:: some measure, invtrlviirg the British Grtvernment in the
agency. These will be forwarded you in a detailed report [ purpose communicating tr) you as early as piacticable.
The old woman spoken of in my last coinmuirication to you, who had promised to use her- itrfluence in having
McQueen captured and delivered irp. has not been heard of. From signs discovered oir the irpposite shore of the
St. Marks river, I am Induced to believe that that Indian party is still in this iteighborhood. A detachment w,ll be
sent out to reconnoitre the country, to leceive them as Iriends, if disposed lo surrender, or in-flict merited chastise-
ment, if still hostile.
Ishall leave this in two or three days for Fort Gadsden, and after making all necessary arrangements for Ihe
security of the positions occupied, and iletaching a force to scour- the country west ol the Appalachicola, I shall pr-o-
ceerl direct for Nashville. My presence in this country can be no longer- necessary. The Indian forces have beea
divided and scattered, and cut ott'fr-om all commurricatiim with those uopiincipieil agents of foreign nations who
have deluded them to their ruin; they have not the power, if the will i-emain, of again annoying our frontier.
I remain, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War.
Head-huarters, Division of thf. South,
Foht Gadsden, May 5, 1818.
Sir:
I returned to this post with my army on the evening of the 2d instant, and embrace an early opportunity of
furnishing you a detailed report of my operations to the east of the Appalachicola river-.
In the several communications addressed to you fr-om Hartford, Fort Scott, and this place, I hayestated thecon-
ditiim of the army, on my assuming the immediate command. The embarr-assments occasioned fr-om ihe want of
provisions; the privations of my tr-oops on their- march from the fr-ontiers of Georgia; and the circumstairces which
compelled me to move directly down the Appalachicola river, to n'leet with and pr-otect the expected supplies fr-om
Orleans; these wer-e received on the 25;h March, and on die next day I was pr-epared for active opeialions. For a
detailed arcnunt of my movements from that periird to this ilay, you are respectfully referred to the report prepared
by my adjutant general, accompanied with Captain Hugh Young's topographical sketch of the r-oule and distance
performed. This has been principally a war of movements; the erremy, cut off from their sir-ong holds, or <leceived
in the promised foreign aid, have uniformly avoided a general engagement. Their resistance has generally been
89 m
702 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
feeble, and, in the partial rencounters into which they seem to have been involuntarily forced, the regulars, volun-
teers, and militia under my command realized my expectations; every privation, fatigue, and exposure, was encoun-
tered with the spirit of soldiers, and danger wus met with a degree of fortitude calculated to strengthen the confi-
dence I had reposed in them.
On ihe commencement of my operations, I was strongly impressed with the belief that this Indian war had been
excited by some unprincipled foreign or private agents. The outlaws of the old Red Stick party had been severely
convinced, and the Seniinoles were too weik in numbei-s to believe that ihey could possibly aUme maintain a war
wilh even partial success against the United States. Firmly convinced, therefore, that succor had been promised
from some quarter, or that they had been deluded into a belief that America dare not violate the neutrality of Spain
by penetrating to their towns, I early determined to ascertain these facts, and so direct my movements as to unde-
ceive the Indians. After the destruction of the Mekasukean villages, I marched direct tor St. Marks. The cor-
respondence between myself and the Spanish commandant, in which I demanded the occupancy of that fortress with
an American garrison, accompanies this. It had been reported to me, direct from the Governor of Pensacola, that
the Indians and negroes unfriendly to the United States had demanded of the commandant of St. Maiks a supply
of ammunition., munitions ol war, &c. threatening, in the event of a fion-compliance, to lake possession of the tort.
The Spanish commandant acknowledged llie defenceless state of his fortress, and his inability to defend it, and the
Governor of Pensacola expressed similar apprehensions. The Spanish agents throughout the Floridas had uniformly
disavowed having any connexion with the Indians, and acknowledged the obligations of His Catholic Majesty, under
existing treaties, to restrain their outrages against the citizens of the United States.
Indeed, they declared that the Seminole Indians were viewed as alike hostile to the Spanish Government, and
that the will remained, though the power was wanting, to inflict merited chastisement on this lawless tribe. It was,
therefore, to be supposed that the American army, impelled by the immutable laws of self-defence, to penetraie the
territories of His Catholic Majesty, to fight his battles, and even to relieve from a cruel bondage some of his own
subjects, would have been received as allies, hailed as deliverers, and every facility afforded to them to' terminate
speedily and successfully this savage war. Fort St. Marks could riot be maintained by the Spanish force girrison-
ing it. The Indians and negroes viewed it as an asylum if driven from their towns, and were preparing to occupy
it in this event. It was necessary to anticipate their- movements, independent of the position being deemed essential
as a depot, on which the success of my future operations nreasurably depended. In the spirit of friendship, therelirre,
I (lem:in(led its surrender to the army of the United States, until the close of the Seminole war. The Spanish com-
mandant required time to reflect; it was granted, aird a negotiation ensued, and an effort made to protract it to an
unwarrantable lengtii. In the conversations between my aid-de-camp. Lieutenant Gadsderr, and the Spanish com-
mandant, circumstances transpired convicting him of a drsposition to favor the Indians, and of having taken an active
. part in aiding aiid abetting them in this war. 1 hesitated, tliereloie, no' longer, and as I conJd not be received in
friendship, I entered the fort by violence. Two light companies of the 7lh regiment infantry, and one of the 4ih,
under the command of Major Twiggs, was ordered to advance, lower the Spanish colors, and hoist the star-spangled
banner on the ramparts of Fort St. Marks. The order was executed promptly, and no resistance attempted on the
part of the Spanish garrison;
The duplicity of the Spanish commandant in pr-ofessing friendship towards the United States, while he was actu-
ally aiding and supplying her savage enemies, throwing open the gates of his garrison to their free access, appropria-
ting the King's stores to their use, rssuing ammunition arrd munitions of war to them, and knowingly purchasing of
them property plundered from the citizens 'of the United States, is clearly evinced by the documents accorlipairying
my corresprmderice.
, ' In Fort St. Marks, as an inmate in the family_of the Spanish commandant, an Englishman by the name of Arbuth-
Aot was found, unable satisfactorily to explain the objects of his visiting this country, and there being a combination
/of circumstances to justify a suspicion that his views were not honest he was ordered inclose confinement. The
capture ol his schooner near the mouth of Suwaney river by my aid-de carrip, Lieutenant Gadsden, and the papers
found on board, unveiled his corrupt transactions, as well as those of Captairr Ambrister, late of the Br-itisli colonial
murine corps, taken as a prisoner near Bowlegs town. These individuals were tried under my orders by a special court
of select officers, legjilly convicted as exciters of this savage ami negro war, legally condemned, and most justly pun-
ished for their iniquities. Ihe proceedin";s of the .court martial in this case, with the volume of testimony justifying
their condemnation, present scenes of wickedness, corruption, and barbarity, at which the heart sickens, and which in
this enlishtened age, it ought not scarcely to be believed that a christian nation would have participated: and yet the
British Government is iirvolved in the agency. If Arbuthnot and Ambrister are not convicted as the authorized agents
of Great Britain, there is no room to doubt but that that Government had a knowledge of their assumed character,
and was well advisetl of the measures which they had adopted to excite the negroes and Indians in East Florida to
war against the United States. I hope the execution of these two unprincipled villains will prove an awful example
to the world, and convince the Government of Great Britain, as well as her subjects, that certain, though slow retr i-
bution awaits those unchristian wretches who, by false promises, delude and excite an Indian tritie to all the horrid
deeds of savage war.
Previous to my leaving Fort Gadsden, 1 had occasion to address a communication to the Governor of Pensacola,
on the subject of permitting supplies to pass up the Escambia river to Fort Crawford. This letter, with another
from St. Marks on the subject of some United States clothing, shipped in a vessel in the employ of the Spanish
Government, to that port, I now enclose, with his reply. The Governor of Pensacola's r-efusal of my demand can-
not but be viewed as evincing an hostile feeling on his part, particularly in connexion with some circumstances re-
poi ted to me from the most unquestionable authority. It has been stated that the Indians at war with the United
States have free access into Pensacola; that they are kept advised, liom that quarter-, of all our movements; that they
are supplied from thence with ammunition and munitions of war; and that they are now collecting in a large body, to
the amount of four or live hundred warriors, in that city; that inroads from thence have been lately made on the
Alabama; in one of which, eighteen settlers fell by the tomahawk. These statements compel me to make a move-
ment to the west of the Appalachicola, and should they prove correct, Pensacola must be occupied with an Ameri-
can force, the Governor treated according to his deserts, or as policy may dictate. I shall leave strong garrisons in
Forts St. Marks, Gadsden, and Scott, and in Pensacola, should it become necessary to possess it. It becomes my
duty to slate it as my cimfirmed opinion, that, so long as Spain has not the power or will to enforce the treaties by
which she is solemnly bound to preserve the Indians within her teiritory at peace with the United States, no secu-
rity can be given to our southern frontier, without occupying a cordon of posts aiorig the sea-shore. The moment
the American army retires from Florida, the war hatchet wrll be again raised, and the same scenes of indiscr-iminate
massacre with which our frontier settlers have been visited will be repeated. So long as the Indians within the ter-
ritory of Spain are exposed to the delusions of false prophets, and poison of foreign intrigue; so long as they can r-e-
ceive ammunition, munitions of war, &c. fr-om pretended traders, and Spanish commandants, it will be impossible
to restrain their outrages; the burning of towns, the destroying of their stock and pr-ovisions, will produce but tem-
porary embarrassments. Re-supf)lied by Spanish authorities, they may concentrate and disperse at wilt, and keep
up a lasting predatory warfare against the frontiers of the United States, as expensive to our Government as harass-
ing to our- troops. The savages, therefore, must be made dependent on us, and cannot be kept at peace without being
persuaded of the certainly of chastisement tjeing inflicted on the commission of the first offence.
1 trust, therefore, that the measures which have been pur-sued will meet with the approbation of the President
of the United States. They have been ailopted in pursuance of your ii.structioiis, and under a firm conviction that
they alone were calculated to ensure " peace and security to the southern frontier of Georgia."
The army will move on the 7th from hence, crossing the Appalachicola river at the Ochesee bluff, about forty
miles above this.
ANDREW JACKSON, Mqjor General Commanding.
The Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Ser.relary of War.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 7O3
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Adjutant General's Office,
Fort Gadsden, Appalachicola River, May 3. 1818.
Sir: ' y .
I have the honor to report that the army under the immediate command of Major General Andrew Jackson
took up the line ot marchoii the 26(h day of March last, with eight days' rations, and lay in advance of this post
about SIX mdes on the 29ih, at Okolokne river, when nineteen canoes were made, and the principal part of
the army crossed by eight o'clock, P. M., the residue next morning; when the march was again resumed at
eleven o'clock, A. M. On this evening Brevet Major Twiggs of the 7th infantry was detached with one com-
pany and about two hundred warriors, with orders to advance on an Inilian village called Tallahassie, and surprise
It at day-break. On his near approach, he despatched a party to ascertain its situation, who reported it evacuated
some daj;s belure. On the morning of the 31st he entered the village, having previously sent out parties to recon-
noitre. Two ot the enemy were made prisoners, one of whom made his escape from the Indians before he was
brought into camp. The army passed the village about twelve o'clock, and encamped near Mickasuky, when intel-
ligence was received of the approach of a detachment of mounted volunteers from Tennessee, under the command
ol Lieutenant Colonel Elliott, near four hundred strong. On the morning of the 1st of April the army formed and
halted until their arrival, when they were ordered to form the advance of each fiank, with Captains Russell and
Evans's companies, as spies, with Captain John Gordon. The army now advanced within a mile and a half of King-
hajah's town, when a number of Indians were discovered herding cattle on the margin of a large pond. The "eneral
ordered the right and left columns to advance, with a view of cutting off their retreat, and at the same time instiucted
the advance light company, under Major Muhlenburg, the guard, under Major Nicks, together with the small com-
panies composing his life guard, under Captains Dunlap and Crittenden, to advance in support of the spies, in the
event of a general engagement. The spy companies commenced the attack, and a brisk running fire was kept up
on both sides for some minutes, when the enemy divided, the spy companies pursuing those on the right; and Lieu-
tenant Colonel Elliott having turned their flank, became generally engaged, and bore them over to the left column,
under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell, within half gunshot of each other, when they were assailed by
both flanks, and would all have fallen, had not the volunteers taken up the impression, from the similarity of dress,
that some of the friendly warriors had reached in pursuit of the enemy, which occasioned the firing to cease fur a
short time, when a number made good their retreat into the swamp. Captain Crittenden's company, being on horse-
back, was unable to reach the head of Lieutenant Colonel Elliott's column, when they dismounted, and operated
against the enemy. Major Muhlenburg's company, the advance guard, and Captain Uunlap's company, bein" on
foot, were not able to reach the scene of action in time. The right column of Georgia militia, on neuring the pond,
filed round it; and Colonel King, with his regiment, was ordered to advance through it, to support the column of
horse, should it be found necessary; which was executed by the colonel with great promptness. The conduct of
the officers and soldiers engaged on this occasion was, in every respect, praiseworthy; our loss, one man of Captain
Andrews's company killed, and four of Cijptain Evans's company of Tennessee volunteers wounded. The reports give
fourteen killed and several wounded of the enemy, and four women prisoners, from whom we learned that three hun-
dred warriors had advanced from the town to aid those engaged, and, on seeing the advance of an army, fled pre-
cipitately. The army now advanced upon the town, which was found deserted by the enemy; and, on reaching the
square, discovered a red pole planted at the council-house, on which were suspended about fifty fresh scalps, taken
from the heads of extreme age down to the tender infant of both sexes, and, in an adjacent house, near three hun-
dred men, which bore the appearance of having been the barbarous trophies of settled hostility for three or four yeais
past.
The army continued the pursuit to a large pond of water, which is eight miles in length, varying in width from
six hundred to four thousand yards, and from two to five feet deep, through which the army passed, when the ap-
proach of night induced the commanding general to draw oil' his troops. On the succeeding morning. Brevet Major
tjeneral E. P. Gaines, with a large command, was ordered to pass the lake or pond, an<l attack the other towns, but
which he found abandoned by the enemy. The red pole was again found planted in the square of Fowltowii, bar-
barously decorated with human scalps of both sexes, taken within the last six months from the heads of our unfor-
tunate citizens. General Mcintosh, who was with General Gaines, routed a small party of savages nearFowltown,
killed one negro, and took three prisoners, on one of whom was found the coat of James Champion, of Captain Cum-
mings's company, (4th regiment of infantry,) who was killed by the Indians on board of one of our boats descend-
ing the river to the relief of Major Muhlenburg. This coat, with nearly all Captain Cummings's company's cloth-
ing, was lost on board of Lieutenant Scott's boat, when he and his party were massacred, on the 30th of Isovember
last. The pocket-book of Mr. Thomas Leigh, who was murdered at Cedar creek on the 21st of January last, was
found in Kinghajah's town, contaitiing several letters addressed to the deceased, and one to General Glasscock.
About one thousand head of cattle fell into our hands, many of which were recognised by the Georgia militia as the
brands and marks of their citizens. Near three thousand bushels of corn were found, with other articles useful to
the army. Upwards of three hundred houses were consumed, leaving a tract of fertile country in ruin, where
these wretches might have lived in plenty, but for the infernal machinations ai foreign traders, if not agents. The
army remained at this point until the morning of the 5th, when the march was resumed for St. Marks, before which
it arrived on the evening of the 6th, and, after communicating with the commanding officer, took possession of that
fortress on the follovving morning. Captain McKeever, of the navy, having sailed for St. Marks with some vessels
containing supplies for the army, was fortunate enough to entice on board his vessel, in the river, Francis, or Hillis-
hajo, and Homathlamicco, hostile chiefs of the Creek nation, and whose settled hostility has been severely felt by
our citizens. Thecommandinggeneral had them brought on shore, and ordered them to be hung, as an example to deter
others from exciting these deluded wretches to future scenes of butchery. A man of the name of A. Arbuthnot was
also taken on the arrival of the army, and placed in close confinement.
The troops having again received eight days' rations, and a garrison detached for Fort St. Marks, the army
marched on the 9lh of April, destined for Suwany. On the morning of the 12th, the officer of the day reported that
the sentinels had heard the lowing of cattle and barking of dogs during the night; from which the general was induced
to send a runner to General Mcintosh, who was encamped a short distance in rear of the army, with instructions to
have the country below examined. In the mean time, the army moved slowly in advance. General Mcintosh de-
spatched Major Kanard with a party, who returned to him a runner reporting the discovery of a hostile party too
strong for his little band of warriors. Mcintosh moved against them with his whole force. A small detachment of
dift'erent companies of the Tennessee volunteers, under Colonels Dyer and Williamson, (they having joined the
army on the evening of the 10th,) were left at our encampment to search for horses, and, on hearing the report of
Major Kanard, formed themselves into a company under Captain Bell, who was with them, and moved to attack the
enemy, whom they found near a large swamp endeavoring to move otf. A spirited engagement ensued, which re-
sulted in the death of thirty-seven, and six men and ninety-eight women and children prisoners; and our loss three
killed and four wounded of the friendly Indians. The only woman out of seven whose life was spared at the mas-
sacre of Lieutenant Scott was here recaptured by Major Kanard. General Mcintosh individually killed three of
the enemy and captured one. The little band of Tennessee volunteers acted on this occasion as becomes their cha-
racter. At the commencement of the action the army was halted, and a rujiner despatched to inform General Mc-
intosh that any aid he might deem necessary would be aflbrded, and that the army would remain until his arrival,
which was not until we encamped for the night. The enemy abandoned a number of horses, hogs, corn, and about
six hundred head of cattle.
The army moved on the morning of the 13th, and on the succeeding day our spies surprised a camp consisting of
two men, a woman, and two children. Oiie of the men was killed; the other, with a small boy, slightly wounded:
and the woman, unfortunately, not being distinguished in the swamp, received a wound of which she died. At three
o'clock, P. M. on the 16th, the army arrived at a large pond within six miles of Bowlegs town, on Suwany river,
where a few Indians well mounted discovered our advance. An attempt was made to overtake them, but the en-
feebled state of our horses rendered it impracticable. Under these circumstances, the general deemed it advisable
704 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
to make (he town by a forced march, not allowing the enemy time to cross the river and destroy their supplies. The
manner of attack having been previously arranged, the army moved rapidly, until arriving near t!ie large
which fianks the towns, when the troops changed position, coniorniably to previous orders, and moved foiward. The
left tiank, composed of Colonel Willianison's regiment ofTennessee volunteers, at the head of which was a force of
Indian warriors under Major (now Cilotiel) Kanard, soon came in contact, and warmly engaged the Indians and
negroes; whilst the right flank, composed (d' C(donel Dyer's regiment of Tennessee volunteers, with a like force of
warriors under General Mcintosh, advanced near the river, toprevent the enemy fiiim crossing. The centre ad-
vanced in excellent or<ler, and under the expectaticm of having to combat with the strength of these towns and the
fugitives from Mickasuky; but, on reaching IJowlegs town, founil it abandoned. The left tiar.k, from the nature
of the ground they had to traverse, and Colonel Kanard not adhering entirely to the route designated, drove the
Indians and negroes (aboiit three hundred) into the river, before the right flank could occupy the desiied position.
The reports give eleven killed and three prisoners on the field, and it is believed many were killed and drowned in
swimmins the river, it being nearly three hundred yards wide. Colonel Kanard had thirteen wnumled, but one
dangerously. Ab'iut twenty -seven hundred bushels of corn were obtained in the towns and neighboring swamps,
near ninety head of c.tttle,and a number of ho'ses. Our sentinels, on the night of tho 17di, took prisoners two white
men (Ambristei- and Cook) and one negro, who had just returned from Arbuthnot's vessel at the mouth of Suwany;
from the latter we obtained a letter written by A. Aibuthnot to his son, in which he enumerates the army of the
United States under the general's command, and requires him to inform his frien<l Bowlegs ihiit resistance would
be fruitless against such an overwhelming force, and to make over the river with all despatch; admonishing his son,
at the same time, to remove and secrete every thing which could be moved. Fi-om Cook we learned that this letter
was read to the negroes and Indians,, when they immediately Commenced crossing their families, and had just fin-
ished as we entered their towns. Upwards of three hunilred houses were here consumed, the most of which were
well built and somewhat regular, extending near three miles up the river. Orr the morning of the 18lh General
Gaines was ordered, with a select command, and a trumbei- of warrior-s under General Mcintosh, to cross the Su-
wany river in pursuit (rf the enemy; but founil, on advancing about six miles, that they had dispersed ill every direc-
tiim, fr-om the numerous trails, arrd too far advanced to overtake them, his command being short ol supplres. A
detachment of the warriors, havirtg advanced some distance, fell in- with a small parly of'the enemy, killed ihree
warriors, took some women and chihlren and five negroes. On the same morning. Lieutenant James Gadsden, aid-
de-cainp to the commanding general, descended the Suwany river to its mouth, wirli Captain Dunlap's and a few of
Captain Crittenden's ciimpanies of the life-guard, and a small detachment of regulars, and captured, without diffi-
culty, the schooner of .\. Arbuthnot, which had brought supplies of powder and lead to the Indians and negroes set-
tleil a' Suwany. This vessel att'iir'ded the means of transporting our sick back to St. Marks. On ihe evening of
the 20th, General Glasscock was ordered; at his request, to march his brigade by Mickasuky to Hartford, in Geor-
gia, and Captain Bell order-ed to muster them out of service; and the army moved about three-quarters of a mile
prep.iratory to its return. On the -iiih General Mcintosh was ordered to priiceed direct to Fort Scott, on Flint
river, andan order furnished him to the commanding officer' to muster his warriors out of service.
The army reached P'ort St. Marks on the 25ih, having inartln d twenty-eight miles on that day, and we were
agreeably surprised in linding Lieutenant Gailsderr had arrived safely that evening IVom the mouth of Suwany. On
the 26ih a special court was ordered for the trial of A. Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister; which court, im the
documents and evidence adduced, sentenced the first to be hung, and the latter to be shot. They were accordingly
executed on the morning of the 2"Jlh. The army moved and encamped four miles from St. Marks on the evening
of the 28th, and arrived at Fort Gadsden on the 2d instant; the general having pr eviously detached a garrison of two
hundred men, under the command ol Brevet Major Fantiinc, to occupy Fort St. Marks. I have only to add, that
this army has borne hardships and privations to a great extent, in a marrner becoming soldiers and citizens of a na-
tion proud of their liberties. The assistant topographical engineer will Curriish a topngraphical report of the country
thi-ough which the army operated; and I refer yiru to the enclosed sketches lor information of our order ol movement,
and have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
ROBERT BUTLER, Adjutant GeneraL
Brig. Gen. Daniel Pakker, Jliljutanl and Inspector General.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Fort Gadsden, March 25, 1818.
Sir: '
I have ordered a supply of provisions to be sent from New Orleans, via Pensacola, to Fort Crawford, on (he
Caneucho. This route has been adopted as the most speedy one of provisioning one of my garrisons which must be
maintained during die present cimflrct against our mutual enemies, the Seminole Indians, and 1 cannot but express
a hope that no attempt will be made to interrupt the free passage of my transports to that post. I am not disposed
to enter into any cimtroversy wilh you on the rights which our Government may claim to the free navigation of such
water-courses as head within her limits, but flow through the territory of His Catholic Majesty, preferring to leave
these subjects to be settled by those legally authorized; but as it is necessary for me to make use of the Escambia
river in passing up provisions to the garrison at Fort Crawford, I wish it to be distinctly understood, that any
attempt to interrupt the passage of transports cannot be viewed in any other light than as a hostile act on your part.
I will not permit myself for a moment to believe that you would commit an act so contrary to ihe interest of the
King your master. His Catholic Majesty, as well as the Government of the United States, are alike interested in
chastising a savage foe, who have too long warred with impunity against his subjects as well as Ihe citizens of this
republic, and I feel persuaded that every aid which you can give, to promote this object, will be cheerfully tendered.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Don Jose Masot, Governor of Pensacola.
Head -QUARTERS, Division of the Sottth, before St. Marks, April 6, 1818.
Sir:
To chastise a savage foe, who, combined with a lawless band of negro brigands, have for some time past been
carrying on a cruel and unprovoked war against the citizens of the United States, has compelled the President to
direct me to inarch my army into Florida. I have penetrated to the Mekasuky towns, and red.uced them to ashes.
In these towns I found many indications of a hostile spirit. On a red pole in the centre of the council-houses of
Kenhagas town, more than fifty fresli scalps, of all ages, from the infant to the aged matnm, were found suspended.
In addition to this, upwards of three hundred old scalps wei-e found in the dwellings of the different chiefs settled
on the Mekasuky pond. Those barbarians who escaped death have fled. From information communicated by the
Governor of Perrsacola to two of my captains, Gordon and Call, I was induced to believe they had fled to St. Marks
for protection. The Governor stated that the Indians and negroes had demanded of you large supplies irf munitions
of war, with a threat, in the event of a refusal, of taking possession of your fortress. He further expressed an
apprehension that, from your defenceless state, they were already in possession of St. Marks. The wife of
Chenubby, a noted chief, iiow a piisimer in my camp, informed me that the hostile Indians and negr-oes obtained
their supply of ammunition from St. Marks. To prevent the recurrence of so gr-oss a violation of neutr-;ility, and to
exclude our savage enemies fi-om so strong a hold as St. Mar ks, I deem it expedient to garrison that fortress with
American troops, until the close of the present war. This measure is justifiable on the immutable principle of self
defence, and cannot but be satisfactory, under existing circumstances, to His Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain.
Under existing treaties between Our two Governments, the King of Spain is bound to preserve in peace with the
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 705
citizens of the United States not only his own subjects but all Indian tribes residing within his territnry. When
called iipiiii til fulfil that part of the t.eaty in relation to a savage tribe who have long depredated with impunity
on the American frontier, incompetency is alleged, with an acknowledgment that the same tribe have acted in open
hostiliiy to the laws, and invadeil the rights, of His Catholic M.ijesty. As a mutual enemy, therefore, it is expected
that every facility will be afforded by the agents of the King of Spain to chastise these lawless and inhuman
savages. In this light is the possession of St. Marks, hy the Ameiican forces, to be vieweil. I come not as the
enemy, but as ihe friend, of Spain. Spanish rights and properly will be respected. The propei'ty and rights of
Spanish subjects will be guarantied them. An inventory of all public property, munitions of war, &c. shall be
made out anil ceititied by an oHicer appointed by each id us, and a receipt given for the same, to be accounted lor
to His Catholic Majesty by the U?iited States. The subject of my possession of the garrison of St. M.irks will be
referred to our respective Governments, for amicable adjustment. Some armed vessels of the United States are in
the bay of St. Marks, with whom I wish to communicate; you will, I trust, furnish me with a small vessel to convey
{I letter, as well as some sick and wounded that are with me. As our mutual savage enemies are concentrating
their forces near or on the Suwaney, an early and prompt answer is requested to this letter, with an English
translation, as neither myself nor staff are acquainted with the Spanish.
This will be baniled to you by aid-de-camp Lieutenant James Gadsden, by whom an answer is expected,
I have, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, xMajor General Commanding.
The CoMMANDixG Officek, Si, Marks.
St. Marks, off Appalachie, ^pril 7, 1818.
Most Excellent Sir:
Being made to understand, although with the greatest difficulty, the contents of the letter with which your
excellency honored me yesteiday evening, delivered to me by your aid-de-camp, James Gadsden, 1 will declare to
your excellency the satisfictiim the knowledge of Ihe result of your expedition against Mekasuky has aftbided me.
That such would be the event could not be doubted on considering the superior talents and skilful cimduct of your
excellency, and to tlrese must be attributed the success, on which 1 tender you my .most cordial congratulatiim.
My chief, the Governor of Pensacola, had, in truth, reasim to mention to your captains, tiordon and Call, what
your excellency states to me, and to entertain fears for the late of Hiis fort, menaced by Indians and negroes for
some months past, and particularly since they have been disappointed in their expectations of obtaining powder and
balls, which they have so repeatedly solicited, and to wh'ch they thought themselves entitled, from the practice
which subsisted' ol supplying them annually therewith. This proves how entirely unfouuded is the assertion ot the
wife of the chief Chenubby, that the Itidians have been supplied with munitions in this fort since I was advised and
I determined to maintain the most perfect neutialily. No one can better remove from your excellency's mind any
unfavorable opiiiion'you may have formed on this subject than the bearer, William Hambly, as he has, at various
times, interpreted to me the solicitations of the several Indian chiefs in my neighborhoud; and he ran also inlorin
you of the advice I always gave them, to avoid the destruction which has overtaken them, and which I foresaw from
the beginning. ■ ■ ■ j *i.
This being realized, and there being now no motive to fear any insult to the fort from these barbarians and the
negroes, I beg permission of your excellency to call your attention to the difficulty I should involve myself in with
my Government, if I were presently to assent to what your excellency proposes to me. to garrison this lort with the
troops of the United States, without first receiving its orders. Such 1 will solicit immediately an opportunity otters,
and I do not for a moment doubt that they will be given to me; so xealous is itiy Government to comply with the
stipulations between her and the United States. In the interim, I hope your excellency will desist Irom your
intention, and be firmly persuaded of the good faith and harmony which will reign between this garrison and
whatever troops you may think lit to leave in this vicinity, who may assist rae in the defence of this fort on any
unforeseen event. -j u- k
The sick your excellency sent in are lodged in the royal hospital, and I have afforded them every aid whicti
circumstances admit: [ hope your .excellency will give me other opportunities of evincing the desire I have to
satisfy you. i • i, u
I trust your excellency will pardon my not answering you as soon as requested, for reasons whicli nave
been given you by your aid-decamp. I do not accompany this with an English translation, as your excellency
desires, because there is no cme in the fort capable thereof; but the before named William Hambly proposes to
translate it to your excellency in the best manner he can.
May our Lord preserve your excellency many years. Such is my prayer.
Most excellent sir, I kiss your excellency's hands, and am your most obedient and devoted servant,
FRANCISCO CASO Y LUENGO.
The Most Excellent Andrew Jackson,
General in chief of the troops of the United Slates before St. Marks.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Camp, near S. Marks, jlpiil 7, 1818.
Sir:
I refer you to my communications of yesterday for the motives which have compelled me to occupy the
fort of St. Marks. I again repeat that I have entered the territory of Spain as a friend, to chastise a mutual enemy
of both natiims, and whom His Catholic Majesty was bound, under the most sacred of treaties, to have punished
himself. Peculiar circumstances, however, have prevented, and it was therefore expected that every facility would
have been given to the American arms to have ensured success to their operations. The occupation ot St. M-irks
is essential to the accomplishment of my campaign, and is peculiarly so at this period, when evidence is derived
from every source of the designs of the negroes and Indians against that fortress. They are now concentrating
with the intention of faking possession of St. Marks the moment my army moves from its vicinity, the dislodging
them from which will cost me more American blood than I am disposed should be shed. Success to my operations
requires despatch; you will excuse me, therefore, in refusing your request that a suspension should be granted until
a permit is obtained from yuur Government, and on insisting that Fort St. Marks should be immediately occupied
by American troops. , , . • , j i
Major Fanning, my inspector general, and Lieutenant Simmons, of the ordnance department, are appointed to
act with one or two officers nominated on your part, to take an inventory of and inspect all public property in the
fort of St. Marks, for which receipts will be given in the name of the American Government. Any disposition
which you would wish made with the private property of yourself, officers, and soldiers, or any other arrangemeotg
gratifying to yourself, will be settled by my aid-de-camps, Lieutenants Gadsden and Glassel.
ANDREW JACKSON, Alajor General Commanding.
Don Francisco Caso Luengo, Commanding Fort St. Markt.
706 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
[translation.]
Appal ACHiE, ^pril 7, 1818.
Most excellent Sir:
I should insist on what I stated to your excellency in my letter of this morning, as to the necessity of await-
ing orders from the Governor of Pensacola for the delivery of this fort under my command, were I not, m addition
to what your excellency says in your answer, threatened by your aid-de camp and the other officers appointed to
negotiate on the subject, and had not so large a body of troijps entered, without awaiting my permission, and taken
possession of all the stores and posts, lowering the Spanish flag, and hoisting the American.
So manifest a violation of the territory of His Catholic Majesty obliges me to complain of it, and to protest
against it; and I accordingly do protest against it, and beg of your excellency to provide me, as speedily as possi-
ble, the vessels necessary to transport me to Pensacola, together with the troops and those persons who are in the
royal employ, and also to give orders that, in the interim, the private property and effects of every Spanish individ-
ual here be respected. With respect to the public property of His Catholic Majesty, I have nominated the subal-
tern officer of this detachment and commissary of the fort to make, with the three officers whom you name to me,
an inventory thereof.
I repeat to your excellency my respects, and prayers to God to preserve your life many years.
Most excellent sir, I kiss your excellency's hands.
Your most obedient and devoted servant,
FRANCISCO CASO Y LUENGO.
The Most Excellent Andrew Jackson,
General of the troops qf the U., S. before St. Marks.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Camp, near St. Marks, Jlpril 7, 1818.
Sir:
I have received your protest against my proceedings. The occupancy of Fort St. Mar-ks by mjr troops, pre-
vious to your assenting to the measure, became necessary from the difficulties thrown in the way of an amicable
adjustment, notwithstanding my assurances that every arrangement should be made to your satisfaction, and ex-
pressing a wish that my movements against our common enemy should not be retarded by a tedious negotiation. I
again repeat what has been reiterated to you through my aid-de-camp. Lieutenant Gadsden, that your personal
rights and private property shall be respected; that your situation shall be made as comfortable as practicable while
compelled to remain in Fort St. Marks; and that transports shall be furnished, as soon as they can be obtained, to
convey yourself, family, and command to Pensacola. I daily expect some vessels from the bay of Appalachicola;
as soon as they arrive, the most suitable shall be selected for said purpose.
ANDREW JACKSON. Major General Commanding.
Don Francisco Caso t LtrENGO, Governor of St. Marks.
[translation.]
Pensacola, ^pril 16, 1818.
Most excellent Sir:
Your excellency's letter of the 25th of the last month has been delivered to me, and also that of the 26th, in
answer to mine of the 16th of February last. I have the honor to advise your excellency of the receipt of both,
and to answer the former.
In the month of May, of the last year, from a spirit of conciliation, I permitted a cargo of provisions, which the
schooner Mobiterta had brought from New Orleans to this place, to pass up the Escambia to Fort Crawford. In-
fluenced by the same sentiments, I made a similar concession to Captain Call, assenting to the transporting of the
cargo brought by the schooner Italiana, in January last, to the said destination; and, more lately, in continuance of
the same amicable and conciliatory spirit. I consented that Lieutenant Eddy, of the garrison of the before named
fort, (commissioned by its commander. Major Young, for the purpose.) should procure sixty barrels of provisions
in this place; and the cargo of the schooner Italiana (which is, or ought to be, deposited here) not being yet export-
ed, I do not think the further introduction of provisions, which your excellency asks at present, necessary; but.
nevertheless, as I infer from your excellency's letter that these provisions are already on their passage, in pursu-
ance of the sufferance hitherto accorded, and observing the restrictions and course established, that is, to consign
them to a Spanish commercial house, who will take care to forward them, and pay the royal duties of import and
export, I will allow the same destination to be given to them as to the former, provided that the Government of
the United States shall not set up, or derive any right, either now or hereafter, from these purely gratuitous con-
cessions, as I make them from the obligation of existing circumstances, which do not admit of supplying the garri-
son of the before named Fort Crawford by any other way.
In accordance with the declaration of your excellency, when you add that it is not your intention to enter into
a discussion with me in relation to the right which the United Statas may claim tq the free navigation of the Escam-
bia, so neither is it mine to discuss this subject with your "excellency, as well because it does not fall within my
duties, as that, being a subordinate officer, I am bound to obey the superior on whom I depend, it being my duty,
until 1 receive instructions to the contrary, to be governed on this head by the treaties existing between the United
States and Spain; and in the last of amity, limits, and navigation, I do not see the before named river men-
tioned, but th&soveieignty of the King my master over all the territories, rivers, coasts, ports, and harbors lying
south of 31° north, solemnl;^ and explicitly recognised by the United States; and, if extraordinary existing circum-
stances should require any further temporary concessions, not explained in the said treaty, I request your excellency
to have the goodness to apply, in future, for the obtaining of them to the proper authority, as I, for my part, possess
no power whatever in relation thereto.
May God preserve your excellency many years.
JOSE MASOT.
His Excellency Andrew Jackson, Major General, SfC.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Fort St. Marks, April 27, 1818.
Sir:
After I left this port for St. Juan, to disperse and destroy the mutual enemy of Spain and the United States,
a small schooner, with men and supplies, arrived from Pensacola, and was taken possession of and detained by my
officer left in command. This vessel has been liberated with all her effects, excepting some clothing of the United
States unaccompanied with any invoice, and which has been detained, as supposed to be a part of that taken on
b9ard the boats within the territory of this republic, in which Lieutenant Scott, of the United States' army, with
his command, were so inhumanly massacred.
I regret being compelled to state to you, that, from the papers and other proofs taken at St. Juan's: the quantity
of American cattle found at St. Marks, and purchased by me from the commissary of the post; and tne intercourse
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS&c. 707
kept up between this post and the hostile Indians, there is too much ground to believe that the Indians have been
encouraged, aided, and abetted by the officers of Spain in this cruel war against the United States. Proof positive
exists that the Indians were supplied with ammunition by the late commandant of St. Marks. The United States
clothing being found on board of a vessel in the employ of the Government of Spain, sailing from Pensacola direct
for this port, compels me to call on you for a statement in what manner you came possessed of said clothing. The
good understanding that so happily exists between His Catholic Majesty and the United States formed a just ground
to believe that his agents would have discountenanced this cruel and savage war against the citizens of this repub-
lic. Spain, too vveak to comply with her treaties with the United States, or chastise her own savage subjects, waging
war against a friendly nation, it was scarcely to be believed that her officers would have been delected in aiding and
abetting the enemy, assisting wiih the intelligence of our movements, and purchasing the property depredated of us.
America, just to her treaties, and anxious to maintain peace with the world, cannot and will not permit such a sav-
age war to be carried on in disguise any longer. Asylums have been granted to the persons and property of an
Indian foe, (fugitives from the territory of the United States;) facilities, deemed by me necessary to terminate a war
which, under existing treaties, should halve been maintained by Spain; for feeding my troops; and liberating the
subjects of Spain imprisoned by the Indians; have all been der.ied by the officers of His Catholic Majesty. All these
facts prove the unjust conduct of Spanish agents in Florida. It canmit be longer tolerated, and although a repub-
lic fond of peace, the United States know her rights and at the expense of war will maintain them.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Don Jose Masot, Governor of Pensacola.
[translations. ]
No. 3.
Copy of a note of the Commandant of West Florida to Major Young, at the encampment, banks of the Escambia.
Pensacola, ,/ipril 27, 1818.
Sir:
Your note of the 27th, dated encampment on the Escambia and Fort Crawford, accompanying the proclama-
tion which you were pleased to enclose, were delivered to me at three o'clock this afternoon by an artificer, a man
of color, whose speedy return not allowing me at present to answer them in detail, I shall merely state, that the
small number of peaceful Indians who were in this place and its vicinity retired on the 26th, at the dawn of
which day several of them, both women and children, were killed by the troops of the United States. As it is not my
purpose to investigate the motives of this act. or of the violation resulting from if, I shall only say that, in compli-
ance with my duty, I shall give an account of the whole proceeding to my superior; and, in the mean time, I hope
you will allow no (urther hostilities to be committed on. this territiiry, on any pretence whatever. If the Indians
should give any further cause of complaint, I trust you will inform me of it, that they may receive due punishment,
should that depend on my authority. If there are any Indians still remaining within this territory, I will have them
sought for and informed of your letter, and advise you of the result. 1 can assure you, both under my hand and on
my word, that the information, as stated in your letter, of the aggressions committed by the Indians is the first I have
had of them, for at the time I agreed to the return of the escort referred to, I had no knowledge of any others than
those who were concerned in the attack on Lieutenant Eddy. 1 repeat to you the assurance that iny wishes and
eftbrts are wholly directed to preserve the peace happily subsisting between our Governments. In a full confidence
in your favorable sentiments, I beg leave to offer you my respectful salutations.
God preserve you many years.
JOSE MASOT.
To Major W. Young, Commanding the American troops on the Escambia.
Copy of a note from Jose Masot to Major W. Young.
Pensacola, .-JpnV 30, 1818.
Sir:
In consequence of the request expressed in your letter of the 27th instant, I assembled the chiefs of the Upper
Creeks at the villages of Colome, Canaan, Cowale, and Forsatche. and communicated to them the contents of your
letter. They all replied that they had for a long time been very miserable and wretched, without shelter or home,
that by the counsel of a good friend they had at length found one, that they had listened attentively to it, and
accepted with gratitude the offers you had made them. These Indians are about eighty-seven in number, including
women and children. They agreed to divide themselves into three parties, and set out on their march, as soon as
I received your answer, which they thought it would be prudent for them to keep; and that when you were informed
of their resolution, you would give the necessary orders for their safe progress, and avoiding any rencounter with
the Choctaws, who, if not seasonably apprized of the circumstances, might attack them, in which case the pacific
arrangements, in which we both take so strong an interest, would be entirely defeated. Opaliihola, an Aliiiamoa
chief, on account of his advanced age, and infirmities, will, for the present, remain here with his family. I have
given orders for his relief, and pledge myself for his good behaviour. You will always find me disposed, sir, to
promote any measure conducive to the mutual interests of our two countries, which may, at the same time, be in
ctmformity with existing treaties. I offer you the renewed assurances of my respect, and I pray God to preserve
you.
JOSE MASOT.
To Major White Young.
Pensacola, May 2, 1818.
True copies of the letter and documents deposited in the archives of this command.
In the absence of the Secretary, (by indisposition,)
BUENAVENTURA DUBIEUIL.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Fort Montoomeby, June 2, 1818.
Sir:
The Seminole war having terminated, I deem it politic and advisable to send to Washington John Blunt and
his Indian comrades, who have acted as pilots to me during the late campaign. John Blunt is a Tuckabatchee
Indian, has long been friendly to the Unitecl States, and in consequence of his opposition to the Red Stick party during
the Creek war has drawn down upon himself their vengeance during the late contest. His settlement being in an
exposed situation on the Appalachicola river, he was early attacked by the Seminoles, his property destroyed, and
his family rifled from him; alone he escaped and Hed to Fort Scott, where, joining the American standard, he has
proved himself a most zealous friend and faithful pilot to this period. In justice to him I am bound to state, that
to his correct knowledge of the country and zealous attachment to the cause in which we were engaged, am I mea-
surably indebted fur the success of the present campaign.
lm
MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Mr. Hambly accompanies John Blunt. Mr. H. is a Spanish subject by birth, and has long boen a resident as a
trader on the Appalacliicola river. In conspquence of his atfachinent to the American cause, and his active exer-
tions to check the hostile feelings of those Indians disposed to war against the United Slaves, he drew down upon
himself and (amily their vengeance. He was forcibly taken from his house at an early period of the war, his pro-
perty, goods, and negroes taken from him, and he violently transported from Mickasuky, Suwaiiy, and St. Marks,
until finally relieved by Captain McKcever of the American Navy; since which period he has been attached to my
army as Indian interpreter. You will find him an honest atid faiihful fiiend to our Government, and valuable for
the information which he can attiird of Spanish policy and intrigue. Me is well actjuainled with all the tjansacliuns
of foreign agents in this country, of their practices, &c. and how far encouraged by the Spanish authority, &c.
With respect, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON, AJoJor General Commanding.
The Honorable John C. Calhoun, Secretary of f Far.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Foiit Montgomery, June 3, 1818.
Sir:
In a communication to you of the 5th of May, I detailed at length the operations ol my army up to that periods
Leaving a strong gariison of regulars in Fort Scott aird GadsiLen, I resumed my maich with a small detachment of
the 4lh regiment of inlaiitiy, one company of ai'lillery, and the ettectives of the Tennessee vulunteers, the whole not
exceeding twelve hundred men, to fulfil my iirtctitions, criiiirniinicated to'you. of scouring the country west of the
Appalachicola livei'. On the lOrh of May, my ai;iny cl■os^ed that river at the Ochesee vrllase, and, after a fatiguing,
tedious, and circuitous march of twelve days, misled by the ignorance of our pilots, aird exposeil to the severest pri-
vatioiis,wefiiially reached and effected a passage over the Escambia. On my march, on the 23d May, a protest li'ora
the Governor of Pensacola was delivered me by a Spaninh officer-, remonstrating, in war in terms agiinst my pro-
ceediirgs, and ordering me arrd my foices instantly to quit the territory of His Catholic Majesty, with a threat to
apply force in the event of a non-compliance. This was so open an indication of a hrrsfile leelrng on his part, alter
haviirg been early and well advised of the object of nry operations, that I hesitated no longer on the measures to be
adopted. I marcheil for anil entered Pensacola, with only the show of resisc.rice. on the '21sl of May. The Giivernor
had previously fled to Fort Carlos de Baraiicas, where it was said he resolved upon a roost desperate resistance. A
coirespondence ensued between us, accompanying this, marked A, detiriling my moiives for wishirrg ami demanding
that Pensacola and its depeiideixies'be occupieil with an American giiriisnn. The package, marked B, are docu-
ments substantiating the charges, iir part, against the conduct of the Spanish Goveriror- haviirg kirowingly and wil-
lin''ly admitted the savages, avowedly hostile to the Uiirfe.d States, within tiie town of Pensacola. The peaceable
surrender of the fort at the liaiancas was denied; I marched for- aird invested it cirr the evening of the riSth of May;
and, on the same night, pushed reconnoilritrg parties utrder its very guns. Oir the morning of the 21)!h, a military
reconnaissance was taken; and, on the same night, a lodgement was made, under a fire fi-om the Spanish garrison,
by Captain Gadsden, of the eirgineers, aided by Ctptains Call and Young, on a comniandiirg irosilitm, vvitliiri three
hundred and eighty five yar-ds of the Spanish works, and a nine pourrder mourrfed; a howit/.er battery was simulta-
neously established on the capital of, and williin seven hundr-ed and fifiy yar-ds of, the frrrt. At day-light, on the 27ih,
the Spanish garrison opened their artillery im our- batter ies; a parley was snuiriled, a Hag sent in, and the sur render
of Fort Carlos de Baiancas again demanded: the favorable positions obtained were pointed (rut, and the inutility of
resistance urged. Anxious to avoid an open contest, and to save the eltusiorr of blood, ihe same terms previously of-
fered were again tendered. These were rejected, aird oflensive operations recornmeirced. A spirited and well directed
fire was kept up the greater part of the mrrrning, and, at intervals, during the after notrn. Irr the evening a flag was
gent fr'oin the Spanish commandant, offering to capitulate, and a suspension of hostilities was granted uiilrl 8 o'clock
the next day, when the enclosed article ol capitulation, marked C, was sigired and agreed to. The terms are moi-e
favtrr-able than a conquered enemy would have nrer ited, but, under the peculiar circumstances of the case, my object
obtained, there was no motive for wounding the feeliiigs ol those whose military pride or hoirrrr ha<l pr-ompted to the
resistatice made. The articles, with but one ctrirdition, amounted to the cirmplete cession, to the United States, of
that portion of the Floridas hitherto under the Government jif D.itr Jose Masot.
'i'he ar-rangements which 1 have made to secure Pensacola and its dependencies are contained in the general
orders, &c., marked D. I deemed it most advisable to retain, lor the present, the same Government to which the
people had been accustomed, until such time as the Kxecutive of the United Slates may order olherwi«e. It vyas
necessary, however, to establish reveirue laws of the United States, to check the smu^glrng which has been carried
on successfully in this quarter for many years past; and to admit the Arrreiican merchant to an equal participation
in a trade which would have been denied under the par-'tial opeialion of the Spanish commercial codtj. Captain
Gadsden was appointed by me collector-, and he has organized arrd left the departriienl in the charge of ofticers in
whrrm I he greatest conhdence may be reposed.
'J'hough the Seminole Indians have been scattered, and literally so dr-iven and reduceil as no longer to be viewed
as a frrrmidable enemy, yet as there are still many small inaiaiidrrrg parties supposed, to be concealed in the swamps
of the Perdido, Choctawhatchy, and Chapoiily, who might make occasional and sudden inr-oads on our frontier set-
tler's, massacring women and children, 1 have deemed it advisable to call into service, (irr six months, if not sootier
dischargetJ, two companies of volunteer ranger-s. under Captains McGirt aird Boyles, with instructions to scour the
country between the Mobile and Appalachicola rivers, exterminating every hostile party, who dare resist an.l will not
surrender and remove, with their families, above the thirty-first degree of latrtude.
The Seminole war may now be considered at a close; tranquillity again restored to the southern frontier of the
United Slates; anil as long as a cordon of military posts is maintained along the Gulf (if Mexico America has no-
thing to apprehend from either foreign or Indian hostilities. Indeed, sir, to attempt to fortily or protect an imagi-
nary line, or to suppose that a frontier, on the 31st degree of latitude, in a wilderness, can be secured by a cordon
of military posts, whilst the Spanish authorities were not maintained in the Floridas, and that the country lay open
to the use and excitement of any enemy, is visionary in the extreme. On the immutable prirrciple, therefore, ol self
defence, aulhorized by the law of nature and of nati(ms, have I bottomed all my operations; on the fact that the
Spanish olficers had aided and abetted the Indian enen"y, and thereby became a party in hostilities against us, do I
justify my occupying the Spanish fortresses. Spain had disregarded the treaties existirrg with the American Govern-
ment, or had nut power to enforce iheiri. The Indian tribes within her territory, and which she was bound to keep
at peace, had visited our citi-zens with all the horrors of savage war. Negro brigands were establishing themselves,
when and where they pleased, and foreign agents were o|ienly and knowingly pi-artising their intrigues in this neu-
tral territory. The immutable principles of self defence justified, therefore, the occupancy of the Floridas. and the
same principle will warrant the American Government in holdirrg it until such time as Spaili ca.T giiarantee, by an
adequate military force, the maintaining her authority within the colony.
A topographical sketch of the courrtry, from the Appalachicola to Pensacola Biy, accompanies this. Captain
Yourrg will prepare, as Soon as practicable, a t(rprigraphrcal memoir of that part of the Floridas on which my army-
has operated, with a map of the country. Captain Gadsden is instr-ucted to prepare a report on the necessary de-
fences of the counlry.as far as the military reconnaissances will permit, accompanied with plans ol the existing works,
what additions and impririremeiits are necessaiy, and what new works should, in his opinion, be erected to give per-
manent security to this important territorial addition to our republic. As soon as the report is prepared. Captain
Gadsden will receive orders to repair to Washington city, with some other documents which 1 may wish to confide
to his charge.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE, SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 709
At the close of a campaign, which has terminated so honorably and happily, it gives me pleasure to express my
approbation generally of the officers and soldiers of every species of corps which I have had the honor to command.
The patience with which they endured fatigue, and submitied to privations, and the determination with which they
encountered and vanquished every difficulty, is the strongest indication of the existence of that patriotic feeling which
no circumstances can change, and that irresistible ardor, in the defence of their country, which will prove her
strength and bulwark under any exposure. I should do violence to my feelings, if I did not particularly notice the
exertions of my quartermaster general, Colonel George Gibson; who, under the most embarrassing of circumstan-
ces, relieved the necessities of my army, and to whose exertions 1 was indebted for the supplies received. His zeal
and integrity in this campaign, as well as in the uniform discharge of his duties, since his connexion with my staff,
merits the approbation and gratitude of his country.
With respect, yours, &c.
ANDREW JACKSON,
TheKon. J. C.Calhovh, Secretary of War. . Major General Commanding.
[translation.]
Most Excellent Sir: Pensacola, Alay 18, 1918.
On the 10th instant I received your excellency's letter of the 27th of Aptil last, informing me that some
articles of the clothing used by the troops of the United States, and supposed to be part of those taken in the boat
in which Lieutenant Scott and his escort were so inhumanly murdered, were found in a small schooner despatched
from this port for that of Appalacbie with provisions.
Your excellency inquires of me in what manner these articles came into my possession; and you further state
that you feel yourself obliged to inform me that the documents and the proofs found in St. Juan, the detention of
American cattle, found in St. Marks, and the correspondence carried on between this post and the hostile Indians,
are sufficient to create a belief that they were armed and incited to this cruel war against the United States by the
Spanish officers.
Your excellency adds that there exists positive proofs that the Indians were supplied with munitions by the last
commaiider of St. Marks; and you conclude by saying that an asylum has been granted here to the persons and pro-
perty of the Indians, who are enemies to the United States, and fugitives from the American territory; and that
these proceedings, and the refusing to allow the passage of provisions for your troops, prove the unjust conduct of
the Spanish agents in the Floridas.
I shall answer the charges alleged in their proper order, with candor, and without evasion or reservation.
The first complaint made by your excellency is relative to the articles of clothing found on board the schooner
Maria, and which have been detained on the supposition that they are the property of the United States.
Part of these articles, as is proved by copy of No. 1, were purchased at New Orleans in the month of May, last
year; part came from the Havannah; and part were purchased in this place. All this is established. The charge
is, of course, done away, and your excellency's question is satisfactorily answered.
The succeeding one is more serious, and relates to the course observed of late by the Governor of St. Marks.
I immediately required of him an account of his conduct, and he made me the communication found in copy
No. 2. However, as your excellency affirms that you possess positive proofs of the misconduct of this officer, I
must, as a necessary consequence, entieat you to submit them to me, that, the fact being established, I may inflict
on him deserved punishment. lassure your excellency, with the sincerity natural to me, that he has acted in entire
opposition to his instructions; and that, if your excellency will transmit the proofs I request, he shall be brought
before a council of war, and punished with all the severity his transgressions deserve; but your excellency will be just
enough to allow that the Spanish Government cannot be responsible for the misconduct of its agents, when it neither
upholds them therein, nor suflfers their mal-practices, being ascertained, to pass unpunished.
The last complaints of your excellency have a personal and direct application to myself, and are relative to the
asylum granted to the persons and property of the fugitive Indians, and to the passage of provisions up the
Escambia. It is easy for me to remove these charges, and I think your excellency will be satisfied with a short and
true relation of facts.
With respect to the Indians, your excellency has been assuredly misinformed, as, although it is true that some
remained here, the greater part of them were women and children, who procured a subsistence by furnishing the
inhabitants with wood, fish, and other trifling objects, and were here before the present war with the Seiiiinoles.
Others, now and then, assembled on account of the war, but in very small numbers; as, when I had them collected,
in compliance with the proposition made by Major Young, they, altogether, amounted to eighty-seven, and, assuredly,
these few uirarmed and miserable men were not hostile to the United States. The continual passing of American
citizens from the frontier to this people, who travelled alone and unarmed among them, without being, at any time,
insulted or molested in their persons or property, is a proof of this.
With respect to the passage of provisions up the Escambia, I have not hitherto prevented it, but, on the contrary,
have facilitated it so far as I was able, and my limited powers have permitted, even to the compromitting of myself;
for, being only a subordinate officer, I could not consent to it, as it is unauthorized, but F took the responsibility oil
myself, in consideration of existing circumstances, and so I stated to your excellency in my letter of the 15th of
last month, which I wrote to you by Major Perrault, and to which I refer you in suppiit of my assertion. Now,
that the free commerce of this people with those of the interior is declared admissible by higher authority, there will,
in future, be no difficulty in allowing the merchants to transport from hence to Fort Crawlord, and other lorts on
the frontier, as well by water as by land, whatever provisions and effects they may need or desire; by which means
these posts will readily be provisioned, and your excellency will be satisfied.
I think I have answered your excellency's letter satisfactorily, and in a manner which can leave no doubt of the
sincerity of my intentions, and which evinces my desire to contribute, so far as depends on me, to the good under-
standing existing between our respective Governments.
God preserve your excellency many years. t/\c!c n* tcr-vr
His Excellency Andrew Jackson,
Major General of the .irmy of the United Stales.
[translations.]
No. 1.
Pensacola, May 18, 1818.
Being informed of what, amongst other subjects. Major General Andrew Jackson, of the United States' troops,
states to you in his letter of the 27th of April last, and communicated to me in yours of the 13th instaiu, in which
you direct me to explain to you of what description the articles were, referred to by the said General, and by whom
the coats worn by the men belonging to the Grey and Brown companies, (de pardos y morenos) from the Havana,
under my command, were sold or brought to this place, they being the same uniform as that worn by the
troops of the United States, I have to inform you, in reply, that the articles of clothing shipped on board the
schoonerMaria, for the supply of a detachment from the aforesaid companies at Appalachie, and detained by General
Jackson, consisted of fifteen four point woollen blankets, brought here in His Majesty's Hermaphrodite brig El
Amirante, which arrived at this port on the 2d of January last; twenty-five pairs of French shoes, bought here of
Don Henrique Granpre, as is shown by voucher No. 1, annexed; fifteen common black hats, bought of Don Hen-
rique Michelet, as is proved by voucher No. 2; and twenty shirts of Crea linen, and the same number of pantaloons,
received by the above named Hermaphrodite armed brig, with the exception of three or four of the latter aj't'cles.
which were made in North America for the use nf their troops, and came into my possession in the manner I shall
710 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
explain to you. All which clo(hing I requested you, in mine of (he 7th of April last, to report to the Department
of Riiyal Finance, that Ihey might be regularly entereil in the clearance, on account, and at the risk, of the same.
By viiucher No. 3, annexed, you will perceive that, on the 1st and 6th of May, and 2yth of July last, there were
shipped to me, from New Orleans, by Don Pedro Dalhaste y Claveria, merchant and citizen of the United States,
one iiundred and thirty-one coats of ihe uniform altered there, as is stated in his letter of advice; also twenty-
eight pairs of shoes; one hundred and eighteen shirts; seventy -six pairs of pantaloons; two hundred and thiity-six
woollen waistcoats, without sleeves; twenty Russia jackets; two hundred and fifty-three leathern caps, for the use
of the Chiisseurs; and a quantity of leathern guiters and stocks; which articles were purchased from the military
storekeeper at New Orleans, alid brought here in the schooners Maria and Jalouse, under the charge of their masters,
Bartelome Alberly and .lose Medina, who included them in the manifests they presented to the custom house here,
and the duties on them were paid, as appears from the estimate of them, made by the Department on the 19 h of
May and the 11th of August last. It follows, from this statement, that the conjecture formed by General Jackson,
that the articles of clothing detained by him were part of those taken from the escort of Lieutenant Scott at the time
he was killed, within the teiritory of the republic, is deprived of all foundation, as the unfortunate fate of that officer
and his escort happened on the Appalachicola in December last; and the articles of clothing alluded to were pur-
chased in New Orleans in May and July of the same year, as is proved by the letters of advice and invoices com-
prised in voucher No. 3, to which I have referred. God preserve you many years.
BENIGNO GARCIA CALDERON.
To Don Jose Masot.
No. 1.
I hereby certify that, on the 10th of February last, I sold to Captain Don Benigno Garcia Calderon, commanding
the Giey and Brown companies from Havana, two hundjed and eighteen pairs of French shofes, iron shod, lor the
use of the men belonging to the said coiripanies; and, at the request of the said officer, I give him the present cer-
tificate, at Pensacola, this 18th day of May, 1818.
HENRIQUE DE GRANPRE.
No. 2.
I hereby certify that, on the 12th of Febi-uary, last I sold to Captain Don Benigno Garcia Calderon, commanding
the Grey and Brown companies from the Havana, lune dozen round black hats for the use of the men belonging to
the said companies; and, at the request of the said officer, I give him the present certificate, at Pensacola, this 18th
day of May, 1818.
HENRIQUE MICHELET.
No. 3. -
New Orleans, Jipril 30, 1817.
Annexed you have an account of cost and charges of fifty-fonr shirts and twenty-eight pairs of shoes, for amount
whereof you are debited, in account, filly-three dollars. Although I had no orders from you for the shirts, I was
induced to purchase them by the low price, and the probability of your employing them to advantage. In the sack
which c(mtains them, you will find a uniform coat, altered here, and which can be obtained of the storekieeper at
twelve rials. [ think this would answer. 'J'liere are about a hundred and twenty of them. I am offered by the
same storekeeper fifty field tents, nearly new, at three dollars, and a parcel of strong leathern caps, such as are
worn by the Chasseurs, and which he will sell at less than two rials; of these there are about two hundred. The
storekeeper having made me a second offer of the coats, I proposed to take them in barter for coffee, at eighteen
and a half. At ten rials, I am persuaded it would be a good bargain, and would afford an opportunity of putting oil"
the coffee, the low quality of which makes it a dull sale. The only quality asked for, and which sells with great
difficulty at twenty dollars, is the very superior green coffee. I enclose the account of the cost and charges of the
said coats, which you will receive by the schooher Maria, and whose amount is charged to your debit, in account
current, viz: $176 13.
Account of cost and charges of the following articles, shipped on board the schooner Maria, Captain Elberty,
bound to Pensacola, on account and at the risk' of, and to be delivered to, Don Benigno Garcia Calderon.
C. — No. 1. One sack, containing twenty-eight pairs of shoes, at six rials,
No. 2. One sack, containing fifty-lour shirts, at four rials, - - . .
One coat, ........
Sacks, sewing, and transportation, - - -' -
$21
00
27
00
1
50
1
00
50
50
2
50
Commission, at five per cent. - - - - - , -
Amount to the debit of Don B. G. Calderon, ..-.-- $53 00
PEDRO DALHASTE Y CLAVERIA.
To Don Benigno Garcia Calderon, Pensacola.
Account of cost and charges of ten sacks, containing one hundred and thirty-one coats, shipped on board the
schooner Maria, Captain Granpre, on account and at the risk of Don Benigno Garcia Calderon, at Pensacola, and
to be delivered to him there, viz:
C. — No 3 to 12. Ten sacks, containing one hundred and thirty-one coats, at 10 rials, ' - - $163 75
Sacks, sewing, and transportation, - - - - - - - 4 00
167 75
Commission, at five per cent. - - -- - - - 8 38
Amount to the debit of Don B. G. Calderon, - - - - - - $176 13
PEDRO DALHASTE Y CLAVERIA.
New Orleans, May 29, 1817.
New Orleans, July 29, 1617.
On the receipt of yours, the caps were already agreed for with some other articles of clothing, amounting, as per
invoice annexed, to $317 16}, and which is charged to you in account. I have suspended the purchase of the hats,
which ran at from eight to ten dollars, until further orders. Account of cost and charges of the following articles,
shipped in two hogsheads, three barrels, two cases, and one sack, onboard the schooner Jalouse, Jose Medina,
rnaster, bound to Pensacola, on account and at the risk of Don Benigno Garcia Calderon, and to be delivered to
him on his order, viz:
Twenty-five pairs of cotton pantaloons, at fifty rials, ....-- $1250
Two hundred and thirty six fiannel waistcoats, at three hundred and seventy-two rials, - 88 50
Two hundred and fifiythree caps, at eighteen and three-fourths rials, - - - 47 43j
A parcel of leather gaiters and coyars, - - - - - - 15 00
Twenty Russia vests or jackets,'
..... 106 00
1 wenty Russia vests or jackets, f
Fifty -one pairs of pantaloons, > 106 pieces at $1 each.
Thirty-five cotton shirts, j
/
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 711
Twenty-nine cotton shirts, at seveuty-five rials, --...- 21 37^
Cooperage and transportation, - - - . . - - 3 50
303 06i
Commission, at five per cent. - - - . - - - 15 10
Amount to the debit of Don B. G. Calderon, - - - - - - $317 16|
^ ^ PEDRO DALHASTE Y CLAVERIA.
To Don Benic.no Garcia Calderon, Pensacola.
We, the undersigned, merchants of this place, hereby certify that the foregoing copies of paragraphs of letters of
advice and of invoices are peil'ectly conformable to thi' originals exhibited to us by Captain Don Benigno Garcia
Calderon, commanding the Grey and Brown companies from Havana; and that the signatures thereto subscribed
are in the genuine hand-writing o( Dun Pedro Dalhaste y Claveria, a citizen of the Uniled Stales and merchant at
New Orleans. In testimony whereof we give the present certificate at the desire and request of the aforesaid Cap-
tain Calderon, at Pensacola, this 18ih day of May, 1818.
HENRIQUE MICHELET.
VINCEN IE DK ORDOZGOITTI,
VINCENTE BATLOUQUE.
No. 2.
Pensacola, i>/«2/ 14, 1818.
Instructed, by your letter of yesterday, of the points treated of by Major General Jackson in his letter of the 27th
ultimo, anil on vvhich he founds his positive assertions, that the Indians not only received succors at Appalachie, but
that they were excited to commit their outrages against them, [the United States,] were advised of his movements,
&c. I have, in answer, to express the astonishment this aH'iir has caused me, and whicli has solely arisen from the
imposture employed, by some malicious person, to asperse the parties criminated by the letter of the said General.
His excellency states, that, from the papers and other proofs taken at St. John's, the detention of American cattle
found at St. Marks, and puichased of the commissary there, and the intercourse carried on between that .place and
the hostile Indians, it is evident that they were inspirited and excited to this cruel war by the Spaniards. To this
I have to reply, that it has never come to my knowledge that any pergiui bslo.iging to the fiirt had any intercourse,
directly or indirectly, with St. John's; and although I wrote two letters to Mr. Arbuthnot, an English merchant,
one of them was merely to thank him for the three copies [exemplares] he sent me from ihence <ir Savannah, and
for the information he gave me of the intention of the insurgents at Amelia Island, and of Captain Woodbine, who I
informed you by express was one of the two chiefs hung on the day I left Appalachie, or on the preceding one; and
the other was to request him to come or send as speedily as possible fur the effects which, at the request of the
Indian chiefs, and to avoid increasing their suspiciims, I permitted to be deposited in the foit on the departure of
O'Kelagne, who had them in charge; and although by this step I ran some risk, from the state of excitement of both
parties, it was one which does not appear to me to give any just ground for suspicion. Nor does the finding of
American cattle, which his excellency states he purchased at St. Marks, affiird greater cause of suspicion, as it is
notorious that, fnmi the. time of its establishment, its supplies were obtained from the droves of cattle brought there
for sale by the Indians; and that they had many is shown from those found in Mickasukey and its vicinity.
Purchases were only occasionally made, because we c(msidered ourselves sufficiently supplied lor some monihs;
and if the cattle were stolen from the Americans, the sellers took good care to conceal that fact, and \yere all of
them known to have droves, and were in the habit of bringing them l()r sale; and very seldom was it that the
American commandant or magistrate, within whose district these excesses were committed, was knnv/n to complain
of them to the commandant at St. Marks, and send him the marks of the cattle, that it might be seen liom whence
they came, and the purchase of them be avoided. Nor does the intercom se between the fort and ihe Indians,
complained of by General Jackson, aft()rd any better evidence of v.hat he asserts, that irorn this it is inferable that
they were inspirited and excited to this cruel war by the Spaniards. Such intercourse and good understanding
were at all times recommended by the Government, and never more necessary than in the circumstances in whicb
we were placed in the fort; and on this, amongst other reasons. General Jackson, in his first letter, founded his
demand that it should be occupied by Iiis troops, and added, that on this account such a course could not fail to be
approved by his Catholic Majesty. In the same letter he stated to me, that he had been informed by an Indian
woman, a prisoner, that the Indians and negroes had received large supplies of munitions from the fort. I thought
I had convinced him of the contrary in my answer, in which I represented to him ihat no one could better remove
from his mind any unfavorable impressions on this puint, than the bearer of it, Mr. William Hambly, who, during
his stay here, repeatedly interpreted to me the anxiety of the chiefs to obtain such supplies; and that he could also
inform him, that I unifiirmly counselled them to avoid the destruction which has overtaken them, and which I
foresaw from the first. But as it appears he is not yet satisfied, and persists m his charge, a reference to the leturns
of the public storekeeper will show that, from the month of May last, and prior to the receipt of your orders, there
had been issued to some chiefs and head men, and diat merely from motives of policy, (miy three pounds of powder,
three pounds of balls, and fourteen flints; and the interpreter belonging to the fort, Juan Sandoval, and his son
Francisco, through whom I communicated with the Indians, can also testify to the truth of this statement, whose
evidence I request of you to have taken, in refutation of General Jackson's charge against me. He cannot but
know that, a short time before the Negro Foif on the Appalachicola was blown up, all the chiefs of the tribes in its
immediate vicinity went there and supplied themselves with powder and ball left for them by the English; and that
at Mickasukey, and the houses in the neighborhood, there was a great quantity. Having thus obtained so large a
supply of the kind of powder and ball they most esteemed, what value could they set on ours, which they in fact
view with such indifference and contempt, that only those hunters, of whom now and then one comes to the fort to
supply us with venison, geese, &c. will use it; and although, as I stated in my communication to you, some was
repeatedly requested of me by the chief Kinache,.for the purpose of showing, by the refusal of it, that the American
interest prevaded in the fort, he did not obtain it; in consequence of which we were considered as American
partisans to the last, were reproached with it, and had even to put up with some impertinences from them. I shall,
however, in strict adherence to truth, and because the circumstance may have given rise to these suspicions, state
that the chief Petisacho, who was hung, received, among other things, at the fort, from Mr. Arbuthnot, an English
merchant, when he came from Savannah to request aid against tiie negroes from him on account ol their molestation,
a small barrel of powder, which might contain from twenty to twenty-five pounds, and which was kept with the
other effects brought from 0'Kelagne'^, and which he had in charge. What he did with it I know noi, but I well
know that the chief occasioned me much fear and anxiety, by being so near the fort with four or hve hundred
Indians of his party. I never had an idea that he employed it against the Americans, but supposed that they used
it in the purchase of peltry for the said Arbuthnot, which was his avowed object, and in which he vyas engaged on
the arrival of the Americans. The idea that the oflicers at St. Marks lent themselves to aid and excite the Indians,
by giving them information of the movements of the Americans, is highly ridiculous; lor how, or from wlience,
could their movements be better known at the fort than from the Indians themselves? Thither they passed, and
from thence repassed, incessantly, and their reports were so various that they deserved very little attention; as a
proof of which, nothing ceriain was known of the operations of the Americans until the ditterent columns of then-
troops appeared. At the mouth of the Pinar, although their three vessels were at anchor there for three or tour days
previous, they kept English colors flying until the day before the arrival of the army. My different communicatinns
to you are pledges that I took no part in the contest between the Americans and the Indians; nevertheless, my
712 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
mistrust of the latter evinced to which I gave a preference. How, then, is it possible to believe that I gave them the
aid of which General Jackson complains, or how can such aid be reconciled with the tenor of my letters and the
steps I took to liberate Messrs. Edmund Doyle and William Hambly, by which I exposed myself and my garrison
to the vengeance of the Indians? Or, lastly, with the fact of my having ransomed, at a most critical moment, an
American soldier, whom they declared to me they would otherwise put to death? I leave it to the most impartial
to decide, if these be not proofs of the existence, at St. Marks, of a bias in favor of the American interest; and of
this, I am persuaded. General Jackson will be convinced on deliberately reflecting on the subject. I shall not deny
that I have observed towards those barbarians a policy which had the appearance of a warm friendship, and by whicli
I have incurred considerable expenses. If, however, all the circumstances attendant on my situation be duly
weighed, it will be seen that all this was necessary to restrain them from doing what they had at one time pre-
meditated, on the pretext I have just alluded to, and on others suggested to them by some persons who had gone
from hence to those parts of the country. Although I have, as I conceive, given satisfaction on all the points
embraced by Major General Jackson in his letter, I beg leave to request that, for fuller evidence of what I allege,
you will be pleased to give orders for having the testimony taken of the interpreter and his son, of the subaltern
Don Miguel Ordonez, of Don Anaslasio Montes de Oca, the military storekeeper, and of surgeon Don Diego de
Barrias, as these persons have some knowledge of the subject in question.
God preserve you many years.
To Don Jose Masot. FRANCISCO CASO Y LUNENGO.
Pensacola, May 23, 1818.
It having come to my knowledge that you have passed the frontiers with the troops under your command, and
that you are within the territory of this province of West Florida, which is subject to my government, I solemnly
protest against this procedure as an oftence against my sovereign, exhorting you, and requiring of you, in his name,
to retire from it; as if you do not, anil continue your aggressions, I shall repel force by force.
The consequence in this case will, doubtless, be the effusion of blood, and also an interruption of the harmony
which has hitherto reigned between our respective nations; but, as the repeller of an insult has never been deem-
ed the aggressor, you will be responsible, both to God and man, for all the fatal consequences which may result.
God preserve you many years.
JOSE MASOT.
The Commander of the American Troops.
A copy of this protest was addressed to General Andrew Jackson, and sent by a Spanish officer, meeting the
American army, shortly after it had passed the Escambia river.
J. GADSDEN, Jlid-de-camp.
Head-quarters, Division of the South, Pensacola, May 24, 1818.
Sir:
The enclosed communication was forwarded to you by my aid -de-camp, Captain Gadsden, last evening; not
finding you, however, in Pensacola, its delivery was delayed.
I have entered Pensacola to provision my troops. I have only to add, that an immediate compliance with my
demand is expected. Resistance on your part would be a needless sacrifice of men.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Don Jose Masot, Governor of Pensacola, at Fort St. Charles, Barancas.
Head- quarters, DivisioN of the South, (on the line (if march,) May 23, 1818.
Sir:
The Southern frontier of the United States has, for more than twelve months, been exposed to all the horrors
of a cruel and savage war. A party of outlaws and refugees from the Creek nation, negroes who have fled from
their masters, citizens of the United States, and sought an asylum in Florida, and the Seminole Indians, inhabiting
the territory of Spain, all uniting, have raised the tomahawk, and, in the character of savage waifare, have neither
regarded sex nor age; helpless women have been massacred, and the cradle crimsoned with the blood of innocence.
The United States, true to their own engagements, and confiding in the faith of Spain to enforce existing treaties,
never entertained a doubt but that these atrocities would early attract the attention of the Spanish Government, and
that speedy and effectual measures would have been adopted for their suppression. Under this persuasion, a cordon
of military posts was established to give immediate protection to such of our frontier settlers as were peculiarly
exposed, and strict injunctions issued to the American officers to respect the territory of Spain, and not to attempt
operations within its limits. These instructions were most scrupulously observed; and, notwithstanding the inac-
tivity of the American troops had encouraged the Indians to the most daring and outrageous acts of violence
against our citizens, the Government of the United States was still disposed to respect the territory of Spain,
and confide in the ability of the Spanish G()vernment to execute existing treaties, until advised through you that,
with every disposition, the Spanish authorities had not the power of controlling the Indians in Floriifa; that their
acts uf late were viewed as equally hostile to the interests of Spain as those of the United States; that Spanish
subjects were not exempted from the evils of which we complained, and that the negro establishment on the Appa-
lachicola, and St. Juan rivers, were founded by British agents, contrary to the will of Spain. Those representa-
tions determined the President of the United States to adopt effectual measures to restore tranquillity to the
Southern frontier of the American republic; and, pursuant to his orders, justifiable by the immutable laws of self-
defence, I have penetrated into Florida, reduced to ashes the Seminole villages, destroyed their magazines of pro-
visions, beaten their warriors whenever they hazarded a contest, dispersed some, and expelled others across the
river.
In the course of my operations, it became necessary to visit the Spanish fortress of St. Marks. Entering the
territory of Spain to fight her battles, to relieve from bondage her subjects, and to chastise an Indian tribe whom
she acknowledged, under existing treaties, she was bound to preserve at peace with the United States, I had every
reason to expect that the American army would have been received as friends, and every facility aftbrded to insure
success to operations so interesting to both Governments.
My expectations have not been realized. It had been reported to me, direct from you, that Fort St. Marks had
been threatened by the Indians and negroes, and you expressed serious apprehensions, l^rom the weakness of the
garrison, and defenceless state of the works, for its safety. From other sources to be relied on, the same informa-
tion had been furnished me. It became necessary, therefore, to anticipate the movements of the enemy, and amicably
to get possession of a work, the dislodging the enemy from which might cost me much precious blood.
On entering St. Marks, evidence of the duplicity and unfriendly feelings of the commandant evinced itself. 1
found that the gates of his fort had been thrown open to the avowed savage enemies of the United States.^ That
councils of war had been permitted to be held within his own quarters by the chiefs and warriors. That the
Spanish store-houses had been appropriated to the use, and were then filled with goods belonging to the hostile
party. That cattle, knowingly plundered from the citizens of the United States, had been contracted for and pur-
chased by the officers of the garrison, from the Spanish thieves. That foreign agents had free access within the
walls of St. Marks, and a Mr. Arbuthnot, condemned and executed as the instigator of this war, an inmate in the
commandant's family.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 713
From this fort was information afforded the enemy, of the strength and movements of my army, by the said
Arbuthnot. the date of departure of express noted by the Spanish commissary, and ammunition, munitions of war,
and ail necessary supplies furnished.
On my return from my operations east, your letter was received, positively refusing to permit (unless exorbitatit
duties were paid) any provisions passing up to the American fort on the Escambia. Connected with this strong indi-
cation of an unfriendly disposition on your part, I have, learnt from the most unquestionable authority, that the city
of Pensacola has, for some months past, been entirely under the control of the Indians; that free ingress and egress
is permitted to the avowed savage enemy of the United States; that supplies of ammunition, munitions of war, and
provisions, have been received by them from thence; that on the 15fh of April last, there was no less than five hun-
dred Indians in Pensacola, many of them known to be hostile to the United States, and who had but lately escaped
my pursuit. The late massacre of eighteen indi\iduals on the Federal road was committed by Indians,
direct from their return to Pensacola, who were received by you and transported across the bay, to elude the pur-
suit of the American troops. The Americans returning, the savages were permitted to return. An Indian,
wounded in pursuit by a parly, for having killed a citizen of the United Slates, was openly, in the sight of many
Americans, received by you, and every comfort administered. Such practices, if authorised by the King, would
justify me in open hostilities. Disposed, however, to believe that it was one of the unauthorised acts of agents, I
deem it politic and necessary to occupy Pensacola and the Barancas with an Ameiican garrison, until the Spanish
Government can be advised of the circumstance, and have force sufficient to maintain, and agents disposed to
enforce, existing treaties.
This is the third time that the American troops have been compelled to visit Pensacola from the same causes.
Twice had the enemy been expelled^ and the place left in quiet possession of those who had permitted the irregular
occupancy. This time.it must be held until Spain has the power or will to maintain her neutrality.
This is justifiable on the immutable principles of self-defence. The Government of the United States is bound
to protect her citizens; but weak would be all its efforts, and ineffectual the best advised measures, if the Floridas
are to be free to every enemy, and on the pretext of policy or necessity, Spanish fortresses are to be opened to their
use, and every aid and comfort afforded. I have been explicit, to preclude the necessity of a tedious negotiation.
My resolution is fixed, and I have strength enough to enforce it. My army now occupies the old fort St. Michael,
commanding Pensacola. If the town and !he Barancas are peaceably surrendered, an inventory of all the property,
ammunition, arms, &c. shall be taken by officers appointed by both parties, and the amount receipted for by me, to
be accounted for by the American government. The property of Spanish subjects shall be respected; their religion
and laws guarantied to them; the civil Government permitted to remain as now established, subject to the control
of the military authority of the United States; the ingress and egress open to all individuals; commerce free to
the subjects of Spain as usual; and the military furnished with transportation to Cuba.
If the peaceable surrender be refused, I shall enter Pensacola by violence, and assume the Government until
the transaction can be amicably adjusted by the two Governments. The military in this case must be treated as
prisoners of war.
The proof supporting the accusation against your official station will justify this procedure.
In reply to your communication of the 22d instant, I have only to observe, that the clothing detained will be
a subject for future friendly settlement.
How far the Indians, permitted to remain in the neighborhood of Pensacola, were friendly disposed to the citi-
zens of the United Slates, is tested by the late massacre conmiitted by them on ihe Alabama.
The Red Ground chiefs, Muldecoxy and Holmes, avowedly hostile to the United States, were but lately seen
in Pensacola, and a body of Indians descried a few days in the vicinity of the Barancas, in presence of several
Spanish officers.
By a reference to my communications of the 25)h of March, you will see how far [ have been the aggressor in
the measure protested against. You are there distinctly advised of the objects of my operations, and that every
attempt on your part to succor the Indians, or prevent the passage of my provisions in the Escambia, would be
viewed in no other light than as hostile acts on your part.
You have done both, and exposed my troops to the severest privations, by the detention occasioned by the exac-
tion of duties on my provisions and vessels in Pensacola. You have therefore been the aggressor, and the blood
which may be shed by a useless resistance on your part to my demand will rest on your head. Before God and
man you will be responsible.
This will be handed to you by my aid-de-camp. Captain Gadsden, by whom an answer is expected.
ANDREW JACKSON, Major General Commanding.
Don Jose Masot, Governor of Pensacola.
[translation.]
Fortress of St. Charlks of Barancas, Map 24, 1818.
Most excellent Sir:.
I received, at ten o'clock this morning, the two communications of your excellency of the 23d and of this day.
As 1 have, in mine of the 18th instant, satisfactorily answered all the charges your excellency alleges in the former.
I shall only add, with respect to the Indians, that I notice your excellency is greatly misinformed, as the circum-
stances to which you refer are, for the most part, unfounded; in proof of which, I will state that the only two Indians
I have found since the peace negotiated by me, and the delivery of the eighty-seven to Major Young, are two who
are in the prison, with three women and childien. I ought to inform you that, long before the movements of your
excellency, I had given orders at Appalachie that the Seminole Indians should not be succored, and even had placards
posted up in Pensacola for the same purpose; passing over without notice only some unfortunate beings who, from
time immemorial, had furnished the people with wood, as I have stated.
Your excellency lays to my charge the blood which maybe shed by my refusal to deliver up the province, as your
excellency requests; which I shall never do, nor can I, without covering myself \yith dishonor at the close of my
life and of my long military career. [ am firmly persuaded your excellency would, in my case, do the same, as you
would not venture to stain the honorable laurels with which you are adorned. No nation, whatever may be its mo-
tives, can violate the territory of another, especially when no demands have previously been made of its Govern-
ment. Your excellency has violated the Spanish territory in Appalachie, by taking possession of that fort, and pull-
ing down its flag, when you could have adopted more cimciliatory measures, which would more and more have
cemented and strengthened the good understanding subsisting between our respective Governments.
On the 21st of the present month, by your excellency's order, Don Pedro Philibei land other inhabitants lemained
prisoners in their houses, on their parole of honor. To day, at eleven o'clock, before Captain Gadsden arrived at
Pensacola. your excellency's army entered, and made prisoners on parole Don Pedro de Alba, the interpreter, (who
translated your before named communications, and who is the bearer of these,) and, I believe, all the military, and,
of course, broke up the seven posts [puntos] stationed with the same number of officers and two chiefs for the main-
tenance of the tranquillity of the place.
These facts being incontrovertible, I ask, who but your excellency will be respnnsdde for the blood that may be
shed, as you declare, in your letter, that you are about to take possession of Pensacola and Barancas? I protest be-
fore God and man that my conduct is blameless, and that my ardent desires are, as they ever have been, to contri-
bute to the peace and tranquillity of our respective nations; for, besides the sincerity of my intentions, I have in
view the message of the President to the Congress of the United States on the 25lii of March last, and its tenor as-
sured me that no aggressions were to be expected from the troops of the said States. Such, however, this province
has, unfurtunately.^suftered from the operations of your excellency in Appalachie and Pensacola.
I expect f^rom the generosity of your excellency, first, that you will set the officers and troops which garrisoned
Pensacola at liberty; and that, after supplying your army with provisions, you will shortly evacuate the territory of
this province, and not carry on a partial war against West Florida at a time when our nations are in profound peace.
714 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
Lieutenant Colonel Don Lui Piemas, temporary commandant of Pensacola, is duly authorized to exercise my
functions, and to receive the communications of your excellency, which he will faithfully remit to me, and to which
I will give the promptest answers, to be transmitted to you throush (he bearer of this, the interpreter, Don Pedro de
Alba. Finally, if, contrary to my hopes, your excellency should persist in your intenti(m to occupy this fortress,
which I am resolved to defend to the last extremity, I shall repel force by force; and he who resists aggressions can
never be considered an aggressor.
God preserve your excellency many years.
JOSE MASOT.
His Excellency Andrew Jackson,
Major General, commanding the army of the United Stales.
Head quarters, Division of the South, Pensacola, May 25, 1818.
Sir:
The accusations against you are founded on the most unquestionable evidence. I have the certificates of indi-
viduals who, on the 23d instant, at or near the little bayou, counted seventeen Indians in company of several Spanish
oiBcers.
I have only to repeat that the Barancas must be occupied by an American* garrison, and again to tender you the
terms offered, if amicably surrendered. Resistance would be a wanton sacrifice of blood, for which you and your
garrison will have to at(me. You cannot expect to defend yourself successfully, and the first shot from your fort
must draw down upon you the vengeance of an irritated soldiery. I am well advised of your strength, and cannot
but remark on (he inconsistency of presuming yourself capable of resisting an army which has conquered the Indian
ti ibes, too strong, agreeably to your own a(?knowledginent, to be controlled by you. If the force which you are now
disposed wantonly to sacrifice had been wielded against the Seininoles, the American troops had never entered the
Floridas.
I applaud your feeling as a soldier in wishing to defend your post; but when resistance is ineffectual, and the
opposing force overwhelming, the sacrifice of a few brave men is an act of wantonness, for which the commanding
officer must be accountable to his God.
ANDREW JACKSON,
Major General, commanding' Division of the South.
Don Jose Masot, Comm,anding Barancas.
[translation.]
Most excellent Sir: Pensacola, May 26, 1818.
On the 24th of the present month, Captain Amelung, of (he 1st United States' regiment, put into my hands
your excellency's letter, dated at Washingtrm, Mississippi Territory, on the 23d of April last; in which, after ap-
prising me that your' Government had given it in charge to you to inform me that the Kort of the Negroes, erected
during the late war with Great Britain, near- the junction of the Chatahoocliee and Flint rivei-s, had been reinforced,
and was now occupied by more than two hunilr-ed and fifty negroes, many of whom were seduced fr'om the service
of their masters, (who are citizens of the United States,) and that all of them are well armed, pr-ovisioned, and dis-
ciplined, you make many wise leflectiorrs with respect to the serious injuries which may result from tolerating
such an establishment, not only to those in the immediate neighborhood of it, by destroying the peace of the nation,
but likewise to the good understanding which happily exists between our respective Governments. You enter into
an investigation to show what the Spanish authorities ought to do to put an end to an evil of so serious a nature, in a
mode pr'esciibed by thr)se principles of good farth, which are the foundation of friendly neighboi'hood among nations.
You distinctly state what this Gover-nment ought immediately to do; in failure of which, your Governmetrt will be
obliged to do it, to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the United States; and you conclude by requesting me to
state, in my answer to your letter, whether the said fort had been constructed by the Spanish Government, and whe-
ther the negroes who composed its garrison were deemed subjects of His Catholic Majesty; and, if the fort was not
built by Spanish aulhority, to state by what authority and by whose order it was built.
In atiswer- to your excellency, 1 will state (with the veracity which comports wiih the character of an honorable
officer, in which class I rank myself,) that, having arrived at the place nearly at the close of the month of March
preceding, and being informed of what your excellency has communicated to me, (with this difference, that the fort,
instead of being where you placed it, is to be found on the eastern bank of the Appalachicola, at about fifteen miles
from its mouth or- entrance into the sea,) I lost no time in proposing to my Captain General the measures which ap-
peared to me proper, as well for securing the inhabitants of the country under my command from the damage, loss,
and injuries which they have suffered, arrd still suffer-, fr-om this establishment, as to prevent the Americair citizens
and the frieildly Indians of the neighborhood from continuing to experience them. 1 have hitherto received no an-
swer; and, consequently, your excellency (who knows how limited are the powers of a subor-dinate ofliicer) can-
not be surprised that 1 shruld make known to you that, although my mode of thinking exactly corresponds with
yours as to the dislodging of the negr-oes from the tort, the occupying it with Spanish troops, or destroying it, and
delivering the negroes who may be collected to their lawful owners, I shall not be able to act until I receive the
orders r.f my Captain General, and the assistance necessary to enable me to undertake the enterprise with a mora!
certainty of accomplishing the end. I am persuaded that the deterinination of the said chief cannot be long delayed,
and, should it author-ize me to act. your- excellency may rest assured and persuaded that 1 will not lose an instant
in adopting, on my par t, the most efficacious measures for- cuttiiig up by the r-oot an evil which is felt to the full ex-
tent stated in your letter by the inhabitants of this province, who are subjects of my sovereign, and whose prosperity
and tranquillity it is my duty to preserve and protect.
With this explanation, your beforenamed letter- nray be considered fully answered, as it gives you to understand
that, thinking as your excellency thinks with respect to the necessity of destroyirrg the negroes, the fort of Appala-
chicola, occupied by them, was not constructed by or-der of the Spanrsh Gover-nment; and that the negroes, although
in part belonging to inhabitants of this province, and, as r-ational beings, may be subjects of the King my master-, ar-e
deemed by me insurgents or r-ehels against the authority not only of His Catholic Majesty, but also of the pr-oprie-
tors (Vorn whose service they have withdrawn themselves; some seduced by the English Colonel Edward Nicholls,
Major Wooilbine, and their ageirts; and others Ir-om their inclination to run off, But as your excellency manifests
a particular desire that, in case the fort was not erected by Spanish authority, I should state by whose order it was
erected, I have no drtficulty in satisfying your curiosity, by informing you that I have understood, ever since iny
arrival at this place, that the said fort, and another near the confluence of the Chatahoochee and Flint rivers, (which,
it appears, no longer exists,) were built by the orders of the beforenamed Colonel Nicholls. I will not assur-e you he
did it under authority from his Government; but I can say he proceeded to place artillery, munitions, and pr-ovisions
in it, by the ariangement of Vice Admiral Malcolm; and that when Colonel Nicholls and the troops of his detach-
metrt, alter the conclusion of the expedition against Louisiana, withdrew from that point, he left orders with the ne-
gi-oes totally contrary to the incontestable right of sovereignty which the King my master- exercises fr-om the line of
the thirty-first degree of north latitude to the south. My pr-edecessurs in the Government have given an account of
all these actions to the authorities on whom they depended, that the satisfaction which the violation required might
be demanded by those on whom this duty devolves.
I think I have answered your excellency's letter satisfactorily, and in terms which cannot leave a doubt of the
sincei-ity of iny intentions in favor of the common cause of the American and Spanish inhabitants, and that my pre-
sent inaction d res not proceed from a want of inclination.
I likewise flatter myself that, until my Captain General decides, no steps will be taken by the Government of the
United States, or by your excellency, which may be prejudicial to the sovereignty of the King my master in the dis-
1818.J DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 7I5
trict of Appalac.hicola, which is a depeiirlencjr of this Government. And, finally, I conclude by assuring your ex-
cellency that it will afford me particular satisfaction to have opportunities of evincing my desire not only to contri-
bute, so far as depends on me, to the cementing of the good understanding which subsists between our respective
Governments, but also to prove to your excellency the high opinion I entertain of your virtues and military talents.
God preserve your excellency many years.
MAURICIO DE ZUNIGA.
His Excellency A. Jackson.
Fort Gadsden, May 2, 1818.
Sir:
We beg leave to submit to you the following statement of facts: On the 13th December, 1817, we were
violently torn from our settlements (m the Appalachicola river by a number of Indians headed by Chenubby, a chief
from the Fowltown tribe, carried to Mickasuky, and deliveied to Keiihajah, King of the Mickasukians. Kenha-
jah carried us to the negro towns on Suwatiey, and thence to the Spanish foi t St. Marks, to the commandant of
which he delivered us as prisoners captured under the orders of a Mr. Aibulhnot, reported to us as a British agent.
At St. Marks we were treated as prisoners, and not permitted to wander beyond the walls of the gairison.
Whilst at that port the ingress and egress of the Indians, hostile to the United Slates, was unrestrained, and
several councils were held, at one of which Kenhajah, King of the Mkkasvkians. Francis or Hillis Hago, Hamaih-
lemeco, the chief of Autesses, and the chief of the Koleinies, all of the old Red Stick party; and Jack Mealy, chief
of the Ochewas, were present. When it was reported that the chiefs, and that warriors were entering Fort St.
Marks for the purpose of holding a council, Hambly representeil to the coinmandaiit the impropriety of permitting
such proceedings within the walls of a Spanish fortress, the otHcer of which was bound to preserve and entorce the
treaties existing between the King of Spain and the United States; he replied to Hambly with some degree of
warmth, observing that it was not in his power to prevent it. On the Indians coming into the fort, at iheir request,
we were confined. The council was held in the commandant's quarters, he, the commandant, was present, but
strictly forbade the intrusion of any of the officers of the garrison.
The Indians vvere in the habit of driving to Fort St. Marks, and disposing of cattle to the commandant and other
Spanish officers. While at that port three or four droves were brought in acknowledged by the Indians to have
been stolen from the citizens of the United States, and purchased by llie Spanish officers.
We vvere present at must of these contracts, and Hambly often referred to as an interpreter between the pur-
chaser and seller.
Chenubby, a Fowltown Indian, once applied to Hambly to mention to the commandant that he was about
visiting the frontiers of Georgia on a plundering expedition, and wished to know whether he would purchase the
cattle brought in. A contract was entered into, and Chenubby, some time after, brought in and disp.ised of eleven
head of cattle to the Spanish commandant of Fort St. Marks. These same cattle were those purchased by you from
the commandant as his private property.
WM. HAMBLY.
EDM'D DOYLE.
Fort Gadsden, May 3, 1818.
Sir:
In conversation with the commandant at Fort St. Marks, on the subject of having that work occupied by an
American garrison, I had occasion to notice the aid and comfort that the hostile party of In<lians had received as
reported from him; that they had free access within the walls of his fort, and that it was well known no small sup-
plies of ammunition had been received from that quarter.
In reply he stated that his conduct had been governed by policy, the defenceless state of his work, and the
weakness of his garri.'on compelled him to conciliate the friendship of the Indians, to supply their wants, to grant
what he had not the power to deny, and to throw open, with apparent willingness, the gates of his fortress, lest
they should be forced by violence.
That he had been repeatedly threatened by Indians and negroes, and that his security depended upon exhibiting
an external friendship. After Fort St. Marks was occupied by the American troops a black man and Spanish
soldier was reported to me as having been arrested clad in the American uniform, recognised as part of the clothing
of the fourth and seventh regiments, captured in the boat commanded by Lieutenant Scott, in ascending the Appa-
lachicola river.
In explanation the Spanish commandant observed, that his soldiers and the Seminole Indians were in the habit
of trailing with each other, and that this negro, with others of his garrison, had received his permission to purchase
some clothing reported to have been brought in by the Indians.
Respectfully, &c.
JAMES GADSDEN, Md-de-camp.
Major General A. Jackson,
Commanding Southern Division U. S. Army.
I certify that, on the 23d of May, being in the Bayou which enters Pensacola Bay, one and a half miles from
the town, I saw at the ferry, on the road to Barancas. a number of Indians, I think about seventeen, in company
with four Spanish officers. The officers were carried over, and the boat returned to ferry over the Indians. I saw
one boat-load landed on the side next the Barancas. The Indians concealed themselves in the bushes on discover-
'"^'^*" RICHARD BRICKHAM.
Witness: T. Cross, Lieutenant of Infantry.
I certify that I was in the boat with Brickham at the place and time mentioned in the above csrtificate; that I
saw several Indians in company with four Spanish officers. The officers were ferried over with one Indian. I did
not see the Indians ferried over; they concealed themselves on discovering us. ...
JOHN BONNER, his x mark.
Witness: T. £koss. Lieutenant of Infantry.
Witness to both certificates: Wm. S. Fulton,
Private Secretary to Commanding General.
We certify that, being in Fort St. Charles, Barancas, on the 28th of May, 1818, in the afternoon, soon after the
American troops took possessicm of the work, and as the Spani-h troops were marching out, we saw an Indian
carried out by some of the Spanish soldiers; he was laid on the back to be put on board a boat; he was wounded
in the leg or thigh, and had every appearance of having been engaged in the defence of the fort.
WM. RUSSELL, Captain of Spies.
J AS. L. BELL, Captain qf 1st Beg. T. V. M. G. M.
Witness: Wm. S. Fulton,
Private Secretary to Commanding General.
We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that, at the capture of Fort St. Marks, East Florida, by Major General
Andrew Jackson, on the 7th April, 1818, there were some cattle purchased on account of the United i>t«'e'ii and
turned over to us, which we are of an opinion had been driven from the frontiers of Georgia, (a part of them at
716 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
least) and we were strengthened in our opinion by a number of officers and men from Georgia offering to swear to
a number of them as the property of their neighbors and friends.
Given under our hands, at Fort Gadsden, this 3d of May, 1818.
JACOB R._BROOKS, Act. Cont. Jgent,U. S. Army.
PETER CONE, Assistant Commissary.
We, the undersigned officers and men of (he Georgia militia, in the service of (he United States, do hereby
certify that we were at Fort St. Marks, East Florida, at the time of its capture by Major General A. Jackson, on
the 7th April. 1818, and saw some cattle that were purchased on account of the United States, from the Spanish
authorities, which we were ready to swear to as (he property of our friends and neighbors in Georgia.
Given under our hands, at Fort Gadsden, this 3d of May, 1818.
ANDREW F. FRAZER. Captain.
DANIEL F. SULLIVAN, G. M. S.
Sir: Fort Gadsden, May 3, 1818.
After the occupancy of Fort St. Marks with American troops, on the 7th of April last, it became my duty
to take charge of some goods found in one of the public stores.
These goods were pointed out by the Spanish commandant, who, through Mr. Hambly as interpreter, separated
several of the articles claimed as his own private property, and designated others as the property of Francis or
Hillis Hajo, and Arbuthnot, a British agent or trader: an inventory of these were taken, and deposited with the
American officer left in command at Fort St. Marks.
With respect, &c.
D. E. TWIGGS, Brevet Major 1th Infantry.
I certify that I acted as interpreter in the transaction above alluded to, and two separate parcels of goods were
designated by the Spanish commandant of St. Marks as belonging to Hillis Hajo and Arbuthnot.
WM. HAMBLY.
Fort Montoomery, June 2, 1818.
I certify that between the 5th and 17(h of May, 1818, whilst at Fort Gadsden on the Appalachicola river, I was
informed by a Mr. Larua and Benneto Gassea, both citizens of, and at (hat time direct from, Pensacola, that, at the
time of their departure thence, there were five hundred Indians in and about Pensacola; and I further certify that,
on my arrival at Pensacola on the 23d of May, I was informed by Mr. Skeets, and other citizens of that place, that,
on the 2-2d, which was the day before my arrival, Holmes, a noted Redstick, with his .party, had left Pensacola to
proceed to the Choctawhatchy for safety, having been for seveial days previous in town.
All which I certify on honor. WM. HAMBLY.
Witness: Wm. S. Fulton, Private Secretary of the Commanding General.
1 do hereby certify that, during my long residence on tlie river Appalachicola, my knowledge of the Indian lan-
guage, and my intimate acquaintance with the different chiefs, gave me many opportunities of knowing, througii them,
the advices given them from time to time by the Governors of West Florida, hostile to (he United States. In (he
year 1812 or 1813, I saw a letter from the Governor of Pensacola to the late chief of the Seminoles, Thomas Perry-
man, advising him to collect his foices and join his upper town brethren, whom he said had come to a determination
to rise in arms and shake off the American yoke; he would supply them in arms and ammunition, and he said he
was sure that in less than a month their fathers and protectors, the Spaniards, would have a sufficient army in the
field to aid and protect them. Not long after I saw this letter, a large party of Indians went down to Pensacola,
where (hey received a large supply of ammunidon and some arms; it was but shortly after this, when they attacked
and destroyed the garrison of Fort Minis; this was the commencement of the first Indian war; on the 13th of Decem-
ber last, when (m my plantation (jn (he Appalachicola, I was made a prisoner of by a parly of Seminole Indians, and
was taken up to the Ocht'see Bluff in company with Mr. Doyle, who was made a prisoner of with me. They kept
us there three days, during which time they were busily enf^aged with some transports, which were then ascending
the river to Fort Scott; from thence they took us to the Mickasukey, where the Indians informed me that they had
been told by the commandant of St. Marks (hat war was declared between Spain and the United States. From this
place we weie carried to the Suwaney, when Kenhagee, principal chief of the Seminoles, told me that we had been
taken and robbed by order of Arbuthnot, and brought there to be tried by him. Shortly after we reached this, Ar-
buthnot arrived from Providence, when we were tried and sentenced by said Arbuthnot to be tortured. This sen-
tence was not put in execution by the friendly interference of Mr Cook, clerk to Arbuthnot, and the negro chief
Nero. We were then cimducted back to the Mickasukey, then Kenhagee went down to the Fort of St. Marks to
consult the commandant if he would take us as prisoners, to keep at his order. Thoy held a council among the
neighboring chiefs,,and on (he filth day he returned and ordered us to be conducted down next morning. We ar-
rived at St. Marks on the 12th of Febiuary at night. The Spanish ;)fficers received us kindly, but the commandant
did not forget to remind us that we were still prisoners, and marked out that night the limits of our piison (hey
rigidly kept during (he time of our stay. Next morning the first thing that presented itself to my view, was my sad-
dle horse, which had been taken from me by the Indians; he was in the possession of the commissary. I mentioned
it to the commandant, but he said that he bought him of an Indian, and he could do nothing in it. A few days alter.
in the course of conversation, I mentioned it to the Spanish Doctor; he assured me that two-thirds of the property
taken from us by the Indians had been bought by the commissary and others in the fort; the plundered propeity taken
from Georgia, was every day luckily bought by the commandant and others; I knew one instance of an Indian mak-
ing an engagement with the commandant lor cattle, that he was then going to plunder, and in fourteen or fifteen
days brought thetn in and sold them. On our first arrival at St. Marks we had, by help of a friendly Itidian, con-
veyed intelligence to our friends in Pensacola of our situation, and they sent us on a small vessel toeft'ect our escape.
At her arrival, t^he commandant said to us that he had no objection to our getting out of the power of the Indians, but
that he should ffrst demand a written obligation that we should never return to that country, nor hold communica-
tion directly or indirectly with the United States Government, or any of her officers: this being settled, we left St.
Marks in the night of (he 28th March, and joined Cap(ain .McKeever in his gunboats in the bay of Appalachicola;
on the 30th returned with him to St. Marks, where we joined General Jackson on the 6th of April.
Given under my hand this 24th of July.
WM. HAMBLY.
Province of West Florida, Town of Pensacola, September 18, 1818.
In pursuance with an order to me directed by Colonel William King, civil and military Governor of said province,
(a copy whereof is hereto annexed,) I caused to appear before me, at the quarters of Cap(ain Hugh Young, of the
army of (he United Slates, in this town, the following persons, viz: Manuel Gonzales, Dr. Brosnaham, William
Cooper, J. Dauphin, Skeate, Felippa Prieto, Joachim Barrelas, P. Alba, Jun. Jose Bonefi, (Marian) and
Charles Leseau, to answer, on oath, such interrogatories, not tending tocriminate themselves, as might be propounded
to them by Captain Young, relating to the intercourse which took place between the late Spanish authorities of this
province, and the hostile Indians, during the recent war with the United States.
Joachim Barrelas, being duly sworn, declares, that he has frequently seen parties of Indians in the town of Pen-
sacola since the month of November, 1817; says that parties of Indians have been piovisioned by the late authorities
at this place, on several occasions; has frequently heard, and believed that the Indians were in the habit of bringing
into this place, horses, cattle, &c. for the purpose of selling them and other plunder; says he was at Barancas at
A. ■*
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 717
the time that General Jackson came to Pehsacola, in May last; deponent acted there as commissary, and icnows that
several Indians went IVom town down to Barancas, with the Spanish forces, and took refuge in the fortj that at the
same time several small parties were encamped about the Barancas; that, upon the arrival of General Jackson before
the Barancas, Tapauica and family were also in the fort; deponent has seen said chief several times in Pensacola,
and believes him to be either a Creek or Seminole Indian; that while deponent was at Barancas, and subsequently
to the said month of November, 1817, he saw an Indian named Lunse, an express from St. Marks, cross over from
Santa Rosa Island, to Barancas, with despatches for the Governor here; says that since the said month of Novem-
ber, 1817, Governor Masot, being himself at Barancas, did order this deponent to give rations to several parties of
Indians then there, of at least from thirty to forty strong, men, women and children.
JOACHIM BARREL AS.
George Skeate, being duly sworn, declares, that he has constantly resided in the town of Pensacola since Novem-
ber, 1817, since which, he has repeatedly seen at different times iii said town, from thirty to forty Indians; has not
seen any ammunition given to the Indians within the period above alluded to; has heard, and believes, that horses,
cattle, &c. were brought into this place by the Indians and sold, which deponent, however, did not see. Deponent
believes that the late Goveinor Masot was well acquainted with the" several murders that were committed on the
neighboring American frontier; knows of no supplies furnished by order of the Spanish Government, since about
the month of March, 1817, when a supply of knives, a few blankets, and some copper kettles, were furnished and
delivered l:o a party of Indians, for the purpose, as was then said, of actingagainst the insurgents who were expected;
that the said party of Indians shortly after disappeared, and nothing more was heard of them. Deponent saw, on the
day that Major Young attacked a party of Indians in the neighborhood of this town, a number of Indians whom he
believes were sent, (or went themselves,) across the bay in a boat belonging to Don Antonio Medina, Captain of
the port.
GEORGE SKEATE.
Mr. Charles Le Jeune, being duly sworn, declares, that he has resided in Pensacola since November, 1817, since
which he has frequently seen in this town, or its vicinity, parties of upwards of a hundieil Indians encamped; th'at
these parties were armed with rifles, or with the arms that were furnished them by the English; that although he can-
not stale that those parties had received ammunitionlrom the Spanish Government here, he nevertheless can, and does
state that the said parties were provisioned from the King's stores, by Prieto, King's storekeeper; that previous to No-
vember, 1817, the Government was regularly in the habit of giving out ammunition to the Indians, from a store which
was expressly for that purpose here; that on the day that Major Young attacked the Indians near this town, there
was a considerable number encamped near the waterside in town, who, upon hearing the report of the fire-arms,
crossed the bay in their own boats, and in other larger boats belonging to others.
CHARLES LE JEUNE.
William Cooper, being duly sworn, declares^ that he has resided in Pensacola since November, 1817, during which
period he has frequently seen in town and its vicinity, several parties of Indians — saw one in particular with some
sheet lead, and has heard that the Indians had introduced some clothes into town that looked like American manu-
facture; states, also, that Tapauica was Red Stick chief, and had been frequently about Pensacola, for several years
past.
WILLIAM COOPER.
Pensacola, September 19, 1818.
■ 1 certify that the foregoing depositions were sworn to and subscribed before me on this day.
.-■ . M. McKENSEY, Sen._
Justice of the J'eace in and for town of Pensacola, West Florida.
John Duffy, being duly sworn, declares as follows:
Question. Have you resided in and about Pensacola since November, 1817.'
Answer. I have. ■ ,
Question. Have you seen in said town, or its vicinity, within or since that period, .any Indians?
Answer. I have.
Question. How many did you see at any particular time? ;"
Answer. About the latter end of last spring I saw in town from fifty to sixty Indians, but few of them- were
armed; because they were prohibited from coming into town armed. I suppose theii' arms were left in their camps
in the neighborhood. •
Question. How did these Indians subsist themselves, and how did they procure ajnmunition?
Answer; Probably from Government here; of this, however, I am not certain.
Question. Did you see any horses, cattle, ot* other plunder, brought into this place by the Indians?
Answer. No. .
Question. How many Indians were in Pensacola, and its neighborhood, at the time that Major Youiig attacked
a party near this town?
Answer. Of all descriptions, viz: men, women, and children, there must have been a considerable number;
not less probably than one hundred and fifty or sixty. ■
Question- When Major Young attacked the party near town, how did those in town find means to escape
across the bay?
Answer. I have understood, and believe that they were set across by order of the Governor.
SANTIAGO PAUPHIN.
A true copy: R. H. Call, ./?. Z. C.
Joseph Bonefi, being duly sworn, declares as follows, viz:
Question. Have you lived in Pensacola since November, 1817?
Answer. I have.
Question. Have you not between that period and the approach of the American forces, under Major General
Jackson, repeatedly seen divers parties of hostile Indians in this town or its neighborhood?
Answer. I have. Indeed, between the said month of November and the time that the hostile parly surrendered
to Majoi Young, there were more or less in town; sometimes in numbers considerable, sometimes fewer.
Question. How, or by whom, were those Indians subsisted, and from whom, or by what means, did they procure
ammunition and other wai like stores or weapons?
Answer. I have understood, and do believe, that they were fed \>y the Government here; as to ammunition,
&c. I cannot state how they procured supplies, except it might have been from the stores about town.
Question. Have you seen or been informed of any horses, cattle, or other plunder, having been brought in
here by the Indians within the time above alluded to?
Answer. No. JOSEPH BONEFI.
Pensacola.
Both depositions sworn to and subscribed before me, September 19, 1818.
M. McKENSEY, Sen.
Justice of the Peace in and for Pensacola, West Florida.
A true copy: R. H. Call, Ji. L. C.
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MILITARY AFFAIRS.
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1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 7I9
[translation.]
lis which the civil and military commandant nf the Province of West Florida makes to His Excellency
Jlndrew Jackson, General- in-chief of the American army, before the Fort San Carlos de Barancas.
1st. The fort of Barancas will be deliveied to the fioops of the United States, under the followiog conditions:
[Approved, with the exceplions made following each article, and possession given atone o'clock past morning
this day.]
2d. The garrison of the fort of Barancas will march out, to be transported to the Havana, on (he day and hour
which shall tje agreed upiin» wi(h all the honors of war; drums beating; with arms and baggage. Those employed
in the Royal Finance, and others attached to this department, shall also be transported to the same port.
[A roster to be furnished of all Ihe military and civil (jfficers of the garrison of Fort Barancas; the troops to
march out as expressed in this article; their arms to be stacked at the foot of the glacis, and left in possession of
the American aimy until the day^of cmbarcation, when they will be restored.]
3d. The commandant of the province, the officers of his staff of the artillery and engineers, the officers and
troops, shall carry with them their arms and personal effects, and shall also have the liberty of disposing of their
property of every kind, wiih perfect security to the purchasers.
[All titles for property legally derived from the Crown of Spain will be respected.]
4th. The garrison shall be embarked on account of tlw United States; every person of the military class, or of
the Royal Finance, shall receive, during the passage, such rations as are allowed to every grade by the regulations
of Spain.
[Approved, so far as relates to the transportation of the garrison, and the Spanish rations allowed, provided they
do not exceed the American ration, in which case the American ration only will be allowed.]
5th. A competent number of vessels shall be furnished for embarking the personal effects, papers, and other pro-
perty belonging to the commandant, officers, and others in (he Royal employ, and particularly the papers of the
secretaiy's office of the Government, which are in Pensacola; those of the Department of the Royal Finance, and
of the civil and mili(ary employ. These papers shall not be subjected to any inspection or recognisance, under the
pledge of their containing nothing foreign to the functions of the said persons.
[Approved. An estimate of the necessary transportation to be furnished, agreeably to established usage.]
C(h. The sick, wounded, and all those who are now, or may tall sick previous to the embarcation of the troops
for the Havana, shall be maintained by the Government of the United States until cured, and shall have (he same
privileges as the lest of the garriscm; those who are in a situation shall be embarked at tlie same time with it and
all shall be under the care of, and attended by, the surgeon and other individuals of the Spanish military hospital.
[Approved.]
7th. The garrison of Pensacola, and the prisoners, as also those in the employ of the Royal Finance, shall enjoy
the same privileges as (he garrison of Barancas, and shall likewise be (ranspor(ed (o (be Havana, uniting the former
to the latter, and ajl shall remain in the quarters they occupied in Pensacola,until the moment of embarcation for
the port of Havana.
[Approved. An estimate of the necessary transportation to be furnished, and included in the estimate, for the
garrison of Fort Barancas.]
8(h. During their stay the United States will furnish to the King's storekeeper, under documents from the Royal
officers, such articles of pi:ovisions as may be deficient or' not in the King's stores, to complete the rations of (he
troops dependan(s; those in the King's employ, and their respective families, according to the allowance made by
the regulations of Spain; the reiinbursement thereof remaining subject to the decision of the Goveinments of Spain
and the United States. '
[A'l inven(ory of (he provisions in possession of.the Spanish commissary to be forthwith furnished. The rations
allowed subject to the limitation in the fourth article.]
9th. The provisions actually existing in the King's stores of Pensacola and Barancas shall be transported to the
former, in order that they may serve for the said supply of rations.
[Approved.]
10th. An inventory, and a duplicate thereof, shall be made by the military storekeeper, and such officer of
artillery as the commandant of this corps may name, and such other as may be appointed by the general of (he troops
of the United S(a(es, of the artillery, powder, military stores, and other effects belonging to this department, in
Pensacola, and Barancas.
[Approved. Major Peters, of the artilleiy, appointed on the part of the American Government.]
ll(h. Persons and property shall be respected; concessions and sales of land made by the competent authorities
shall be valid and guaianded by the American Government at whatever time they may have been made, and until
the date hereof.
[All titles legally derived fi-om the Cr-own of Spain, prior to this date, guarantied and i-especfed.]
12th. The commandant of engineers shall name an officer-, who, with another whom the General of the American
army may appoint, shall make an inventory, and a duplicate (hereof, of the number and state of the royal editices,
in the same manner as is stated for the department of artillery.
[Approved, and Lieutenant Sands of the artillery appointed or\ the part of the American Government.]
13th. The military officers, and (hose in the service of all and (he several departments, may embark with them
Iheir wives, childrerr, and servants; in which number are to be included (he families of (hose of (he said classes
who may be absent. Those who have property (o dispose' of, or affairs to settle, may r-emain the time necessar-y for
these purposes. The Arner-ican authority shall afford them every protection during their- stay, and they shall enjoy
the same privileges as the rest of the gar-rison, and be tr-ansp:)rted to the Hav.-ina on account of the United States.
[Inadmissible, so far as it regards tr-ansportation being allowed to (he families of (hose officers no( present, and
servants not attending up(m the persons of (he officers and (heir families. Those indrviduals disposed to remain in
Florida will be respected, and protected in all civil and personal rights; and, if not embracing the transportation
allowed at (he present period, they must furnish their own at a fu(ure period.]
14th. The stor-ekeeper general shall form an inventory of the small vessels and craft, and of the other effects
under his charge, in (he same way as stated lor the department of artillery.
[Approved, and Lieut. Parkhuist, quartermaster of artillery, appointed on behalf of the American Government.]
15th. The officers and troops nf this garrison, with (heir equipage, shall be transported to Pensacola, where they
shall remairr, as already stated, until embarked for the Havana.
[Approved.]
17th. The Alabama chief, with his family, now in. this fort, and who has been reported to Major Young, shall be
included in this c<ipi(ulation, and transported to the Havana.
[Approved. His name to be entered in an article, and the Spanish Government guarantying that he never
returns to the Floridas.]
720 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
18. The Catholic religion shall be maintained, with its ministers, and free exercise.
[A free toleration to all religions guarantied.]
19tli. This capitulation is made under the confidence that the general of the American troops will comply
with his offer of returning integral this province, in the state in which he receives it, as explained in his official
letters.
[Approved, and the restoration made uiider the conditions expressed in General Jackson's communication to the
Governor of Pensacola, the 23d of May.]
20th. If any doubt should arise as to the meaning of the articles of this capitulation, they shall be construed iis
the manner most favorable to the Spanish garrison.
[The above articles to be interpreted agreeably to their literal and expressed meaning.]
31st. The present capitulation Shall be sisjned and exchanged by the general of the American army and the
commandant of this province, as soon as possible, and, at latest, by five o'clock in the afternoon; each party respec-
tively being in possession of an original.
[Approved.]
FoR'i' OF San Carlos de Baranoas, May 28, 1818.— 7 o^clock in the morning.
JOSE MASOT.
Camp near Fort Baranoas, May 28, 1818.
ANDREW JACKSON,
Major General Commanding'.
Mdilional articles, which are to have the same force as the primary, and which extend to the fulfilment of what
has been agreed upon.
1st. The name required of the Alabama chief is Opayhola. The commandant of this province engages, in the
name of his Government, that the said chief shall never return to the Florida^.
[Approved.]
2d. If any vessels of war of His Catholic Majesty, destined for this port, should arrive with a supply of pro-
Yisions or money, they shall be freely admitted, as well as Spanish merchant vessels.
San Carlos de Baranoas, May 28, 1818 — 5 o^clockin the afternoon.
JOSE MASOT.
Camp, near Fort Baranxas, May 28, 1818.
ANDREW JACKSON,
Major General Commanding.
Head-quarters, Division of the South,
Adjutant General's Office, Baranoas, May 29, 1818.
Fellow Soldiers:
You were called into the field to punish savages and negroes, who had, in a sanguinary manner, used the
tomahawk and scalping-knife upon our helpless citizens upon the frontier. You have pursued them to Mickasukey.
St. Marks, Suwaney, and lastly to this place, through an unexplored wilderness, encountering immense difficulties
and privations, which you met with the spirit of American soldiers, without a murmur.
Your general anticipated a close of the campaign on his return to Fort Gadsden, and hailed the hour with feel-
ings of gratitude to Heaven, at the prospect of relieving you from your labors, by placing you in quarters, and return-
ing you to your homes; but how great was the disappointment, when he heard of the recent murders conjinitted on
the Alabama, by a party of the enemy from Pensacola, where they were furnished with provisions and ammunition
by a friendly Power. Under this state of things, you were marched here, encountering difficulties whicli you alone
can properly appreciate, meeting on the way the protest of the Governor of West Florida, threatening to employ
force if we did not immediately evacuate the country. This new and unexpected enemy was soon taught to feel
the impotence of his threats. You entered Pensacola without resistance, and the strong fortress of the Barancas
could hold out but one day against your determined courage. Your general cannot help admiring the spirit and
military zeal manifested, when it was signified that a resort to storming would be necessary; and would do injustice
to his feelings, did he not particularly notice the judgment displayed by his aid-decamp, Captain Gadsden of the
engineers, in the selection of the positions for the batteries, and the gallantry of his second aid, Captain McCall,
and Captain Young of the topographical engineers, in aiding him to erect the works, under the fire of heavy batteries
within four hundred yards, as well as the skill and gallantry of Captain Peters, Lieutenants Minton and Spencer,
in the direction and management of the nine pounder, and that of Lieutenants Sands and Scallon, charged with the
management of the howitzer. Captain McKeever, of the navy, merits, as he has on several occasions, his warmest
thanks for his zealous co-operation and activity in landing two of his guns, (should an additional battering train have
been necessary,) and gallantly offering to lay his vessel before the water battery, in the event of storming the upper
■works; his officers and crew deserve his confidence.
The general assigns to Colonel King the government of Pensacola and its dependencies, and that part of the 7th
department lying west of the Appalacliicola and Chatahoochee rivers, until otherwise ordered by General Gaines.
The colonel will take measures to have the volunteers now at Pensacola relieved, preparatory to their return
march. The Tennessee volunteers will be rationed for five days, and will forthwith move for Fort Montgomery.
where they will receive further orders.
The general, in taking leave of Coloi\el King and his command, tenders to the offic'Crs and soldiers an affec-
tionate farewell.
By order: ROBERT BUTLER, Mjulant Generftl.
Head-Quarters, Division of the South, May 29, 1818.
Major General Andrew Jackson has found it necessary to take possession of Pensacola; he has not been prompted
to this measure from a wish to extend the territorial limits of the United States, or from any unfriendly feeling on
the part of the American republic to the Spanish Government. The Seminole Indians, inhabiting the territories of
Spain, have, for more than two years past, visited our frontier settlements with all the horrors of savage massacre;
helpless women have been butchered, and the cradle stained with the blood of innocence. These atrocities, it was
expected, would have early attracted the attention of the Spanish Government, and, faithful to existing treaties,
speedy measures a(U)pted for their suppression. That, so far from being able to control, the Spanish authorities
were often compelled, from policy or necessity, to issue munitions of war to these savages: thus enabling, if not
exciting, them to raise the tomahawk against us. The immutable laws of self-defence, therefore, compelled the
American Government to take possession of such parts of the Floridas in which the Spanish authority could not be
maintained. Pensacola was found in that situation, and will be held until Spain can furnish military strength sufli-
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 721
cient to enforce, existing treaties. Spanish subjects will be respected; Spanish laws will govern in all cases affecting
property and person; a free toleration to all religions guarantied, and trade alike to all nations.
Colonel King will assume the command of Pensacola, as military and civil Governor. The Spanish laws, so far
as they affect personal rights and pioperty, will be enforced. Colonel King will take possession of the archives ot
the province, and appoint some confidential individual to preserve them. It is all important that the record of titles
and propeity should be carefully secuied. He will cause an inquiry to be made into all the landed property belong-
ing to the King of Spain, and hold possession of it. The claims to property, within the range of gunshot of Fort St.
Charles de Barancas, will be scrupulously examined into; and, should this prove valid, a rent allowed, but posses-
sion in nowise given. This property is necessary for the United States, and under its laws may be held, and an
equivalent paid. The revenue laws of the United States will be established, and Captain Gadsden appointed to act
as collector; with full power to nominate such sub-officers as, in his opinion, will be necessary to the faithful dis-
charge of the trust reposed in him. He will apply to the Governor of Pensacola for military aid i!i all cases where
it may be necessary to correct attempts at an illicit trade.
ANDRKW JACKSON,
Major General, commanding the Division of the South.
Minutes of the proceedings of a special court, organized agreeably to thefollo7oing order, viz:
HEAD-qUARTERS, DlVISfON OF THE SoUTH,
Adjutant General's Office, Fort St. Marks, ^prJZ 26, 1818.
GENERAL ORDER.
The following detail will compose a special court, to convene at this post, at the hour of twelve o'clock M. fiir
the purpose of investigating the charges exhibited against A. Arbuthnot, Robert Christy Ambrister, and such others
who are similarly situated, as may be brought before it:
The court will record all the documents and testimony in the several cases; and their opinion as to the guilt or
innocence of the prisoners; and what punishment, if any, should be inflicted.
DETAIL.
Major General E. P. Gaines, President.
Members.
Colonel Ring, 4th infantry, Colonel Dyer, Tennessee volunteers.
Colonel Williams, Tennessee volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel Lindsay, corps of artillery,
liieutenant Col. Gibson, Tennessee volunteers, Lieut. Col. Elliott, Tennessee volunteers.
Major Muhlenburg, 4th infantry, Majoi' Fanning, corps of artillery.
Major Montgomery, 7th infantry, Major Minton, Georgia militia,
Captain Vashon, 7th infantry, . Captain Cuttenden, Kentucky volunteers.
Lieutenant J. M. Glassell, 4th infantry. Recorder.
An orderly will be detailed from General Gaines's brigade; and the court will sit without regard to hours.
By order of Major General Jackson:
ROBERT BUTLER, Mjulant General.
Fort St. M'arks, April 2G, 1818.
The court convened pursuant to the foregoing order; when, being duly sworn in the presence of the prisoner,
and he being asked if he had any objection to any member thereof, and replying in the negative, the following
charges and specifications were read, viz:
Charges vs. A. Arbuthnot, now in custody, and who says he is a British subject.
Charge 1st. Exciting and stirring up the Creek Indians to war against the United States and hercitizens; he,
A. Arbuthnot, being a subject of Great Britain, with whom the United States are at peace.
Sptcification. That the said A. Arbuthnot, between the months of May and July, or some time in June, 1817,
wrote a letter to the Little Prince, exhorting and advising him not to comply with the treaty of Fort Jackson, stat-
ing that the citizens of the United States were infiinging on the treaty of Ghent, as he believed, without the
knowledge of the Chief Magistrate of the United States; and advising the Upper and the Lower Creeks to unite
and be friendly; stating that William Hambly was the cause of their disputes; also advising the Little Prince to
write to the Governor ot New Providence, who would write to His Riiyal Highness the Prince Regent, through whom
the United States would be called to a compliance with (he treaty of Ghent; and advisin" them not to give up their
lands under the treaty of Fort Jackson, for that the American citizens would be compelled to give up to them ail
their lands under the treaty of Ghent.
Charge 2d. Acting as a spy, and aiding, abetting, and comforting the enemy, supplying them with the means
of war.
Specification! St. In writing a letter from St. Marks fort, dated the 2d of April, 1818, to his son John, at
Suwany, (marked A,) detailing the advance of the army under General Jackson, stating their force, probable move-
ments and intentions, to be communicated to Bowleggs, the chief of the Suwany towns, for his Government.
Specification 2rf. In writing the letters, marked B (without date) and C, with enclosures January 27, 1818; and
D. called " a Note of Indian Talks;" and E, without date, applying to the British Government, through Governor
Cameron, for munitions of war, and assistance for our enemies, making false representations; and, also, .ipplying to
Mr. Bagot, British ambassador, for his interference, with a statement, on the back of one of the letters, of munitions
of war for the enemy.
Charge 3d. Exciting the Indians to murder and destroy William Hambly and Edmund Doyle, arid causing
their arrest, with a view to their condemnation to death; and the seizure of their property, on account of their active
and zealous exertions to maintain peace between Spaiu and the United States and the Indians, they being citizens
of the Spanish Government.
Specificniion Isl. In writing the letters, marked F, dated 26th August, 1817; G, dated 13th May, 1817; and H,
threatening them with death; alleging against them false and infamou.s charges, and using every means in his power
to procure their arrest; all which writings and sayings excited, and had a tendency to excite, the negroes and Inili-
ans to acts of hostility with the United States.
By order of the court:
J. M. GLASSELL, Recorder.
To which charges and specifications the prisoner pleaded not guilty.
The prisoner having made application for counsel, it was granted him; when the court proceeded to the examina-
tion of the evidence. ■ u r i t i
John Winslett, a witness on the part of the prosecution, being duly sworn, stated that, some time before last July,
the Little Prince received a letter, signed by Mr. Arbuthnot, advising the upper part of the nation to unite with the
722 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
lower chiel's in aiiiify; and stating that the best moHe for them to repossess themselves of their lands would be to
write to him, Arbulhnot, and he would send on tlieir complaints to the Governor of Providence, whence it would be
forwarded to His Britannic Majesty, and he would have the tei nis of the treaty of Ghent attended to: he, moreover,
stated his belief that the encroachments on the Indian lands were unknow;i to the President of the United States;
the witness also identified the signature of the letter of the prisoner to his son, (marked A,) referred to in the first
specification to the second charge, and heietofore noted as being the same with that sent to the Little Prince.
The witness, on being further interrogatetl, stated the language of the letter alluded to to be, that the British
Government, on application, would cause to be restored to them their lands they held in 1811, agreeably to the terms
of the treaty of Ghent.
Question by the prisoner. Who is the Little Prince, or is he known by any other name.''
Answgr. He is known-by the name of Tustenukke Hopin, and is the second chief of the nation.
Question by the pi-isoner. Where. is the letter you allude to, or in whose possession?
Answer. It was left in the possession of the Little Prince when I last saw it.
Question by the prisoner. Has this Little Prince no other name than what you state.''
Answer. Not that I know of.
Question by the prisoner. Do you swear that the letter alluded to was addressed to the Little Prince.', .
Answer. I do not. Ijt was presented me by the Little Prince to read and interpret for him, which I did.
Question by the prisoner. Are you certain that the letter stated that the Chief Magistrate of the United States
could have had no knowledge of settlements made on Indian lands, or injuries committed.''
Answer. The letter stated that to be the belief of the writer.
John Lewis Phenjx, a witness on the part of the prosecution, being duly sworn, stated, with regard to the first
specification of the second charge, that, being at Suwany, in the towns about the 6th or 7th of April, he was
awakened eai ly in the inoining by Mr. Ambristci's receiving, by the hands of a negro, who got it from an Indian,
a letter fr(mi St. Marks, at that time stated by Ambrister to be from the prisoner.
Question by the prisoner. Did you see that letter, or hear it read.?
Answer. I did see the paper, but did not hear it read.
Question by the prisoner. Did you state that the letter was received by an Indian express?
Answer. So the black man that delivered it said. ,
A questi(m being raised by a member of the court as to tlieir .jurisdiction on the third charge and its specifi-
cations, the doors \ieie closed, and, after mature deliberation, they decided that this court are incompetent to take
cognizance of the ofiiinces alleged in that charge and specificatiotis.
Peter B. Cook, a former rieik to the prisoner, and a witness on the part of the prosecution, being duly sworn,
stated, that, about December or January last, the prisoner had a large quantity of powder and lead brought to Su-
wany in his vessel, which he sold to the Indians and negioes; that, subsequent to,that time, which he cannot recol-
lect, Ambrister brought for the prisoner, in his (the prisoner's) vessel, nine kegs of powder and a large quatitity of
lead, which were taken possession of by the negroes; the witness also itlentified the following letters referred to
in the foregoing chaiges.and specifications, marked A, B, C, D, E> F, G,aiid H,as being the prisoner's hand-writing;
also the power of attorney, No. 1, granted by the Indians to A. Arbulhnot.
From Jl. Jirbulhnot to his son, John Jlrbulhnot.
Fort St. Marks, Mpril 2, 1818, 9 o^dock in the morning.
Dear John: .
As I am ill able to write a long letter, it is necessary to be brief. Before my arrival here, the commandant had
received an express fiom the Governor of Pensacola, informing him of a large ernbaixation of troops, &c., under the
immediate command of General Jackson,* and the boat that brought the despatch reckoned eighteen sail of vessels
ofT Appalachicola. By a deserter th»t was brought here by the Indians, the commandant was informed that thr-ee
thousand men, under the orders of General Jacltson, one thousand foot and one thousand six hundred hoise, under
General Gaines, five hundi-ed under another general, were at Prospect Bluff', where they are rebuilding the burnt
f(rrt; that one thousand Indians, of different nations, were at Spanish Bluff', building auother fort, under the direct
tion of American oflicers; that, so soon as these forts wer-e built, they iirtended to march — they have commenced.
Yesterday morning advice was received that they had appeared near and taken two of the sons of McQueen
and an Indian. Late in the afternoon three schooners came to anchor at the mouth of the river; and this morning
the American flag is seen flyiirg on the largest, i am blocked here; no Indians will come with me; and I am now
suffering fr'om the fatigue of coming here alone.
The main drift of the Americans is to destroy the black population of Suwany. Tell my friend Bowleck that
it is throwing away his people to attempt to resist such a oowerful (brce as will be down on Sahwahnee; and, as the
troops advance by land, so will the vessels by sea. Endeavor to get all the goods over the river in a place ol secu-
rity, as also the skins of all sorts; the corn must be left to its fate. So soon as the Sahwahnee is destroyed, I expect
the Americans will be satisfied and r-etire: this is only my opinion; but I think it is conformable to the demand
made by General Gaines of King Hatchy some months since. In fact, do all you. can to save all you can; save
the books particularly. It is probable the commandant will receive some communication from the vessels to-day;
when he will know more certainly what are their motives in coming off' the fort. I think it is only to shut the pas-
sage to the Indians. Twenty canoes went down the river yesterday, and were forced to return. The road between
thisand the Mickasukey is said to be stopped. Hillisajo and HiiVialklo Mico were here last night to hear what ves-
sels; they will remove all their cattle aiui eff'ects across St. Marks river this morning, and perhaps wait near thereto
for the event.
I have been as brief as I can, to give you the substance of what appears facts that cannot be doubted. To enter
into details, in the present moment, is useless. II the schooner is returned, get all the goods on board of her, and
let her start off" for Mounater creek, in the bottom of Cedar Key bay. You will there only have the skins to hid*
away. But no delay must take place, as the vessels will no doubt follow the land army; and, perhaps, even now,
some have gone round. I pray your strictest attention; for the more that is saved will be, eventually, more to
your interest. ;
Let the bearer have as much calico as will make him two shirts, for his trouble; he has promised to deliver this,
in three, but I give him four days.
I am yours aff'ectionately, „
A.ARBUTHNOT.
B.
From M. Arhiithnot to Charles Cameron, Governor of Bahamas.
Sir:
Being empowered by the chiefs of the Lower Creek nation to represent the state of their natron to your excel-
lency, that you may be pleased to forward the same for the information of His Majesty's Government, to whonv
alime they look for protection against the aggressions and encroachments of the Amerreans, I beg leave to submit to
your excellency the enclosed representations, huinbly praying that your excellency will be pleased to take an early
opportunity ol forwardirrg the same to Great Britain.
I am also instructed by Bowleck, chief of the Sahwahnee, to make the demand hei-ein enclosed; he never
having had any share of the presents distributed at Prospect Bluff", thougii he rendered equally essential services a&
"518.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 725
any of (he other chief* to (he British cause, while at war with America; and was at New Orleans with a part of his
warriors. His fiontiers being more exposed to the predatory incursions of the back Georj^ians, who enter his terri-
tory and drive off'his cattle, he is obliged to have large parties out to watch their motions and prevent (heir plunder-
ing; and, being now deficient of ammunition, he prays your excellency will grant his small demand.
Humbly submitting the same, I have the honor to be, your excellency's most humble servant,
A. A.
Tlie humble represent alions nfthe chiefs of the Creek nation to his excellency Governor Cameron.
First, We beg leave to represent that Edmund Dnyle and William Hambly, lately clerks at Prospect GluflT to
Messrs. Foibes& Co., and who still reside on the Appalachicola river, we consider as the principal cause ol'our pre-
sent troubles and uneasiness. Hambly was the instrumental cause of the fort at Prospect Bluft'beiiig destroyed by
the Americans, by which we lost the supplies intended for our future wars- Since then both these men have kept
emissaries among us, tending to harass and disturb our repose, and that of our brethren of the Middle and Upper
nation; they spread amtmg us reports that the Cowetas, aided by the Americans, are descending to tirivc us uflF our
lands; they equally propagate false.
From A. Arhuthnot to Benjamin Moodie, Esquire, enclosing letters to Charles Bagot, Esquire, British Minister
at Washington.
Sahwahnee, in the Cheek Nation, January -37, 1818.
Sir:
The enclosed, containing matter of seiious moment, and demanding the immediate attention of his excel-
lency the British ambassador, I trust he will for this time forgive the trifling expense of postage, which I have
endeavored to prevent as much as p!)ssible by compressing much matter in one sheet of paper. Should ynut sir, be
put to any trouble or expense by this trou/)te I give you, by being made acquainted with the same, I will instruct
Bam, Duinshee, &Co. to order paj'ment of the same.
J have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
A. ARBUTHNOT.
From Ji. Jlrbuthnot to the Honorable Charles Bagot.
Sir:
It is with pain I again obtrude myself upon your excellency's notice; b.ut the pressing solicitations of the
chiefs of the Creek nation, and the deplorable situation in which they are placed by the wanton aggressions of the
Americans, I trust your excellency will take as a sufficient apology for the present intrusion.
In August last, the head chief of the Seminole Indians received a letter from General Gaines, of which I have
taken the liberty of annexing your excellency the contents as delivered me by the chief's head English interpreter,
with King Hatchy's reply thereto.
This letter appears to have been intended to sound the disposition of the chief, and ascertain the force necessary
to overrun the nation; for, from then, until the actual attack was made on Fowltown', the same general, with Ge-
neral Jackson, seem to have been collecting troops and settling in various quarters.
If your excellency desires to have further information respecting the situation of this country and its inhabitants,
I can, from time to time, inform your excellency of such facts and circumstances as are stated to me by chiefs of
known veracity, or which may come under my own observation; and your excellency's order, addressed to me at
New Providence, will either find me there, or be forwarded "me to this country.
With great respect, I have the honor to be, your excellency's most obedient servant,
A. A.
The following memorandum was on the back of (he foregoing letter:
King Hatchy, 1,000; Boleck, 1,500; Oso Hatjo Choctawhachy, 500; Himashy Miso Chattchichy, 500; at present
with Hillisajo ; — ; at present under arms, 1,000 and more; and attacking those Americans who have made in-
roads on their territory.
A quantity of gunpowder, lead, muskets, and flints, sufficient to arm one thousand or two thousand men.
Muskets, 1,000; arms smaller, if possible.
10,000 flints, a proportion of rifle put up separate.
50 casks gunpowder, a proportion tor rifle.
•2,000 knives, six to nine inch blade, good quality.
1,000 tomahawks.
100 pounds vermilion.
■2,000 pounds lead, independent of ball for musket.
KING HATCHY,
BOLECK.
From General Gaines to the Seminole chief.
Your Seniinoles are very bad people; I don't say whom. You have murdered many of my people, and stolen
my cattle and many good horses, that cost mc money; and many good houses that cost me money you have burnt
for me; and now, that you see my writing, you'll think I have spoken right. I know it is so; you know it is so; for
now you may say I will go upon you at random; but just give me (he murderers, and I will show them my law;
and, when that is finished and past, if you will come about any of my people, you will see your friends; and, if you
see me, you will see your friend. But there is something out in the sea — a bird with a forked tongue — whip him
back before he lands, for he will be the ruin of you yet. Perhaps you do not understand who or what I mean — I
mean the name of Englishman.
I tell you this, that if you do not give me up the murderers who murdered my people, I say I have got good
strong warriors, with scalping-knives and tomahawks. You harbor a great many of my black people among you at
Sahwahnee. If you give me leave to go by you against them, I shall not hurt any thing belonging to you.
GENERAL GAINES.
To the Seminole Chief.
From King Hatchy to General Gaines, in answer to the foregoing.
You charge me with killing your people, stealing your cattle, and burning your houses; it is I that have cause to
complain of the Americans. While one American has been justly killed, while in the act of stealing cattle, more
than four Indians while hunting have been murdered by these lawless freebooters. 1 harbor no negroes. When
(he Englishmen were at war with America, some took shelter among them; and it is for you white people to settle
those things among yourselves, and not trouble us with what we know nothing about. I shall use force to stop any
armed Americans from passing my towns or my lands.
KING HATCHY.
To General E. P. Gaines.
724 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
NOTE OF INDIAN TALKS.
In August, Capp had a letter from General Gaines, in substance as annexed. No. 1 ; and returned the answer,
as by No. 2: niitliing further was said on either side. The end of October, a parly of Americans from a fort on
Flint river surrounded Fowltown during the night, and began burning it. The Indians then in it fled to the
swamp, and in their flight had three persons killed by fire from the Americans: they rallied their people, and forced
the Americans to retire some distance, but not before they had two more persons kijied. The Americans built a
blockhouse or fort where they had fallen back to, and immediately sent to the fort up the country for assistance,
stating (he Indians were the aggressors: and also settled with Inhemocklo for the loss his people had suffered; at
the same time sending a talk to King Hatchy, by a head man, Apiny, that he would put things in such a train as to
prevent further encroachments, and get those Americans to leave the fort. But nu sooner was the good talk
given, and before the bearer of it returned home, than hundreds of Americans came pouring down on the Indians,
roused them to a sense of their own danger, they flew to arms, and have been compelled to support them ever since.
It is not aUme I'rom the country, but by vessels entering Appalachicola river with troops, and settlers are pouring
into the Indian territory, and, if permitted to continue, will soon overrun the whole of the Indian lands. From the
talk sent King Hatchy, by Governor Mitchell, I am in hopes that those aggressions of the Americans on the Indian
territory are not countenanced by the American Government, but originate with men devoid of principle, who set
laws and instructions at defiance, and stick at no cruelty and oppression to obtain their ends. Against such op-
pressions the American Government must use not only all their influence, but, if necessary, force, or their names
will be handed down to posterity as a nation more cruel and savage to the unfortunate aborigines of this country,
than ever were the Spaniards in more dark ages to the nations of South America.
The English Government, as the special protectors of the Indian nations, and on whom alone they rely for
assistance, ought to step forward and save those unfortunate people from ruin. And as you, sir, are appointed to
watch over their interests, it is my duty as an Englishnun, and the only one in this part of the Indian nation, to in-
struct you of the talks the chiefs bring me for your information; and I sincerely trust, sir, you will use the powers
you are vested with for the service and- protection of those unfortunate people, who look up to you as their saviour.
I have written General Mitchell, who I hear is an excellent man, and, as he acts as Indian agent, I hope his in-
fluence will stop the torrent of innovators, and give peace and quietness to the Creek nation.
I pray your excellency will pardon this intrusion, which nothing but the urgency of tlie case would have induced
me to make.
I have the honor to be, your excellency's most obedient servant,
A. A.
E. , . ' , .
From Cappichimicco and Boudeck to Governor Cameron.
It is with pain we are again obliged to obtrude ourselves on your excellency's notice, in consequence of the cruel
war we have been forced into by the irruptions of the Aniericans into the heart of our lands. It will be first neces-
sary to state to your excellency, that one head chief, Kiiihijah, received a letter from General Gaines in August
last; a copy of which is enclosed, with the answer returned thereto. This letter only appears to have been a prelude
to plans determined on by the said general and General Jackson to bring on troops and settlers to drive us from our
lands, and take possession of them; for, in the end of October, a party of Americans surrounded Fowltown during
the night, and in the morning began setting tii'e to it, making the unfortunate inhabitants fly to the swamp, and who
in their flight had three persons killed by the lire of thfe Americans. Our Indians rallying, drove the Americans
from the town, but in their exertions had two morp of their people killed. The Americans retired some distance,
and built a fort or blockhouse to protect themselves, until the assistance they had sent for to the fort up the country
should arrive. A letter falling into the hands of General Mitchell, the Indian agent, which states the Indians to
have been the aggressors, he suspected its truth, and, on inquiry, found it was the reverse; in consequence, he made
satisfaction to Inhinoothlo, the chief of Fowltown, and his people, for the injuries they had sustained: at the same
time, he desired a talk to be sent to our head chief, stating his wish to see all the Indians friends, and that in twenty
days he would send and get the Americans to retire from the forts. But this has had no effect on the lawless' in-
vaders of our soil; for before the bearer of our talks could return home, he met hundreds of Americans descending
on us. They have also settlers and troops which come from Mobile, and go up the Appalachicola river. Thus,
seeing no end to those inroads, necessity compels us to have recourse to arras; and our brethren are now fighting
for the lands they inherited from their fathers, for their families and friends.
But what will our exertions do without assistance? Our sinews of war are almost spent; and harassed as we
have been for years, we have not been able to lay by the means for our extraordinary wants; and to whom can we
look up to for protection and support, but to those friends who have at all former times held forth their hands to
npliold us, and who have sworn in their late treaty with the Americans to see our just rights and privileges respected
and protected from insult and aggression? We now call on your excellency, as the representative of our good
father. King George, to send us such aid in ammunition as we are absolutely in want of; and, as our brother chief,
Hillisajo, was informed, when in England, that when ammunition was wanteil to enable us to protect our just rights,
that your excellency would supply us with what was necessary. We have applied to the Spanish officer at the fort
of St. Marks, but his small supply prevented his being able to assist us, and we have only on your excellency to
depend. We likewise pray your excellency would be pleased to send an officer or person to lead us right, and to
apportion the supply you may be pleased to send us agreeably to our proper wants.
In praying your excellency will lend an ear to our demand, and despatch it without delay, we remain your ex-
cellency's faithful and most obedient friends and servants,
CAPPICHIMICCO,
B^LECK,
For ourselves and all the other chiefs of the Lower Creek nation.
To His Excellency Governor Cameron.
F..
Letter from A. Arbuthnot to Colonel Edward Nicholl.
Nassau, N. P. August 2G, 1817.
Sir:
Especially authorized by the chiefs of the Creek nstiori, whose names I aflSx to the present, I am desired to
address you, that you may lay their complaint before His Majesty's Government. They desire it to be made
known that they have implicitly followed your advice in living friendly with the Americans who were their neigh-
bors, and nowise attempted to molest them, though they have seen the Americans encroach on their territory, burn-
ing their towns and making fields where their houses stood. Rather than make resistance they have retired
lower in the peninsula. The town of Eahallawsy, on the Chatahoochee, where OlismicCo was chiet, is one in-
stance of the encroachments of the Americans. This town is situated under the guns ot Fort Gaines; and Micco
was desired to submit to the Americans or his town would be blown to atoms. Rather than do so, he retired, and
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 725
is now living in the lower nation, and his fields, and even where the town stond, is ploughed up by the Americans.
They complain of the English Government neglecting tliem. alier having diawn ihem into a war with America;
<hat you, sir, have not kept yiiui- promise oF sending penple to reside among them; and that if they have not some
person or persons resident in the nation to watch over their interest, they will soon he (hi veil to the extremity of the
peninsula. Yim left Mr. Hambly to watch over the interest of the Creek nation; but you ha(l hardly left the nation
when he turned traitor, and was led by Forbes to take the part td' the Americans. His letter to ine, of which I
annex you a cupy, will show you what length he could go if he had the means. It is Hambly and Doyle who give
the Indians all the trouble they experience. They send their emissaiies among the Lower Creeks, and make them
believe the Cowhetas, aided by the Americans, are coming to ileslroy them. 'I'hus both are put in fear.and their
fields are neglected, and hunting is not thought of. ( have endeavored to do away this fear, by writing the chief of
the Cowheta towns that they Ought to live on friendly terms with their brethren of the lower nation, whose wishes
were to be on gond terms with them, atid not to listen to any bad talks, but to ch ise those that give them from
among them. My letter was answered from them rather favorably; and I hope the talk that was sent to tlie Big
Warrior last June will heal the ditterence between thein. Hillisajo arrived in luy schooner at Ocklocknee Sound
last June, and was well received by all the chiefs and others who came to welcome him home. In ccmseqlience of
his arrival a talk was held, the substance of which put on piper for them; and it was sent, with a pipe of peace, to
the other natiims. Hillisajo wished to return to Nassau with me. but 1 prevailed im him to stay in the nation, and
keep them at peace. I legret. sir, to notice this poor man's alfitirs, though, by his desire, it appeared that he
anived at Nassau a short lime after I had left it in January, and Captain W. being here, took charge of him, his
goods and money, prevailing on the Governor to let him stay with him until he went down to the natiim, which it
was his intention to do. Of the mciney leceiveil of Governor Cameron, he had only given him eighty dollars, by
Captain VV. a barrel of sugar, a bag of coftee.and a small keg of rum. .\nd the interpreter. Thugart, infoimed that
when Hillisajo asked for an account. Captain W. refused it, saying it would be useless to a man who could not
read. He also misses two cases; one of which contains, he thinks, crockery. I have made inquiry of His Majesty's
ordnance storekeeper, an<l he informs me the whole were delivered to Captain VV.; they are, therefore, lost to
Hillisajo.
I am desired to return Hillisajo's warmest acknowledgments for the very handsome manner you treated him in
England, and he begs his prayer may be laid at the foot of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent. I left him and
all his family well on the 20th June. Old Cappichimicco desires ine 1 1 send his best respects, and requests that
you will send out some people to live aiming them, and all the land they timk from Foibes shall be theirs; at all
events, they must have an agent among them to see that the Americans adhere to the treaty, and permit them to
live unmolested on their own lands. 'Ihis agent should be auihorized by His Majesty's Government, or he will
not be attended to by the Americans. In the gazettes of Georgia the Americans repiiit the Seminole Indians are
continually committing murders on their borders, and making incuisions into the State. These are fabrications
tending to iriitate the Ameiican Government against the poor Indians: for, during the time I was in the nation,
there was only one American killed, and he with two others were in the act "f driving off cattle belonging to Bow-
legs, chief of Suwany; whereas, three men and a boy were killed last June, by a party of American cattle stealers,
while in their hunting camps; the boy they scalped, and one of Bowleg's heati men was killed in St. John's river,
in July. The backwood Georgians, and those resident on the borders of the Indian nation, are continually entering
it, and driving oft' cattle. They have, in some instances, made settlements, and particularly on the Choctahatchy
river, where a considerable number have descended.
By the treaty with Great Britain, the Americans were to give up to the Indians all the lands that may have
been taken fi-oni them during the war, and place them on the same footing they were in 1811. It appears they
have not done so; that Fort Gaines, on the Chalahoochee, and Camp CrawfHrd, on the Flint river, are both on
Indian territory that was nut in possession of America in 1811. They are fearful that, before any aid is given by
the English Government, they will no longer' be in possession of any territory. I wrote last January to his excel-
lency the honorable Charles Bagot, respecting the encroachments of the Americans, as I was informed, by the
copy of a letter from the right honorable -arl liathurst, handed me by his excellency Governor Cameron, tiiat His
Majesty's ambassador had received orders to watch over the interests of the Inilians. Since my return here I have
received of Mr. Moodie, of Charleston, an extract of a 'etter from the honorable Charles Bigot, that the expense of
postage is so considerable, any further communications of the same nature must be sent him by private hands.
Now, sir', as no person goes fr-orn this direct to Washington, how am I to be able to comply with his ilesire? Thus
he will be kept ignorant of the situation of the poor Inilians, and the encroachments daily made on their lands by
the American settlers, while he may be told by the American Government that no encroachments have been made,
and that tlie forts they still hold are necessary to check the unruly Seminoles. Thus the person appointed to watch
over the interest of the Indians having no other means of inforrnation than from the parties interested in their de-
struction, and seeing, from time to time, in the American ga'zettes. accounts of cruel murders, &c. &c. committed
by the Indians on the frontier settlements of the United States, he apprehends the Indians merit all the Americans
do to thein.
But let His Majesty's Government appoint an agent, with full powers to correspond with His Majesty's ambas-
s.idorat Washington, and his eyes will then be opened as to the motives of that influence, American individuals as
well as the Government, in vilifying the Indians.
The power given me, and the instructions, were to memorialize His Majesty's Government, as well as the Go-
vernor General at Havana; but if you will be pleased to lay this letter before His Majesty's Secretary of State, it
will save the necessity of the first; and I fear- that a rneiiiorial to the Governor' General would be of no use.
Referring you to the answer, I am, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
A. ARBUTHNOT.
To Lieutenant Colonel Edward Nioholls.
G.
From A. Arbulhnol to PTilliam Hambly.
Ocklocknee Sound, May 3, 1817.
Sir:
On my return home, this dfty, I received a letter -signed by you, and dated 23(1 Mar-ch. As you therein take
the liberty of advising me, as you -ffiy, by order of the chiefs of the Creek nation. I am glad of, and shall embrace
(his opening you gave me, and reply to ynu at some length; and. sir, let me premise that, when you lived at Pros-
pect Bluft', a cleilc to Messrs. Forbes & Co., you did not consider Cappichimicco, McQueen, or' any other of the
chiefs of the lower nation, as outlaws, nor have they ever' been considereil as such by the English Government,
who are the especial pi'otectors of the Indian nation; and it ill becomes Mr. Hambly to call Cappichimicco an out-
law, that man who has ever been his friend, and by his auihoiiiy has prolonged his life. Yes, sir, the young chiefs
and warriors of the Creek nation, considering you as the chief cause of their troubles, would have long ere this had
possession of you, and perhaps with your life made you pay the forfeit for the injuries heaped on them, had not that
man, who has been your friend from your early youth, stepped in as your protector'. Yes, this is the man who Mr.
Hambly presumes to call an outlaw. A pardoned villain, when going to the gallows, would bless the hand that
saved his life; but Mr-. Hambly bla-phemes his saviour-.
As Mr. Hambly's generous friend is the principal cause of my being in this country, as an honest man I shall
endeavor to fulfil my promise to him and the other chiefs. The guilty alone have fear; an honest and upright man
dreads no danger, fears no evil, as he commits no ill; and your arm of justice ouglit to be applied where itvvould
rightly fall on the heads of the really guilty. Your mean and vile insinuations, that liave been the cause of thefts
and murders, come ill from him who has been the cause of the mur'der of hundreds. Though your usage was made
villanuus at the fort, yet your r evenge was too savage and sanguinary. If your conduct, sir, to the Indians were
92 m
726 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818,
guided by as pure motives as mine, you would endeavor to influence tiiem, and respect each olher as brothers, and
live in harmony and friendship, cultivating their lands in summer, and taking their diversions of hunting in winter,
respecting their neighbors, and making yourselves respected by them. If thus, sir, you would act, (and by your
knowledge of their language you have much more in your power than any other man,) you would then be the true
freind of the Indians. VVere I an instigator of thefts and murder, would I hold the language I have done to the chiefs
and others who h^ve called on me? Ask the Lieutenant commanding at Fort Gaines, it my letter to him breathed
the strains of murder? Ask Opy Hatchy, orDany, his interpreter, if the recommendatory note I sent him by order
of Apiny. could be written by an instigator' of murder? Ask Apiny himself if my language to him was that of a
murderer? Ask Mappalitchy, a chief residing among the Americans on Oakmulgee, if my language and advice to
him favored that of a murderer? All those, and every Indian who has heard my talks, will contradict your vile
assertions.
But Mappalitchy has given me a clue by which I can unravel from whence the aspersions come, not from
Apiny, Hatchy, or any of the chiefs of the upper towns, but from him who endeavors to lead them to mischief and
quarrels with each other.
Did 'not the chiefs hear my note read with respect, and perfectly according to my sentiments of being all as
brethren uniting with the bonds of friendship and love? Did not they agree to sm:)ke the pipe of peace with their
brethren of the lower nation, and live in future as brothers? What made some of them alter their minds afterwards?
The interference of a humane man, who counsels them to write me, demanding my removal from a band of out-
laws, and which letter is signed " William Hambly."
I shall only make one more observation, and that will show from whence I came, and whether I came among the
Indians as a revenger or as the friend of peace and harmony.
In the spring of 181G, Mr. Hambly sent Governor Cameron a letter containing talks of the chiefs of the Indian
nations; they are forwarded to England, and his excellency handed me, on my leaving Providence, an answer
thereto from the right honorable Earl Bathurst. one of His Majesty's chief Secretaries of State, that I might make
the same known to the chiefs on my arrival in the nation. What will Governor Cameron think of the man who, in
1816, could write against the encioachments of the Americans on the Indian nation, and, in the spring of 1817, call
the chiefs of that nation, for whom he more especially wrote, outlaws. Mr. Hambly may sell his services to
America; but no man can expatriate himself from that allegiance due to his native country; and a Goveinment may
call on a friendly nation to give up a subject that has seriously wronged her. I recommend Mi-. Hambly to be
content with the douceur he may have received, and permit the unlettered Indian to live quietly and peaceably on
his native land.
I shall send a copy of this letter, with the one from you, to be read by the chiefs of this nation, and shall, at the
same time, take an opportunity of expressing myself more fully than I did in the note sent by Apiny.
Wishing you a speedy recantation of your errors, and a return to your former way of thinking,
I am your obedient servant,
A. ARBUTHNOT.
H.
Letter from Ji. Arhulhnot to the Governor of Havana.
The chiefs of the Creek nation, whose names are hereunto annexed, beg leave to approach your excellency,
and represent their complaints. Long imposed on by the persons keeping stores in this country in charging us
exorbitant prices for their goods, while they otdy allow us a very trifling one for our peltry, wn have found it
necessary to look out foi' a person that will deal fairly with us, and we wish to establish a store for him on Appa-
lachicola river. We have made application to the commander of St. Marks, and he referred us to your excellency.
It is not alone the imposition that has been practised upon us, that has made us presume to address your excellency;
we have complaints of a more serious nature against the persons employed by the only house that has been estab-
lished among us, that of Mr. Forbes.
In the first place, some years back, under false pretences, they attempted to rob us of a very large portion of our
best lands; and vve the more readily acceded to it, from the faithful promise given us that they would get English
people to settle it, and live among us, but, far from doing this, Mr. Forbes attempted to sell it to the American
Government, and settle it with Americans. Thus finding ourselves deceived and imposed on, we withdrew our
grant about three years since, which', from the stipulations contained therein not being fulfilled on the part of Mr.
Forbes, we conceived we had a right to do. Secondly, Mr. Doyle and Mr, Hambly, the two persons left in the
nation to carry on Mr. Forbes's business, have, for more than two years, been endeavoring to influence us to join the
Americans; and, finding that fair means would not secure us from our attachments to our ancient friends the Eng-
lish, they have recently had recourse to threats of bringing the Americans down upon us; and that people only
want a pretext to attack us, which the said Doyle and Hambly attempt to give them, by spreading false reports of
our murdering the Americans, stealing their cattle, and preparing for war. against them, while, in fact, it is the
Americans who murder our red brethren, steal our cattle by hundreds at a time, and are daily encroaching on our
lands, and maintaining the settlers in their ill-gotten possessions by armed force.
On the Choctahatchy river there are a large body of Americans forming settlements, and more are daily joining
them. As this river is far within that line marked out by your excellency's Government and the Americans, some
years since, (though that line was unknown to us untd very lately, and- we never gave our sanction, nor, in fact,
knew of any sate of our lands made to the Americans,) we trust your excellency will give order to displace them
from within the line, and send them back to their own country. Our delaying to address your excellency to repre-
sent the iorementioned grievances has been owing to the want of a person to attend to our talks, and put them in
writing for us. The commander of the fort at St. Marks has heard all of our talks and complaints. He approves
of what we have dune and what we are doing; and it is by his recommendation we have thus presumed to address
your excellency.
We have the honor to be your excellency's most obedient and very humble servant,
A. ARBUTHNOT.
To His Excellency the Governor General, &c. &c.
No. 1.
Power of attorney from the Indian chiefs to A. Arhuthnot.
Know all men by these presents, that we, chiefs of the Creek nation, whose names are affixed to this power,
having full faith and confidence in Alexander Arbuthnot, of New Providence, who, knowing all our talks, is fully
acquainted with our intentions and wishes, do hereby, by these presents, constitute and appoint him, the said Alex-
ander Arbuthnot, our attorney and agent, with full power and authority to act for us, and in our names, in all aftiiirs
relating to our nation, and also to write such letters and papers as to him may appear necessary and proper for our
benefit and that of the Creek nation. , ■ ■ l
Given at Ocklocknee Sound, in the Creek nation, this seventeenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and
1 Cappachimicco, his x mark. 7 Inhimatchluchy, his x mark.
2 Inhemothlo. his X mark. 8 Lahoe Inhamatchlo, his x mark.
3 Charle Tustoiioky, his x mark. 9 Hourathee Micho, his x mark.
4 Olus Mico, his X mark. 10 Hillisajo, his X mark.
4 Ochacone Tustonoky, his x mark. 11 Tamuches Haho, his x mark.
6 Imatchlucle, his x mark. 12 Oporthlimico, his x mark.
Witness: Peter Shugert, Interpreter.
1818.] DEFEAT OF THE SEMINOLE INDIANS, &c. 727
Certified explanation qf names and towns to which the foregoing chiefs belong , agreeably to the numbers set oppo-
site thereto.
1. Kinliigee, chief of Mickasuky.
2. Inhemolhio, chief of Fowltown.
3. Charle Tustonoky, second chief of Oakmulgee Town.
4. Chief on the Conhoioway, below Fort Gaines.
5. Oponey, chief of the Oakmulgee Towns. 1
6. Chief of the Atlapalgas.
7. Chief of Pallatchaculey.
8. Chief of the Chehaws.
9. Chief of the Red Sticks.
10. Francis, (the prophet.)
11. Peter McQueen, chief of the Tallahasses, (an old Red Stick.)
12. A Red Stick, created chief by the lower towns
Question by the court. Have you. at any time within the last twelve months, heard any conversation between
the prisoner and the chief called Bowlegs, relating to the war betweeji the United States and the Seminoles.'
Answer. 1 heard the prisoner tell Bowlegs that he had sent letters to the Prince Regent, and expected soon to
have an answer. Some time afterwards, some of the negroes doubted his carrying those letters, when the prisoner
stated (hat he had, but the distance being great, it would take some time to receive an answer.
By the court. State to the court when and where you first saw the letter signed " A. Arbuthnot," dated April
2, 1818, referred to in the first specification of the second charge.
Answer. About the 6th of April, a black man, who said he had received it from an Indian, gave it to Mr. Am-
brister, whom I saw reading it.
Question by the court. Do you know by what means that letter was conveyed to Suwany.'
Answer. I understood by an Indian who was seiit from Fort St. Marks.
•Question by the court. Who paid the Indian for carrying the letter referred to in the last interrogatory?
Answer. I do not know.
Question by the t^ourt. What steps were taken by the negroes and Indians on the receipt of the letter?
Answer. They first believed the bearer to be an enemy, and confined himj but, learning the contrary, began
to prepare for the enemy, and the removal of their families and effects across the river. The Indians lived on the
opposite side.
Question by the court. Did the Indians and negroes act together in the performance of military duty?
Answer. No; but they always said they would tight together.
Question by the court. Did not Nero command the blacks, and did not Bowlegs own Nero; and was not the
latter under the immediate command of Bowlegs?
Answer. Nero commanded the blacks, and was owned and commanded by Bowlegs; but there were some
negro captains who obeyed none but Nero.
Quesiion by the court. What vessel brought to Suwany the ammunition which you said was sold by the prisoner
to the Indians and negroes?
Answer. The schooner Chance, now lying at this wharf. She is a foretopsail vessel, belonging to the prisoner.
The witness also identified the manuscript of the prisoner on the following documents, viz: No. 1, granting him
full power to act in all cases for the Indians, as recorded before; and also a letter, without signature, to the Go-
vernor of St. Augustine, numbered 2; and further, a letter, without date, to Mr. Mitchel, the Indian agent, num-
bered 3; an unsigned petition of the chiefs of the Lower Creek nation to Governor Cameron, praying his aid in
men and munitions of war, numbered 4: all of which the witness stated to be. in the hand-writing of the prisoner.
No. 2.
^Supposed to be from Bowlegs to the Governor of St. AugustineA
Sir:
I hail the honor of receiving your letter of September, but the impossibility of finding a person to write an
answer to the same is the cause of this apparent neglect.
I shall be very happy to keep up a good understanding and correspondence with you, and hope you will, when
occasion offers, advise me of such things as may be of service to myself and people. My warriors and others that
go to St. Augustine, return with false reports, tending to harass and distress my people, and preventing them from
attending to their usual avocations. At one time, the Americans and Upper Indians, supported by a force of about
three thousand men, weie running lines far within the Indian territory; at another time, arc collecting a force at
Fort Mitchel, in the forks of Flint and Chatahoochee rivers, to fall on the towns belovv.
Now, sir, we know of no reascm the Americans can have to attack us, an inoffensive and unoffending people.
We have none of their slaves. We have taken none of their property since the Americans made peace with our
good father. King George. We have followed the orders of his officer that was with us. Lieutenant Colonel Edward
Nichols, and in nowise molested the Americans, though we daily see them encroaching on our territory, stealing
our cattle, and murdering and carrying off our people. That same officer also tuld us, we, as allies to the great
King, our father, were included in the treaty of peace between our good father and the Americans; and that the
latter were to give up all the territory that had been taken from us before and during the war. Yet, so far from
complying with the ninth article of that treaty, they are daily making encroachments on our land, getting persons,
who are not known to the chiefs, and, without any power or authority, to grant and sign over lands to them. Thus
they deceive the world, and make our very friends believe we are in league with them.
The principal chiefs of the nation, with the head warrior, assembled at my town on the 8th instant, and came to
the resolution of informing the British minister at Washington of the conduct of the Americans and the officers of
their Government towards us. It has been done accordingly, and copies sent to England.
We demand of the King, our lather, to fix some of his people among us, who may inform him, from time to time,
of what is passing, and see the Americans do not extend themselves on our lands.
The Spanish subjects in the Fluridas are too much in the interests of the Americans to be our friends. For the
Governors, I shall always entertain the greatest regard; but for the people, they do not act so as to merit any esteem
and protection. You desire I would chase those marauders who steal my cattle. My people have lately driven
some Americans from Lahheway, and I have no doubt the Americans will lay hold of this as a pretext to make war
on us, as they have before done, in stating we harbor their runaway slaves.
To His Excellency Don Jose Copinger, Governor of St. .Augustine.
No. 3.
Sir:
King Hatchy, the head chief of the Lower Creek nation, has called on me to request I would represent to you
the cruel and oppressive ccmduct of the American people living on the borders of the Indian nation, and which he
was in hopes, from a talk you were pleased to send him some weeks since, would have been put a stop to, and peace
restored between the Indians and American people. But, far from any stop bemg put to their inroads and encroach-
ments, they are pouring in by hundreds at a time, not only from the land side, but ascending the Appalacbicola
728 MILITARY AFFAIRS. [1818.
in vessel loads. Thus, the Indians have been compelled to take up arms to defend their homes from a set of lawless
invailers.
Your known philanthropy and good will to (he Indians induces the head rhiels to hope that you will lose no
time in using your influence to put a stop to ihose invasions of their lands, and order that those who have already
presumed to seize our fields may retire therefrom.
The Indians have seized two persons they think have been greatly instrumental in bringing the Americans upon
them, and they are now in their possessiim as prisoners. It is even reported they have made sales of Indian lands
without (he knowledge, ccmsent, or appidbation of the chiefs of (he nation; and from their long residence in the
nation, and the great influence the one of those people formerly enjoyed among the chiefs as their chief, there is
some reason to believe he has been guilty of improper conduct to the Indian nation.
Gen. Mitchell, Jlgent for Indian Affairs.
No. 4.
Petition of the chiefs of the Lower Creek nation to Governor Cameron.
We, the undersigned, are deputed by the chiefs of the Creek nation to wait on your excellency, and lay before
you their heavy complaints.
To the English we have always looked up as fiiends, as protectors, and on them we now call to aid us in repelling
the approaches of the Americans, who, regaidless of tieaties, are daily seizing our lands and robbing our people.
They have already built seven forts on our land; (hey aie making roads and running lines into the very heart of our
country; and, without the interference of the English, we shall soon be driven from the land we inherited from our
forefathers.
The Americans tell us (he English will regard us no more, and we had better submit to them; but we cannot
submit to their shackles, and will ra(her die in defence of our country.
When peace was made between (he Eiigli>h and Americans, we were told by Lieutenant Colonel Nichols that
the Americans were to give up our lands they Iwd taken fiom us, and we were desired to live quietly and peaceably,
in nowise molesting the Americans. We' have stiictly followed ihose ordeis, but the Americans have not complied
with the treaty. Colonel iNichols left Mr. Hambly in charge of the fort at Prospect Bluff", witli orders to hear us
if any cause of complaints, and lepresent the same to the British Goveinmeiit; but he turne<l traitor and biought
the ,\mericahs down oil the foi t, which was blown up, and many of our red brethren destroyed in it. The ammu-
nition stores intended for our use were eithei' destroyed oi- taken off" by the Americans. . We have sent several mes-
sengers to inform your excellency of these pi-o(eediiigs of the Americans, but they have never returned to us with
an answer. Three of our red brethren have lately been killed by the Americans while hunting on our lands, and
they threaten to attack the towns of Mickasuky and Sahwahnee, the (miy two large towns left us in the Creek
nation; and without aid from your excellency, we cannot repel their attack.
We are therefore deputed to demand of youi- excellency the assistance of troops and ammunition, that we may
be able effectually to repel the attack of the Americans, and prevent their further encroachments; and, if we return
without assistance, the Americans, who have theii' spies among us, will the more quickly come upon us.
We most humbly pray your excellency will send such a force as wdl be respected and make us respectable.
[The following endorsed on the foregoing.']
Charles Cameron, Esq., Governor, Commander-in-chief, ^-c. ■
I beg leave to represent to your excellency the necessity of my again returning to the Indian nation with the
deputies from the chiefs; and, as my trouble and expense can only be deliayed by permission to take goods to dis-
pose of among them, I piay your excellency will be pleased to grant me such a letter or license as will prevent
me from being captured, in case of meeting any Spanish cruiser on the coast of Florida.
The court adjourned to meet to-morrow morning, at 7 o'clock.
Fort St. Marks, .Bpril '21, 1818.
The court convened pursuant to adjournment. Present:
Major General E. P. Gaines, President.
Members.
Colonel King, Colonel Dyer,
Colonel Williams, Lieutenant Colonel Lindsay,
Lieutenant Colonel Gibson, Lieutenant Colonel Elliott,
Major Muhlenburg, Major Fanning,
Major Montgomery, Major Minton,
Captain Vaslion, Captain Crittenden.
Lieutenant J. M. Glassell, Recorder.
When the further examination of the witness, Peter B. Cook, took place, viz:
Question by the prisoner. How long have you been acquainted with the settlements on the Sahwahnee?
Answer. Between six and seven mcmths.
Question by the prisoner. For what term of years did you engage to live with the prisoner?
Answer. For no stated period; I was taken by the year.
Question by the prisoner. Were you not discharged by the prisoner from his employ?
Answer. He told me he had no furiher use for me after 1 had written the letters to Providence.
Question. Where did you stay after you were discharged?
Answer. 1 stayed in a small house belonging to a boy called St. John, under the protection of Nero.
Question. What was the subject matter 
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